The Inherent Laws of Further Deepening Comprehensive Reform Centered on Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

Marx’s thought on the technology of crafts provides the fundamental guidance for scientifically understanding the essential attributes and socio-historical effects of artificial intelligence, and for correctly handling the relationship between artificial intelligence and ideological and political education. As a key driving force and strategic technology of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence profoundly affects the threefold socio-historical relations between humans and nature, between humans and other humans, and between humans and themselves, and has gradually evolved into a unity of “technical means,” “infrastructure,” and “civilizational marker.” For ideological and political education, artificial intelligence, as an endogenous force, embeds itself in and influences the foundational basis, basic contradictions, and practical forms of ideological and political education. Promoting the deep integration of artificial intelligence and ideological and political education is an inherent requirement and rational choice that follows the laws of technological change in crafts, and that extricates itself from the paradox of technological instrumentalism and the danger of technological domination. This integration deeply contains the symbiotic relationship and interactive logic of “technology–ideological and political education,” which is concentratedly manifested in two interconnected and mutually reinforcing processes and mechanisms: “the ideologization and politicization of artificial intelligence” and “the artificial intelligence-ization of ideological and political education.”

马克思工艺学思想为科学认识人工智能的本质属性和社会历史效应，正确处理人工智能与思想政治教育关系提供了根本遵循。人工智能作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要驱动力和战略性技术，深刻影响人和自然、人和人、人和自身三重社会历史关系，并逐步演化为“技术手段”“基础设施”“文明标识”的统一体。对思想政治教育来说，人工智能作为一种内生性力量嵌入并影响思想政治教育的发生基础、基本矛盾和实践形态。推动人工智能与思想政治教育深度融合，是遵循工艺学变革规律，摆脱技术工具悖论与技术宰制之虞的内在要求和理性选择。这种融合深层蕴含着“技术—思政”的共生关系和互动逻辑，集中表现为“人工智能思政化”与“思政人工智能化”两个相互连接、相辅相成的过程和机制。

The course of reform and opening up shows that planning and advancing reform around the Party’s central tasks is an important experience that has led to the success of reform. The 20th National Congress of the CPC clarified the central tasks of the Communist Party of China for the new era and new journey, and made important strategic arrangements for advancing Chinese-path modernization. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC set its sights on the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035, and focused its deployment of measures for further deepening comprehensive reform on the theme of advancing Chinese-path modernization. This organically unifies Chinese-path modernization with further deepening comprehensive reform, and profoundly elucidates the inherent laws of further deepening comprehensive reform.

改革开放的发展历程表明，围绕党的中心任务谋划和推进改革，是改革取得成功的一条重要经验。党的二十大明确了新时代新征程中国共产党的使命任务，对推进中国式现代化作出了重要战略部署。党的二十届三中全会锚定2035年基本实现社会主义现代化的目标，紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化这个主题重点部署了进一步全面深化改革的举措。这就把中国式现代化与进一步全面深化改革有机统一起来，深刻阐明了进一步全面深化改革的内在规律。

I. The Origins and Development of Chinese-Path Modernization and Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

一、中国式现代化的来龙去脉与全面深化改革

The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Comprehensive Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” (hereinafter referred to as the “Decision”), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, states: “Chinese-path modernization has been continuously advanced in the course of reform and opening up, and will surely open up broad prospects in the course of reform and opening up.” As a socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China, Chinese-path modernization has been continuously deepened and expanded on the basis of arduous exploration and long-term practice since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, and has profound historical origins and a clear developmental trajectory.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）指出：“中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的，也必将在改革开放中开辟广阔前景。”作为中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化，中国式现代化在新中国成立特别是改革开放以来艰辛探索和长期实践的基础上不断深化和拓展，有着深厚的历史渊源和清晰的发展脉络。

Building a modern socialist country has been our strong aspiration and common goal since the founding of New China. “From the First Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan, the consistent theme has been to build our country into a modern socialist country. We have taken detours and encountered some unexpected difficulties and setbacks, but our will and determination to build a modern socialist country have never wavered.” What kind of modernization path has China’s socialist modernization taken? After the founding of New China, China took a catch-up modernization path that prioritized the development of heavy industry. This catch-up modernization, which prioritized the development of heavy industry, was at the time highly correlated with learning from and imitating the Soviet Union’s industrialization path, and to a large extent led to dependence on planning and the exclusion of the market. Implementing a catch-up strategy prioritizing heavy industry in a country like China, which has abundant labor but is short of capital, cannot be analyzed purely from the perspective of theoretical economics; a comprehensive consideration of domestic and international political factors is necessary: “Only by establishing heavy industry can all industry, transport, and agriculture obtain the equipment necessary for development and transformation. Because our country’s foundation for heavy industry was extremely weak in the past, the economy could not be independent, national defense could not be consolidated, and imperialist powers all bullied us. We Chinese people have suffered enough from this pain… All this shows that the center of the country’s socialist industrialization must be the development of heavy industry.” The historical lesson that “backwardness invites aggression” and the danger of being “expelled from the ranks of nations” [1]1 “Expelled from the ranks of nations” (开除球籍) is a phrase used by Mao Zedong in 1956 to warn that if China did not catch up, it would be expelled from the family of nations. stimulated the Party and the people’s strong desire for industrialization, and also gave birth to the arduous path of industrialization for New China. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the Communist Party of China united and led the people to establish an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system on the basis of the poverty and blankness of old China, achieving original theoretical achievements and tremendous accomplishments. This created the fundamental political prerequisite, laid the institutional foundation and material foundation for subsequent modernization, accumulated valuable experience, and made sufficient theoretical preparations. The great historical achievements of this period cannot be overstated no matter how highly they are praised. The priority development of heavy industry and high accumulation and high investment ensured national security, economic growth, and social stability, but also brought some problems. “Chinese society was actually in a state of stagnation and hesitation for the twenty years from 1958 to 1978, and the country’s economy and the people’s lives did not achieve much development or improvement. Could this situation be allowed to continue without reform?”

建设社会主义现代化国家是新中国成立以来我们的强烈愿望和共同目标。“从第一个五年计划到第十四个五年规划，一以贯之的主题是把我国建设成为社会主义现代化国家。我们走过弯路，也遭遇过一些意想不到的困难和挫折，但建设社会主义现代化国家的意志和决心始终没有动摇。”我国社会主义现代化走的是一条什么样的现代化道路？新中国成立后，我国走的是一条优先发展重工业的赶超型现代化道路。这种赶超型现代化选择优先发展重工业，在当时与学习效仿苏联的工业化道路高度相关，并且在很大程度上导致了对计划的依赖和对市场的排斥。在中国这样一个劳动力充裕、资金匮乏的国家推行重工业优先的赶超战略，不能简单纯粹地从理论经济学上分析，而是需要对国内国际政治因素进行综合考量：“只有建立了重工业，才能使全部工业、运输业以及农业获得为发展和改造所必需的装备。因为我国过去重工业的基础极为薄弱，经济上不能独立，国防不能巩固，帝国主义国家都来欺侮我们，这种痛苦我们中国人民已经受够了……所有这一切都说明国家社会主义工业化的中心必须是发展重工业。”“落后就要挨打”的历史教训和有可能被“开除球籍”的危险，激发了党和人民强烈的工业化意愿，也催生了新中国艰难的工业化之路。社会主义革命和建设时期，中国共产党团结带领人民在旧中国一穷二白的基础上建立起独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，取得了独创性理论成果和巨大成就，为之后的现代化建设创造了根本政治前提，奠定了制度基础与物质基础，积累了宝贵经验，做了充分的理论准备，这一时期的伟大历史成就怎么评价都不为过。优先发展重工业和高积累高投资保证了国家安全、经济增长和社会稳定，但同时也带来了一些问题。“中国社会从一九五八年到一九七八年二十年间，实际上处于停滞和徘徊的状态，国家的经济和人民的生活没有得到多大的发展和提高。这种情况不改革行吗？”

After the end of the “Cultural Revolution,” [2]2 The “Cultural Revolution” (文化大革命) was a decade-long political and social movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976, marked by widespread upheaval, persecution of intellectuals and Party officials, and severe economic disruption. the national economy was on the verge of collapse, the people’s lives were still impoverished, world science and technology were advancing rapidly with each passing day while the gap between China’s development and the international advanced level was widening significantly. It was precisely based on reflection on this harsh reality and urgent situation that Deng Xiaoping repeatedly emphasized the question of the superiority of the socialist system, thereby planning the launch of reform and opening up. In his “Northern Talks” [3]3 The “Northern Talks” (北方谈话) refers to a series of speeches Deng Xiaoping made during an inspection tour of northeast China in September 1978, in which he called for emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and shifting the focus to economic development. in September 1978, he pointed out bluntly: “Socialism must demonstrate its superiority. How can it be like this now, after more than twenty years still so poor? What is the use of socialism then?” “The fundamental manifestation of the superiority of the socialist system is that it can allow the social productive forces to develop at a speed that was impossible under the old society, so that the people’s constantly growing material and cultural needs can be gradually satisfied. According to the viewpoint of historical materialism, the result of correct political leadership must ultimately be manifested in the development of social productive forces and the improvement of the people’s material and cultural life.” It can be said that under the socio-historical conditions of the time, implementing reform and opening up was the only way to change the country’s backward state, improve the people’s living standards, and advance socialist modernization. “If we do not implement reform now, our modernization cause and socialist cause will be ruined.” How to give play to the superiority of the socialist system? Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “Reform is the self-improvement and self-development of the socialist system.” Regarding institutions, Deng Xiaoping foresightedly distinguished between fundamental institutions and specific institutions (systems), emphasizing that fundamental institutions must not be shaken, while specific institutions with many shortcomings must be seriously reformed, otherwise it would be difficult to meet the urgent needs of modernization. Chen Yun also emphasized: “The current reform of the socialist economic system is the self-improvement and self-development of the socialist system.” The rationality of reform lies in, while adhering to the fundamental institutions of socialism, reforming those specific institutions or systemic problems that do not meet the needs of productive forces development and the people’s interests, promoting the further liberation and development of productive forces, promoting the gradual improvement and enhancement of the people’s living standards, fully giving play to the superiority of the socialist system, and winning for socialism a comparative advantage over capitalism.

“文化大革命”结束后，当时国民经济濒临崩溃边缘，人民群众生活依然贫困，世界科技日新月异快速发展而我国发展与国际先进水平的差距明显拉大，正是基于对残酷现实及紧迫形势的反思，邓小平反复强调社会主义制度的优越性问题，以此来谋划改革开放的启动。在1978年9月“北方谈话”中，他一针见血地讲道：“社会主义要表现出它的优越性，哪能像现在这样，搞了二十多年还这么穷，那要社会主义干什么？”“社会主义制度优越性的根本表现，就是能够允许社会生产力以旧社会所没有的速度迅速发展，使人民不断增长的物质文化生活需要能够逐步得到满足。按照历史唯物主义的观点来讲，正确的政治领导的成果，归根结底要表现在社会生产力的发展上，人民物质文化生活的改善上。”可以说，在当时的社会历史条件下，实行改革开放是改变国家落后状况、改善人民生活水平和推进社会主义现代化的唯一出路。“如果现在再不实行改革，我们的现代化事业和社会主义事业就会被葬送。”如何发挥社会主义制度的优越性？邓小平指出，“改革是社会主义制度的自我完善”。关于制度，邓小平前瞻性地区分了根本制度和具体制度（体制），强调根本制度不能动摇，对存在不少弊端的具体制度则必须认真改革，否则就很难适应现代化建设的迫切需要。陈云也强调：“现在进行的社会主义经济体制改革，是社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。”改革的合理性就在于在坚持社会主义根本制度的前提下，改革那些不适应生产力发展需要和人民利益的具体制度或体制问题，推动生产力的进一步解放和发展、推动人民生活水平的逐步改善和提高，充分发挥社会主义制度的优越性并赢得社会主义对资本主义的比较优势。

In the great practice of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping, proceeding from China’s concrete realities, sharply put forward: “Now, in undertaking construction, we must also suit the Chinese situation and blaze a Chinese-style path of modernization.” “Chinese-style modernization” is an inheritance and development of the “four modernizations.” “Proceeding from the present realities, we must fully utilize all favorable conditions to achieve the goal of the four modernizations proposed by Comrade Mao Zedong and announced by Comrade Zhou Enlai.” The “four modernizations” were originally planned for realization by the end of the 20th century. After international comparison and comprehensive consideration, Deng Xiaoping formally proposed “Chinese-style modernization.” “We had made a big claim: to realize the four modernizations by the end of the century. Later we changed our tune, calling it Chinese-style modernization, which meant lowering the standard a bit.” This fully embodies Deng Xiaoping’s work style of seeking truth from facts. He stressed that “Chinese-style modernization must proceed from China’s characteristics,” and must take into account actual characteristics such as a weak foundation, insufficient scientific and technological strength, a large population, and limited arable land. Chinese-style modernization meant “lowering the original conception and fulfilling a lower target.” This “lower target” was to achieve a moderately prosperous (小康) level by the end of the 20th century. On December 6, 1979, when meeting with then-Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ōhira, Deng Xiaoping said: “The four modernizations we want to achieve are Chinese-style four modernizations. Our concept of the four modernizations is not like yours; it is a ‘moderately prosperous household’ (小康之家).” At that time, “to reach the level of a relatively well-off country in the Third World… would still require great effort. Even if we reach that level, compared with the West, we will still be backward… it will still be a moderately prosperous state.” Deng Xiaoping used “moderate prosperity” (小康), a term bearing the imprint of Chinese culture, to interpret Chinese-style modernization. This was a reflection on the catch-up strategy of modernization based on China’s specific national conditions, a great creation integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s fine traditional culture, and it won broad recognition from all sectors of society, thereby pulling back the curtain on the era of exploring the path of Chinese-style modernization.

在改革开放的伟大实践中，邓小平从中国的具体实际出发，鲜明地提出:“现在搞建设，也要适合中国情况，走出一条中国式的现代化道路。”“中国式的现代化”是对“四个现代化”的继承和发展。“从现在的实际出发，充分利用各种有利条件，实现毛泽东同志提出、周恩来同志宣布的四个现代化的目标。”“四个现代化”本来计划在20世纪末实现，邓小平经过国际比较和综合考量，正式提出了“中国式的现代化”。“我们开了大口，本世纪末实现四个现代化。后来改了个口，叫中国式的现代化，就是把标准放低一点。”这充分体现了邓小平实事求是的工作作风。他强调“中国式的现代化，必须从中国的特点出发”，必须考虑底子薄、科技力量不足和人口多、耕地少等实际特点。中国式的现代化就是要“降低原来的设想，完成低的目标”，这个“低的目标”就是到20世纪末实现小康水平。1979年12月6日，邓小平在会见时任日本首相大平正芳时说：“我们要实现的四个现代化，是中国式的四个现代化。我们的四个现代化的概念，不是像你们那样的现代化的概念，而是‘小康之家’”，到那时“要达到第三世界中比较富裕一点的国家的水平……也还得付出很大的努力。就算达到那样的水平，同西方来比，也还是落后的……也还是一个小康的状态”。邓小平用带有中华文化印记的“小康”诠释中国式的现代化，是基于中国具体国情对现代化赶超战略的反思，是将马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合的伟大创造，得到了社会各界的广泛认同，由此拉开了探索中国式的现代化道路的时代大幕。

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC [n], the Party led the people in emancipating the mind and forging ahead with determination, creating great achievements in reform and opening up and socialist modernization. China achieved a historic leap from a state of relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world’s second-largest economy, a historic leap in the people’s living standards from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity overall and then to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and advanced the great leap of the Chinese nation from standing up to becoming prosperous. As practice moved forward, reform entered a critical period and a deep-water zone, with barriers of entrenched interests and some deep-seated institutional and mechanistic issues increasingly coming to light. Deng Xiaoping’s observation in the 1990s that “it will probably take another

党的十一届三中全会之后，党领导人民解放思想、锐意进取，创造了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就，我国实现了从生产力相对落后的状况到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破，实现了人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康再到建成全面小康的历史性跨越，推进了中华民族从站起来到富起来的伟大飞跃。随着实践的向前推进，改革进入攻坚期和深水区，利益固化的藩篱和一些深层次体制机制问题日益显现。邓小平在20世纪90年代指出的“恐怕再有三十年的时间，我们才会在各方面形成一整套更加成熟、更加定型的制度”，“发展起来以后的问题不比不发展时少”更是具有战略前瞻性。发展起来以后的问题主要集中体现在公平正义问题上，“社会上还存在大量有违公平正义的现象。特别是随着我国经济社会发展水平和人民生活水平不断提高，人民群众的公平意识、民主意识、权利意识不断增强，对社会不公问题反映越来越强烈”。党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》，明确提出全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点。这次会议聚焦“六个紧紧围绕”从各个领域推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化以更好发挥中国特色社会主义制度的优越性。全面深化改革是对邓小平改革战略思想的重大丰富发展，党的十八届三中全会划时代地开启了新时代全面深化改革，“实现改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变，各领域基础性制度框架基本建立，许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构……实现到党成立一百周年时各方面制度更加成熟更加定型取得明显成效的目标，为全面建成小康社会、实现党的第一个百年奋斗目标提供有力制度保障，推动我国迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程”。党的二十届三中全会接续奋斗，自觉把改革摆在更加突出位置，以推进中国式现代化为主题，坚持以制度建设为主线，明确进一步全面深化改革的总目标是继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。这是对改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的经验总结，是对推进中国式现代化面临新形势新要求的精准把握，深化了对改革开放规律和中国式现代化建设规律的认识。

II. Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively and the Transformation of the Mode of Economic and Social Development

二、进一步全面深化改革与经济社会发展方式转变

The view of modernization is essentially also a view of development; it must answer the fundamental question of “what kind of development to achieve and how to achieve it,” that is, the mode of economic and social development. Advancing Chinese-path modernization faces a transformation of the development mode, and to smoothly realize this transformation, it is necessary to rely on further deepening reform comprehensively. One particularly crucial point in the guiding ideology for further deepening reform comprehensively is the complete, accurate, and comprehensive implementation of the new development philosophy. It can be said that further deepening reform comprehensively is guided by the new development philosophy; this is a rational self-awareness of the transformation of the mode of economic and social development and a profound grasp of the laws of socialist modernization. The new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing, established at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [n4], was formed on the basis of profoundly summarizing the important experiences and basic laws of China’s development since reform and opening up. It represents a profound conceptual transformation concerning the overall situation of China’s development. Therefore, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have put forward many major theories and concepts regarding economic and social development, among which the new development philosophy is the most important and primary.” [n5] This is because the development philosophy is something strategic and programmatic, possessing a powerful guiding role, and is a concentrated expression of the direction of development, the thinking on development, and the focal points of development. “The new development philosophy is a systematic theoretical system that answers a series of theoretical and practical questions concerning the purpose, driving force, mode, and path of development, and clarifies major political issues such as our Party’s political stance, value orientation, development model, and development path regarding development.” [n6] To implement the new development philosophy completely, accurately, and comprehensively means, on the one hand, using the new development philosophy to guide and lead further deepening reform comprehensively, promoting economic and social development toward innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing. On the other hand, accompanying the establishment of the new development philosophy is the transformation of the traditional development model, which inevitably encounters a series of adjustments in socio-economic structures and group interest relations, involving a series of changes in ideological values, production methods, and lifestyles. It is necessary to leverage the role of further deepening reform comprehensively in promoting and guaranteeing the implementation of the new development philosophy in terms of systems and mechanisms.

现代化观本质上也是发展观，需要回答好“实现什么样的发展、怎么实现发展”，即经济社会发展方式这一根本问题。推进中国式现代化面临发展方式的转变，而要顺利实现发展方式转变就必须依靠进一步全面深化改革。进一步全面深化改革的指导思想中有一条特别关键，那就是完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念。可以说，进一步全面深化改革以新发展理念为引领，这是对经济社会发展方式转变的理性自觉，是对社会主义现代化建设规律的深刻把握。党的十八届五中全会确立的创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，是在深刻总结改革开放以来我国发展的重要经验和基本规律的基础上形成的，是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻的理念变革。所以，习近平总书记强调：“党的十八大以来我们对经济社会发展提出了许多重大理论和理念，其中新发展理念是最重要、最主要的。”这是因为发展理念是战略性和纲领性的东西，具有强大的引领作用，是发展方向、发展思路、发展着力点的集中体现。“新发展理念是一个系统的理论体系，回答了关于发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列理论和实践问题，阐明了我们党关于发展的政治立场、价值导向、发展模式、发展道路等重大政治问题。”完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，一方面就是要以新发展理念指导引领进一步全面深化改革，推动经济社会发展朝着创新、协调、绿色、开放和共享的方向迈进。另一方面，与新发展理念的确立相伴随的是传统发展模式的转变，难免遇到一系列社会经济结构、群体利益关系的调整，涉及一系列思想价值观念、生产生活方式的变革，必须发挥进一步全面深化改革对贯彻新发展理念在体制机制方面的推动和保障作用。

Further deepening reform comprehensively requires a complete, accurate, and comprehensive implementation of the new development philosophy; this is an urgent necessity to better adapt to changes in China’s principal social contradiction and to promote high-quality development. The report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC precisely characterized the features of China’s economic development: “China’s economy has shifted from a phase of high-speed growth to a phase of high-quality development.” This judgment is based on the fact that China’s principal social contradiction has transformed into the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life—a historic change—and it also reflects a profound insight into the complex situation of a “triple overlap” [7]7 The “triple overlap” (三期叠加) refers to the simultaneous occurrence of three phases in China’s economy after the 2008 global financial crisis: a period of shifting growth rates, a period of painful structural adjustment, and a period of digesting earlier stimulus policies. of a growth-speed shift period, a structural adjustment pain period, and a period for digesting earlier stimulus policies that China’s economy has experienced after high-speed growth since reform and opening up. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee emphasized that economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period should “take promoting high-quality development as the theme, deepening supply-side structural reform as the main line, reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force, and meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life as the fundamental purpose.” The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC further clarified: “High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects.” The prominent issues currently facing the promotion of high-quality development remain unbalanced and inadequate development; fundamentally, these issues are reflections of the principal social contradiction and must be resolved by further deepening reform comprehensively and eliminating institutional and systemic drawbacks in various areas.

进一步全面深化改革要完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，这是更好适应我国社会主要矛盾变化和推动高质量发展的迫切需要。党的十九大报告对我国经济发展的特征作出了精准概括：“我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。”这是基于我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾这一历史性变化的事实作出的判断，同时也是对改革开放以来我国经济发展在经历了高速增长之后处于增长速度换挡期、结构调整阵痛期、前期刺激政策消化期“三期叠加”的复杂局面的深刻洞察。党的十九届五中全会强调，“十四五”时期经济社会发展要“以推动高质量发展为主题，以深化供给侧结构性改革为主线，以改革创新为根本动力，以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的”。党的二十大报告进一步明确:“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。”当前推动高质量发展面临的突出问题，依然是发展不平衡不充分，从根本上说这些问题都是社会主要矛盾的反映，必须进一步全面深化改革，从破除各方面体制机制弊端上加以解决。

How can further deepening reform comprehensively promote high-quality development and thereby accomplish the primary task of building a modern socialist country in all respects? We must start by accelerating the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy to solve the problem of transforming the economic development model. “Since reform and opening up, an important feature of our rapid development has been the full and effective use of the international market. Large-scale exports and an export-oriented development model, built on the advantage of low labor costs and the opportunity of the outward transfer of labor-intensive industries from developed countries, became an important driving force for China’s high-speed economic growth.” This development model, which relies heavily on inputs of factors such as labor, capital, and resources to support rapid economic growth, is extensive. “The extensive economic development model once played a significant role in China, accelerating the pace of our economic development with a large-scale, coordinated approach. But if we continue with that extensive development model now, it will not be supported by domestic conditions, nor by international conditions; it is unsustainable. If we do not act quickly to change it, we will eventually hit a dead end.” “The old path is impassable; where is the new path? It lies in scientific and technological innovation, in accelerating the shift from a development model driven mainly by factor input and investment scale to one driven mainly by innovation.” The extensive development model, which relies primarily on factor inputs such as labor resources to drive economic growth and scale expansion, is unsustainable. “Implementing the innovation-driven development strategy is an inevitable requirement and a strategic measure to accelerate the transformation of the economic development model and to enhance China’s comprehensive national strength and international competitiveness.” Implementing the innovation-driven development strategy is the primary task in implementing the new development philosophy. Innovation is the primary driving force for development. “Grasping innovation means grasping the ‘ox nose’ [8]8 “Ox nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key or crucial point that, once grasped, allows one to control the entire situation. that drives the overall economic and social development.” After more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China has joined the ranks of innovative countries, but the situation in which key core technologies are controlled by others has not yet been fundamentally reversed. It is necessary to strengthen top-level design and overall planning, fully leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, and further deepen the reform of the science and technology system and mechanisms comprehensively. Scientific and technological innovation depends on talent, talent cultivation depends on education, and education, science and technology, and talent support each other in an organic unity. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars for building a modern socialist country in all respects.” The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee proposed “building systems and mechanisms to support comprehensive innovation,” “promoting the integrated reform of education, science and technology, and talent systems and mechanisms,” and “enhancing the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system.”

进一步全面深化改革如何推动高质量发展进而完成全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务？我们必须从加快实施创新驱动发展战略破解经济发展方式转变的难题入手。“改革开放以来，我们大踏步发展的一个重要特点就是对国际市场的充分有效利用。建立在劳动力成本低廉优势和发达国家劳动密集型产业向外转移机会基础上的大规模出口和外向型发展，成为我国经济高速增长的重要推动力。”这种主要靠劳动力、资本和资源等要素投入支撑经济快速增长的发展方式是粗放的。“粗放型经济发展方式曾经在我国发挥了很大作用，大兵团作战加快了我国经济发展步伐，但现在再按照过去那种粗放型发展方式来做，不仅国内条件不支持，国际条件也不支持，是不可持续的，不抓紧转变，总有一天会走进死胡同。”“老路走不通，新路在哪里？就在科技创新上，就在加快从要素驱动、投资规模驱动发展为主向以创新驱动发展为主的转变上。”主要依靠劳动力资源等要素投入推动经济增长和规模扩张的粗放型发展方式是不可持续的，“实施创新驱动发展战略，是加快转变经济发展方式、提高我国综合国力和国际竞争力的必然要求和战略举措”。实施创新驱动发展战略，是贯彻新发展理念的首要任务。创新是引领发展的第一动力。“抓住了创新，就抓住了牵动经济社会发展全局的‘牛鼻子’。”经过改革开放40多年的发展，我国已跻身创新型国家行列，但是关键核心技术受制于人的局面尚未根本扭转，还需要加强顶层设计和统筹谋划，充分发挥新型举国体制优势，进一步全面深化科技体制机制改革。科技创新靠人才，人才培养靠教育，教育、科技、人才相互支撑、有机统一。党的二十大报告指出：“教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑。”党的二十届三中全会提出，“构建支持全面创新体制机制”，“统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革”，“提升国家创新体系整体效能”。

Promoting high-quality development through further deepening reform comprehensively must ultimately be grounded in liberating and developing the productive forces. Productive forces are the fundamental driving force of human social development and the ultimate cause of all social changes and political transformations. High-quality development requires guidance from a new theory of productive forces, and new quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and demonstrated a strong driving and supporting force for high-quality development. This requires us to summarize and conceptualize them theoretically to guide new development practices. General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively proposed: “Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and a key focus for promoting high-quality development.” Developing new quality productive forces is not only an inevitable choice for deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy but also an objective need to break away from traditional economic growth models and leap to high-quality development. Unlike the traditional extensive economic growth model, new quality productive forces are marked by a significant increase in total factor productivity, highlighting the dominant role of innovation and emphasizing revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Therefore, to develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further deepen reform comprehensively, form new relations of production compatible with them, enable all types of high-quality production factors to gather and flow toward the development of new quality productive forces, and continuously increase total factor productivity. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee proposed “improving the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions,” and improving the systems and mechanisms for developing the service industry, especially high-quality development of productive services, as major measures to transform the economic development model. It should also be pointed out that transforming the economic development model and expanding the middle-income group are two sides of the same process. Transforming the economic development model is “a process of shifting from relying mainly on simple labor, expanding investment, and large inputs of energy and resources to relying more on innovation-driven development; a process of shifting from relying mainly on manufacturing to relying more on modern services; and a process of shifting from relying mainly on traditional industries to relying more on emerging industries.” Accompanying this is a process in which entrepreneurs, scientific and technical personnel, skilled workers, and others play a greater role; a process in which the ranks of teachers, doctors, lawyers, financial practitioners, information service personnel, and social organization managers expand; and a process in which new types of agricultural business entities and new-type professional farmers grow. These groups are all important components of the middle-income group and are the main force and vanguard in developing new quality productive forces. Therefore, further deepening reform comprehensively requires breaking away from traditional economic growth models and paths of productive forces development, developing according to local conditions a qualitative state of productive forces where innovation plays a dominant role and which conforms to the new development philosophy. It also requires “regulating income distribution order and wealth accumulation mechanisms,” “increasing residents’ property income through multiple channels,” and forming an institutional system that effectively increases the income of low-income groups, steadily expands the size of the middle-income group, and reasonably regulates excessively high incomes.

以进一步全面深化改革推动高质量发展，最终还是要落脚到解放和发展生产力上来。生产力是人类社会发展的根本动力，也是一切社会变迁和政治变革的终极原因。高质量发展需要新的生产力理论来指导，而新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力，需要我们从理论上进行总结、概括，用以指导新的发展实践。习近平总书记创造性地提出：“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。”发展新质生产力既是深入实施创新驱动发展战略的必然选择，也是摆脱传统经济增长方式以跃升至高质量发展的客观需要。与传统粗放型经济增长方式不同的是，新质生产力以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，突显的是创新起主导作用，强调的是技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置和产业深度转型升级。因此，发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系，让各类优质生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚和流动，不断提升全要素生产率。党的二十届三中全会提出“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”，完善发展服务业特别是生产性服务业高质量发展的体制机制等就是转变经济发展方式的重大举措。还需要指出的是，转变经济发展方式和扩大中等收入群体是同一个过程的两个侧面。转变经济发展方式就是“从主要依靠简单劳动、扩大投资、大量投入能源资源等转向更多依靠创新驱动发展的过程，是从主要依靠制造业转向更多依靠现代服务业的过程，又是从主要依靠传统产业转向更多依靠新兴产业的过程”。与之相伴随的是企业家、科技人员、技术工人等发挥更大作用的过程，是教师、医生、律师、金融从业人员、信息服务人员、社会组织管理者等队伍扩大的过程，也是新型农业经营主体、新型职业农民成长的过程。这些群体都是中等收入群体的重要组成部分，都是发展新质生产力的主力军和生力军。因此，进一步全面深化改革就必须摆脱传统经济增长方式和生产力发展路径，因地制宜发展创新起主导作用、符合新发展理念的生产力质态，就必须“规范收入分配秩序，规范财富积累机制”，“多渠道增加城乡居民财产性收入”，形成有效增加低收入群体收入、稳步扩大中等收入群体规模、合理调节过高收入的制度体系。

The process of developing new quality productive forces to drive the transformation of the economic development model is also a process of promoting the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. Green development is an inherent requirement of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces. “Green development is an important component of the new development philosophy; it complements and interacts with innovative development, coordinated development, open development, and shared development. It represents an all-round transformation and is an inevitable requirement for building a high-quality modernized economic system. Its aim is to change the traditional production and consumption models of ‘mass production, mass consumption, and mass emissions,’ so that resources, production, consumption, and other factors are matched and adapted to one another, achieving the coordinated unity of economic and social development with ecological and environmental protection, and the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.” The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC made important arrangements for further deepening comprehensive reform and promoting the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, emphasizing “focusing on building a Beautiful China, accelerating the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, improving the ecological and environmental governance system, advancing ecological priority, resource conservation, intensive use, green and low-carbon development, and promoting the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.” On July 31, 2024, the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Accelerating the Comprehensive Green Transformation of Economic and Social Development” further proposed: accelerate the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, form a spatial pattern, industrial structure, production model, and lifestyle that conserve resources and protect the environment, comprehensively advance the construction of a Beautiful China, and accelerate the modernization that promotes the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.

发展新质生产力推动经济发展方式转变的过程，也是推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型的过程。绿色发展是高质量发展的题中应有之义，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。“绿色发展是新发展理念的重要组成部分，与创新发展、协调发展、开放发展、共享发展相辅相成、相互作用，是全方位变革，是构建高质量现代化经济体系的必然要求，目的是改变传统的‘大量生产、大量消耗、大量排放’的生产模式和消费模式，使资源、生产、消费等要素相匹配相适应，实现经济社会发展和生态环境保护协调统一、人与自然和谐共处。”党的二十届三中全会对进一步全面深化改革和推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型做出重要部署，强调“聚焦建设美丽中国，加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型，健全生态环境治理体系，推进生态优先、节约集约、绿色低碳发展，促进人与自然和谐共生”。2024年7月31日，《中共中央 国务院关于加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型的意见》进一步提出：加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型，形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式，全面推进美丽中国建设，加快推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化。

III. How Should Further Deepening Comprehensive Reform Answer the Global Challenge?

三、进一步全面深化改革该如何回答好世界性难题

The core issue of reform is to properly handle the relationship between vitality and order. This pair of relationships — vitality and order — has accompanied the entire process of reform and opening up and socialist modernization. In the historical process of modernization, properly handling the relationship between vitality and order is a global challenge. “Chinese-path modernization should and can achieve a dynamic balance of being lively without chaos, and active yet orderly.” To advance Chinese-path modernization through further deepening comprehensive reform, it is necessary to seriously summarize the experience of China’s modernization construction in handling the relationship between vitality and order since reform and opening up, and continuously deepen the understanding of the inner laws governing the development of this relationship.

改革的核心问题是要处理好活力和秩序的关系。活力和秩序这一对关系始终伴随着改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的全过程。在现代化的历史进程中，处理好活力和秩序关系是一道世界性难题。“中国式现代化应当而且能够实现活而不乱、活跃有序的动态平衡。”以进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化，需要认真总结改革开放以来我国现代化建设处理活力和秩序关系的经验，不断深化对二者关系发展的内在规律的认识。

Why was reform and opening up successful? Because reform liberated people’s thinking, stimulated and released social vitality, and liberated and developed the productive forces. Reform and opening up made Chinese society active and developed, but this activity and development had to occur within a reasonable order — a state of “liveliness without chaos.” In the early period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping particularly emphasized the need to “carry out socialist construction with leadership and order,” and that “for reform to succeed, it must be carried out with leadership and order.” On the one hand, it was necessary to mobilize the people’s initiative, invigorate the domestic economy, and grant greater autonomy to grassroots units, enterprises, and farmers and other residents in the countryside. On the other hand, for China to develop, it needed a stable political situation and stable social order; otherwise, everything would be in chaos and nothing could be accomplished. Regarding the relationship between stability and reform, Deng Xiaoping profoundly grasped the dialectical relationship between stimulating vitality and maintaining order in reform and opening up and socialist modernization. “Emphasizing stability is correct, but overemphasizing it may cause us to miss opportunities,” and “the fundamental principle is that reform and opening up cannot be abandoned; only by adhering to reform and opening up can we seize the opportunity to reach a new level.” To bring reform and opening up to a higher level, at the critical historical juncture of 1992, Deng Xiaoping broke through the ideological barriers of debating whether something was “socialist” or “capitalist,” creatively answered the correct relationship between planning and the market, and proposed “establishing a socialist market economy system full of vigor and vitality” to promote the development of productive forces. It was from this point onward that the reform objectives and basic framework of the socialist market economy system began to be established and continuously improved. Reform and opening up thus entered the fast track, and China completed in just a few decades the development journey that took developed countries several hundred years. “China, the world’s largest developing country, lifted itself out of poverty and rose to become the world’s second-largest economy in just over 30 years, completely casting off the danger of being expelled from the ranks of nations, creating a stunning development miracle in the history of human society, and infusing the Chinese nation with new vitality.” History and facts have fully proven: “Reform and opening up is the source of vitality for contemporary China’s development and progress, a crucial magic weapon for our Party and people to stride forward and keep pace with the times, and the only path for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.”

改革开放为什么能够成功？是因为改革解放了人们的思想，改革激发和释放了社会的活力，改革解放和发展了生产力。改革开放让中国社会活跃起来、发展起来，但这种活跃和发展必须是在合理的秩序范围内，是一种“活而不乱”。改革开放初期，邓小平就特别强调要“有领导有秩序地进行社会主义建设”，“改革要成功，就必须有领导有秩序地进行”。一方面，要调动人民的积极性，对内搞“活”，给予基层、企业、乡村中的农民和其他居民以更多的自主权。另一方面，中国要发展起来，必须有稳定的政治局面和稳定的社会秩序，否则就乱哄哄的，什么事情也干不成。在稳定和改革的关系上，邓小平深刻地洞悉了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设中激发活力和稳定秩序之间的辩证关系。“强调稳是对的，但强调得过分就可能丧失时机”，“根本的一条是改革开放不能丢，坚持改革开放才能抓住时机上台阶”。为了使改革开放更上一个台阶，在1992年的重要历史关头，邓小平破除姓“资”姓“社”的思想藩篱，创造性地回答了计划和市场的正确关系，提出要“建立起充满生机和活力的社会主义经济体制”以促进生产力的发展。正是从这时起，社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标和基本框架开始确立并不断完善，改革开放由此驶入快车道，我国用了几十年的时间走完了发达国家几百年走过的发展历程。“中国这个世界上最大的发展中国家在短短30多年里摆脱贫困并跃升为世界第二大经济体，彻底摆脱被开除球籍的危险，创造了人类社会发展史上惊天动地的发展奇迹，使中华民族焕发出新的蓬勃生机。”历史和事实充分证明:“改革开放是当代中国发展进步的活力之源，是我们党和人民大踏步赶上时代前进步伐的重要法宝，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路。”

Reform and opening up stimulated the vitality of social development, subjecting contemporary China to a broad and profound social transformation. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC summarized this as the “Four Profound Changes” [n9], namely: profound changes in the economic system, profound changes in the social structure, profound adjustments in the pattern of interests, and profound changes in ideas and concepts. This unprecedented social transformation, while bringing immense vitality to China’s development and progress, also brought a series of contradictions and problems affecting social harmony, such as unbalanced development, unfair distribution, and unscientific management. As social construction was incorporated into the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the “three-in-one” layout of economic construction, political construction, and cultural construction developed into a “four-in-one” layout that added social construction. The 17th National Congress of the CPC formally included “improving social management” as an important part of social construction, proposing to “perfect the social management pattern of Party committee leadership, government responsibility, social coordination, and public participation, and improve the grassroots social management system. Maximally stimulate social creativity, maximally increase harmonious factors, and maximally reduce disharmonious factors.” By the 18th National Congress of the CPC, “social management” was elevated to the title of a chapter in the Party Congress report, namely “Strengthening Social Construction by Improving People’s Livelihood and Innovating Management,” emphasizing the need to build a socialist social management system with Chinese characteristics and raise the scientific level of social management. As China’s reform entered a critical period and a deep-water zone, comprehensive deepening of reform needed to address deep-seated institutional and mechanistic problems. Therefore, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC set the goal of comprehensive deepening reform as perfecting and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Social governance, as an important component of national governance, was elevated to one of the fifteen strategic deployments of comprehensive deepening reform. “Social governance” replaced “social management”; “the difference of one word between governance and management reflects systematic governance, law-based governance, source governance, and comprehensive measures.” The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC focused on improving social governance methods, stimulating the vitality of social organizations, innovating mechanisms for effectively preventing and resolving social conflicts, and perfecting the public safety system, striving to safeguard the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people, maximize harmonious factors, and enhance the vitality of social development. To better transform institutional advantages into governance effectiveness, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized the construction of the social governance system, proposing to perfect the social governance system featuring Party committee leadership, government responsibility, democratic consultation, social coordination, public participation, legal guarantees, and technological support, and to build a social governance community, ensuring that the people live and work in peace and contentment and that society is stable and orderly.

改革开放激发了社会发展的活力，使当代中国经历着一场广泛而深刻的社会巨变，党的十六届六中全会将此概括为“四个深刻”，即经济体制深刻变革、社会结构深刻变动，利益格局深刻调整、思想观念深刻变化。这种空前的社会变革，在给我国发展进步带来巨大活力的同时，也带来了诸如发展不平衡、分配不公平、管理不科学等影响社会和谐的一系列矛盾和问题。随着社会建设被纳入中国特色社会主义事业的总体布局，经济建设、政治建设、文化建设“三位一体”发展为经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设“四位一体”。党的十七大正式将“完善社会管理”纳入社会建设的重要内容，提出“健全党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与的社会管理格局，健全基层社会管理体制。最大限度激发社会创造活力，最大限度增加和谐因素，最大限度减少不和谐因素”。至党的十八大，将“社会管理”上升为党的代表大会报告中章的标题，即“在改善民生和创新管理中加强社会建设”，强调要构建中国特色社会主义社会管理体系，提高社会管理科学化水平。随着我国改革进入攻坚期和深水区，全面深化改革要破除的是深层次体制机制的弊端问题，于是党的十八届三中全会把全面深化改革的目标确立为完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。社会治理作为国家治理的重要组成部分，上升到全面深化改革的十五个方面的战略部署之一，“社会治理”代替了“社会管理”，“治理和管理一字之差，体现的是系统治理、依法治理、源头治理、综合施策”。党的十八届三中全会从改进社会治理方式、激发社会组织活力、创新有效预防和化解社会矛盾体制、健全公共安全体系等方面着力，力求维护最广大人民根本利益，最大限度增加和谐因素，增强社会发展活力。为了更好地把制度优势转化为治理效能，党的十九届四中全会强调社会治理制度建设，提出要完善党委领导、政府负责、民主协商、社会协同、公众参与、法治保障、科技支撑的社会治理体系，建设社会治理共同体，确保人民安居乐业、社会安定有序。

In the process of continuously advancing Chinese-path modernization and further deepening reform comprehensively, handling the relationship between vitality and order also requires coordinating development and security. The report of the 16th National Congress of the CPC made the major judgment that “the first two decades of the twenty-first century represent a period of important strategic opportunity that we must firmly grasp and in which we can accomplish much.” [10]10 The 16th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2002. The judgment on the “period of important strategic opportunity” was a key assessment guiding China’s development strategy in the early 21st century. At present, how to reassess the period of strategic opportunity has become a major issue for our Party in governing the country. General Secretary Xi Jinping engaged in strategic reflection on this major issue at the Second Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, [11]11 The Second Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in January 2018, primarily to discuss the revision of the state constitution. stressing that China’s development is still in an important period of strategic opportunity for the present and the period ahead, but that both opportunities and challenges have undergone new developments and changes, and the risks and challenges faced are more complex and volatile. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC gave a further clear answer: “China’s development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities and risks and challenges coexist, and uncertainties and unpredictable factors have increased. Various ‘black swan’ and ‘gray rhino’ events may occur at any time.” [12]12 “Black swan” events refer to unpredictable, high-impact occurrences; “gray rhino” events refer to obvious, high-probability dangers that are often neglected. It can be seen that the risks and challenges faced place higher demands on our capacity to respond, and how to coordinate development and security has become a question that must be properly answered in governing the country. The “Proposal of the Central Committee of the CPC on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, for the first time incorporated coordinating development and security into the guiding ideology for China’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, emphasizing the need to integrate security development into all areas and the entire process of national development, prevent and defuse various risks affecting China’s modernization process, and build a solid national security shield. The 20th National Congress of the CPC included “coordinating development and security” as a strategic deployment for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and wrote it into the newly revised Party Constitution. In his speech at a seminar for newly elected members and alternate members of the Central Committee and leading officials at the provincial and ministerial level on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed six major relationships that need to be properly handled in advancing Chinese-path modernization, one of which is the relationship between vitality and order. He stressed the need to deepen institutional reforms in all aspects, fully unleash the creative potential of the whole society, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of Party members and cadres for undertaking endeavors and starting businesses, and fully stimulate the creative vitality of the whole society, while once again making arrangements for coordinating development and security. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [13]13 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024, focusing on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. included development and security, vitality and order, among others, as major relationships and important principles to be handled in further deepening reform comprehensively.

在中国式现代化不断推进和进一步全面深化改革的过程中，处理好活力和秩序的关系还要统筹发展与安全。党的十六大报告作出“二十一世纪头二十年，对我国来说，是一个必须紧紧抓住并且可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期”的重大判断。当前，如何重新对战略机遇期进行判断成为我们党治国理政的重大问题。习近平总书记在党的十九届五中全会第二次全体会议上对这一重大问题进行了战略思考，强调当前和今后一个时期我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期，但机遇和挑战都有新的发展变化，面临的风险挑战更复杂多变。党的二十大报告进一步明确作了回答：“我国发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期，各种‘黑天鹅’、‘灰犀牛’事件随时可能发生。”可以看出，所面临的风险挑战对我们的应变能力提出了更高要求，如何统筹发展和安全就成为治国理政必须要回答好的问题。党的十九届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》，首次把统筹发展和安全纳入“十四五”时期我国经济社会发展的指导思想，强调把安全发展贯穿国家发展各领域和全过程，防范和化解影响我国现代化进程的各种风险，筑牢国家安全屏障。党的二十大将“统筹发展和安全”作为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的战略部署，并写入新修订的党章。习近平总书记在新进中央委员、候补委员和省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的二十大精神研讨班上的讲话中，提出推进中国式现代化需要处理好的六个重大关系，其中一条就是活力和秩序的关系，强调要深化各方面体制机制改革，充分释放全社会创造潜能，充分调动广大党员干部干事创业的积极性，充分激发全社会创造活力，同时再次对统筹发展和安全作了部署。党的二十届三中全会将发展和安全、活力和秩序等一道列入进一步全面深化改革要处理好的重大关系和重要原则。

Handling the relationship between vitality and order is a major issue that needs to be properly addressed throughout the entire process of Chinese-path modernization and further deepening reform comprehensively. Vitality runs through all areas and the entire process of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to build a high-level socialist market economy system through further deepening reform comprehensively to activate the endogenous driving force and creative vitality of society; improve the system of whole-process people’s democracy to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the people for orderly political participation and release the vitality of political and social life; deepen the reform of the cultural system and mechanism to stimulate the cultural innovation and creative vitality of the entire nation; improve the social governance system of joint contribution, joint governance, and shared benefits to enhance social governance capacity and increase the vitality of social development; deepen the reform of the ecological civilization system to promote the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development; and improve the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party to forever maintain the vitality and vigor of the Party. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC included stimulating and enhancing social vitality in the guiding ideology for further deepening reform comprehensively. It can be seen that further deepening reform comprehensively is precisely about stimulating and enhancing vitality in all aspects of society, and the goal of modernizing the national governance system is to make the entire society both active and orderly. The modernization of national governance is essentially about adapting to and promoting social development, which is consistent with the Marxist principle of the movement of the fundamental social contradiction, namely that relations of production must adapt to productive forces, and the superstructure must adapt to the economic base. “Promoting better adaptation between relations of production and productive forces, between the superstructure and the economic base, and between national governance and social development” is a theoretical achievement of principle proposed by our Party, representing an original contribution to Marxism.

处理好活力和秩序的关系是整个中国式现代化和进一步全面深化改革需要处理好的重大问题。活力是贯穿于中国式现代化的全过程各领域的，要通过进一步全面深化改革构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制来激活社会内生动力和创造活力，健全全过程人民民主制度，充分调动人民有序政治参与的积极性，释放政治生活和社会生活的活力，深化文化体制机制改革，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，健全共建共治共享的社会治理制度，提升社会治理能力和增强社会发展活力，深化生态文明体制改革促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，健全全面从严治党体系，永葆党的生机和活力。党的二十届三中全会将激发和增强社会活力列入进一步全面深化改革的指导思想。可见，进一步全面深化改革就是要激发增强社会方方面面的活力，国家治理现代化的目的就是要使整个社会活跃而又有秩序。国家治理现代化本质上是要适应和促进社会发展，这和生产关系要适应生产力、上层建筑要适应经济基础的社会基本矛盾运动的马克思主义原理是统一的。“推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好相适应”，这是我们党提出的原理性理论成果，是对马克思主义所作出的原创性贡献。

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆