The Triple Logic of the Relationship between Strategy and Tactics in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Advancing Chinese-path modernization is a systematic project that requires overall consideration, systematic planning, and holistic promotion, correctly handling a series of major relationships such as top-level design and practical exploration, strategy and tactics, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, self-reliance and opening up to the outside world.” [n] Among these, strategy refers to making judgments and decisions from an overall, long-term, and general trend perspective, while tactics refer to actions taken under the guidance of strategy to serve strategy; the two are a dialectical unity. Correctly handling the relationship between strategy and tactics, organically combining the principled nature of strategy with the flexibility of tactics, is not only a successful magic weapon for the Communist Party of China in overcoming countless risks and challenges and continuously advancing from victory to victory, but also a scientific method for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization on the new journey.

习近平指出：“推进中国式现代化是一个系统工程，需要统筹兼顾、系统谋划、整体推进，正确处理好顶层设计与实践探索、战略与策略、守正与创新、效率与公平、活力与秩序、自立自强与对外开放等一系列重大关系。”其中，战略是从全局、长远、大势上作出判断和决策，策略是在战略指导下为战略服务的，二者是辩证统一的关系。正确处理好战略与策略的关系，把战略的原则性和策略的灵活性有机结合起来，既是中国共产党战胜无数风险挑战、不断从胜利走向胜利的成功法宝，也是新征程上以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的科学方法。

I. Theoretical Logic: Marxist Theory of Strategy and Tactics

一、理论逻辑：马克思主义战略策略理论

The issue of strategy and tactics is a fundamental and critical issue for a political party and a country. Correctly handling the relationship between strategy and tactics is a consistent requirement of a Marxist political party. The concepts of strategy and tactics have both narrow and broad meanings. In the narrow sense, they originate from human warfare activities and are military categories corresponding to campaigns and tactics. “Strategy is the employment of battle to gain the end of the war.” [n] Tactics are specific operational means that can be applied. Strategy determines the direction of war, tactics are the path of execution, and the stability of strategy depends on the flexibility of tactics. In the broad sense, the concept of strategy refers to overall, long-term goals and plans, while tactics refer to specific action plans under the guidance of strategy. The two are a dialectical unity of interdependence and mutual reinforcement, requiring the combination of strategic principle and tactical flexibility.

战略与策略问题是一个政党、一个国家的根本性、关键性问题，正确处理好战略与策略的关系是马克思主义政党一以贯之的要求。战略与策略两者概念有狭义和广义之分。狭义的概念是指起源于人类的战争活动，与战役、战术相对应的军事范畴的概念。“战略是为了达到战争目的而对战斗的运用。”策略是具体可以施用的战术手段。战略决定战争方向，策略是执行路径，战略的稳定性依赖于策略的灵活性。广义的战略概念是指全局性、长远性的目标和规划，策略是指在战略指导下的具体行动方案，两者是相互依存、互为表里的辩证统一关系，要把战略原则性和策略灵活性相结合。

(I) The Development of Strategic Theory

（一）战略理论的发展

The term “strategy” was long used in the military field, mainly referring to purely military strategy, used to guide the overall and holistic planning of war. Later, with the enrichment and deepening of human social practice and social interaction, strategy was gradually widely applied to many other fields, referring to the overall, global, and long-term planning and guidance of that field, such as economic development strategy, national strategy, and international strategy. The earliest stage of strategic germination was in the era of the first “great war” in European history—the Greco-Persian Wars. Later, with the outbreak of a series of historical wars, to win wars and international struggles, countries had to mobilize all aspects of their military, political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural forces, carrying out so-called “total wars.” The famous British military theorist Basil Liddell Hart, in response to this objective practice of strategic application, proposed the concept of “grand strategy,” whose task is to coordinate and direct all the forces of a nation to achieve the political purpose of the war, that is, the goal determined by national policy. This concept of “grand strategy” at the time mainly referred to the use of political, economic, diplomatic, military, and other means to achieve the purpose of war. There are many historical examples of the practical application of this “grand strategy” concept, such as the “national general mobilization” system that emerged during the Napoleonic Wars, which for the first time extended the reach of strategic planning into the national economic system; the establishment of the German Customs Union (Zollverein) demonstrated how economic strategy could achieve political unification through market integration. It can be seen from this that the proposal of the “grand strategy” concept marked the differentiation of a higher strategic level from traditional military strategy. This differentiation helps to conduct deeper and more refined explorations of the various levels and aspects of modern strategy.

“战略”一词长期被用于军事领域，主要指单纯的军事战略，用来指导战争全局和整体的谋略。后来，随着人类社会实践和社会交往的丰富和深化，战略逐渐被广泛应用于其他更多领域，指对本领域整体、全局、长远的筹划和指导，比如经济发展战略、国家战略、国际战略等。最早战略萌芽阶段是在欧洲历史上第一次“大战”——希波战争的时代中，后来随着一系列历史性战争的爆发，为赢得战争和国际斗争的胜利，各国不得不动员国家军事、政治、经济、外交、文化等各方面的力量，进行所谓的“整体战”“总体战”。英国著名军事理论家李德·哈特针对这种战略应用的客观实践，提出了“大战略”的概念，其任务就是协调和指导国家的全部力量以便达到战争的政治目的，即国家政策所确定的目标。这种“大战略”概念，当时主要是指运用政治、经济、外交、军事等多种手段，以达到战争目的的谋略。历史上这种“大战略”概念的实践应用有很多，比如拿破仑战争时期出现的“国家总动员”制度，首次将战略筹划的触角伸向国民经济体系；德意志关税同盟的建立，则展现了经济战略如何通过市场整合达成政治统一。由此可以看出，“大战略”概念的提出，标志着从传统军事战略中分化出一个更高的战略层次，这种分化有助于对现代战略的各个层次和各个方面分别进行更深入、更精细的探索。

(II) The Dialectical Program of Marxist Strategy and Tactics Theory

（二）马克思主义战略策略理论的辩证纲领

The classical Marxist writers used concepts such as “political strategy” and “tactics” relatively early and applied strategic planning to the theory and practice of the proletarian revolution. Marx and Engels paid great attention to the strategic thinking and planning of the proletarian revolutionary struggle and the socialist movement, establishing the overall strategic goal that “the fall of the bourgeoisie and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.” [n] Marx and Engels referred to the scientific theories guiding the proletarian revolution as tactics and put forward a series of theoretical ideas on tactics. In the *Communist Manifesto*, Marx and Engels pointed out that “the Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, for the enforcement of the momentary interests of the working class; but in the movement of the present, they also represent and take care of the future of that movement.” [n] This idea is the core of Marxist strategic and tactical thought. In the process of guiding the revolutionary struggle of the working-class party, Marx and Engels always firmly stood on the proletarian position. While adhering to strategic principles, they insisted on dialectical thinking according to changes in the objective situation, flexibly using various forms and methods of struggle, such as violent and non-violent, legal and illegal, conspiratorial and open, ensuring the realization of the party’s interests and goals at different times. In the early days of the International Workingmen’s Association, in order to unite workers’ groups from different countries and factions, Marx adopted a compromise tactic of “substantively resolute, formally mild,” [n] fully embodying the organic combination of strategic principle and tactical flexibility. Lenin was the first person to integrate Marxist strategic and tactical theory with the reality of the Russian revolution. He pointed out that the smooth progress of the revolution by the proletarian revolutionary party “depends on the correctness of the political leadership exercised by this vanguard, on the correctness of its political strategy and tactics.” [n] This is a full manifestation of Lenin’s thought on the leadership of the proletariat in the liberation struggle and also the logical starting point of Lenin’s strategic and tactical thought. The outbreak of the February Revolution in 1917 caused great changes in the political situation in Russia. At this critical historical juncture, Lenin, in the *April Theses*, clarified the strategic goal and fundamental direction of the revolution’s advance towards the transition to a socialist revolution. It was this far-sighted strategic planning that created the fundamental prerequisite for the victory of the October Revolution.

马克思主义经典作家较早地使用了“政治战略”“策略”等概念，并把战略筹划应用到无产阶级革命的理论和实践之中。马克思恩格斯十分注重无产阶级革命斗争和社会主义运动的战略思考和筹划，确定了“资产阶级的灭亡和无产阶级的胜利是同样不可避免的”战略总目标。马克思恩格斯把指导无产阶级革命的科学理论都称之为策略，并提出了一系列关于策略的思想理论。在《共产党宣言》中，马克思恩格斯指出“共产党人为工人阶级的最近的目的和利益而斗争，但是他们在当前的运动中同时代表运动的未来”。这一思想是马克思主义战略和策略思想的核心。马克思恩格斯在指导工人阶级政党革命斗争过程中始终站稳无产阶级立场，在坚持战略原则的前提下根据客观形势的变化坚持辩证思维灵活运用暴力、非暴力、合法、非法、密谋、公开等多种斗争方式和组织方式，在不同时期保证了党的利益和目标的实现。国际工人协会成立初期，为了团结不同派别的各国工人团体，马克思采取“实质上坚决，形式上温和”的妥协策略，充分体现了战略原则性与策略灵活性的有机结合。列宁是将马克思主义战略策略思想理论与俄国革命实际相结合的第一人。他指出，无产阶级革命政党顺利推进革命“是靠这个先锋队所实行的政治领导正确，靠它的政治战略和策略正确”。这是列宁关于无产阶级在解放斗争中领导权思想的充分彰显，也是列宁战略策略思想的逻辑起点。1917年二月革命的爆发使俄国的政治形势发生巨大变动，在这个生死攸关的历史关头，列宁在《四月提纲》中明确了革命的前进方向要向社会主义革命过渡的战略目标和根本方向，正是这种高瞻远瞩的战略谋划为十月革命的胜利创造了根本前提。

(III) The CPC’s Innovative Development of Marxist Strategy and Tactics Theory

（三）中国共产党对马克思主义战略策略理论的创新发展

Mao Zedong was a great proletarian strategist. He organically integrated the strategic thought of Marx, Engels and Lenin with the practice of the Chinese revolution, forming a complete set of strategic thought suited to China’s conditions. Mao Zedong highly appraised the extreme importance of strategy and tactics. He pointed out that “policy and tactics are the life of the Party” and that “for the proletariat to win victory, it must rely entirely on the correctness and resoluteness of its Party’s—the Communist Party’s—struggle tactics.” Mao Zedong pointed out that “the strategic problem is the study of the laws governing the overall situation of war,” thereby revealing the most essential core of strategy and laying the foundation for the modern Chinese definition of strategy. Mao Zedong also creatively proposed that to correctly handle the relationship between strategy and tactics, one must “despise the enemy strategically while taking the enemy seriously tactically.” This is the concentrated expression of Mao Zedong’s guiding thought and principles on strategy and tactics. Xi

毛泽东是伟大的无产阶级战略家，他将马克思恩格斯及列宁的战略思想理论与中国革命实践有机结合起来，形成了一整套适合中国国情的战略思想。毛泽东高度评价了战略与策略的极端重要性。他指出，“政策和策略是党的生命”，“无产阶级要取得胜利，就完全要靠他的政党——共产党的斗争策略的正确和坚决”。毛泽东指出“战略问题是研究战争全局的规律性的东西”，从而揭示了战略最本质的内核，奠定了现代中国战略定义的基础。毛泽东还创造性提出正确处理好战略与策略关系要“在战略上藐视敌人，战术上重视敌人”，这是毛泽东战略策略指导思想和指导原则的集中体现。习近平关于党的战略策略一系列重要论述与毛泽东战略策略思想既一以贯之，又与时俱进，为中国式现代化进程中正确处理好战略与策略的关系提供了根本遵循。习近平指出：“战略问题是一个政党、一个国家的根本性问题。战略上判断得准确，战略上谋划得科学，战略上赢得主动，党和人民事业就大有希望。”在此基础上进一步强调：“正确运用战略和策略，是我们党创造辉煌历史、成就千秋伟业、战胜各种风险挑战，不断从胜利走向胜利的成功秘诀。”“战略与策略是我们党领导人民改造世界、变革实践、推动历史发展的有力武器。”这一系列重大论断进一步指明了战略策略的突出地位作用。习近平以全新的理论视野对党的战略远见提出了一系列新思想，他指出“战略是从全局、长远、大势上作出判断和决策”，并高瞻远瞩地强调，推进中国式现代化要增强战略的前瞻性、增强战略的全局性、增强战略的稳定性，这一系列精辟论述实现了对战略思想的创新升华。同时，习近平以马克思主义理论为指导，深刻揭示了战略策略的运用原则。他强调“正确的战略需要正确的策略来落实。策略是在战略指导下为战略服务的。战略和策略是辩证统一的关系，要把战略的坚定性和策略的灵活性结合起来”，深刻阐明了战略与策略二者的辩证统一关系。习近平关于党的战略策略的一系列重要论述丰富和发展了马克思主义战略策略思想理论，为中国式现代化进程中正确处理好战略与策略关系提供了强大的理论支撑。

II. Historical Logic: Historical Experience in Handling the Relationship between Strategy and Tactics in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

二、历史逻辑：中国式现代化进程中处理好战略与策略关系的历史经验

Correctly handling the relationship between strategy and tactics is the secret to our Party's success in creating a glorious history, accomplishing a great cause for the ages, overcoming various risks and challenges, and continuously advancing from victory to victory. Correct strategy and tactics have played an important role in the historical process in which the Communist Party of China has united and led the Chinese people to advance Chinese-path modernization.

正确处理好战略与策略的关系是我们党创造辉煌历史、成就千秋伟业、战胜各种风险挑战，不断从胜利走向胜利的成功秘诀。正确的战略与策略在中国共产党团结带领中国人民推进中国式现代化历史进程中发挥了重要作用。

(1) The "Two-Step" Strategic Goal and the Tactical Deployment of the "Five-Year Plan"

（一）“两步走”战略目标与“五年计划”的策略部署

Mao Zedong, adhering to the integration of the fundamental principles of Marxism with China's specific realities, gradually established in the process of exploring the path of socialist modernization a development strategy goal of building a powerful modern socialist country in steps, using the "Five-Year Plan" as a yardstick and phased development goals as a foundation. In 1952, Mao Zedong first proposed the strategic goal of transitioning to socialism, and in 1953 formally put forward the Party's general line for the transition period: to basically complete, within ten to fifteen years or more, the industrialization of the country and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce (abbreviated as the "One Industrialization and Three Transformations" [7]7 The "One Industrialization and Three Transformations" (一化三改) refers to the general line for the transition period (1953): socialist industrialization (the "One Industrialization") and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce (the "Three Transformations").). It was precisely this far-sighted strategic planning that enabled the Party Central Committee to concentrate its forces to establish the preliminary foundation of China's socialist industrialization, while simultaneously completing the three major transformations of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce. This series of specific tactical policies effectively realized the strategic goal of the "One Industrialization and Three Transformations." Mao Zedong proposed the basic policy of mobilizing all positive factors, both inside and outside the Party and at home and abroad, to strive to build China into a powerful socialist country; this was an extremely important strategic policy during the period of socialist construction. On this basis, the "Second Five-Year Plan" clarified the strategic plan to basically build a complete industrial system with active yet steady and reliable steps, transforming China from a backward agricultural country into an advanced socialist industrial country. However, due to excessively high targets, construction deviated from reality during the implementation of tactics. Accordingly, while firmly adhering to the strategic policy, the Party Central Committee promptly and flexibly adjusted its tactical methods. By implementing the Eight-Character Policy [8]8 The Eight-Character Policy (八字方针) of "adjustment, consolidation, filling out, and improvement" (调整、巩固、充实、提高) was adopted in 1961 to correct the economic imbalances caused by the Great Leap Forward. of "adjustment, consolidation, filling out, and improvement" for the national economy, the economic and social situation turned comprehensively for the better, and the national economy gradually embarked on a track of steady growth. In 1964, the Party Central Committee formally proposed the strategic plan to build China into a powerful modern socialist country with modern agriculture, modern industry, modern national defense, and modern science and technology. To realize this strategic plan of the "Four Modernizations," the Party Central Committee initially proposed that, starting from the Third Five-Year Plan, the national economy should follow a "Two-Step" development strategy: the first step, to establish an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system; the second step, to comprehensively realize the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. Advancing the socialist modernization cause flexibly in steps and stages on the basis of firm strategic goals, according to the state of development of the productive forces and the will of the people at different historical stages, became a valuable experience for our Party in leading the people to explore the path of Chinese-path modernization.

毛泽东坚持把马克思主义基本原理与中国具体实际相结合在探索社会主义现代化道路进程中逐步确立了以“五年计划”为标尺，以阶段性发展目标为依托，分步骤建设社会主义现代化强国的发展战略目标。1952年，毛泽东首次提出向社会主义过渡的战略目标，并于1953年正式提出党在过渡时期的总路线：是要在十年到十五年或者更多一些时间内，基本上完成国家工业化和对农业、手工业、资本主义工商业的社会主义改造（简称“一化三改”）。正是这一高瞻远瞩的战略谋划，党中央集中力量建立了我国社会主义工业化的初步基础，同时完成了对农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的三大改造，这一系列具体策略方针有效实现了“一化三改”的战略目标。毛泽东提出调动党内外、国内外一切积极因素，为把我国建设成为一个强大的社会主义国家而奋斗的基本方针，这是社会主义建设时期极为重要的战略方针。在此基础上，“二五”计划明确了要以积极又稳妥可靠的步骤基本上建成一个完整的工业体系，使我国从落后的农业国变为先进的社会主义工业国的战略规划，但由于指标过高在策略实施过程中出现了建设脱离实际的情况，据此党中央在坚定战略方针的同时及时灵活调整策略方法，通过对国民经济实行“调整、巩固、充实、提高”的八字方针，经济社会局面出现全面好转，国民经济逐步走上稳步增长的轨道。1964年，党中央正式提出把我国建设成为一个具有现代农业、现代工业、现代国防和现代科学技术的社会主义现代化强国的战略谋划。为了实现“四个现代化”这一战略谋划，党中央初步提出从第三个五年计划开始，国民经济按“两步走”的发展战略：第一步，建立一个独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系；第二步，全面实现农业、工业、国防和科学技术的现代化。根据不同历史阶段生产力发展状况和人民群众意愿在坚定战略目标的基础上按步骤、分阶段灵活推进社会主义现代化事业，成为我们党领导人民探索中国式现代化道路的一条宝贵经验。

(2) The Establishment of the Socialist Market Economy System through Reform and Opening Up Promotes the Development of the "Three-Step" Strategy

（二）改革开放社会主义市场经济体制的建立推动“三步走”战略的发展

Since reform and opening up, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core clearly put forward the concept of “Chinese-style modernization.” Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “What is the main task of our present and for a considerable historical period to come? In a word, it is to carry out modernization.” The 13th National Congress of the CPC formally established the “three-step” development strategy for modernization: the first step, to double the gross national product compared with 1980 and solve the problem of food and clothing for the people; the second step, to double the gross national product again by the end of the 20th century and bring the people’s standard of living up to a moderately prosperous level; the third step, to reach the per capita gross national product level of moderately developed countries by the middle of the 21st century, with the people living a relatively well-off life, and basically realize modernization. It was precisely under the guidance of this strategy that the Party led the people to achieve a historic breakthrough from a state of relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world’s second-largest economy, with corresponding improvements in indicators of national economic growth rate, structural adjustment, and people’s living standards, providing a solid material foundation for Chinese-style modernization. The 13th National Congress of the CPC clearly put forward the Party’s basic line for the primary stage of socialism: “taking economic construction as the center, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles, and upholding reform and opening up” (abbreviated as “one center, two basic points”). This was a tactical policy proposed by the CPC based on the major strategic layout of China’s modernization during this period, pointing the direction for Chinese-style modernization. Deng Xiaoping pointed out that reform was to carry out profound institutional reform, “the self-improvement of the socialist system, which to a certain extent also brought about a certain degree of revolutionary change,” and on this basis, a tactical policy of gradually establishing and developing a socialist market economy system was formulated. The 15th National Congress of the CPC further refined the third-step development goal and steps, which spanned a long period, forming a “small three-step” development strategy for the 21st century: “In the first decade, double the gross national product compared with the year 2000, make the people’s moderately prosperous life more comfortable, and form a relatively complete socialist market economy system; after another ten years of effort, by the centenary of the Party’s founding, make the national economy more developed and various systems more complete; by the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the middle of the century, basically realize modernization and build a prosperous, strong, democratic, and culturally advanced socialist country.” The 16th National Congress of the CPC further proposed the strategic task of building a well-off society of a higher standard in an all-round way benefiting over one billion people in the first two decades of the 21st century. From the 12th to the 17th National Congresses of the CPC, our Party adhered to taking economic construction as the central task, focused on the goals of building a moderately prosperous society and realizing modernization, significantly accelerated the pace of reform and opening up, and deepened reforms in the economic, political, and cultural systems.

改革开放以来，以邓小平同志为核心的党中央明确提出“中国式的现代化”概念。邓小平指出：“我们当前以及今后相当长一个历史时期的主要任务是什么？一句话，就是搞现代化建设。”党的十三大正式确定了现代化建设“三步走”的发展战略，即第一步，实现国民生产总值比1980年翻一番，解决人民的温饱问题；第二步，到20世纪末，国民生产总值再增长一倍，人民生活达到小康水平；第三步，到21世纪中叶，人均国民生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，人民生活比较富裕，基本实现现代化。正是在这一战略的指导下，党领导人民实现了从生产力相对落后的状况到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破，国民经济的增长速度指标、结构调整指标和人民生活水平指标都有相应提高，为中国式的现代化建设提供了坚实的物质基础。党的十三大明确提出党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线“以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放”（简称“一个中心、两个基本点”），这是中国共产党根据这一时期中国现代化建设重大战略布局提出的策略方针，为中国式的现代化建设指明了方向。邓小平指出，改革是要进行深刻的体制改革，“是社会主义制度的自我完善，在一定范围内也发生了某种程度的革命性变革”，在此基础上作出了逐步建立和发展社会主义市场经济体制改革的策略方针。党的十五大对时间跨度较长的第三步发展目标及步骤进一步细化，形成了“小三步走”的发展战略，即21世纪“第一个十年实现国民生产总值比二〇〇〇年翻一番，使人民的小康生活更加宽裕，形成比较完善的社会主义市场经济体制；再经过十年的努力，到建党一百年时，使国民经济更加发展，各项制度更加完善；到世纪中叶建国一百年时，基本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家”。党的十六大进一步提出21世纪头20年全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会的战略任务。从党的十二大到十七大，我们党坚持以经济建设为中心任务，围绕建设小康社会和实现现代化的目标，改革开放的步伐明显加快，经济体制、政治体制、文化体制等方面的改革不断深入。

(3) Promoting the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation in an All-Round Way through Chinese-Path Modernization

（三）以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has closely focused on the strategic goals of the “Two Centenary Goals” [n9], comprehensively advancing the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and coordinating the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, forming an integrated national development strategy system with Chinese-path modernization strategy as the overall guide, featuring unified connection, clear levels, close correlation, and strong support. The 19th National Congress of the CPC comprehensively analyzed the international and domestic situation and domestic development conditions, and further made a “two-step” strategic arrangement for building a great modern socialist country in all respects from 2020 to the middle of the 21st century, using two fifteen-year periods. The first stage, from 2020 to 2035, on the basis of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, strive for another fifteen years to basically realize socialist modernization; the second stage, from 2035 to the middle of this century, on the basis of basically realizing modernization, strive for another fifteen years to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful. At the same time, the 19th National Congress of the CPC also proposed a new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization: by 2027, achieve the centenary goal of building the people’s armed forces; by 2035, basically realize the modernization of national defense and the armed forces; by the middle of this century, fully build world-class armed forces. From the 18th National Congress of the CPC to the present, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has always adhered to combining the firmness of strategy with the flexibility of tactics in the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization. At the strategic level, it has carried forward the spirit of driving the nail, sticking to the blueprint drawn up; at the tactical level, it has emphasized flexibility, coordination, and complementarity, closely following the changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society, and comprehensively advancing economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. It has firmly implemented the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, the innovation-driven development strategy, the rural revitalization strategy, the coordinated regional development strategy, the sustainable development strategy, and the military-civilian integration development strategy, highlighting key areas, shoring up weak links, and strengthening areas of weakness, especially resolutely fighting the critical battles of preventing and defusing major risks, targeted poverty alleviation, and pollution prevention and control. It is precisely under the guidance of this series of strategies and tactics that China’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power have continued to grow, and Chinese-path modernization has taken new and solid steps.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央紧紧围绕“两个一百年”战略目标统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，形成了以中国式现代化战略为总领，统一衔接、层次清晰、关联紧密、支撑有力的一体化国家发展战略体系。党的十九大综合分析了国际国内形势和国内发展条件，对从2020年到21世纪中叶全面建成社会主义现代化强国进一步作出用两个十五年分“两步走”的战略安排，即第一个阶段，从2020年到2035年，在全面建成小康社会的基础上，再奋斗十五年，基本实现社会主义现代化；第二个阶段，从2035年到本世纪中叶，在基本实现现代化的基础上，再奋斗十五年，把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。同时，党的十九大还提出了国防和军队现代化新“三步走”战略：到2027年实现建军一百年奋斗目标、到2035年基本实现国防和军队现代化、到本世纪中叶全面建成世界一流军队。从党的十八大至今，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在推进中国式现代化进程中始终坚持把战略的坚定性和策略的灵活性相结合，在战略层面发扬钉钉子精神，一张蓝图绘到底，在策略层面注重灵活性、协调性、配套性，紧扣我国社会主要矛盾变化，统筹推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设，坚定实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略、乡村振兴战略、区域协调发展战略、可持续发展战略、军民融合发展战略，突出抓重点、补短板、强弱项，特别是坚决打好防范化解重大风险、精准脱贫、污染防治的攻坚战。正是在这一系列战略与策略的部署指导下，我国经济实力、科技实力、综合国力持续增强，中国式现代化迈出新的坚实步伐。

3. Practical Logic: The Practical Path for Handling the Relationship between Strategy and Tactics in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

三、实践逻辑：中国式现代化进程中处理好战略与策略关系的实践路径

Historical practice has fully proven that the CPC’s ability to lead the Chinese people to successfully forge a path of Chinese-path modernization is inseparable from the formulation and implementation of correct strategies and tactics. It is necessary to formulate tactical measures based on the rich connotation of Chinese-path modernization and actual conditions. On the one hand, promote the implementation of the strategy in an orderly manner in stages and steps; on the other hand, grasp the flexibility of tactics and adjust tactics in a timely manner according to changes in the situation. If these two steps are taken well, Chinese-path modernization will comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

历史实践充分证明，中国共产党能够带领中国人民成功走出一条中国式现代化道路，离不开正确战略与策略的制定与实施。要围绕中国式现代化的丰富内涵，根据实际制定策略举措，一方面分阶段、有步骤地有序推进战略实施，另一方面把握策略的灵活性，根据形势的 变化及时调整策略，这两步走得好，中国式现代化将全面推进中华民族的伟大复兴。

(1) Scientifically Planning the 15th Five-Year Plan to Promote the Basic Realization of Socialist Modernization

（一）科学谋划“十五五”规划推动社会主义现代化基本实现

This year marks the final year of the 14th Five-Year Plan. According to the “two-step” strategic plan, to achieve the strategic goal of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035, it is necessary to adapt to changes in the situation, grasp strategic priorities, and scientifically plan the economic and social arrangements for the 15th Five-Year Plan period.

今年是“十四五”规划收官之年，根据“两步走”战略规划，到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化战略目标，要适应形势变化，把握战略重点，科学谋划好“十五五”时期经济社会各方面安排。

It is necessary to accurately grasp the stage-specific requirements of the 15th Five-Year Plan period [10]10 The 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) is the next five-year plan for China's national economic and social development, succeeding the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025)., focus on the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation, closely center on the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization, and rationally determine the objectives, tasks, and propose ideas and measures for each field one by one. For the objectives and tasks in all aspects, in-depth analysis and demonstration must be carried out to ensure they are scientifically precise and can be achieved on schedule. Overall planning is required, grasping the key and decisive factors, properly controlling the pace and progress, focusing on consolidating and expanding advantages, breaking through bottlenecks and blockages, reinforcing weak links and shortcomings, and improving quality and efficiency, while maintaining consistency of orientation with the overall goal. In terms of economic and social development, it is necessary to prospectively grasp the impact of changes and developments in the international situation on China, and adjust and optimize the economic layout by guiding according to circumstances. We must unswervingly handle our own affairs well, unswervingly expand high-standard opening up, take multiple measures to stabilize employment, stabilize enterprises, stabilize the market, and stabilize expectations, effectively stabilize the basic economic plate, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, and comprehensively promote high-quality development. Greater attention must be paid to统筹发展和安全 [coordinating development and security], comprehensively considering internal and external risks and challenges, improving the national security system, enhancing the capacity to safeguard security, promoting a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security through high-efficiency governance, and securing the new development pattern with a new security pattern. The development of new quality productive forces tailored to local conditions must be placed in a more prominent strategic position, taking scientific and technological innovation as the guide and the real economy as the foundation, adhering to the simultaneous promotion of the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, the active development of emerging industries, and the forward-looking layout of future industries, and accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system. It is necessary to improve the national innovation system, stimulate the vitality of various innovation entities, aim at the world's scientific and technological frontiers, make sustained efforts to strengthen basic research and improve original innovation capabilities, and intensify efforts to make breakthroughs in key core technologies and cutting-edge technologies. It is necessary to统筹推进教育科技人才一体发展 [coordinate the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent], and consolidate the foundational and strategic support for the development of new quality productive forces. In terms of Party building, it is necessary to unswervingly promote comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, improve the institutional normative system for the Party's self-revolution, deeply advance the construction of Party conduct, clean governance, and the fight against corruption, and implement reforms with the spirit of driving nails [11]11 "The spirit of driving nails" (钉钉子精神) is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping to emphasize persistence, precision, and follow-through in implementing policies and reforms, likening the process to hammering a nail firmly into place.. In terms of democratic political construction, it is necessary to actively develop whole-process people's democracy, strengthen the institutional construction for the people being the masters of the country, improve the mechanism for consultative democracy, improve the system of grassroots democracy, and perfect the grand united front structure. In terms of rule-of-law construction, it is necessary to fully implement the Constitution, advance the construction of a rule-of-law China, and provide rule-of-law guarantees for Chinese-path modernization. In terms of cultural construction, it is necessary to develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, inherit and carry forward fine traditional Chinese culture, build a more effective international communication system, and continuously strengthen the spiritual power of Chinese-path modernization. In terms of national defense construction, it is necessary to uphold the Party's absolute leadership over the people's military, deeply implement the strategy of strengthening the military through reform, and provide a strong guarantee for achieving the centenary goal of military building on schedule and basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the military.

必须准确把握“十五五”时期的阶段性要求，着眼强国建设、民族复兴伟业，紧紧围绕基本实现社会主义现代化目标，一个领域一个领域合理确定目标任务、提出思路举措。对各方面的目标任务，要深入分析论证，确保科学精准、能够如期实现。要统筹谋划，抓住关键性、决定性因素，把握好节奏和进度，注重巩固拓展优势、突破瓶颈堵点、补强短板弱项、提高质量效益，与整体目标保持取向一致性。经济社会发展方面，要前瞻性把握国际形势发展变化对我国的影响，因势利导对经济布局进行调整优化。要坚定不移办好自己的事，坚定不移扩大高水平对外开放，多措并举稳就业、稳企业、稳市场、稳预期，有效稳住经济基本盘，加快构建新发展格局，全面推动高质量发展。要更加注重统筹发展和安全，通盘考虑内外部风险挑战，健全国家安全体系，增强维护安全能力，以高效能治理促进高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动，以新安全格局保障新发展格局。必须把因地制宜发展新质生产力摆在更加突出的战略位置，以科技创新为引领、以实体经济为根基，坚持全面推进传统产业转型升级、积极发展新兴产业、超前布局未来产业并举，加快建设现代化产业体系。要完善国家创新体系，激发各类创新主体活力，瞄准世界科技前沿，在加强基础研究、提高原始创新能力上持续用力，在突破关键核心技术、前沿技术上抓紧攻关。要统筹推进教育科技人才一体发展，筑牢新质生产力发展的基础性、战略性支撑。在党的建设方面，要坚定不移全面从严治党，完善党的自我革命制度规范体系，深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，以钉钉子精神抓好改革落实。在民主政治建设方面，要积极发展全过程人民民主，加强人民当家作主制度建设，健全协商民主机制，健全基层民主制度，完善大统战格局。在法治建设方面，要全面贯彻实施宪法，推进法治中国建设，为中国式现代化提供法治保障。在文化建设方面，要发展社会主义先进文化，弘扬革命文化，传承中华优秀传统文化，构建更有效力的国际传播体系，不断增强中国式现代化的精神力量。在国防建设方面，要坚持党对人民军队的绝对领导，深入实施改革强军战略，为如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标、基本实现国防和军队现代化提供有力保障。

(II) Focusing on the Five Characteristics of Chinese-Path Modernization to Comprehensively Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects

（二）聚焦中国式现代化五个特征全面建成社会主义现代化强国

To achieve the strategic goal of comprehensively building a modern socialist country in all respects, it is necessary to base ourselves on the present and look to the long term, enhancing the forward-looking and holistic nature of strategy, while also being flexible and adaptable, organically combining the principled nature of strategy with the flexibility of tactics. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: "Chinese-path modernization is socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. It contains elements that are common to the modernizations of all countries, but it is more characterized by features that are unique to the Chinese context." The Chinese characteristics of Chinese-path modernization are: "modernization of a huge population, modernization of common prosperity for all, modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress in harmony, modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and modernization of peaceful development." This requires that in the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization to build a modern socialist country in all respects, the principled nature of strategy and the flexibility of tactics must be organically combined.

实现全面建成社会主义现代化强国这一战略目标，既要立足当前、着眼长远，增强战略的前瞻性、全局性，又要灵活机动、随机应变，把战略的原则性和策略的灵活性有机结合。党的二十大报告指出：“中国式现代化，是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化，既有各国现代化的共同特征，更有基于自己国情的中国特色。”中国式现代化的中国特色：“是人口规模巨大的现代化、全体人民共同富裕的现代化、物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化、人与自然和谐共生的现代化、走和平发展道路的现代化。”这就需要在推进中国式现代化建成社会主义现代化强国进程中把战略的原则性和策略的灵活性有机结合起来。

A huge population is a prominent feature of Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, in advancing Chinese-path modernization to achieve the goals of the second stage [12]12 The "second stage" refers to the period from 2035 to the middle of the 21st century, during which China aims to become a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful., it is necessary to further improve the level of institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of whole-process people's democracy. Common prosperity for all is the essential requirement of Chinese-path modernization. This requires taking benefiting the people as the fundamental value orientation, insisting on safeguarding and improving people's livelihoods through development, and steadily promoting common prosperity. It is necessary to conduct in-depth research on effective measures for optimizing regional layout, promoting coordinated regional development, consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation, advancing comprehensive rural revitalization and urban-rural integration, and accelerating agricultural and rural modernization, and steadily increase the income of urban and rural residents. It is necessary to study and introduce a batch of livelihood policy measures with strong balance and accessibility, and focus on solving the urgent and difficult problems of the masses. Matters concerning the common people hinge on being practical; all policy measures must be concrete and effective, adhering to doing one's best within one's capabilities. The coordination of material and cultural-ethical progress is the lofty pursuit of Chinese-path modernization. While continuously enriching the material foundation of modernization and consolidating the material conditions for the people's happy life, it is necessary to build a socialist cultural power, stimulate the cultural creativity of the entire nation, and promote the comprehensive enrichment of things and the comprehensive development of people. Harmony between humanity and nature is a distinctive feature of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to always adhere to sustainable development, adhere to the strategic policy of prioritizing conservation, protection, and natural restoration, and unswervingly follow the civilized development path of production development, affluent life, and good ecology. At the same time, according to the actual situation of economic and social development, the implementation priorities of strategies at different stages and periods should be adjusted in a timely manner. Taking the path of peaceful development is a prominent feature of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to always be committed to promoting world peace and development, and continuously promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. This is a strategic principle that must be strictly followed. From this, we can conclude that Chinese-path modernization is the only way to comprehensively build a modern socialist country in all respects. To successfully advance Chinese-path modernization and achieve the second centenary goal [13]13 The "second centenary goal" is the goal of building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the centenary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 2049., it is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between strategy and tactics in practice. Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, through the unremitting and concerted efforts of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country, the goal of comprehensively building a modern socialist country in all respects will surely be smoothly achieved, and the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will surely be realized on schedule.

人口规模巨大是中国式现代化的显著特征，因此在推进中国式现代化实现第二阶段奋斗目标进程中要进一步提高全过程人民民主制度化、规范化、程序化水平。全体人民共同富裕是中国式现代化的本质要求，这就要求把造福人民作为根本价值取向，坚持在发展中保障和改善民生，稳步推动共同富裕。要深入研究优化区域布局、促进区域协调发展和巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、推进乡村全面振兴和城乡融合发展、加快农业农村现代化等方面的有效措施，稳步增加城乡群众收入。要研究推出一批均衡性可及性强的民生政策举措，着力解决群众急难愁盼问题。涉及老百姓的事情关键在实，各项政策举措要实实在在、富有实效，坚持尽力而为、量力而行。物质文明和精神文明相协调是中国式现代化的崇高追求，在不断厚植现代化物质基础，不断夯实人民幸福生活物质条件的同时，要建设社会主义文化强国，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，促进物的全面丰富和人的全面发展。人与自然和谐共生是中国式现代化的鲜明特点，要始终坚持可持续发展，坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的策略方针，坚定不移走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，同时也要根据经济社会发展实际情况，及时调整不同阶段、不同时期的策略实施重点。走和平发展道路是中国式现代化的突出特征，要始终致力于促进世界和平与发展，持续推动构建人类命运共同体，这是一条必须严格遵循的战略原则。由此，我们可以得出结论，中国式现代化是实现全面建设社会主义现代化强国的必由之路，要成功推进中国式现代化实现第二个百年奋斗目标，必须在实践中正确处理好战略与策略关系，在中国共产党的坚强领导下，通过全党全国各族人民锲而不舍、勠力同心的不懈奋斗，全面建设社会主义现代化强国的目标一定能够顺利实现，中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦一定能够如期实现。

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆