The Action Guide for Building a Socialist Cultural Power

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, standing at the strategic height of building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation, has engaged in in-depth reflection and provided scientific answers to fundamental questions concerning cultural development in the New Era, such as what flag to hold, what path to follow, what principles to uphold, and what goals to achieve, thereby forming Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. As the theoretical summation of the Party’s leadership over cultural development in the New Era and the innovative development of new thought for the New Era, the formation of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture signifies that the Party’s theoretical understanding and practical development of socialist cultural construction have entered a new realm, providing an action guide for building a socialist cultural power. To deeply study Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, one must clarify its theoretical origins, core essence, and value implications.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记站在强国建设、民族复兴的战略高度，围绕新时代文化建设举什么旗、走什么路、坚持什么原则、实现什么目标等根本问题，进行了深入思考和科学回答，形成了习近平文化思想。作为新时代党领导文化建设的理论总结和新时代新思想的创新发展，习近平文化思想的形成，意味着党对于社会主义文化建设的理论认识和实践发展迈入了新境界，为建设社会主义文化强国提供了行动指南。深入学习习近平文化思想，要搞清楚其理论渊源、核心要义及价值意蕴。

I. The Theoretical Origins of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture

一、习近平文化思想的理论渊源

From the perspective of theoretical origins, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, in adhering to the soul of Marxism, has achieved the inheritance and development of its basic principles and methods; in continuing the root of fine traditional Chinese culture, it has realized the inheritance and innovation of its material civilization, cultural-ethical progress, and institutional civilization; in the exchange and mutual learning between Chinese and foreign civilizations, it has achieved the reference and absorption of the outstanding achievements of human society’s civilization; and in the sublimation of practical experience in cultural construction in the New Era, it has realized theoretical innovation and creation.

从理论渊源看，习近平文化思想在坚持马克思主义魂脉中实现了对其基本原理和基本方法的继承与发展，在赓续中华优秀传统文化根脉中实现了对其物质文明、精神文明和制度文明的传承与创新，在中外文明交流互鉴中实现了对人类社会优秀文明成果的借鉴与吸收，在对新时代文化建设实践经验升华中实现了理论的创新创造。

(A) Basic Theoretical Guidance: Marxist Cultural Theory

（一）基本的理论遵循：马克思主义文化理论

Marxism is the guiding ideology for the CPC’s founding and governance of the country. Marxist cultural theory, as an important component thereof, is rich in content. Marxist classical writers such as Marx, Engels, and Lenin, proceeding from dialectical materialism and historical materialism, engaged in in-depth reflection on important issues such as the generation of culture, the nature of culture, the role of culture, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and cultural leadership, thereby forming a scientific and systematic Marxist cultural thought that provides the basic theoretical guidance for the formation of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. Regarding the generation of culture, Marxism holds that culture, as part of the superstructure, is ultimately determined by the mode of production: “The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life.” [1]1 Karl Marx, “Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *Selected Works* (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1968), vol. 1, p. 503. Regarding the nature of culture, Marxism holds that culture has a class character: “The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships.” [2]2 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *The German Ideology* (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), p. 67. Regarding the role of culture, Marxism adheres to the historical materialist view that “social being determines social consciousness” and emphasizes that culture possesses relative independence and an active counter-effect. Marx pointed out: “If we consider it from the standpoint of ideas, the dissolution of a definite form of consciousness is sufficient to bring down an entire epoch.” [3]3 Karl Marx, *Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy* (London: Penguin, 1973), p. 460. Regarding cultural exchange and mutual learning, Marxism indicates that as history transforms into world history, exchanges and mutual learning between different cultures become increasingly frequent, and the world character of culture becomes more pronounced. Marx and Engels pointed out in the *Communist Manifesto*: “The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere… The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country… As in material, so also in intellectual production.” [4]4 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *Manifesto of the Communist Party* (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977), pp. 46-47. Regarding cultural leadership, Marxism holds that by strengthening theoretical inculcation and the Party’s own cultural construction, it is necessary to enhance the broad masses’ political and ideological identification with socialism, and continuously consolidate and enhance the Party’s cultural leadership. Lenin explicitly stated that after achieving political leadership, the proletarian party must further grasp cultural leadership. [5]5 V. I. Lenin, “On Cooperation,” in *Collected Works* (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), vol. 33, p. 474. The founders of Marxism revealed the essence of culture and the general laws of cultural development, put forward constructive ideas for the development of socialist culture, and laid a profound theoretical foundation for the formation of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture.

马克思主义是中国共产党立党立国的指导思想。马克思主义文化理论作为其中的重要组成部分，内容丰富。马克思、恩格斯及列宁等马克思主义经典作家从辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义出发，对文化生成、文化性质、文化作用、文化交流互鉴、文化领导权等重要问题展开深入思考，由此形成了科学系统的马克思主义文化思想，为习近平文化思想的形成提供了基本的理论遵循。关于文化生成，马克思主义认为，文化作为上层建筑最终由生产方式决定，“物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程”。关于文化性质，马克思主义认为文化具有阶级属性，“占统治地位的思想不过是占统治地位的物质关系在观念上的表现”。关于文化作用，马克思主义坚持“社会存在决定社会意识”的唯物史观，强调文化具有相对独立性和能动的反作用。马克思指出：“如果从观念上来考察，那么一定的意识形式的解体足以使整个时代覆灭。”关于文化交流互鉴，马克思主义指明，随着历史向世界历史的转变，不同文化之间的交流互鉴也日益频繁，文化的世界性特征也愈发鲜明。马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中就指出，“由于开拓了世界市场，使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了……物质的生产是如此，精神的生产也是如此”。关于文化领导权，马克思主义认为，要通过加强理论灌输和执政党自身的文化建设，增进广大民众对社会主义的政治认同和思想认同，不断巩固和提升党的文化领导力。列宁明确提出，无产阶级政党在取得政治领导权后要进一步掌握文化领导权。马克思主义创始人揭示了文化的本质和文化发展的一般规律，对社会主义文化发展提出了建设性的构想，为习近平文化思想的形成奠定了深厚的理论基础。

(B) Solid Theoretical Support: Sinicized Marxist Cultural Theory

（二）坚实的理论支撑：中国化的马克思主义文化理论

The Sinicized Marxist cultural theory, which emerged and developed in conjunction with China’s specific cultural construction practices, is the solid theoretical foundation for the formation of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. As early as the New Democratic Revolution period, Mao Zedong emphasized that the new society and new state that Communists were to build would have “not only a new politics and a new economy, but also a new culture.” [6]6 Mao Zedong, “On New Democracy,” in *Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung* (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1967), vol. 2, p. 339. He further pointed out that the new culture referred to the new-democratic culture, whose nature was “a culture of the masses, under the leadership of the proletariat, anti-imperialist and anti-feudal” and was “a national, scientific, and mass culture.” [7]7 Ibid., pp. 380-381. On how to build a new culture for the Chinese nation, Mao Zedong enriched Sinicized Marxist cultural theory by answering questions about the fundamental nature, leading force, construction methods, and construction goals of the new culture. After the founding of New China, based on the economic level and cultural conditions of the people at that time, Mao Zedong proposed to “lead the people of the whole country to overcome all difficulties and carry out large-scale economic construction and cultural construction.” [8]8 Mao Zedong, “Opening Speech at the First Session of the First National People’s Congress,” in *Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung* (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1977), vol. 5, p. 152. After reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping proposed to “build a high level of socialist cultural-ethical progress,” placing greater emphasis on the prominent role of socialist cultural construction. Jiang Zemin elaborated on the requirements and goals of “building a culture with Chinese characteristics for socialism,” promoting the coordinated advancement of cultural construction and modernization. Hu Jintao, based on the specific realities of socialist cultural construction in the new century and new stage, put forward strategic requirements and strategic concepts such as “building the core socialist values system,” “enhancing national cultural soft power,” and “building a socialist cultural power,” elevating cultural construction to a new level of development. Entering the New Era, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture has inherited and developed the above ideological theories, demonstrating the prominent characteristic of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground in the process of integrating with new cultural practices.

结合中国具体的文化建设实践而产生和发展的中国化的马克思主义文化理论，是习近平文化思想得以形成的坚实理论基础。早在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东就强调，共产党人要建设的新社会和新国家，“不但有新政治、新经济，而且有新文化”，同时还进一步指出，新文化意指新民主主义文化，其性质是“无产阶级领导的人民大众的反帝反封建的文化”，是“民族的科学的大众的文化”。关于如何建设中华民族的新文化，毛泽东通过回答新文化的根本性质、领导力量、建设方法和建设目标等问题，丰富了中国化的马克思主义文化理论。新中国成立后，毛泽东根据当时人民所处的经济水平和文化状况，提出要“领导全国人民克服一切困难，进行大规模的经济建设和文化建设”。改革开放后，邓小平提出要“建设高度的社会主义精神文明”，更加重视社会主义文化建设的突出作用。江泽民阐述了“建设有中国特色社会主义的文化”的要求和目标，将文化建设与现代化建设协同推进。胡锦涛立足于新世纪新阶段的社会主义文化建设的具体实际，提出了“建设社会主义核心价值体系”“提高国家文化软实力”“建设社会主义文化强国”等战略要求和战略构想，将文化建设提升到新的发展高度。进入新时代，习近平文化思想继承和发展了上述思想理论，在结合新的文化实践的过程中彰显了守正创新的突出特性。

(C) Profound Cultural Foundation: The Essence of Fine Traditional Chinese Culture

（三）深厚的文化底蕴：中华优秀传统文化的精华

Since its founding, the CPC has not only focused on developing advanced socialist culture in conjunction with social reality but has also emphasized inheriting and promoting fine traditional Chinese culture. Over thousands of years of development and evolution, Chinese civilization has formed a rich crystallization of wisdom broadly covering social ideals, governance thought, economic ethics, ecological concepts, philosophical thought, moral concepts, humanistic spirit, and methods of thinking. The time-honored fine traditional Chinese culture is the unique spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation and also the profound cultural foundation of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. Specifically, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture adheres to confidence and self-reliance in ideology and culture, embodying the spirit of “ceaseless self-renewal” (自强不息). The assertion that “to promote fine traditional Chinese culture, one must handle the relationship between inheritance and creative development” contains the wisdom of “discarding the old and establishing the new” (革故鼎新). The effort to cultivate and practice the core socialist values and use them to lead socialist cultural construction highlights the thought of “governing with virtue” (为政以德), and so on. These thoughts contain profound historical and cultural heritage, manifest the excellent qualities of the Chinese nation, and are an important support for the prosperity and development of the Chinese nation. It can be said that Xi Jinping Thought on Culture itself is a theoretical model of the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture.

中国共产党自成立之日起，不仅注重结合社会现实发展社会主义先进文化，而且还注重传承弘扬中华优秀传统文化。中华文明在其数千年的发展与演变中，形成了广泛涵盖社会理想、治理思想、经济伦理、生态理念、哲学思想、道德理念、人文精神、思维方法等方方面面的丰富智慧结晶。源远流长的中华优秀传统文化是中华民族的独特精神标识，也是习近平文化思想深厚的文化底蕴。具体而言，习近平文化思想坚持思想文化上的自信自强，体现了“自强不息”的精神。“弘扬中华优秀传统文化，要处理好继承和创造性发展的关系”的论断，蕴含着“革故鼎新”的智慧。着力培育和践行社会主义核心价值观并以之引领社会主义文化建设，彰显了“为政以德”的思想，等等。这些思想蕴含着深厚的历史文化底蕴，彰显着中华民族的优秀品质，是中华民族兴旺发达的重要支撑。可以说，习近平文化思想本身就是对中华优秀传统文化进行创造性转化、创新性发展的理论典范。

(D) Beneficial Ideological Mirror: Absorbing Outstanding Achievements of Human Civilization

（四）有益的思想镜鉴：吸收人类社会优秀文明成果

Human society has given birth to different civilizations, each with unique charm and profound heritage. These distinctive outstanding achievements of civilization are the common spiritual wealth of humanity and the spiritual cornerstone for the continuous development of human civilization. Lenin once said: “Only by understanding all the wealth created by humanity to enrich one’s mind can one become a Communist.” [9]9 V. I. Lenin, “The Tasks of the Youth Leagues,” in *Collected Works* (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), vol. 31, p. 287. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture stands at the forefront of the times, grasps the pulse of the times, insists on observing, interpreting, and leading the times with Marxism, learns from the strengths of others in an open manner, and absorbs all outstanding achievements of civilization created by humanity with a broad vision, demonstrating its distinctive global perspective. At the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and Social Sciences, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to “adhere to not forgetting the original, absorbing the foreign, and facing the future,” and that “emphasizing national character does not mean excluding academic research achievements from other countries.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and Social Sciences,” *People’s Daily*, May 19, 2016. At the Symposium on Cultural Inheritance and Development, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed to “uphold openness and inclusiveness, which means to more actively learn from and draw upon all the outstanding achievements of civilization created by humanity.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Cultural Inheritance and Development,” *People’s Daily*, June 3, 2023. It can be said that Xi Jinping Thought on Culture itself is a vivid and powerful expression of this grand historical view and grand cultural view in the New Era. It extensively draws upon and absorbs the essence of various civilizational achievements of human society, promotes a new concept of civilization characterized by equality, mutual learning, dialogue, and inclusiveness, and pushes world cultural exchanges and cooperation and the development of human civilization to a new stage.

人类社会孕育出不同的文明，各有独特魅力和深厚底蕴。这些各具特色的优秀文明成果是人类共同的精神财富，也是人类文明不断延续发展的精神基石。列宁曾说过：“只有了解人类创造的一切财富以丰富自己的头脑，才能成为共产主义者。”习近平文化思想站在时代前沿、把握时代脉搏，坚持用马克思主义观察时代、解读时代、引领时代，于开放中博采众长，用宽广视野吸收人类创造的一切优秀文明成果，彰显了其鲜明的世界眼光。在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上，习近平总书记强调要“坚持不忘本来、吸收外来、面向未来”，“强调民族性并不是要排斥其他国家的学术研究成果”。在文化传承发展座谈会上，习近平总书记提出，要“秉持开放包容，就是要更加积极主动地学习借鉴人类创造的一切优秀文明成果”。可以说，习近平文化思想本身就是这种大历史观大文化观在新时代生动有力的表达。它广泛借鉴吸纳人类社会各种文明成果的精华，弘扬了平等、互鉴、对话、包容的新文明观，推动着世界人文交流合作与人类文明发展迈向新阶段。

(V) Rich Practical Basis: A Theoretical Summary of the Party’s Leadership in Cultural Construction in the New Era

（五）丰富的实践依据：新时代党领导文化建设的理论总结

Scientific thought arises from concrete practice under specific socio-historical conditions; it is a summation and elevation of human practical activity and intellectual experience. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the face of profound changes in the social environment, practical conditions, and task requirements, the Party has placed propaganda, ideology, and cultural work in an important position, insisting on establishing a heart for the nation and a soul for the people, and illuminating the path of rejuvenation with the light of truth. The Party Central Committee has adhered to a people-centered stance, anchored the goals of construction, and, by establishing and perfecting institutional norms and systems, has driven the entire Party to grasp propaganda and ideological work, with each bearing responsibility, fulfilling responsibility, and exhausting responsibility in its own domain. It has elevated cultural construction to the level of the overall national layout, proposing and emphasizing the need to strengthen cultural confidence, thereby greatly enhancing the cultural consciousness and cultural confidence of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country. In summary, these measures have effectively promoted the continuous consolidation and strengthening of the Party’s overall leadership over propaganda, ideology, and cultural work, significantly enhanced the cultural confidence of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and provided intellectual support and spiritual impetus for the vigorous development of the Party’s and the nation’s undertakings. In a word, the practice of cultural construction carried out by the Party leading the people of all ethnic groups since the New Era has laid a solid foundation for the formation of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. It is precisely on the basis of these vivid practices and great achievements that the scientific, practical, and truthful nature of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture has been formed and demonstrated.

科学思想产生于一定的社会历史条件下的具体实践，是对人类实践行为和智慧经验的总结提升。党的十八大以来，面对社会环境、现实条件和任务要求发生的深刻变化，党把宣传思想文化工作摆在了重要位置，坚持为国家立心、为民族立魂，用真理之光照亮复兴之路。党中央坚持人民立场，锚定建设目标，通过建立健全制度规范和体制机制，推动全党动手抓宣传思想工作，守土有责、守土负责、守土尽责；将文化建设上升到国家总体布局的高度，提出并强调要坚定文化自信，极大增强全党全国各族人民的文化自觉和文化自信；等等。这一系列举措有效推动了党对宣传思想文化工作全面领导的不断巩固和加强，显著增强了中华民族各族人民的文化自信，为党和国家事业的蓬勃发展提供了思想助力和精神动力。概言之，新时代以来党领导各族人民所开展的文化建设实践为习近平文化思想的形成奠定了坚实根基。正是在这些生动实践和巨大成就的奠基作用下，习近平文化思想的科学性、实践性和真理性才得以形成和彰显。

II. The Core Essence of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture

二、习近平文化思想的核心要义

Xi Jinping Thought on Culture has a broad and comprehensive connotation; it is a scientific system that is complete in system, rigorous in logic, and internally unified. Its core essence can be summarized in the following ten aspects.

习近平文化思想有着广泛全面的内涵，是一个系统完备、逻辑严密、内在统一的科学体系，其核心要义可以概括为以下十个方面。

(I) Theory of Cultural Value: Viewing the Status and Role of Culture from a Strategic Height

（一）文化价值论：从战略高度看待文化的地位作用

Culture is the soul of a country and a nation. Literature conveys the Way; culture transforms people. [12]12 “Literature conveys the Way; culture transforms people” (文以载道，文以化人): A classical Chinese formulation. The first part, “literature conveys the Way,” originates from the Song dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi, meaning that writing (or culture) serves as a vehicle for moral truth. The second part, “culture transforms people,” is a traditional Confucian idea that culture has an edifying and civilizing effect on individuals and society. As a spiritual concept, culture has great significance for individuals, countries, and societies. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture views the status and role of culture from a strategic height and elaborates on the value implications of culture from multiple dimensions. First, it elaborates from the dimension of the coordinated development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress. Chinese-path modernization is a modernization in which material civilization and cultural-ethical progress develop in coordination. The development of material civilization places higher demands on cultural-ethical progress, while the development of cultural-ethical progress in turn becomes the driving force for the construction of material civilization. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a socialism in which material civilization and cultural-ethical progress develop comprehensively.” Second, it elaborates from the dimension of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The pursuit of the dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation requires attention not only to the material level but also to the spiritual level. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Without the flourishing and prosperity of Chinese culture, there will be no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Third, it elaborates from the dimension of enhancing national cultural soft power. Enhancing national cultural soft power concerns not only China’s position in the global cultural landscape but also the elevation of China’s international status and influence, as well as the realization of the Party’s and the nation’s goals. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The development process of any major country is not only a process of increasing hard power such as economic aggregate and military strength, but also a process of increasing soft power such as values, ideas, and culture.” Fourth, it elaborates from the dimension of enriching the people’s spiritual life. The ultimate goal of modernization is to realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings, enabling people to be both materially prosperous and spiritually rich. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Culture is an important factor in meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.”

文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂。文以载道，文以化人。文化作为精神层面的概念，对个人、国家和社会具有重大意义。习近平文化思想从战略高度看待文化的地位作用，从多个维度阐述文化的价值意蕴。一是从物质文明和精神文明协调发展维度阐述。中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明协调发展的现代化，物质文明的发展对精神文明的发展提出更高的要求，同时精神文明的发展又成为物质文明建设的动力。习近平总书记指出：“中国特色社会主义是物质文明和精神文明全面发展的社会主义。”二是从实现中华民族伟大复兴维度阐述。追求中华民族伟大复兴的梦想，不仅要注重从物质层面追求，而且要注重从精神层面追求。习近平总书记指出：“没有中华文化繁荣兴盛，就没有中华民族伟大复兴。”三是从提升国家文化软实力维度阐述。提高国家文化软实力，不仅关系中国在世界文化格局中的定位，而且关系中国国际地位和国际影响力的提升，关系党和国家奋斗目标的实现。习近平总书记指出：“任何一个大国的发展进程，既是经济总量、军事力量等硬实力提高的进程，也是价值观念、思想文化等软实力提高的进程。”四是从丰富人民精神生活维度阐述。现代化的最终目标是实现人自由而全面的发展，让人们既要物质富足也要精神富有。习近平总书记指出，“满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，文化是重要因素”。

(II) Theory of Cultural Leadership: Always Adhering to the Party’s Cultural Leadership

（二）文化领导论：始终坚持党的文化领导权

In cultural construction, the Party’s leadership plays a key role in guiding the direction and凝聚力量 (coalescing strength). [13]13 凝聚力量 (ningju liliang): A standard four-character phrase in Chinese political discourse, meaning “to coalesce strength” or “to gather forces,” often used in the context of mobilizing collective effort under Party leadership. In elaborating on how to strengthen leadership over culture, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture not only proposes “the Party’s cultural leadership” at the level of proposition and concept, but also deeply explores issues related to the Party’s cultural leadership at the level of value significance and concrete measures, forming a systematic theoretical system and a complete ideological framework. First, on why the Party’s cultural leadership must be upheld. General Secretary Xi Jinping answers this from the perspective of the great cause, emphasizing that upholding the Party’s cultural leadership is a strategic consideration based on the overall situation of the Party’s and the nation’s undertakings. This can be seen from his discussion of the specific direction of cultural construction. When elaborating on upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground in cultural construction, he clearly states that what is upheld is “the Chinese Communist Party’s cultural leadership and the cultural subjectivity of the Chinese nation.” Second, on what the Party’s cultural leadership is. The Party’s ideological leadership determines and ensures the forward direction of cultural construction. Adhering to the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological domain coalesces the ideological consensus of the people of all ethnic groups across the country. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “The leadership, management power, and discourse power over ideological work must be firmly grasped in our hands.” Third, on how to uphold the Party’s cultural leadership. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture clearly states that the principle of Party spirit must be upheld unequivocally. General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly points out: “We must strengthen the Party’s overall leadership over propaganda and ideological work, and unequivocally uphold the principle that the Party manages propaganda and the Party manages ideology.” Upholding the principle of Party spirit in cultural leadership means adhering to the correct political direction, ensuring that cultural construction serves the political goals of the Party and the state, grasping the people-centered orientation of creation and development, extending the Party’s leadership over cultural undertakings to all aspects of the cultural field, attaching great importance to ideological guidance and value shaping within cultural leadership, and committing to truly implementing the Party’s overall leadership over cultural construction.

在文化建设中，党的领导发挥着引领方向、凝聚力量的关键作用。在阐述如何加强对文化的领导时，习近平文化思想不仅从命题概念层面提出了“党的文化领导权”，而且从价值意义和具体措施层面深入探讨了与党的文化领导权相关的问题，形成了系统的理论体系和完整的思想框架。一是关于为什么要坚持党的文化领导权。习近平总书记从伟大事业高度予以解答，强调坚持党的文化领导权是从党和国家事业全局出发的战略考量。这一点从他论述文化建设的具体指向中可以看出。在对文化建设守正创新作出阐述时，他鲜明提出，守正守的就是“中国共产党的文化领导权和中华民族的文化主体性”。二是关于什么是党的文化领导权。党的意识形态领导权决定和确保文化建设的前进方向。坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位，凝聚起全国各族人民的思想共识。正如习近平总书记强调的，“必须把意识形态工作的领导权、管理权、话语权牢牢掌握在手中”。三是关于怎样坚持党的文化领导权。习近平文化思想明确提出，必须旗帜鲜明坚持党性原则。习近平总书记明确指出：“要加强党对宣传思想工作的全面领导，旗帜鲜明坚持党管宣传、党管意识形态。”坚持文化领导权的党性原则，就是要坚持正确政治方向，确保文化建设服务于党和国家的政治目标，要把握以人民为中心的创作导向和发展方向，要将党对文化事业的领导涵盖文化领域的各个方面，要在文化领导权中高度重视思想引领和价值塑造，致力于将党对文化建设工作的全面领导真正落到实处。

(III) Theory of Cultural Mission: Promoting Cultural Prosperity and Building a Socialist Cultural Power

（三）文化使命论：推动文化繁荣、建设文化强国

Socialist cultural construction shoulders a significant and far-reaching mission. Its vigorous development plays an irreplaceable and important role in the country’s prosperity, the nation’s unity and progress, and the people’s well-being and happiness. Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee has repeatedly proposed advancing the construction of a socialist cultural power, demonstrating the Party’s consciousness in leading the people of all ethnic groups to actively fulfill their cultural mission. At the Symposium on Cultural Heritage and Development, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the clear requirement to continue promoting cultural prosperity and building a cultural power from a new starting point, fully demonstrating the historical mission of the Chinese Communist Party. At the same time, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture also clarifies the strategic path for realizing the cultural mission. First, adhere to the correct course and hold high the banner. Firmly grasp the socialist essential attributes of contemporary Chinese culture, hold high the banner of Marxism and socialism with Chinese characteristics, and make in-depth study and education of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era the core link of “holding high the banner,” consciously using it to arm the mind, guide practice, and promote work. Second, adhere to unity and encouragement to coalesce the people’s hearts. Firmly grasp the correct orientation of public opinion, strengthen and expand mainstream ideological public opinion, and gather the mighty force of unity of purpose and concerted effort. Third, adhere to value guidance to cultivate a new generation. Promote the institutionalization and regularization of ideal and belief education, integrate the core socialist values into all aspects of social life, and focus on cultivating a new generation capable of shouldering the great task of national rejuvenation. Fourth, adhere to self-confidence and self-strengthening to revitalize culture. Strengthen cultural confidence, promote cultural self-strengthening, stimulate the cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation, continuously open up new prospects for propaganda, ideology, and cultural work, and promote China’s transition from a large cultural country to a cultural power. Fifth, adhere to telling stories well to showcase the image. Take enhancing national cultural soft power and the influence of Chinese culture as the core lever for “showcasing the image,” focus on telling China’s stories well, and strive to enhance the influence of international communication. The strategic path for realizing the historical mission of the New Era pointed out by Xi Jinping Thought on Culture signifies that the Party’s exploration of the ideological laws and behavioral logic of socialist cultural construction has reached a new realm.

社会主义文化建设肩负着重大而深远的使命，其蓬勃发展对于国家的繁荣昌盛、民族的团结进步以及人民的幸福安康都具有不可替代的重要作用。新时代以来，党中央多次提出要推进社会主义文化强国建设，彰显了党领导全国各族人民积极践行文化使命的自觉。在文化传承发展座谈会上，习近平总书记提出在新的起点上继续推动文化繁荣、建设文化强国的明确要求，充分彰显了中国共产党的历史使命感。同时，习近平文化思想也明确了实现文化使命的战略路径。其一，坚持正确航向举旗帜。牢牢把握当代中国文化的社会主义本质属性，高举马克思主义、中国特色社会主义的旗帜，把深入开展习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想学习教育作为“举旗帜”的核心环节，自觉用以武装头脑、指导实践、推动工作。其二，坚持团结鼓劲聚民心。牢牢把握正确舆论导向，做大做强主流思想舆论，汇聚起同心同德、团结奋斗的磅礴力量。其三，坚持价值引领育新人。推进理想信念教育常态化制度化，把社会主义核心价值观融入社会生活的各个方面，着力培养能够担当民族复兴大任的时代新人。其四，坚持自信自强兴文化。坚定文化自信，推进文化自强，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，不断开创宣传思想文化工作新局面，推动中国由文化大国向文化强国迈进。其五，坚持讲好故事展形象。要把提高国家文化软实力和中华文化影响力作为“展形象”的核心抓手，以讲好中国故事为着力点，着力提高国际传播影响力。习近平文化思想所指出的实现新时代历史使命的战略路径，意味着党对于社会主义文化建设的思想规律和行为逻辑的探索达到了新的境界。

(IV) Theory of Cultural Stance: Adhering to a People-Centered Work Orientation

（四）文化立场论：坚持以人民为中心的工作导向

The question of “for whom and relying on whom” is a fundamental and principled issue concerning the value orientation and stance of cultural construction. Consistently adhering to a people-centered work orientation fully demonstrates the people’s standpoint of Xi Jinping’s cultural thought. From the perspective of cultural construction, cultural construction aims to meet the people’s growing spiritual and cultural needs. The subjects of cultural creation are the people, and their creative achievements must be respected; the force on which cultural development relies is the people, and the wisdom and strength of the people must be pooled to build a cultural power, relying on the broad masses of the people to inherit and innovate culture; the criterion for judging culture is determined by the people, and the people’s satisfaction and feedback evaluations are the yardstick for measuring the achievements of cultural construction. From the perspective of cultural propaganda work, a people-centered work orientation must be established. Literary and artistic creation and philosophical and social science research must adhere to a people-centered creative orientation, and the development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries must prioritize social benefits. “The people’s standpoint is the fundamental political standpoint of the Communist Party of China.” [14]14 The Four Confidences (四个自信) refers to confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Specifically, regarding literary and artistic work, General Secretary Xi Jinping has clearly emphasized the need to “regard serving the people as

“为了谁、依靠谁”的问题，是事关文化建设价值旨归及立场态度的根本性、原则性问题。始终坚持以人民为中心的工作导向，充分彰显了习近平文化思想的人民立场。从文化建设角度看，文化建设是为了满足人民日益增长的精神文化需求。文化的创作主体是人民，要尊重人民的创作成果；文化发展的依靠力量是人民，要汇聚人民智慧和力量建设文化强国，要依靠广大人民群众传承和创新文化；文化的评判标准由人民决定，人民的满意度和反馈评价是文化建设成果的衡量尺度。从文化宣传工作角度看，要树立以人民为中心的工作导向。文艺创作和哲学社会科学研究要坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，发展文化事业和文化产业要把社会效益放在首位。“人民立场是中国共产党的根本政治立场”。具体而言，对于文艺工作，习近平总书记明确强调，要“把为人民服务作为文艺工作者的天职”，要深入生活、扎根人民，敏锐地捕捉人民群众在不同历史时期、不同生活条件下的思想动态、关注焦点和迫切需求，并将这些元素融入和呈现到文艺作品之中，为人民群众提供丰富多样、优质上乘的精神食粮。对于哲学社会科学工作，习近平总书记强调，“必须坚持以人民为中心的研究导向”。哲学社会科学研究应聚焦人民重大关切，回应人民现实需求，深入基层开展调查研究，使研究成果服务于人民大众需求和社会发展需要。总之，党的十八大以来，中国共产党在领导新时代文化建设过程中，始终坚持以人民为中心的价值取向，尊重人民主体地位，保障人民文化权益，把宣传、教育、引导和服务群众结合起来，激发人民群众的创造力，促进满足人民文化需求和增强人民精神力量相统一，为文化发展提供了不竭动力源泉。

(5) The Theory of the Cultural Path: Unswervingly Taking Our Own Path of Cultural Construction

（五）文化道路论：坚定不移走自己的文化建设之路

Xi Jinping Thought on Culture clearly states that to shoulder the cultural mission of the New Era, promote cultural prosperity, and build a socialist cultural power, we must unswervingly take the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics. Since the founding of New China, and especially since reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has unremittingly promoted cultural construction, blazing a path of cultural development that conforms to China’s national conditions and possesses Chinese characteristics. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has continuously deepened its understanding of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, endowed it with new positioning and connotations, and comprehensively expanded the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC that “to build a modern socialist country in all respects, we must adhere to the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics.” From the experience of historical and practical development, it can be concluded that this path is one of development under the guidance of Marxism, possessing strong cohesion and leading power; this path is one that adheres to the principles of staying close to reality, life, and the masses, promoting the comprehensive development of socialist cultural-ethical progress and material progress, and promoting the flourishing of socialist culture; this path is one that emphasizes adhering to the guidance of core socialist values in cultural construction, continuously meeting the people’s growing spiritual and cultural needs; this path is one that insists on inheriting tradition and innovating, continuously stimulating the excellent genes of traditional culture under new historical conditions; this path is one that deepens exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, continuously enhancing national cultural soft power and strengthening the communication power and influence of Chinese civilization. In short, the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics possesses both a sense of historical depth and practical relevance; it is the necessary path for building a socialist cultural power.

习近平文化思想明确提出，担负起新时代的文化使命，推动文化繁荣、建设文化强国，必须坚定不移走中国特色社会主义文化发展道路。新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，中国共产党坚持不懈地推动文化建设，走出了一条符合中国国情、具有中国特色的文化发展之路。党的十八大以来，中国共产党不断深化对中国特色社会主义文化的认识，赋予中国特色社会主义文化新的定位和内涵，全面拓展了中国特色社会主义文化发展道路。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出，“全面建设社会主义现代化国家，必须坚持中国特色社会主义文化发展道路”。从历史和实践发展的经验可以得出，这条道路是在马克思主义指导下的、具有强大凝聚力和引领力的发展之路；这条道路是坚持贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众的原则，推动社会主义精神文明和物质文明全面发展，推动社会主义文化繁荣之路；这条道路是强调坚持以社会主义核心价值观引领文化建设，不断满足人民日益增长的精神文化需求之路；这条道路是坚持继承传统、推陈出新，在新的历史条件下不断激发传统文化优秀基因之路；这条道路是深化文明交流互鉴，不断提高国家文化软实力，增强中华文明传播力影响力之路。总之，中国特色社会主义文化发展道路，既有历史的厚重感，又有现实的针对性，是建设社会主义文化强国的必由之路。

(6) The Theory of Cultural Confidence: Adhering to Cultural Subjectivity and Achieving Spiritual Independence and Self-Reliance

（六）文化自信论：坚持文化主体性、实现精神上的独立自主

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, following confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, and confidence in the system, has creatively proposed cultural confidence. This is a major original contribution to Marxist cultural theory. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized the strategic position, great significance, and connotative direction of cultural confidence, elevating it to an unprecedented height. In June 2016, General Secretary Xi Jinping placed cultural confidence alongside confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, and confidence in the system. In July of the same year, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that cultural confidence is “a more fundamental, broader, and deeper confidence.” Furthermore, starting from the interrelationship among the Four Confidences, General Secretary Xi Jinping discussed the foundational role of cultural confidence in the formation of the other three confidences. Cultural confidence is the high degree of confidence a nation, a country, or a political party has in its own cultural ideals and cultural values, and in the vitality and creativity of its own culture. Cultural confidence is not only the spiritual driving force for promoting national development but also an important guide for shaping the values of social individuals. With cultural confidence, it is possible to shake off the influence of Western-centrism, elevate cultural subjectivity, and independently set cultural development goals and choose the path of cultural development. Cultural subjectivity enables a nation or group to clearly identify the core values and unique connotations of its own culture, thereby more consciously inheriting the cultural genes of the nation. With cultural subjectivity, social members will further deepen their understanding and identification with, inheritance and innovation of their own culture, and then display the unique charm of Chinese culture in international cultural exchanges. At the same time, cultural subjectivity allows people to fully recognize the unique charm and value of Chinese culture, embodying its inheritance and development throughout history as well as its innovation and transformation in different eras, proving that Chinese culture is not rigid or immutable but possesses strong vitality, capable of keeping pace with the times and continuously developing. This undoubtedly provides strong support for establishing our cultural confidence. It can be said that with cultural confidence, the spiritual independence and self-reliance of the Chinese nation are established, forming the spiritual driving force for promoting cultural construction and cultural innovation. In summary, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture profoundly elaborates on cultural confidence, not only pointing out the important significance, profound connotations, and specific paths for establishing cultural confidence but also contributing powerful strength to showcasing the vigorous vitality and unique developmental power of Chinese culture, safeguarding the independence and autonomy of Chinese culture.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央继道路自信、理论自信、制度自信之后，创造性地提出了文化自信，这是对马克思主义文化理论的重大原创性贡献。习近平总书记强调了文化自信的战略地位、重大意义和内涵指向，把文化自信提到了前所未有的高度。2016年6月，习近平总书记将文化自信与道路自信、理论自信、制度自信并提。同年7月，习近平总书记指出，文化自信“是更基础、更广泛、更深厚的自信”。此外，习近平总书记还从“四个自信”之间的相互关系出发，论述了文化自信对于其他三个自信形成的根基作用。文化自信是一个民族、一个国家、一个政党对自身文化理想、文化价值的高度自信，对自身文化生命力、创造力的高度自信。文化自信不仅是推动国家发展的精神动力，还是塑造社会个体价值观的重要引导。有了文化自信，才能摆脱西方中心主义的影响，高扬文化主体性，自主确立文化发展目标和选择文化发展道路。文化主体性，使一个民族或群体能够明确自身文化的核心价值和独特内涵，从而更加自觉地传承本民族的文化基因。有了文化主体性，就会进一步加深社会成员对自身文化的理解与认同、传承与创新，进而在国际文化交流中展现中华文化的独特魅力。同时，文化主体性还能让人们充分认识到中华文化的独特魅力和价值，体现了中华文化在历史长河中的传承与发展以及在不同时代的创新与变革，证明了中华文化不是僵化的、一成不变的，而是具有强大的生命力，能够与时俱进、不断发展的，这无疑为我们树立文化自信提供了有力的支撑。可以说，有了文化自信，也就确立了中华民族精神上的独立自主，形成推动文化建设、文化创新的精神动力。总之，习近平文化思想深刻阐述了文化自信，不仅指明了树立文化自信的重要意义、深刻内涵和具体路径，也为展现中华文化蓬勃的生命力和独特的发展力贡献了强大力量，维护了中华文化的独立性和自主性。

(7) The Theory of Cultural Innovation: Stimulating the Cultural Innovation and Creative Vitality of the Entire Nation

（七）文化创新论：激发全民族文化创新创造的活力

The vitality of culture stems from innovation and creation, and cultural innovation and creation also serve as the precursor to changes in the times and social transformation. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, as the latest achievement of the Party’s cultural construction theory, has carefully planned and comprehensively arranged a series of issues concerning the significance, subject, goals, and measures of cultural construction in the New Era, putting forward a series of innovative viewpoints, ideas, and judgments. Innovation is not only an important spiritual characteristic of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture but also a methodology. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC the need to “stimulate the cultural innovation and creation vitality of the entire nation.” The process of stimulating the cultural innovation and creation vitality of the entire nation is a systematic and long-term one, reflected not only in the need to conduct systematic and in-depth research on the developmental lineage, core values, ideological concepts, and humanistic spirit of fine traditional Chinese culture, but also in the need to analyze the developmental trends of contemporary society, people’s lifestyles, and spiritual needs, in order to find the points of convergence between traditional culture and modern society; it also requires using Marxism to activate the excellent factors of traditional Chinese culture in terms of values, moral norms, and governance thought, and presenting them through new forms such as modern technological means and cultural creative industries, thereby enabling them to play a powerful role in the practice of socialist modernization. Specifically, regarding literary and artistic work, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “innovation is the life of literature and art” and that “the spirit of innovation should run through the entire process of literary and artistic creation and production.” Regarding external propaganda, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to “innovate methods of external propaganda, and strive to create new concepts, new categories, and new expressions that integrate Chinese and foreign elements.” In summary, studying Xi Jinping Thought on Culture requires a profound grasp of its innovative characteristics, using new ideas, new mechanisms, and new forms to fully stimulate the cultural innovation and creation vitality of the entire nation, and comprehensively promote the flourishing development of Chinese culture.

文化的生命力源于创新创造，文化创新创造也是时代变迁、社会变革的先导。习近平文化思想作为党的文化建设理论的最新成果，对新时代文化建设的意义、主体、目标、举措等一系列问题进行了精心谋划和通盘布局，提出了一系列具有创新性的观点、思想和论断。创新不仅是习近平文化思想的重要精神特质，而且是一种方法论。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中强调，要“激发全民族文化创新创造活力”。激发全民族文化创新创造活力的过程，是一个系统而长期的过程，体现为不仅要通过对中华优秀传统文化的发展脉络、核心价值、思想观念、人文精神等方面进行系统而深入的研究，而且要分析当代社会的发展趋势、人们的生活方式和精神需求，以寻找传统文化与现代社会的契合点；还要用马克思主义激发中华传统文化在价值观念、道德规范、治理思想层面的优秀因子，并将其通过现代科技手段和文化创意产业等新形式呈现出来，进而使其在社会主义现代化建设的实践中发挥强大作用。具体而言，关于文艺工作，习近平总书记强调，“创新是文艺的生命”，“要把创新精神贯穿文艺创作生产全过程”。关于对外宣传，习近平总书记强调要“创新对外宣传方式，着力打造融通中外的新概念新范畴新表述”。总之，学习习近平文化思想必须深刻把握其创新特质，运用新思路、新机制、新形式，充分激发全民族文化创新创造活力，全面推动中华文化繁荣发展。

(8) The Theory of Cultural Construction: Promoting Cultural Flourishing and Development through the “Two Integrations” [15]15 The “Two Integrations” (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture. The “Second Integration” (第二个结合) specifically refers to the latter.

（八）文化建构论：以“两个结合”推动文化繁荣发展

Xi Jinping Thought on Culture has a profound internal connection with the “Two Integrations,” especially the “Second Integration.” [16]16 The “Second Integration” (第二个结合) refers specifically to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with the best of traditional Chinese culture, as distinct from the first integration with China’s specific realities. On the one hand, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture is a major achievement of the “Two Integrations,” putting forward a series of clear requirements and specific tasks for cultural construction, highlighting the era’s demands and practical paths of the “Two Integrations,” emphasizing their importance in cultural construction, and continuously enriching and expanding their connotation and extension; on the other hand, the “Two Integrations” are an important cornerstone and a main thread running through Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. Important judgments in Xi Jinping Thought on Culture concerning the status and role of culture, cultural confidence, and the goals and tasks of cultural construction are all deeply rooted in the “Two Integrations.” General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly elucidated the profound connotation and practical direction of the “Two Integrations,” pointing out the methods, paths, and goals for building a socialist culture with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. First, the “Two Integrations” provide theoretical support for the development path of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics. In the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, the Communist Party of China has unified adhering to Marxism and developing Marxism, highly valued the exploration, inheritance, and promotion of fine traditional Chinese culture, continuously demonstrated the openness, inclusiveness, and quality of keeping pace with the times of Marxism, activated Chinese civilization with the power of Marxist truth, and also made the tree of Marxist truth take deeper root and flourish on Chinese soil. Second, the “Two Integrations” are the necessary path to forging new brilliance in socialist culture. Essentially, this integration is the combination of a theoretical doctrine and a cultural form, activating the genes of Chinese civilization and promoting the life renewal and modern transformation of Chinese civilization. Third, the “Two Integrations” provide a scientific method for promoting cultural flourishing and development. On the one hand, the positions, viewpoints, and methods of Marxism provide us with criteria for critically inheriting traditional culture, enabling fine traditional culture to achieve profound transformation and modern transformation through “creative transformation” and “innovative development,” allowing the new cultural life entity formed through “integration” to undertake the historical mission of promoting the flourishing and prosperity of Chinese culture; on the other hand, Marxism endows traditional culture with a scientific and rational spirit and activates its vitality, enabling fine traditional culture to further synthesize and innovate on the basis of the integration of Chinese and Western civilizations, thereby forming a batch of cultural achievements that fuse the ancient and the modern, and connect China and the West.

习近平文化思想与“两个结合”尤其是“第二个结合”有着深刻的内在联系。一方面，习近平文化思想是“两个结合”的重大成果，对文化建设提出了一系列明确要求和具体任务，凸显了“两个结合”的时代要求和实践路径，强调了“两个结合”在文化建设中的重要性，不断丰富和拓展了“两个结合”的内涵与外延；另一方面，“两个结合”是习近平文化思想的重要基石和贯穿始终的主线，习近平文化思想中关于文化的地位作用、文化自信、文化建设的目标任务等重要论断，都深深植根于“两个结合”。习近平总书记曾多次阐明“两个结合”的深刻内涵和实践指向，为新时代建设中国特色社会主义文化指明了方法、路径和目标。其一，“两个结合”为中国特色社会主义文化发展道路提供了理论支撑。中国共产党在推进马克思主义中国化时代化的过程中，把坚持马克思主义和发展马克思主义统一起来，高度重视发掘、继承、弘扬中华优秀传统文化，不断彰显马克思主义的开放性、包容性和与时俱进品质，用马克思主义真理的力量激活了中华文明，也使马克思主义真理之树在中国大地上更加根深叶茂。其二，“两个结合”是铸就社会主义文化新辉煌的必由之路。从本质上讲，这种结合是一种理论学说与一种文化形态的结合，激活了中华文明的基因，推动了中华文明的生命更新和现代转型。其三，“两个结合”为推动文化繁荣发展提供了科学方法。一方面，马克思主义的立场、观点和方法为我们提供了批判地继承传统文化的甄别标准，使优秀传统文化得以通过“创造性转化”和“创新性发展”实现深刻变革和现代转型，让经由“结合”形成的新的文化生命体能够承担起促进中华文化繁荣兴盛的历史使命；另一方面，马克思主义赋予传统文化科学理性精神并激活其生命力，使优秀传统文化在中西文明交融的基础上进一步综合创新，从而形成一批熔铸古今、汇通中西的文化成果。

(9) The Theory of Cultural Layout: Work Deployment for Promoting Cultural Construction from Various Fields

（九）文化布局论：从各领域推进文化建设的工作部署

Cultural layout refers to the systematic planning, rational allocation, and strategic arrangement of cultural resources, cultural activities, and cultural industries within a specific region, field, or organizational scope, in order to achieve specific cultural goals and realize the comprehensive functions of culture. Taking the rich content of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture as the basic guideline, the work layout for cultural construction in the New Era covers the following multiple fields. First, in the field of theoretical work, emphasis is placed on enabling Party members, cadres, and the masses to master the Party’s innovative theories and implement them in practical actions through various forms and channels. Second, in the field of ideology, emphasis is placed on firmly grasping the leadership, management, and discourse power over ideological work by comprehensively implementing the responsibility system for ideological work. Third, in the field of ideal and belief education, emphasis is placed on consolidating the common ideological foundation for the united struggle of the entire Party and people of all ethnic groups across the country by promoting the institutionalization and normalization of ideal and belief education. Fourth, in the field of cultivating and practicing core values, emphasis is placed on integrating the core socialist values into all levels of social development, and making them take root throughout society through various means such as educational guidance, public opinion propaganda, cultural edification, practical cultivation, and institutional guarantees. Fifth, in the field of philosophy and social science research, emphasis is placed on accelerating the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, based on China’s actual conditions and reflecting Chinese characteristics. Sixth, in the field of network construction and management, emphasis is placed on improving the comprehensive governance capacity and level of the internet, cultivating a healthy and uplifting online culture, and creating a clean and righteous cyberspace through measures such as strengthening online content construction, improving internet laws and regulations, and strengthening network supervision and law enforcement. Seventh, in the field of literary and artistic creation and production, emphasis is placed on going deep into life, rooting among the people, and creating excellent literary and artistic works that meet the spiritual and cultural needs of the people. Eighth, in the field of communication system construction, emphasis is placed on promoting the integrated development of traditional media and emerging media, and strengthening the construction of an all-media communication system. Ninth, in the field of cultural system reform, emphasis is placed on improving the cultural management system and production and operation mechanisms, and promoting supply-side structural reform in the cultural field. Tenth, in the field of cultural heritage protection and inheritance, emphasis is placed on strengthening cultural relic protection, restoration, and archaeological work, and promoting the utilization of cultural relics and the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage. Eleventh, in the field of international communication capacity building, emphasis is placed on building an all-round, multi-level, and wide-ranging international communication pattern, presenting a credible, lovable, and respectable image of China to the international community, and promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. Twelfth, in the field of building the team of propaganda, ideology, and cultural work, emphasis is placed on strengthening the training, selection, and management of cadres and talents in the field of propaganda, ideology, and culture, and improving the team’s political quality, professional ability, and professional ethics. In summary, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, in terms of cultural work layout, is both grounded in reality and future-oriented, painting a blueprint for the practice of socialist cultural construction.

文化布局是指在一定的地域、领域或组织范围内，对文化资源、文化活动、文化产业等进行系统规划、合理配置和战略安排，以实现特定的文化目标和发挥文化的综合功能。以习近平文化思想的丰富内容为基本遵循，新时代的文化建设工作布局涵盖了以下多个领域。一是在理论工作领域，强调要通过多种形式和渠道，让广大党员干部和人民群众掌握党的创新理论并落实在实际行动中。二是在意识形态领域，强调要通过全面落实意识形态工作责任制，以牢牢掌握意识形态工作的领导权、管理权和话语权。三是在理想信念教育领域，强调要通过推动理想信念教育常态化制度化，以筑牢全党全国各族人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础。四是在核心价值观培育践行领域，强调要将社会主义核心价值观融入社会发展的各个层面，通过教育引导、舆论宣传、文化熏陶、实践养成、制度保障等多种方式，使社会主义核心价值观在全社会落地生根。五是在哲学社会科学研究领域，强调要立足中国实际，体现中国特色，加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学。六是在网络建设管理领域，强调要提高网络综合治理能力和水平，通过加强网络内容建设、完善网络法律法规、加强网络监管执法等举措，培育健康向上的网络文化，营造风清气正的网络空间。七是在文艺创作生产领域，强调要深入生活、扎根人民，创作出满足人民精神文化需求的优秀文艺作品。八是在传播体系建设领域，强调要推动传统媒体和新兴媒体融合发展，加强全媒体传播体系建设。九是在文化体制改革领域，强调要完善文化管理体制和生产经营机制，推进文化领域供给侧结构性改革。十是在文化遗产保护传承领域，强调要加强文物保护修复和考古工作，推进文物保护利用和文化遗产保护传承。十一是在国际传播能力建设领域，强调要构建全方位、多层次、宽领域的国际传播格局，向国际社会展现可信、可爱、可敬的中国形象，促进文明交流互鉴。十二是在宣传思想文化工作队伍建设领域，强调要加强对宣传思想文化领域干部人才的培养、选拔和管理，提高队伍的政治素质、业务能力和职业道德水平。总之，习近平文化思想在文化工作布局上既立足现实，又面向未来，为社会主义文化建设实践描绘了蓝图。

(10) The Theory of Cultural Openness: Displaying the Image of a Civilized Great Power in Exchanges and Mutual Learning among Civilizations

（十）文化开放论：在文明交流互鉴中展现文明大国形象

Only a civilization full of confidence can respect different civilizations of the world and promote inter-civilization exchanges and mutual learning. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture is both grounded in China and embraces the world, consistently emphasizing an open attitude toward different civilizations of the world. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Inter-civilization exchanges and mutual learning are an important driving force for the progress of human civilization and the peaceful development of the world.” To present the image of a major civilized country in advancing inter-civilization exchanges and mutual learning, and to effectively enhance national soft power and the influence of Chinese culture, it is necessary to strive to build a Chinese discourse system and a Chinese narrative system, and to tell China’s story well to the world. The key to building a Chinese discourse system and a Chinese narrative system is to take Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the core, to make the dissemination and promotion of this thought the primary task, to effectively refine and deepen the external promotion of this thought, and to guide the international community to better understand China’s development concepts, development path, and development achievements. In addition, measures such as strengthening innovation in original and forward-looking theoretical viewpoints and academic discourse, implementing the construction of discourse platforms including official media, new media, academic journals, and international conferences, cultivating a professional talent team proficient in Chinese culture, familiar with the laws of international communication, and possessing cross-cultural communication skills, and innovating vivid, image-based, and easy-to-understand narrative methods should be adopted to continuously enhance the international influence of the Chinese discourse and the communication power of the Chinese narrative. In short, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture always emphasizes treating the cultures of all countries in the world with a broad-minded sentiment and an open and inclusive attitude, and in equal dialogue, exchange, integration, and confrontation, forging new brilliance for Chinese culture.

只有充满自信的文明，才会尊重世界不同文明，推动文明交流互鉴。习近平文化思想既立足本国，又胸怀天下，始终强调以开放态度对待世界不同文明。习近平总书记指出：“文明交流互鉴，是推动人类文明进步和世界和平发展的重要动力。”要在推进文明交流互鉴中展现文明大国形象，切实增强国家软实力和中华文化影响力，就必须着力构建中国话语体系和中国叙事体系，向世界讲好中国故事。构建中国话语体系和中国叙事体系，关键是要把习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想作为核心，把传播好、宣介好这一思想作为首要任务，切实做精做深这一思想的对外宣介，引导国际社会更好地了解中国的发展理念、发展道路、发展成就。此外，要通过加强原创性、前瞻性理论观点和学术话语的创新，实施打造包括官方媒体、新媒体、学术期刊、国际会议等类别的话语平台，培养精通中国文化、熟悉国际传播规律、具备跨文化交流能力的专业人才队伍，创新生动、形象、易懂的叙事方式等举措，不断提升中国话语的国际影响力和中国叙事的传播力。总之，习近平文化思想始终强调以海纳百川的情怀、开放包容的姿态对待世界各国文化，在平等对话与交流交融交锋中，铸就中华文化新辉煌。

The ten propositions mentioned above systematically elucidate the status and role, leadership force, goals and tasks, value orientation, path direction, spiritual foundation, driving source, practical guidance, work layout, and international responsibility of socialist cultural construction with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. These major theoretical innovation viewpoints are interlinked and progressive layer by layer, forming an internally unified and clearly structured organic whole, fully demonstrating the rich content and profound thought of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, centrally embodying the innovation in concepts, guidance in values, and breakthroughs in thinking of this thought, and greatly expanding the breadth and depth of the Communist Party of China’s understanding of propaganda, ideology, and cultural work in the New Era.

上述十个命题系统阐明了新时代中国特色社会主义文化建设的地位作用、领导力量、目标任务、价值旨归、道路方向、精神根基、动力源泉、实践指引、工作布局和国际担当。这些重大理论创新观点环环相扣、层层递进，构成了一个内在统一、层次分明的有机整体，充分展示了习近平文化思想的丰富内容和深刻思想，集中体现了这一思想在理念上的创新、价值上的引领、思路上的突破，极大拓展了中国共产党对新时代宣传思想文化工作认识的广度和深度。

III. The Value Implications of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture

三、习近平文化思想的价值意蕴

Xi Jinping Thought on Culture not only provides theoretical guidance and practical solutions for socialist cultural construction but also contributes new wisdom to the development of new forms of human civilization.

习近平文化思想不仅为社会主义文化建设提供了理论指南和实践方案，也为人类文明新形态的发展贡献了新智慧。

(I) A New Theoretical Leap: Inheritance and Innovative Development of the Marxist View of Culture

（一）理论新飞跃：对马克思主义文化观的继承和创新性发展

Tracing the theoretical sources, the classic Marxist writers all attached particular importance to the issue of culture. In the Chinese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*, Marx and Engels directly used the word “culture” 58 times. Marx and Engels affirmed the reality of culture, believing that culture is a product of human social practice, closely linked to human practical activities and material living conditions. Marx pointed out in the “Preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*”: “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness.” Engels emphasized the role of culture, stating: “Every advance in culture is a step towards freedom.” Lenin pointed out the generative mechanism of proletarian culture: “Proletarian culture must be the logical development of the sum total of knowledge accumulated by mankind under the yoke of capitalist, landlord, and bureaucratic society.”

追溯理论来源，马克思主义经典作家都特别重视文化问题。在《马克思恩格斯全集》中文版中，马克思和恩格斯直接使用“文化”一词共有58处。马克思和恩格斯肯定文化的现实性，认为文化是人类社会实践活动的产物，文化与人的实践活动和物质生活条件紧密相连。马克思在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中指出：“人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。”恩格斯强调了文化的作用，他指出：“文化上的每一个进步，都是迈向自由的一步。”列宁指出了无产阶级文化的生成机理，“无产阶级文化应当是人类在资本主义社会、地主社会和官僚社会压迫下创造出来的全部知识合乎规律的发展”。

The Communist Party of China has inherited and developed Marxism’s important ideas on culture, explored the laws of socialist cultural construction in different historical periods, and deepened its understanding of the laws of socialist cultural construction. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party has closely followed the overall layout of national development, implemented a series of new measures for cultural construction, and formed Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture adheres to viewpoints such as the people-centered nature of culture, the essence and role of culture, the relationship between culture and practice, the national and global character of culture, the openness of culture and exchanges and mutual learning, and the historical and contemporary nature of culture. It follows the principle of Party spirit in culture and the method of dialectical materialism, and innovates viewpoints such as the fundamental requirement of the Two Integrations [n], the outstanding characteristics of Chinese civilization, the new cultural mission of the New Era, the Party’s cultural leadership, the important thesis of cultural confidence, and the advocacy of inter-civilization exchanges and mutual learning, vividly demonstrating the new theoretical leap of the Marxist view of culture in contemporary China.

中国共产党继承发展了马克思主义关于文化的重要思想，对不同历史时期的社会主义文化建设规律进行了探究，加深了对社会主义文化建设的规律性认识。特别是党的十八大以来，党紧扣国家发展总体布局，实施了一系列文化建设新举措，形成了习近平文化思想。习近平文化思想坚持了文化的人民性、文化的本质和作用、文化与实践的关系、文化的民族性与世界性、文化的开放性与交流互鉴、文化的历史性与时代性等观点，遵循了文化的党性原则、唯物辩证的方法，创新了“两个结合”的根本要求、中华文明的突出特性、新时代新的文化使命、党的文化领导权、文化自信的重要论断以及文明交流互鉴的倡导等观点，生动彰显了马克思主义文化观在当代中国的理论新飞跃。

(II) A New Practical Guide: The Fundamental Follow-up for Socialist Cultural Construction with Chinese Characteristics

（二）实践新指南：中国特色社会主义文化建设的根本遵循

After reform and opening up, the Party insisted on grasping both material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, promoting the flourishing and development of socialist culture. However, at the same time, current cultural construction faces a severe and complex domestic and international situation. Erroneous trends of thought such as money worship, hedonism, extreme individualism, and historical nihilism are surging beneath the surface. Some leading cadres lack firm political stances and are deficient in the spirit of struggle. The Party’s ideological and cultural leadership has shown signs of weakening, and the spiritual homeland of Chinese culture faces new challenges. Phenomena such as ideological and cultural orientation splits, value conflicts, moral decline, and spiritual slackness also appear among different social strata. These erroneous trends of thought and undesirable phenomena emerging in the field of propaganda, ideology, and cultural work seriously affect people’s thinking and the social public opinion environment, and also seriously affect the Party’s long-term governance, the country’s lasting peace and stability, and the people’s well-being and happiness.

改革开放以后，党坚持物质文明和精神文明两手抓、两手硬，推动社会主义文化繁荣发展。但与此同时，当前文化建设面临着严峻复杂的国内外形势。拜金主义、享乐主义、极端个人主义、历史虚无主义等错误思潮暗流涌动，部分领导干部政治立场不坚定，斗争精神缺失。党的意识形态与文化领导权出现弱化迹象，中华文化精神家园面临新挑战。思想文化取向分裂、价值观冲突、道德滑坡、精神懈怠的现象也出现在不同的社会阶层中。宣传思想文化工作领域出现的这些错误思潮和不良现象，严重影响人们思想和社会舆论环境，也严重影响党的长期执政、国家长治久安与人民幸福安康。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has elevated propaganda, ideology, and cultural work to an extremely important strategic position, vigorously strengthened the Party’s comprehensive leadership over ideological work, and vigorously promoted the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping actively responds to the ardent expectations of the people, consistently upholds a strong problem awareness, a sober historical consciousness, and firm cultural confidence, deeply considers important issues in the cultural field, and puts forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on cultural construction, forming a systematic, complete, and logically rigorous scientific system, and forming Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. Taking Xi Jinping Thought on Culture as the fundamental follow-up, propaganda, ideology, and cultural work in the New Era has achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic changes. The blueprint and path for building a socialist cultural power are increasingly clear. The ideological and cultural field continues to develop in a positive and upward direction. The fundamental system of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological domain has been firmly established. The Party’s innovative theories have deeply penetrated people’s hearts. The communication power, guidance power, influence, and credibility of news and public opinion have been continuously enhanced. Cultural undertakings and cultural industries have developed comprehensively. New generations capable of shouldering the task of national rejuvenation are constantly emerging. The national cultural soft power and the influence of Chinese culture have significantly improved. All of the above fully demonstrates the significant practical significance of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture in contemporary China.

党的十八大以来，党中央将宣传思想文化工作上升到极端重要的战略位置，着力强化党对意识形态工作的全面领导，大力推进中国特色社会主义文化建设。习近平总书记积极回应人民群众的殷切期盼，始终秉持着强烈的问题意识、清醒的历史自觉以及坚定的文化自信，深入思考文化领域的重要问题，提出了文化建设的一系列新思想、新观点和新论断，构成了系统完整、逻辑严密的科学体系，形成了习近平文化思想。以习近平文化思想为根本遵循，新时代宣传思想文化工作取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，文化强国建设蓝图路径日益清晰，思想文化领域向上向好态势不断发展，马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度得以牢固确立，党的创新理论深入人心，新闻舆论传播力、引导力、影响力、公信力不断提升，文化事业和文化产业全面发展，堪当民族复兴重任的时代新人不断涌现，国家文化软实力、中华文化影响力明显提升。以上种种充分展现了习近平文化思想在当代中国的重大现实意义。

(III) A New World Solution: China’s Plan and China’s Wisdom for Creating a New Form of Human Civilization

（三）世界新方案：创造人类文明新形态的中国方案与中国智慧

The world today is undergoing major changes unseen in a century. Changes of a global, epochal, and historical nature are unfolding in unprecedented ways. The development pattern and evolutionary trend of world culture and human civilization are undergoing adjustment and reshaping. The world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. Trends of thought such as protectionism, isolationism, and populism are constantly rising. Discourses such as the clash of civilizations and the superiority of civilizations occasionally resurface. Human society faces the common threat of ideological fragmentation and cultural disputes. Human civilization stands at a crossroads of where to go. A series of choices and questions, such as whether different civilizations should engage in exchange and dialogue or closure and isolation, and whether they should achieve common prosperity or conflict and confrontation, trouble countries around the world.

当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变以前所未有的方式展开。世界文化、人类文明的发展格局和演进态势正在经历调整和重塑，世界进入新的动荡变革期，保护主义、孤立主义、民粹主义等思潮不断抬头，文明冲突、文明优越等论调不时沉渣泛起。人类社会面临着思想割裂、文化纷争的共同威胁，人类文明站在何去何从的十字路口。不同文明之间是交流对话还是封闭隔阂、是共同繁荣还是冲突对抗等一系列选择和疑问困扰着世界各国。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has upheld a global vision, creatively proposed the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind from the height of the development of human civilization, emphasized adhering to openness, inclusiveness, mutual benefit, fairness and justice, advocated establishing a view of civilization characterized by equality, mutual learning, dialogue and inclusiveness, resolutely opposed arrogance and prejudice, exclusion and isolation, and estrangement between civilizations, profoundly answered the "questions of the world" with "China's answers," resolved the problems and doubts that have long troubled people of all countries, and contributed intellectual wisdom to the exchange, mutual learning, development and progress of human civilization, fully demonstrating the global vision and mission of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture[n]. At the same time, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture profoundly grasps the laws of the development of human civilization, deeply perceives the historic changes in the relationship between China and the world, actively promotes the practical development of inheriting and innovating fine traditional Chinese culture, allowing ancient culture to radiate new vitality and vigor in modern society, and enabling Chinese culture to display its unique charm on the world stage.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记坚持胸怀天下，从人类文明发展的高度创造性地提出构建人类命运共同体理念，强调坚持开放包容、互利共赢、公道正义，倡导树立平等、互鉴、对话、包容的文明观，坚决反对傲慢偏见、封闭排他、文明隔阂，以“中国之答”深刻回答了“世界之问”，解答了长期困扰各国人民的问题和疑惑，为人类文明交流互鉴和发展进步贡献了思想智慧，充分彰显了习近平文化思想的世界情怀和使命担当。同时，习近平文化思想深刻把握人类文明发展规律，深刻洞察中国和世界关系的历史性变化，积极推动传承和创新中华优秀传统文化的实践发展，让古老的文化在现代社会中焕发出新的生机与活力，让中国文化在世界舞台上展现独特魅力。

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆