Basic Issues in the Study of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed: “Develop the new-type rural collective economy, establish an operational mechanism with clearly defined property rights and equitable distribution, and grant farmers fuller property rights and interests.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the new-type rural collective economy has continuously developed, becoming an effective form of realization for the rural collective economy in the New Era. It has effectively consolidated the rural collective land ownership system, powerfully strengthened the strength of the rural collective economy, forcefully promoted common prosperity for farmers and the countryside, and become an important economic force in winning the battle against poverty and a vital pathway for comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. In the process of accelerating the realization of agricultural and rural modernization and accelerating the building of an agricultural powerhouse, the new-type rural collective economy is playing an increasingly important role and exerting an increasingly significant function.

党的二十届三中全会提出:“发展新型农村集体经济，构建产权明晰、分配合理的运行机制，赋予农民更加充分的财产权益。”党的十八大以来，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指导下，新型农村集体经济不断发展，成为新时代农村集体经济的有效实现形式，有效巩固了农村土地集体所有制，有力壮大了农村集体经济实力，有力促进了农民农村共同富裕，成为打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要经济力量和全面推进乡村振兴的重要途径。在加快实现农业农村现代化和加快建设农业强国的进程中，新型农村集体经济扮演着越来越重要的角色，发挥着越来越重要的作用。

I. The Concept and Characteristics of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

一、新型农村集体经济的概念与特征

The new-type rural collective economy is a new concept that came into widespread use after the 18th National Congress of the CPC, and there is currently no unified definition of the concept. By taking the Marxist political economy definition of the collective economy as the theoretical foundation, and through analyzing and studying the historical background and development process of the emergence of the new-type rural collective economy, it is possible to grasp the scientific connotation of the concept of the new-type rural collective economy more accurately.

新型农村集体经济是党的十八大之后普遍使用的新概念，目前尚没有统一的概念界定。以马克思主义政治经济学关于集体经济的概念界定为理论基础，通过分析研究新型农村集体经济产生的时代背景和发展过程，能够更准确地把握新型农村集体经济概念的科学内涵。

(A) The Proposal of the Concept of the “New-Type Rural Collective Economy”

(一)“新型农村集体经济”概念的提出

The “new-type rural collective economy” is a concept that was proposed and gradually clarified after the 18th National Congress of the CPC, particularly during the process of reform of the rural collective property rights system. Before the 18th National Congress of the CPC, some scholars occasionally used the concept of the “new-type rural collective economy,” but its connotation differed greatly from the concept of the new-type rural collective economy as commonly used today. The reason is that the practice of the new-type rural collective economy and the corresponding theoretical thinking had not yet fully unfolded.

“新型农村集体经济”是在党的十八大之后，特别是在农村集体产权制度改革过程中提出并逐步明晰的一个概念。党的十八大之前，偶有学者使用“新型农村集体经济”这一概念，但与今天普遍意义上使用的新型农村集体经济概念在内涵上有着很大差别，其原因在于，新型农村集体经济的实践以及与之相适应的理论思维均尚未完全展开。

The “Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Steadily Advancing the Reform of the Rural Collective Property Rights System,” published on December 26, 2016, was an early document to propose the concept of the “new-type collective economy.” It stated: “Scientifically confirm the membership status of rural collective economic organizations, clarify the property rights relations of collectively owned assets, and develop the new-type collective economy; manage and make good use of collective assets, establish a new operational mechanism for the collective economy that meets the requirements of the market economy, and promote the preservation and appreciation of collective assets; implement farmers’ rights to land contractual management, rights to use homesteads, rights to distribute collective income, and rights to democratic management of collective economic activities, forming a governance system that effectively safeguards the rights of members of rural collective economic organizations.”

2016年12月26日公布的《中共中央国务院关于稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革的意见》较早提出了“新型集体经济”概念，指出:“科学确认农村集体经济组织成员身份，明晰集体所有产权关系，发展新型集体经济;管好用好集体资产，建立符合市场经济要求的集体经济运行新机制，促进集体资产保值增值;落实农民的土地承包权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权和对集体经济活动的民主管理权利，形成有效维护农村集体经济组织成员权利的治理体系。”

General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized developing the new-type collective economy. On September 21, 2018, when presiding over the eighth collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee, he used the concept of the “new-type collective economy,” emphasizing: “We must keep to the correct political direction of rural revitalization, adhere to the nature of the rural collective land ownership system, develop the new-type collective economy, and take the path of common prosperity.” On March 8, 2019, when participating in the deliberation of the Henan delegation at the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress, he again emphasized developing the new-type collective economy, pointing out: “Promote the two-way flow and equal exchange of factors such as talent, land, and capital between urban and rural areas, activate the endogenous vitality of rural revitalization, consolidate and improve the basic rural management system, improve the method of ‘separating the three rights’ [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” December 28, 2020. for rural contracted land, develop various forms of appropriately scaled agricultural operations, prominently focus on developing the two types of agricultural business entities—family farms and farmer cooperatives—support the organic connection between smallholder farmers and modern agricultural development, establish and improve various management systems for collective assets, improve the functions of rural collective property rights, develop and strengthen the new-type collective economy, and endow the two-tier management system with new connotations.” From July 22 to 24, 2020, during an inspection tour in Jilin, he emphasized: “Deepen the reform of the rural collective property rights system, and develop and strengthen the new-type collective economy.” Considering the context at the time, it can be seen that the “new-type collective economy” here refers to the new-type rural collective economy.

习近平总书记多次强调发展新型集体经济。2018年9月21日，在主持中共十九届中央政治局第八次集体学习时，他使用了“新型集体经济”概念，强调:“要把好乡村振兴战略的政治方向，坚持农村土地集体所有制性质，发展新型集体经济，走共同富裕道路。”2019年3月8日，在参加十三届全国人大二次会议河南代表团审议时再次强调发展新型集体经济，他指出:“推动人才、土地、资本等要素在城乡间双向流动和平等交换，激活乡村振兴内生活力，巩固和完善农村基本经营制度，完善农村承包地‘三权分置’办法，发展多种形式农业适度规模经营，突出抓好家庭农场和农民合作社两类农业经营主体发展，支持小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接，建立健全集体资产各项管理制度，完善农村集体产权权能，发展壮大新型集体经济，赋予双层经营体制新的内涵。”2020年7月22—24日，在吉林考察时他强调:“深化农村集体产权制度改革，发展壮大新型集体经济。”联系当时的语境，可以看出，这里的“新型集体经济”就是指新型农村集体经济。

Along with the deepening of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, the “new-type rural collective economy” began to be widely used as an integrated concept. On October 29, 2020, the “Proposal of the Central Committee of the CPC on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, specifically mentioned the need to “deepen the reform of the rural collective property rights system and develop the new-type rural collective economy.” On December 28, 2020, at the Central Conference on Rural Work, when emphasizing the deepening of rural reform, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must complete the phased tasks of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, make good use of the reform results, and develop and strengthen the new-type rural collective economy.” At this point, the “new-type rural collective economy” was clearly presented as a complete concept.

伴随着农村集体产权制度改革的深入，“新型农村集体经济”开始作为一个整体性概念被广泛使用。2020年10月29日，中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第五次全体会议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标的建议》专门提到了要“深化农村集体产权制度改革，发展新型农村集体经济”。2020年12月28日，在中央农村工作会议上，习近平总书记在强调深化农村改革时指出，“要完成农村集体产权制度改革阶段性任务，用好改革成果，发展壮大新型农村集体经济”。至此，“新型农村集体经济”作为一个完整的概念清晰地呈现出来。

Thereafter, central documents have used the concept of the “new-type rural collective economy” more explicitly, and policies on developing the new-type rural collective economy have become increasingly clear and specific. The 2021 No. 1 Central Document (i.e., the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization”) explicitly stated: “Basically complete the phased tasks of the reform of the rural collective property rights system in 2021, and develop and strengthen the new-type rural collective economy.” Developing and strengthening the new-type rural collective economy became a key task for rural reform and development in 2021. On this basis, the 2022 No. 1 Central Document (i.e., the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Doing a Good Job in Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization in 2022”) raised the issue of development pathways for the new-type rural collective economy, emphasizing: “Consolidate and enhance the achievements of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, explore the establishment of a supervision and service system for rural collective assets, and explore development pathways for the new-type rural collective economy.” The 2023 No. 1 Central Document (i.e., the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Doing a Good Job in Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization in 2023”) explicitly raised the issue of diversifying the development avenues for the new-type rural collective economy, emphasizing: “Consolidate and enhance the achievements of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, establish an operational mechanism with clearly defined property rights relations, a scientific governance structure, stable operational methods, and equitable income distribution, and explore diversified avenues such as resource contracting, property leasing, intermediary services, and asset equity participation to develop the new-type rural collective economy.” The 2024 No. 1 Central Document (i.e., the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Learning and Applying the Experience of the ‘Thousand Villages Demonstration, Ten Thousand Villages Renovation’ Project [2]2 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. to Effectively and Forcefully Advance Comprehensive Rural Revitalization”) raised the issue of the healthy development of the new-type rural collective economy, emphasizing: “Deepen the reform of the rural collective property rights system, promote the healthy development of the new-type rural collective economy, and strictly control the operational risks of the rural collective economy.”

此后，中央文件更加明确地使用“新型农村集体经济”这一概念，关于发展新型农村集体经济的政策也越来越明确和具体。2021年中央一号文件(即《中共中央国务院关于全面推进乡村振兴加快农业农村现代化的意见》)明确提出:“2021年基本完成农村集体产权制度改革阶段性任务，发展壮大新型农村集体经济。”发展壮大新型农村集体经济，成为2021年农村改革和发展重点工作。在此基础上，2022年中央一号文件(即《中共中央国务院关于做好2022年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》)提出了新型农村集体经济发展路径问题，强调:“巩固提升农村集体产权制度改革成果，探索建立农村集体资产监督管理服务体系，探索新型农村集体经济发展路径。”2023年中央一号文件(即《中共中央国务院关于做好2023年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》)明确提出了新型农村集体经济发展途径的多样化问题，强调:“巩固提升农村集体产权制度改革成果，构建产权关系明晰、治理架构科学、经营方式稳健、收益分配合理的运行机制，探索资源发包、物业出租、居间服务、资产参股等多样化途径发展新型农村集体经济。”2024年中央一号文件(即《中共中央国务院关于学习运用“千村示范、万村整治”工程经验有力有效推进乡村全面振兴的意见》)提出了新型农村集体经济健康发展的问题，强调:“深化农村集体产权制度改革，促进新型农村集体经济健康发展，严格控制农村集体经营风险。”

(B) On the Definition of the Concept of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

(二)关于新型农村集体经济的概念界定

According to Marxist political economy, the collective economy is an abbreviation for the collective ownership economy, referring to a form of public ownership economy in which the means of production are jointly owned by a portion of the working people. The rural collective economy refers to a form of public ownership economy in which the main means of production, such as rural land, are collectively owned by a portion of the rural working people. In terms of external manifestations, the rural collective economy can take the form of collectively owned economic organizations such as farms, enterprises, and stores; at times, it also refers to the collective designation of personnel or the aggregate economic volume at the village or group level, i.e., what is commonly referred to as the village collective. According to the provisions of China’s Constitution, various forms of cooperative economy in rural areas, including production, supply and marketing, credit, and consumer cooperatives, constitute the socialist collective ownership economy of the working masses. The “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Steadily Advancing the Reform of the Rural Collective Property Rights System” clearly and concretely defines the concept of the rural collective economy, stating: “The rural collective economy is an economic form in which collective members utilize collectively owned resource elements to achieve common development through cooperation and union, and is an important form of the socialist public ownership economy.” The “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Rural Collective Economic Organizations,” adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People’s Congress on June 28, 2024, and officially implemented on May 1, 2025, states that a rural collective economic organization “refers to a regional economic organization based on collective land ownership, which legally represents the collective in exercising ownership on behalf of its members, and implements a two-tier management system combining unified and separate management based on the household contract management system, including rural collective economic organizations at the township level, village level, and group level.”

根据马克思主义政治经济学，集体经济是集体所有制经济的简称，是指生产资料由部分劳动者共同所有的一种公有制经济形式。农村集体经济是指农村土地等主要生产资料归农村部分劳动者集体所有的一种公有制经济形式。从外在表现形式来看，农村集体经济既可以是集体所有的农场、企业、商店等经济组织;有时也指村组范围基础上的人员或经济总量的统称，即通俗所讲的村集体。依据我国宪法规定，农村的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济，是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。《中共中央国务院关于稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革的意见》明确和具体地界定了农村集体经济的概念，指出:“农村集体经济是集体成员利用集体所有的资源要素，通过合作与联合实现共同发展的一种经济形态，是社会主义公有制经济的重要形式。”2024年6月28日第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过、2025年5月1日正式施行的《中华人民共和国农村集体经济组织法》指出，农村集体经济组织“是指以土地集体所有为基础，依法代表成员集体行使所有权，实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合双层经营体制的区域性经济组织，包括乡镇级农村集体经济组织、村级农村集体经济组织、组级农村集体经济组织”。

The “new-type rural collective economy” is a new concept that has emerged in the process of reforming the rural collective property rights system since the 18th National Congress of the CPC. It is a new form of the rural collective economy developed under the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, supported by the theory, system, and policy framework of the separation of the three rights [3]3 “Surnamed Party and serves the people” of rural land ownership, contract rights, and management rights. It is also a new form of realization of the rural collective economy that has developed alongside the confirmation of the membership status of rural collective economic organization members, the clarification of collective ownership property rights relations, and the continuous improvement of the property rights functions of the rural collective economy during the reform of the rural collective property rights system.

“新型农村集体经济”是党的十八大以来在农村集体产权制度改革过程中出现的一个新概念，是在习近平总书记关于“三农”重要论述指导下，在农村土地所有权、承包权、经营权“三权”分置理论、制度和政策体系支撑下发展起来的农村集体经济的新形态，也是在农村集体产权制度改革过程中，伴随着农村集体经济组织成员身份的确认、集体所有制产权关系的明晰和农村集体经济产权权能的不断完善而发展起来的农村集体经济的新的实现形式。

(III) Wherein Lies the “Newness” of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy?

(三)新型农村集体经济“新”在何处?

Compared with the collective economy in the traditional sense, the “newness” of the new-type rural collective economy is reflected in at least the following five aspects.

与传统意义上的集体经济相比，新型农村集体经济的“新”至少体现在以下五个方面。

First, the era is new. The new-type rural collective economy has mainly developed in the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The new-type rural collective economy primarily emerged after the 18th National Congress of the CPC; the concept of the “new-type rural collective economy” was also proposed and finalized after the 18th National Congress. This determines that the new-type rural collective economy inevitably bears the characteristics and features of the New Era.

第一，时代新。新型农村集体经济主要发展于中国特色社会主义新时代。新型农村集体经济主要产生于党的十八大之后;“新型农村集体经济”这个概念也是党的十八大之后提出和定型的一个概念。这就决定了新型农村集体经济不可避免地带有新时代的特征和特色。

Second, the institutional foundation is new. The traditional rural collective economy was established on the basis of the socialist transformation of agriculture, primarily based on the collective ownership of main means of production such as land, measuring the level of the collective economy by the degree of unified collective management, and placing greater emphasis on the ownership foundation and the role of unified collective management. The new-type rural collective economy arises on the basis of the basic agricultural management system, whose main content is the two-tier management system combining unified and separate management based on household contract management. It does not measure the level of collectivization by the degree of collective ownership or the level of unified collective management, and places greater emphasis on the multi-factor participation of collective members and distribution according to actual contribution rates.

第二，制度基础新。传统农村集体经济是在农业社会主义改造基础上产生的，主要是以土地等主要生产资料的集体所有制为基础，以集体统一经营程度高低衡量集体经济水平高低，更强调所有制基础和集体统一经营作用的发挥。新型农村集体经济产生于家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制为主要内容的农业基本经营制度基础上，不以集体所有程度和集体统一经营水平高低衡量集体化水平高低，更加注重集体成员的多要素参与和按实际贡献率分配。

Third, the scope of subjects is new. Under the traditional collective economy system of “three-level ownership with the production team as the base” [4]4 “Three-level ownership with the production team as the base” (三级所有，队为基础) was the organizational structure of the rural people’s commune system from the late 1950s to the early 1980s: ownership was shared among the commune, the production brigade, and the production team, with the production team as the basic accounting unit., the scope of collective members was divided into three levels: the people’s commune, the production brigade, and the production team. In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, after the dissolution of the people’s commune system, the scope of its members mainly included regional collective economic organizations at the township, village, and group levels, and in most cases, village-level collective economic organizations. The concept of the “village-level collective economy” emerged, and in most cases, all villagers were members of the collective economic organization. The new-type rural collective economy is based on the reform of the rural collective property rights system, breaking through the settings and boundaries of villages and groups, making the scope of subjects more flexible and extensive.

第三，主体范围新。在传统集体经济“三级所有，队为基础”的体制下，集体成员的范围分人民公社到生产大队、生产队三个层次。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，人民公社制度解体之后，其成员范围主要包括乡镇、村、组等区域性集体经济组织，更多情况下是村级集体经济组织，出现了“村级集体经济”的概念，大多数情况下，全体村民即为集体经济组织成员。新型农村集体经济以农村集体产权制度改革为基础，打破了村组设置和界限，主体范围更加灵活、广泛。

Fourth, the form of manifestation is new. The traditional collective economy often identified membership based on region or household registration, emphasizing equal enjoyment of treatment or welfare by members, which was more in line with the characteristics and requirements of egalitarianism. The new-type rural collective economy mostly identifies membership based on equity shares, determining income or dividends based on the amount of shares invested, thoroughly breaking the egalitarian “big pot rice” [5]5 “Big pot rice” (大锅饭) is a metaphor for the egalitarian distribution system under the people’s communes and state-owned enterprises before reform and opening up, where everyone received roughly equal pay regardless of individual contribution. and better mobilizing the initiative of members.

第四，表现形式新。传统集体经济多以地域或者户籍认定成员身份，强调成员平等享受待遇或福利，更符合平均主义特征和要求;新型农村集体经济多以股权认定成员身份，以入股多少决定收入或分红多少，彻底打破了平均主义“大锅饭”，能够更好地调动成员积极性。

Fifth, the operational mechanism is new. Under the traditional collective economy, the village and the community were often highly integrated, so democratic decision-making and democratic management were generally carried out through village meetings, village representative meetings, or meetings of collective economic organization members, and democratic supervision of the village collective or village-level collective economy was conducted through village affairs supervision committees or boards of supervisors. The new-type rural collective economy has gradually emerged and developed under the central government’s requirement to “explore effective forms of realization for rural collective ownership and innovate the operational mechanism of the rural collective economy.” Therefore, it places greater emphasis on its own economic organizational attributes, without attaching other political attributes, and in its operational mechanism, it pays more attention to stimulating the endogenous driving force and internal vitality of the collective economic organization itself through the realization of property rights and interests.

第五，运行机制新。在传统集体经济情况下，往往是村社高度合一，因此一般通过村民会议、村民代表会议或集体经济组织成员会议等方式进行民主决策和民主管理，通过村务监督委员会或监事会对村集体或村级集体经济进行民主监督。新型农村集体经济是在中央关于“探索农村集体所有制有效实现形式，创新农村集体经济运行机制”的要求下逐步产生和发展的，因此，更加强调其自身的经济组织属性，不附加其他政治属性，在运行机制上更加注重通过实现产权权益来激发集体经济组织自身的内生动力和内在活力。

(IV) Important Characteristics of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

(四)新型农村集体经济的重要特征

The new-type rural collective economy is fundamentally different from the traditional collective economy under the conditions of the planned economy, and it also has clear distinctions from the old collective economy under the conditions of the socialist market economy in the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization. The new-type rural collective economy both embodies the distinctive features of the rural collective economy and is clearly different from previous collective economies. On the one hand, it retains the essential attributes and essential characteristics of previous collective economies, representing an inheritance from them; on the other hand, it is clearly different from previous collective economies, representing a breakthrough from the traditional collective economy and the old collective economy. As the main form of the rural collective economy in the New Era, the new-type rural collective economy has distinct characteristics and features.

新型农村集体经济与计划经济条件下的传统集体经济有着根本不同，与改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期社会主义市场经济条件下旧的集体经济也有着明显区别。新型农村集体经济既体现着农村集体经济的鲜明特色又明显有别于以往的集体经济。一方面，它保留着以往集体经济的本质属性和本质特征，是对以往集体经济的继承;另一方面，又与以往的集体经济有着明显的不同，是对传统集体经济和旧集体经济的突破。作为农村集体经济在新时代的主要表现形式，新型农村集体经济有着鲜明的特征特色。

First, grassroots Party organizations play an important leading role. This is the most distinctive feature of the new-type rural collective economy. This feature is the most direct, most basic, and most realistic manifestation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s repeatedly emphasized principle of “the Party managing rural work,” and an important manifestation of the effective exertion of the role of grassroots Party organizations as battle fortresses. This is also a reflection in reform practice of implementing the requirement put forward in the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Steadily Advancing the Reform of the Rural Collective Property Rights System”: “Uphold the unshakable leadership core position of rural grassroots Party organizations, plan and implement the reform of the rural collective property rights system around consolidating the Party’s ruling foundation in rural areas, ensure that collective economic organizations operate in accordance with laws and regulations, and gradually achieve common prosperity.”

其一，基层党组织发挥重要引领作用。这是新型农村集体经济最鲜明的特征。这一特征，正是习近平总书记反复强调的“党管农村工作”的最直接、最基本和最现实的体现，是农村基层党组织战斗堡垒作用发挥得力的重要体现。这也是贯彻《中共中央国务院关于稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革的意见》所提出的“坚持农村基层党组织的领导核心地位不动摇，围绕巩固党在农村的执政基础来谋划和实施农村集体产权制度改革，确保集体经济组织依法依规运行，逐步实现共同富裕”这一要求在改革实践中的反映。

From a practical perspective, the leading role of rural grassroots Party organizations in the new-type rural collective economy is manifested in at least the following three aspects: First, rural grassroots Party organizations play a leading role in organizing and guiding peasants to establish new-type rural collective economic organizations. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, a series of policy documents issued by the Party Central Committee have emphasized that organizing and leading the masses to develop the collective economy and take the path of common prosperity is an important duty of rural grassroots Party organizations. For example, the Regulations on the Work of Communist Party of China Branches (Trial), issued by the Party Central Committee in 2018, clearly stipulates: village Party branches shall organize and lead the peasant masses to develop the collective economy and take the path of common prosperity. In particular, after the implementation of the Regulations on the Work of Communist Party of China Rural Grassroots Organizations in 2018 and the Regulations on Communist Party of China Rural Work in 2019, it became a reasonable and compliant organizational practice for village Party branch secretaries to concurrently serve as the heads of village-level collective economic organizations and cooperative economic organizations through statutory procedures. Rural grassroots Party organizations guide and lead the peasant masses to develop the collective economy and take the path of common prosperity with greater confidence and legitimacy. Second, rural grassroots Party organizations correctly grasp and scientifically guide the direction of the development of the new-type rural collective economy. Third, members of rural grassroots Party organizations enter the management level of the new-type rural collective economy, participate in its operation and management, and safeguard the healthy development of the new-type rural collective economy. According to the statistical bulletin on intra-Party affairs of the Communist Party of China, as of December 31, 2023, Party organizations had been established in 488,959 administrative villages nationwide, with a coverage rate exceeding 99.9%. If all these rural grassroots Party organizations can develop the new-type rural collective economy with such confidence and legitimacy in accordance with the above requirements, they will be more effective in solving long-standing difficult problems such as “no one to manage affairs, no funds to handle matters” in rural areas, and will also provide a more solid organizational and economic foundation for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.

从实践来看，农村基层党组织对新型农村集体经济的引领作用至少体现在以下三个方面:一是农村基层党组织在组织和领导农民成立新型农村集体经济组织方面发挥引领作用。党的十八大以来，中共中央出台的一系列政策文件强调，组织、带领群众发展集体经济，走共同富裕道路，是农村基层党组织的重要职责。比如，2018年中共中央印发的《中国共产党支部工作条例（试行）》明确规定:村党支部要组织带领农民群众发展集体经济，走共同富裕道路。特别是2018年《中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例》、2019年《中国共产党农村工作条例》施行之后，村党支部书记通过法定程序担任村级集体经济组织、合作经济组织负责人成为合理合规的组织行为。农村基层党组织引导、领导农民群众发展集体经济走共同富裕之路更加理直气壮。二是农村基层党组织正确把握和科学引领新型农村集体经济发展的方向。三是农村基层党组织成员进入新型农村集体经济管理层，参与新型农村集体经济经营管理，为促进新型农村集体经济健康发展保驾护航。中国共产党党内统计公报显示，截至2023年12月31日，全国488959个行政村已建立党组织，覆盖率超过99.9%。如果这些农村基层党组织都能按照上述要求理直气壮地发展新型农村集体经济，就能更有效地解决农村“无人管事、无钱办事”等老大难问题，也为全面推进乡村振兴提供更加坚实的组织基础和经济基础。

Second, property rights are more clearly defined. In the process of reforming the rural collective property rights system, through conducting asset verification and scientific confirmation of the membership status of rural collective economic organization members, the property rights relations under collective ownership have been clarified, the collective “family assets” have been ascertained, and the rights and interests of rural collective property and collective members have been made “clear in bottom line and accounts.” This has preliminarily established a socialist rural collective property rights system with Chinese characteristics that features clear ownership, complete rights, smooth transfer, and strict protection, as well as a new operational mechanism for the collective economy that meets the requirements of the market economy. It has effectively protected the legitimate rights and interests of collective economic organization members and promoted the preservation and appreciation of collective assets. At the same time, by developing the new-type rural collective economy through methods such as share quantification and dividend distribution based on shares, the interest linkages among collective economic organization members and between the collective economic organization and its members have become closer and more effective. This has effectively changed the stereotypical impression of the traditional collective economy as “eating from the same big pot” and promoted the development of the rural collective economy.

其二，产权更加明晰。农村集体产权制度改革过程中，通过开展集体资产清产核资和科学确认农村集体经济组织成员身份，明晰了集体所有产权关系，摸清了集体“家底”，实现农村集体财产和集体成员权益“底清账明”，初步构建了归属清晰、权能完整、流转顺畅、保护严格的中国特色社会主义农村集体产权制度和符合市场经济要求的集体经济运行新机制，有效保护了集体经济组织成员的合法权益，促进了集体资产保值增值。同时，通过股份量化、入股分红等方式发展新型农村集体经济，使得集体经济组织成员之间以及集体经济组织与集体经济组织成员之间的利益联结更加紧密有效，有效改变了传统集体经济“吃大锅饭”的刻板印象，推动了农村集体经济发展。

Third, forms of realization are diversified. Rural collective economic organizations, especially new-type rural collective economic organizations, play an important role in managing collective assets, developing collective resources, developing the collective economy, and serving collective members. As the main body managing collective assets, the rural collective economic organization is a special economic organization. Its form of expression can be an economic cooperative, a shareholding economic cooperative, or other forms of economic organization such as companies or specialized farmer cooperatives established with capital from the collective economic organization. Regardless of the form of the new-type rural collective economic organization, it is essentially a manifestation of the socialist public ownership economy and an important component of China’s basic economic system.

其三，实现形式多样化。农村集体经济组织尤其是新型农村集体经济组织在管理集体资产、开发集体资源、发展集体经济、服务集体成员等方面发挥重要作用。作为集体资产管理的主体，农村集体经济组织是特殊经济组织，其表现形式可以是经济合作社，也可以是股份经济合作社，还可以是由集体经济组织出资成立的公司、农民专业合作社等其他形式的经济组织形式。无论是哪种形式的新型农村集体经济组织，在本质上都是社会主义公有制经济的表现形式，是我国基本经济制度的重要组成部分。

In practice, some localities, on the basis of the separation of the “three rights” of rural collective land ownership, contract rights, and management rights, have transferred land management rights to village-run cooperatives to establish new-type rural collective economic organizations. For example, in Tangyue Village, Letian Town, Pingba District, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, a “seven-rights simultaneous confirmation” was implemented, covering collective land ownership, peasant household land contract and management rights, rural collective property rights, forest rights, collective construction land use rights, housing ownership rights, and small-scale water conservancy project rights. Through the transfer of land management rights, peasant household contracted land was concentrated in the village-society integrated Gold Land Cooperative, while simultaneously absorbing peasant households’ voluntary share contributions. This achieved the concentration of production factors such as land, funds, resources, and labor, and promoted the development of the village-level collective economy. Some localities have established new-type rural collective economic organizations through shareholding cooperative reform of collective operational assets. Others have established new-type rural collective economic organizations based on the shareholding cooperative system during the reform of the “three resources” (funds, resources, assets) in rural areas through the “three transformations” (transforming land resources into assets, funds into shares, and peasants into shareholders). For instance, Yantai City, Shandong Province, has explored various methods such as labor shares, land shares, fund shares, and infrastructure shares, and established various forms of cooperatives led by Party organizations, including land share cooperatives, tourism share cooperatives, and cooperatives investing in leading enterprises. It is stipulated that the village collective’s shareholding ratio shall not be less than 10%, and the shareholding ratio of individual members shall not exceed 20%, promoting the development of the new-type rural collective economy throughout Yantai.

在实践中，有些地方在农村集体土地所有权、承包权、经营权“三权”分置基础上，将土地经营权流转到村办合作社成立新型农村集体经济组织。如贵州省安顺市平坝区乐平镇塘约村，实行集体土地所有权、农户土地承包经营权、农村集体财产权、林权、集体建设用地使用权、房屋所有权、小型水利工程权等“七权同确”，通过土地经营权流转将农户承包地集中到村社一体的金土地合作社，同时吸收农户自愿入股，实现了土地、资金、资源、劳动力等生产要素的集中，促进了村级集体经济的发展。有些地方通过集体经营性资产股份合作制改革成立新型农村集体经济组织;有些地方是在农村“三资”(即资金、资源、资产)实行“三变”(即土地资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东)改革过程中，成立以股份合作制为基础的新型农村集体经济组织。如山东省烟台市探索出劳动力入股、土地入股、资金入股、基础设施入股等多种方式，组建起土地股份、旅游股份、入股龙头企业等多种形式的党组织领办的合作社，并规定村集体持股比例不低于10%、单个成员持股比例不超过20%，促进了新型农村集体经济在烟台全域的发展。

II. Development Pathways for the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

二、新型农村集体经济的发展途径

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, on the basis of the policy of separating the “three rights” of rural land, the Party Central Committee has promoted the reform of the rural collective property rights system through a series of policy measures and pilot reforms, vigorously developing the new-type rural collective economy. At present, the main development pathways for the new-type rural collective economy are as follows.

党的十八大以来，在农村土地“三权”分置政策基础上，中共中央通过一系列政策措施和改革试点推进农村集体产权制度改革，大力发展新型农村集体经济。目前来看，新型农村集体经济的发展途径主要有以下几种。

(A) Reform of the Rural Collective Property Rights System Boosts the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

(一)农村集体产权制度改革助推新型农村集体经济

Property rights are the core of ownership, and the rural collective property rights system is the core system of rural collective land ownership. The reform of the rural collective property rights system concerns not only the protection of collective economic property rights and the implementation of collective ownership, but also the implementation and protection of the property rights and interests of collective members. By conducting a comprehensive asset verification of the rural collective economy, confirming the membership status of rural collective economic organization members, and quantifying collective operational assets into shares, the reform of the rural collective property rights system is advanced. This promotes the transformation of rural resources into assets, funds into shares, and peasants into shareholders, changes the previous shortcomings of the rural collective asset property rights system such as the nominal existence of property rights, unclear collective operational income, and non-transparent income distribution, establishes a new operational mechanism for the collective economy that meets the requirements of the market economy, stimulates the vitality of collective economic development, and is an important pathway to ensure the preservation and appreciation of collective assets and the benefit of the broad masses of peasants, thereby enhancing the cohesion and combat effectiveness of rural grassroots Party organizations.

产权是所有制的核心，农村集体产权制度是农村土地集体所有制的核心制度。农村集体产权制度改革不仅关系到集体经济财产权的保护和集体所有权的落实，而且关系到集体成员财产权益的落实和保护。通过对农村集体经济进行全面清产核资、对农村集体经济组织成员身份进行确认、对集体经营性资产进行股份量化，推进农村集体产权制度改革，从而推动农村资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东，改变之前农村集体资产产权虚置、集体经营收益不清、收入分配不公开等弊病，建立符合市场经济要求的集体经济运行新机制，激发集体经济发展活力，是确保集体资产保值增值和广大农民受益，增强农村基层党组织的凝聚力和战斗力的重要途径。

The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to reform of the rural collective property rights system. In September 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the Fifth Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, which deliberated the "Pilot Plan for Actively Developing Farmers' Shareholding Cooperatives and Granting Farmers the Power to Exercise Rights over Collective Asset Shares"; in October, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee reviewed and approved the plan. Carrying out pilot projects for exercising rights over rural collective asset shares is an important foundation for steadily advancing reform of the rural collective property rights system. In May 2015, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Central Agricultural Work Leading Group, and the State Forestry and Grassland Administration arranged for 29 counties (cities, districts) to carry out pilot projects for exercising rights over rural collective asset shares. After three years of pilot exploration, all pilot tasks were completed, achieving the expected results. The 29 pilot counties verified and registered collective assets of 112.56 billion yuan and confirmed 9.188 million collective members; a total of 13,905 village groups completed the reform, quantifying collective assets of 87.9 billion yuan, with cumulative share dividends of 18.39 billion yuan. The reform of the collective property rights system has brought tangible benefits and advantages to farmers. In 2019, villages with collective operating income exceeding 50,000 yuan accounted for 48.2% of the national total, an increase of 23.2 percentage points over 2016; cumulative dividends for collective members exceeded 380 billion yuan, 3.6 times the figure for 2016. By August 2020, a total of 438,000 villages nationwide had completed reform of the collective property rights system, confirming over 600 million collective members; 74.5% of villages nationwide had completed reform of the rural collective property rights system, and 70.1% of villages had received collective economic organization registration certificates. By the end of 2021, the pilot tasks for reform of the rural collective property rights system were basically completed. The shareholding cooperative reform of operating assets has given rise to a large number of new-type rural collective economies, effectively innovating the operational mechanism of the collective economy.

党中央、国务院高度重视农村集体产权制度改革。2014年9月，习近平总书记主持召开中央全面深化改革领导小组第五次会议，审议《积极发展农民股份合作赋予农民对集体资产股份权能改革试点方案》;10月，中央政治局常委会会议审议通过了该方案。开展农村集体资产股份权能改革试点，是稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革的重要基础。2015年5月，经国务院同意，农业部、中央农办、国家林业和草原局安排在29个县(市、区)开展农村集体资产股份权能改革试点。经过3年试点探索，各项试点任务全部完成，取得预期成果。29个试点县共清查核实集体资产1125.6亿元，确认集体成员918.8万人;共有13905个村组完成改革，量化集体资产879亿元，累计股金分红183.9亿元。集体产权制度改革给农民带来看得见的实惠和好处。2019年，全国村集体经营收益超过5万元以上的村占到48.2%，比2016年提高23.2个百分点;集体成员累计分红超过3800亿元，是2016年的3.6倍。2020年8月，全国共有43.8万个村完成集体产权制度改革，共确认集体成员6亿多人;全国有74.5%的村完成农村集体产权制度改革，70.1%的村领到了集体经济组织登记证书。2021年年底，基本完成了农村集体产权制度改革试点任务。经营性资产股份合作制改革，催生了一大批新型农村集体经济，有效创新了集体经济运行机制。

(2) Fiscal Support Assists the Development of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

(二)财政扶持助力新型农村集体经济发展

China's rural reform was carried out on the basis of the people's commune system of "three-level ownership with the production team as the base." [9]9 "Three-level ownership with the production team as the base" (三级所有，队为基础) refers to the ownership structure of the people's commune system (1958–1984), where ownership was divided among the commune, the production brigade, and the production team, with the production team as the basic accounting and production unit. Because the most basic means of production in rural areas (land) is fixed in the rural community, the rural collective ownership of land is mainly manifested in the ownership of the most basic means of production, i.e., land, by the village (administrative village or natural village). Therefore, the village-level collective economy is the most direct form of expression of the rural collective economy. Supporting the development of the village-level collective economy is related not only to the vital interests of the broad masses of farmers but also to the implementation of collective ownership and the consolidation of the rural collective ownership of land.

中国农村的改革是在人民公社“三级所有，队为基础”的体制基础上进行的。由于农村最基本的生产资料(土地)在农村社区的固定性，农村土地集体所有制主要体现为最基本的生产资料即土地归村(行政村或自然村)所有。因此，村级集体经济是农村集体经济最直接的表现形式。扶持村级集体经济发展既关系着广大农民群众切身利益，也关系着集体所有权的落实和农村土地集体所有制的巩固。

With the profound changes in the rural economy and society and the continuous development of the market economy, the development of the village-level collective economy in some places has clearly lagged behind, making it difficult to preserve and increase the value of collective assets, resources, and funds, difficult to improve the village collective's capacity for self-development and self-guarantee, and difficult to meet the requirements of agricultural and rural modernization. Supporting the development of the village-level collective economy and strengthening the village-level collective economic power are important measures for promoting rural revitalization in the New Era, and also important levers for cultivating new growth points in the rural economy and promoting the domestic grand cycle. This is of great significance for coordinating urban and rural development, promoting urban-rural integration, consolidating the Party's governing foundation, and comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

随着农村经济社会深刻变化和市场经济的不断发展，一些地方的村级集体经济发展明显滞后，难以实现集体资产、资源、资金的保值增效，难以提高村集体自我发展与保障能力，难以适应农业农村现代化发展要求。扶持村级集体经济发展，壮大村级集体经济实力，是新时代推进乡村振兴的重要举措，也是培育农村经济新增长点、促进国内大循环的重要抓手，对于统筹城乡发展、促进城乡融合、巩固党的执政基础和全面建设社会主义现代化国家意义重大。

To strengthen the village-level collective economic power and promote common prosperity for farmers and rural areas, in 2015, the Ministry of Finance issued the "Notice on Printing and Distributing the 'Guiding Opinions on Pilot Projects to Support the Development of the Village-Level Collective Economy,'" proposing that from 2016 onward, the central finance would select 13 provinces, including Zhejiang, Ningxia, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan, to carry out pilot projects to support the development of the village-level collective economy. These pilot projects required giving play to the superiority of the rural collective economy, adhering to main principles such as collective ownership, market orientation, reform and innovation, adaptation to local conditions, and village leadership, effectively utilizing production factors such as the rural collective's "three types of assets" [10]10 "Three types of assets" (三资) is a standard term in Chinese rural policy referring to collective funds (资金), assets (资产), and resources (资源)., adopting main production and operation forms such as land share cooperation and agricultural production cooperation, exploring multiple development pathways for the collective economy, and developing and strengthening the rural collective economic power. The central finance supported local pilot work through a method of awards in lieu of subsidies. Provincial-level finance departments also increased support, with cities and counties providing necessary assistance. Pilot funds were mainly used to subsidize the encouragement of land transfer, consolidation of scattered land, development of services for agriculture, and property management. In 2017, the pilot provinces were expanded to 23 provinces, with 5 billion yuan allocated, focusing on supporting pilot provinces to combine the results of local rural collective property rights system reform, give play to the guiding role of fiscal funds, revitalize and make good use of the assets and resources of village collective economic organizations, and explore the establishment of governance mechanisms, operational mechanisms, distribution mechanisms, and supervision mechanisms for village collective economic development, continuously enhancing the self-development capacity of the village collective economy. In 2018, the pilot scope was expanded to 28 provinces and 4 cities with independent planning status, exploring multiple forms of collective economy realization such as effective use of resources, provision of services, property management, and mixed operations, enhancing the village collective's capacity and level for self-development, self-service, and self-management, and effectively promoting the development of the village-level collective economy.

为增强村级集体经济实力、促进农民农村共同富裕，2015年，财政部印发的《关于印发〈扶持村级集体经济发展试点的指导意见〉的通知》提出，自2016年起，中央财政选择浙江、宁夏、河北、辽宁、江苏、安徽、江西、山东、河南、广东、广西、贵州、云南等13个省份开展扶持村级集体经济发展试点。该试点工作要求发挥农村集体经济优越性，坚持集体所有、市场导向、改革创新、因地制宜、村为主导等主要原则，有效利用农村集体“三资”等生产要素，采取土地股份合作、农业生产经营合作等主要生产经营形式，探索集体经济多种发展途径，发展壮大农村集体经济实力。中央财政通过以奖代补方式支持地方试点工作。省级财政部门也加大支持力度，市县给予必要支持。试点资金主要用于对鼓励土地流转、零散土地整治、发展为农服务和物业经营等进行补助。2017年，试点省份扩大至23个省份并安排资金50亿元，着重支持试点省份结合当地农村集体产权制度改革成果，发挥财政资金引导作用，盘活用好村集体经济组织的资产资源，探索建立村集体经济发展的治理机制、经营机制、分配机制和监督机制，不断提升村集体经济的自我发展能力。2018年，试点范围扩大至28个省份和4个计划单列市，探索资源有效利用、提供服务、物业管理、混合经营等多种集体经济实现形式，增强村集体自我发展、自我服务、自我管理能力和水平，有效促进村级集体经济发展。

Fiscal support has achieved remarkable results in assisting the development of the new-type rural collective economy. For example, Zhejiang Province, one of the pilot provinces, has persistently taken the elimination of weak collective economy villages and the development of the village-level collective economy as important work for increasing income, enriching the people, strengthening the foundation, and consolidating the base. The provincial finance allocates no less than 120 million yuan annually to support weak collective economy villages, adhering to village-specific policies based on the village's economic foundation and resource conditions, and through both "blood transfusion" to the collective economy and the collective economy's own "blood production," exploring new models such as enclave clustering, resource revitalization, industry-driven development, and service income generation. In 2022, the total village-level collective economy income in Zhejiang Province reached 76 billion yuan, of which the proportion of administrative villages with income exceeding 300,000 yuan and operating income exceeding 150,000 yuan had reached 85%. According to the plan, by the end of 2025, the proportion of administrative villages with annual operating income exceeding 500,000 yuan in the province will exceed 60%. Another example is Sichuan Province, which has continuously constructed a fiscal support system to strengthen and expand the village collective economy, promoting the high-quality development of the rural collective economy in Sichuan. As of the end of June 2022, the total collective economic income of 3,757 supported villages in three batches from 2019, 2020, and 2021 in Sichuan Province reached 400 million yuan, an increase of 260 million yuan compared with before support; the average collective economic income per village was 107,000 yuan, an increase of 181.6% over before support, of which 1,223 villages had income exceeding 100,000 yuan.

财政扶持助力新型农村集体经济发展成效显著。比如，作为试点省份之一的浙江省坚持把消除集体经济薄弱村、发展村级集体经济作为增收富民和强基固本的重要工作。省财政每年安排不少于1.2亿元扶持集体经济薄弱村，坚持从村级经济基础、资源条件等出发因村施策，通过为集体经济“输血”和集体经济自身“造血”并举，探索出飞地抱团、资源盘活、产业带动、服务创收等新模式。2022年，浙江省村级集体经济总收入达到760亿元，其中收入30万元以上且经营性收入超过15万元的行政村占比已达85%。根据计划，到2025年年底，全省年经营性收入50万元以上的行政村占比将超六成。再如，四川省不断构建扶持壮大村集体经济财政支持体系，高质量推动四川农村集体经济发展壮大。截至2022年6月底，四川省2019、2020、2021年三批共3757个扶持村集体经济总收益达4亿元、较扶持前增加2.6亿元;村均集体经济收益10.7万元，较扶持前增长181.6%，其中收益在10万元以上的村达1223个。

(3) Rural Collective "Three Types of Assets" Promote the Development of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

(三)农村集体“三资”促进新型农村集体经济发展

The rural collective "three types of assets," namely, the funds, assets, and resources owned by the rural collective, belong jointly to the members of the collective economic organization and are an important material foundation for developing the rural economy and achieving common prosperity for farmers and rural areas. Strengthening the management of the rural collective "three types of assets" is conducive to increasing farmers' property income and safeguarding the property rights and interests of collective economic organizations and the masses of farmers; conducive to revitalizing the stock assets of the rural collective and continuously developing and strengthening the rural collective economic power; and conducive to strengthening unified collective management and stabilizing and improving the basic rural management system.

农村集体“三资”即农村集体所有的资金、资产和资源，属于集体经济组织成员共同所有，是发展农村经济、实现农民农村共同富裕的重要物质基础。加强农村集体“三资”管理，有利于增加农民财产性收入，维护集体经济组织和农民群众的财产权益;有利于盘活农村集体存量资产，不断发展壮大农村集体经济实力;有利于加强集体统一经营，稳定和完善农村基本经营制度。

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee strengthened the management of rural collective "three types of assets" (resources, assets, and funds) through a series of policies and measures, thereby bolstering the collective economy. The 2013 No. 1 Central Document required: "The management system for the funds, assets, and resources of rural collective economic organizations must be improved, and farmers' rights to land contractual management, homestead use, and collective income distribution must be legally protected." The document called for exploring multiple effective forms of the collective economy tailored to local conditions, and continuously strengthening the collective economy. Asset verification and registration is a foundational task in strengthening the management of rural collective "three types of assets." In 2017, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, jointly with nine ministries including the Ministry of Finance, issued the "Notice on Comprehensively Carrying Out the Verification and Registration of Rural Collective Assets," which called for a comprehensive audit and verification of all types of collectively owned assets, and established a system of annual asset audits and periodic reporting for rural collective assets, with a collective asset audit to be conducted once a year. By the end of 2020, the nationwide audit had verified 6.55 billion mu of rural land resources and 7.7 trillion yuan in rural collective book assets; as of May 2021, the nationwide audit had verified 6.5 trillion yuan in rural collective assets and confirmed 900 million collective members; nationwide, over 500,000 villages had received registration certificates for rural collective economic organizations.

党的十八大之后，中共中央通过一系列政策措施加强农村集体“三资”管理，充实集体经济实力。2013年中央一号文件要求:“必须健全农村集体经济组织资金资产资源管理制度，依法保障农民的土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权。”文件要求因地制宜探索集体经济多种有效实现形式，不断壮大集体经济实力。清产核资是加强农村集体“三资”管理的基础性工作。2017年农业农村部联合财政部等9部委印发《关于全面开展农村集体资产清产核资工作的通知》，对集体所有的各类资产进行全面清查核实，并建立农村集体资产年度清查和定期报告制度，每年组织开展一次集体资产清查。2020年年底，全国共清查核实农村土地资源面积65.5亿亩，农村集体账面资产7.7万亿元;截至2021年5月，全国清查核实农村集体资产6.5万亿元，确认集体成员9亿人;全国共有50多万个村领到农村集体经济组织登记证书。

The Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council also issued relevant policies to strengthen the management of rural collective "three types of assets," allowing rural collective economic organizations to utilize collectively owned "four types of wasteland" (barren mountains, barren gullies, barren hills, and barren beaches) that had not been contracted to households, as well as orchards, aquaculture water surfaces, and other resources, for centralized development or through public bidding to develop modern agricultural projects; allowing village collectives to use idle various types of building facilities and collective construction land for independent development, joint ventures, or cooperation to develop corresponding industries; encouraging village collectives to integrate and use collective accumulated funds, government assistance funds, etc., to develop the collective economy through various forms such as equity investment or shareholding in leading agricultural industrialization enterprises, inter-village cooperation, joint village-enterprise construction, and poverty alleviation development. During this period, exploration also took place into converting operational assets formed by fiscal funds invested in agriculture and rural areas into equity quantified to households, allowing collective organization members to share in asset returns over the long term. The reform of rural collective "three types of assets" management in the New Era effectively activated dormant rural funds, assets, and resources, promoted the development of the new-type rural collective economy, strengthened the collective economy, and played an important role in developing the rural economy, realizing rural revitalization, and achieving common prosperity for farmers and rural areas.

中共中央国务院还出台相关政策加强农村集体“三资”管理，允许农村集体经济组织利用未承包到户的集体“四荒”地(荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩)、果园、养殖水面等资源，集中开发或者通过公开招投标等方式发展现代农业项目;允许村集体利用闲置的各类房产设施、集体建设用地等，以自主开发、合资合作等方式发展相应产业;鼓励村集体整合利用集体积累资金、政府帮扶资金等，通过入股或者参股农业产业化龙头企业、村与村合作、村企联手共建、扶贫开发等多种形式发展集体经济。这一时期，还探索将财政资金投入农业农村形成的经营性资产，通过股权量化到户，让集体组织成员长期分享资产收益。新时代的农村集体“三资”管理改革，有效地激活了农村沉睡的资金、资产和资源，促进了新型农村集体经济发展，壮大了集体经济实力，在发展农村经济、实现乡村振兴、实现农民农村共同富裕方面发挥了重要作用。

III. The Current State of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

三、新型农村集体经济的现状

Through Party leadership and policy support, the new-type rural collective economy has achieved significant development. Most rural areas have changed the past situation of "having a village collective but no village collective economic organization," and some rural areas have changed the past situation of "having a collective economic organization but no collective operational income." The number of "hollow villages" [11]11 "Hollow villages" (空壳村) refers to villages where the collective economic organization exists in name only, lacking operational assets, income, and the capacity to provide public services or support development. suffering from "no one to handle affairs" and "no money to handle affairs" due to a weak collective economy has markedly decreased, while the number of livable, workable, and beautiful villages has continuously increased.

通过党的领导和政策扶持，新型农村集体经济取得很大发展，大部分农村改变了过去“有村集体，无村集体经济组织”的状况，一部分农村改变了过去“有集体经济组织，无集体经营收益”的情况，因集体经济薄弱而造成的“无人办事”和“无钱办事”的“空壳村”数量明显减少，宜居宜业和美乡村数量不断增加。

(I) The Overall State of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

(一)新型农村集体经济的总体状况

Vigorously developing the new-type rural collective economy is an important component of agricultural and rural reform in the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has issued a series of policies and measures that have effectively promoted the development of the new-type rural collective economy. To a large extent, this has changed the past problems of unclear property rights, unclear operational income, and non-transparent distribution of rural collective assets. In practice, various localities have utilized resource advantages, locational conditions, industrial characteristics, and assistance policies to explore and develop multiple forms of the new-type rural collective economy. For example, some have developed a property-based economy using idle warehouses, office factories, and idle school buildings; some have used red (revolutionary culture), green (ecological conditions), and blue (marine advantages) characteristic resources to develop rural tourism, leisure agriculture, and health and wellness industries, achieving the transformation and upgrading of the village-level collective economy; some have leveraged the agricultural industrialization service system to promote the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas; some have explored paths such as cluster development and joint development to strengthen the village-level collective economy; and so on.

大力发展新型农村集体经济是新时代农业农村改革的一项重要内容。党的十八大以来，党中央出台了一系列政策措施，有力地促进了新型农村集体经济的发展。很大程度上改变了过去一些农村集体资产产权虚置、经营收益不清、分配不公开的问题。在实践中，各地利用资源优势、区位条件、产业特色和帮扶政策，探索发展多种形式的新型农村集体经济。比如，有的利用闲置仓库、办公厂房、闲置校舍等发展物业经济;有的利用红色(革命文化)、绿色(生态条件)、蓝色(海洋优势)等特色资源发展乡村旅游、休闲农业、康养产业，实现村级集体经济转型升级;有的借助于农业产业化服务体系，推动农村一二三产业融合发展;有的探索出抱团发展、联合发展等发展壮大村级集体经济的路子;等等。

Overall, in 2020, the total income of the national village collective economy was 632.02 billion yuan, with 70.38 billion yuan distributed to members as dividends. As of the end of 2019, according to data submitted by the Ministry of Agriculture from 5,695 townships, 602,000 villages, and 2.385 million village groups nationwide that owned rural collective assets—totaling 2.992 million units—the total volume of national rural collective assets was enormous. Among the 6.5 trillion yuan in book assets, operational assets amounted to 3.1 trillion yuan, accounting for 47.4%; non-operational assets amounted to 3.4 trillion yuan, accounting for 52.6%. Collectively owned wholly-owned enterprises numbered over 11,000, with total assets of 1.1 trillion yuan. Among these, fixed assets were 3.1 trillion yuan, accounting for nearly half. A prominent feature of rural collective assets is their high concentration at the village level. Village-level assets totaled 4.9 trillion yuan, accounting for 75.7% of total assets, with an average of 8.164 million yuan per village; township and village group-level assets totaled 0.7 trillion yuan and 0.9 trillion yuan, accounting for 11.2% and 13.1%, respectively. Some villages also incorporated fixed assets formed by fiscal project investments in collective economic organizations in recent years into their accounts, cleaned up a number of unfair economic contracts, wrote off a number of creditor's rights and debts, revitalized a number of idle assets, and enriched the paths for collective economic development. Through reform and development since the New Era, the new-type rural collective economy has become an important economic organization at the rural grassroots level, an important lever for deepening rural reform and promoting rural development, and an important economic force for promoting common prosperity for farmers and rural areas and comprehensively advancing rural revitalization.

从整体上来看，2020年全国村集体经济总收入6320.2亿元，向成员分红703.8亿元。截至2019年年底，根据农业部公开的全国拥有农村集体资产的5695个乡镇、60.2万个村、238.5万个组，共计299.2万个单位的报送数据显示，全国农村集体资产总量庞大，在6.5万亿元账面资产中，经营性资产3.1万亿元，占47.4%;非经营性资产3.4万亿元，占52.6%。集体所属全资企业超过1.1万家，资产总额1.1万亿元。其中，固定资产为3.1万亿元，占比近半。资产高度集中在村级也是农村集体资产呈现的一大特点。村级资产4.9万亿元，占总资产的75.7%，村均816.4万元;乡镇、组级资产总额分别为0.7万亿元和0.9万亿元，分别占比11.2%和13.1%。也有一些村将近年来财政项目投入集体经济组织形成的固定资产纳入账内管理，清理了一批有失公允的经济合同，核销了一批债权债务，盘活了一批闲置资产，丰富了集体经济发展路径。经过新时代以来的改革和发展，新型农村集体经济成为农村基层重要的经济组织，成为深化农村改革、促进农村发展的重要抓手，成为促进农民农村共同富裕、全面推进乡村振兴的重要经济力量。

(II) Difficulties Facing the Development of the New-Type Rural Collective Economy on the New Journey of the New Era

(二)新时代新征程发展新型农村集体经济面临的难题

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, through Party policy support and fiscal assistance, the new-type rural collective economy has continuously grown and developed. However, in reality, some villages have still not established collective economic organizations, and the strength of the village-level collective economy has not seen significant development; some villages still exhibit the phenomenon of a "hollow" collective economy; some new-type rural collective economic organizations face problems of poor management and weak development. The factors affecting the development of the new-type rural collective economy are multifaceted. Through research, it has been found that the following five aspects are common difficulties faced by the development of the new-type rural collective economy.

党的十八大以来，通过党的政策支持和财政扶持，新型农村集体经济不断成长和发展。但现实中，仍有一些村庄没有成立集体经济组织，村级集体经济实力没有太大发展;有的村庄仍存在集体经济“空壳”现象;有的新型农村集体经济组织面临经营无方、发展乏力现象。影响新型农村集体经济发展的因素是多方面的。通过调研发现，以下五方面是新型农村集体经济发展面临的普遍性难题。

First, inconsistent ideological understanding. For example, there is a lack of basic and scientific understanding of fundamental questions such as: what is the new-type rural collective economy, what are the similarities and differences between the new-type rural collective economy and the traditional rural collective economy, why should the new-type rural collective economy be developed, and how should it be developed? Some grassroots cadres and the masses implicitly or explicitly believe that the new-type rural collective economy is merely a fashionable term for the traditional rural collective economy in the New Era, a "reprint" of the traditional collective economy; some cadres and the masses believe that developing the new-type rural collective economy means returning to the old path, easily reverting to "one big and two public" [12]12 "One big and two public" (一大二公) refers to the policy during the People's Commune movement (1958) emphasizing large commune size and a high degree of public ownership, which led to egalitarianism and inefficiency. and "egalitarianism and the big rice pot" [13]13 "Big rice pot" (大锅饭) is a metaphor for the egalitarian distribution system under the collective economy before reform and opening up, where everyone received equal shares regardless of contribution, discouraging initiative.; and some cadres and the masses believe that the new-type rural collective economy may not necessarily be superior to the traditional rural collective economy, nor may it necessarily solve the problem of village collective "hollowing out."

第一，思想认识不统一。比如，什么是新型农村集体经济，新型农村集体经济与传统农村集体经济有什么异同，为什么要发展新型农村集体经济，如何发展新型农村集体经济，对于这些基本问题缺乏基本的、科学的认识。一些基层干部群众明里暗里地以为，新型农村集体经济就是传统农村集体经济在新时代的时髦称呼，是传统集体经济的“翻版”;一些干部群众认为，发展新型农村集体经济就是走老路，容易回到“一大二公”“平均主义大锅饭”;也有一些干部群众认为新型农村集体经济未必就能够比传统农村集体经济更优越，未必能够解决村集体“空壳化”问题。

Second, difficulties in implementing support policies. Along with the advancement of the reform of the rural collective property rights system and the central government's requirements for developing the new-type rural collective economy, some localities have issued relevant policies to support the development of the new-type collective economy. In some places, the level of support for individual villages is also relatively high, reaching a standard of 300,000 to 500,000 yuan per village. This is a good thing for developing the new-type rural collective economy and a major matter for promoting the development of the village-level collective economy. However, in the actual process, fragmentation across different bureaucratic departments scatters various support funds. Coupled with cumbersome application procedures and standard determinations divorced from reality, it is not easy for ordinary villages to obtain sufficient support funds. In some places, there is a phenomenon of support funds being directed toward enterprises rather than villages. Grassroots rural cadres are full of complaints about these phenomena. Especially for villages that are starting from zero in the collective economy, have no foundation, lack assistance forces stationed in the village, and urgently need support, obtaining support funds is even more difficult. In some places, support policies have become policies that "support the strong, not the weak."

第二，扶持政策落地困难。伴随着农村集体产权制度改革的推进和中央关于发展新型农村集体经济的要求，一些地方出台了扶持新型集体经济发展的相关政策，有些地方的单村扶持力度也比较大，达到每村30万到50万的标准。这是发展新型农村集体经济的好事，也是促进村级集体经济发展的大事。但在实际操作过程中，条块分割使得各种扶持资金分散，加上繁杂的申请程序和脱离实际的标准裁定，一般村庄想要拿到足量的扶持资金并不容易。在一些地方，存在扶持资金对企不对村现象。农村基层干部对这些现象怨声载道。尤其是对于那些集体经济零起步、零基础、无驻村帮扶力量又亟须扶持的村庄，想要拿到扶持资金更是困难，扶持政策在一些地方成为“扶强不扶弱”的政策。

Third, there is a lack of multiple factors of production. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed: “We must conform to the general trend of integrated urban-rural development, persist in grasping both the new-type urbanization and rural revitalization, remove various obstacles hindering the flow of factors to the countryside, and attract more factors such as capital, technology, and talent to flow to the countryside, injecting new momentum into rural revitalization.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference,” December 28, 2020. The Central Committee requires that we resolutely break down institutional and mechanistic barriers, enable the market to play the decisive role in resource allocation, better play the government’s role, and promote the free flow and equal exchange of urban and rural factors. At present, however, a shortage of funds, technology, and talent remains a problem faced by most rural areas. The need for funds, technology, and talent is a common cry from the rural grassroots. On one side, capital searching everywhere for business opportunities, an urgently needed employed population, and a large number of scientific and technological achievements seeking a place to be applied are accumulating in cities, especially modern metropolises; on the other side, villages are waiting for funds, technology, and talent to arrive. Under the current trend of urbanization and the still highly unbalanced urban-rural development, it is difficult to achieve a large-scale reverse flow of factors such as funds, technology, and talent by relying solely on market regulation without relying on the Party’s policies and government regulation.

第三，多生产要素缺乏。习近平总书记多次强调:“要顺应城乡融合发展大趋势，坚持新型城镇化和乡村振兴两手抓，清除阻碍要素下乡各种障碍，吸引资本、技术、人才等要素更多向乡村流动，为乡村振兴注入新动能”。中央要求，坚决破除体制机制弊端，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，推动城乡要素自由流动、平等交换。但目前，缺资金、缺技术、缺人才仍然是大部分农村面临的问题。需要资金、需要技术、需要人才，是农村基层的普遍呼声。一面是满处寻找商机的资本、亟须解决的就业人口以及大量寻找用武之地的科技成果在城市尤其是现代化大城市积聚，一面是苦等资金、技术和人才前来落地的乡村。在目前城镇化趋势和城乡发展仍然很不平衡的情况下，单靠市场调节，不靠党的政策和政府调节，很难出现资金、技术、人才等要素的大规模的逆向流动。

Fourth, rural grassroots Party building lags behind. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [2]2 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. efforts to grasp Party building and promote rural revitalization have been solidly advanced, and the building of village Party organization leadership teams has been further strengthened. At the same time, some rural grassroots Party organizations have weak construction, their role as battle fortresses is not clearly manifested, and there exists a phenomenon where rural grassroots Party building clearly lags behind the requirements of rural revitalization development and lags behind the requirements of developing the new-type rural collective economy. This is mainly reflected in: the number of young-generation peasants who live in villages and farm joining the Party is small; in some rural grassroots Party organizations, Party members are aging, and the exemplary vanguard role of Party members is not clearly manifested; some rural grassroots Party organizations lack fixed activity spaces, carriers, and platforms, and their role as battle fortresses is not clearly manifested; rural Party members have few opportunities to receive education and training, cannot promptly study, grasp, and apply the Party’s latest policies, cannot find a path for developing the new-type collective economy suited to their village’s actual conditions, and are powerless to lead the masses to achieve common prosperity; and so on.

第四，农村基层党建滞后。党的十八大以来，抓党建促乡村振兴扎实推进，村党组织带头人队伍建设进一步加强。与此同时，也有一些农村基层党组织建设乏力，战斗堡垒作用发挥不明显，存在农村基层党建明显滞后于乡村振兴发展要求、滞后于新型农村集体经济发展要求的现象。主要体现在:年轻一代的在村、务农农民入党人数少，一些农村基层党组织党员老龄化，党员先锋模范作用发挥不明显;一些农村基层党组织缺少固定活动空间、载体和平台，战斗堡垒作用发挥不明显;农村党员接受教育培训机会少，不能及时学习、掌握和运用党的最新政策，找不到适合本村实际的新型集体经济发展路径，无力带领群众共同致富;等等。

Fifth, endogenous impetus is insufficient. The new-type rural collective economy is an important manifestation of the socialist public ownership economy in the New Era in rural areas. The new-type rural collective economic organization is not only an effective market entity under the conditions of the socialist market economy and an independent economic organization, but also bears the political functions of consolidating the rural collective ownership of land, consolidating the basic rural economic system, and promoting common prosperity for peasants and rural areas. Due to insufficient factors such as funds, policies, talent, and technology, coupled with problems such as unclear Party-building leadership and unclear development thinking, some new-type rural collective economies harbor ideas of waiting, relying, and demanding, and their endogenous development impetus is insufficient.

第五，内生动力不足。新型农村集体经济是新时代社会主义公有制经济在农村的重要表现形式。新型农村集体经济组织不仅仅是社会主义市场经济条件下的有效市场主体，是独立的经济组织，还承担着巩固农村土地集体所有制、巩固农村基本经济制度、促进农民农村共同富裕的政治功能。由于资金、政策、人才、技术等各种要素不充足，加之党建引领不明显、发展思路不明晰等问题，一些新型农村集体经济存在等、靠、要等思想，内生发展动力不足。

IV. Policy Recommendations for Developing the New-Type Rural Collective Economy

四、发展新型农村集体经济的对策建议

In the process of developing the new-type rural collective economy, there are indeed many problems, and some problems are even interconnected with other problems, forming seemingly unsolvable “problem chains” or “problem circles.” This causes some villages to be unable to find an effective starting point for developing the new-type rural collective economy, and some villages have neither the pressure nor the motivation to develop the new-type rural collective economy. These phenomena and problems, to a certain extent, hinder the development of the new-type rural collective economy. On the new journey of the New Era, to vigorously develop the new-type rural collective economy, it is still necessary to do a good job in the following five aspects.

在发展新型农村集体经济的过程中确实存在不少问题，甚至有的问题与其他问题相互勾连形成看似无解的“问题链”或“问题圈”。这就致使一些农村找不到发展新型农村集体经济的有效抓手，还有一些农村既没有发展新型农村集体经济的压力，也没有发展新型农村集体经济的动力。这些现象和问题在一定程度上妨碍了新型农村集体经济的发展。新时代新征程，大力发展新型农村集体经济，还需做好以下五方面的工作。

(A) Break Down Traditional Concepts and Create a Favorable Public Opinion Environment

(一)破除传统观念，创造良好舆论环境

The new-type rural collective economy is an effective form of realizing the rural collective economy in the New Era, the main economic organizational form resulting from the reform of the rural collective property rights system, and the main economic force for promoting common prosperity for peasants and rural areas and comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. Because property rights are clearer, rights and responsibilities are more explicit, interests are more direct, and it can better connect collective interests with the individual interests of peasants, the new-type rural collective economy has its own institutional advantages. Only by breaking down traditional ideological concepts and actual prejudices against the new-type rural collective economy can a favorable ideological and public opinion foundation be created for further developing the new-type rural collective economy.

新型农村集体经济是农村集体经济在新时代的有效实现形式，是农村集体产权制度改革所产生的主要经济组织形式，也是促进农民农村共同富裕和全面推进乡村振兴的主要经济力量。因为产权更加明晰，权责更加明确，利益更加直接，能够更好地实现集体利益和农民个人利益相连接，新型农村集体经济具有自身制度优势。破除针对新型农村集体经济的传统思想观念和现实偏见，才能为进一步发展新型农村集体经济创造良好思想舆论基础。

First, in terms of ideology and theory, the connotation, characteristics, and essence of the new-type rural collective economy, as well as the similarities and differences between the new-type rural collective economy and the traditional rural collective economy, should be clearly explained to the broad masses of rural grassroots cadres and the masses, so that the broad masses of grassroots cadres and the masses correctly understand the new-type rural collective economy.

一是在思想理论上，要向广大农村基层干部群众讲清楚新型农村集体经济的内涵、特征和本质，讲清楚新型农村集体经济与传统农村集体经济的异同，使广大基层干部群众正确认识新型农村集体经济。

Second, local Party committees should regard developing and strengthening the rural collective economy as their duty within their purview, and lead peasants to organize and develop the new-type rural collective economy by all means and with full confidence.

二是地方党委应该把发展壮大农村集体经济作为分内职责，千方百计、理直气壮地领导农民组织起来发展新型农村集体经济。

Third, successful cases and successful experiences of the new-type rural collective economy should be vigorously publicized, so that villages that want to develop the new-type rural collective economy have models to learn from and experiences to draw on, promoting the new-type rural collective economy to take root and develop steadily in a wider range of rural areas.

三是要大力宣传新型农村集体经济的成功案例和成功经验，使想发展新型农村集体经济的农村有样可学、有经验可借鉴，促进新型农村集体经济在更广大的农村落地生根、稳步发展。

(B) Strengthen the Construction of Rural Grassroots Party Organizations and Effectively Play a Leading Role

(二)加强农村基层党组织建设，切实发挥引领作用

For rural areas to develop and peasants to become prosperous, the key lies in the Party branch. To develop the new-type rural collective economy, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of rural grassroots Party organizations, truly give play to the leading core role of rural grassroots Party organizations in the new-type rural collective economy, maintain the correct direction of the reform of the rural collective property rights system and the development of the new-type rural collective economy, prevent internal control by a minority and external capital from encroaching on collective assets, and ensure that the new-type rural collective economy is surnamed Party and serves the people. [3]3 “Surnamed Party and serves the people”

农村要发展，农民要致富，关键靠支部。发展新型农村集体经济，必须加强农村基层党组织建设，真正发挥农村基层党组织对新型农村集体经济的领导核心作用，保持农村集体产权制度改革和新型农村集体经济发展的正确方向，防止内部少数人控制和外部资本侵占集体资产，保证新型农村集体经济姓党为民。

First, it is necessary to select and use strong leaders for new-type rural collective economic organizations. The village Party branch secretary is the leader who leads the masses to develop the new-type rural collective economy and take the path of common prosperity. In accordance with the principle of two-way entry and cross-appointment between members of the “two committees” [4]4 “Three-level ownership with the production team as the base” (三级所有，队为基础) was the organizational structure of the rural people’s commune system from the late 1950s to the early 1980s: ownership was shared among the commune, the production brigade, and the production team, with the production team as the basic accounting unit. and members of the new-type rural collective economic organization, young Party members who are experienced, in their prime, and familiar with market competition should be selected and appointed as village Party branch secretaries.

一是要选好用强新型农村集体经济组织带头人。农村党支部书记是带领群众发展新型农村集体经济走共同富裕道路的领头人。按照“两委”成员与新型农村集体经济组织成员双向进入、交叉任职的原则，选用那些见多识广、年富力强、熟悉市场竞争的年轻党员担任农村党支部书记。

Second, Party members should be proactively developed among young peasants living in villages. The younger generation of peasants are rich in cultural knowledge, have been tempered by the market economy, are receptive to new things, and possess a more pioneering consciousness and competitive spirit. Rural grassroots Party organizations should proactively develop the younger generation of peasants into Party members, actively cultivate and use them, and make them a solid reserve force for developing the new-type rural collective economy, leading the masses towards common prosperity, and advancing rural revitalization.

二是主动在年轻在村农民中发展党员。年轻一代的农民文化知识丰富，经过市场经济历练，易于接受新事物，更具有开拓意识和竞争精神。农村基层党组织应主动发展年轻一代农民入党并对其进行积极培养和使用，使其成为发展新型农村集体经济、带领群众共同富裕、推进乡村振兴的坚实后备力量。

Third, strengthen the education and training of rural Party members. Compared with urban Party members, rural Party members have fewer opportunities to receive education and training. In some villages, ordinary Party members have almost no opportunity to receive education and training. This also limits the ability of rural Party members to promptly grasp national policies and develop the new-type rural collective economy, and limits the play of the exemplary vanguard role of rural Party members. Party committees and Party schools at all levels should expand the platforms for education and training of rural Party members, promptly and proactively provide education and training opportunities for rural Party members, so that the broad masses of rural grassroots Party members can promptly understand the major national policies, reform and development policy measures, and requirements for rural revitalization, and stimulate their enthusiasm and motivation for developing the new-type rural collective economy and building a livable, workable, and beautiful countryside.

三是加强农村党员教育和培训。相对于城镇党员，农村党员接受教育培训的机会较少，有些农村的普通党员几乎没有接受教育培训的机会，这也限制了农村党员及时掌握国家政策、发展新型农村集体经济的能力，限制了农村党员先锋模范作用的发挥。各级党委、党校应拓展农村党员教育培训平台，及时主动为农村党员提供教育培训机会，使广大农村基层党员及时了解国家大政方针、改革发展政策措施、乡村振兴要求，激发他们发展新型农村集体经济和建设宜居宜业和美乡村的热情和动力。

(C) Innovate Systems and Mechanisms to Effectively Stimulate Internal Vitality

(三)创新体制机制，有效激发内在活力

Deepening the reform of the rural property rights system, developing the new-type rural collective economy, clarifying the ownership of rural collective property rights, and endowing peasants with more adequate property rights are important reforms launched by the Party Central Committee. They are of great significance for safeguarding peasants’ rights and interests, promoting rural reform and development, promoting good governance in rural areas, and for exploring and forming new forms of realization and operational mechanisms for the rural collective economy.

深化农村产权制度改革，发展新型农村集体经济，明晰农村集体产权归属，赋予农民更加充分的财产权利，是党中央推出的一项重要改革，对保障农民权益、推动农村改革发展、促进乡村善治，对探索形成农村集体经济新的实现形式和运行机制，都具有十分重要的意义。

At present, it is necessary to adhere to the general policy of prioritizing the development of agriculture and rural areas, consolidate and enhance the achievements of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, construct an operational mechanism with clear property rights relationships, scientific governance structures, stable management methods, and reasonable income distribution, and effectively stimulate the endogenous impetus and self-vitality of the development of the new-type rural collective economy.

当前，必须坚持农业农村优先发展总方针，巩固提升农村集体产权制度改革成果，构建产权关系明晰、治理架构科学、经营方式稳健、收益分配合理的运行机制，有效激发新型农村集体经济发展的内生动力和自身活力。

First, all localities and departments should break down departmental barriers, simplify application procedures and processes, and guide multiple factors of production such as funds, resources, and talent to flow more freely to rural areas and to new-type rural collective economic organizations.

一是各地各部门应打破条块束缚，简化申请步骤和程序，引导资金、资源、人才等多种生产要素更自由地流向农村、流向新型农村集体经济组织。

Second, continue to deepen the reform of the rural collective property rights system, promote the transformation of resources into assets, funds into shares, and peasants into shareholders, continue to explore new forms of realization and operational mechanisms for the rural collective economy, and promote the development of the new-type rural collective economy.

二是继续深化农村集体产权制度改革，推动资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东，继续探索农村集体经济新的实现形式和运行机制，促进新型农村集体经济发展。

Third, strengthen support and policy preferences for the new-type rural collective economy, gradually transitioning from factor-based “blood transfusion” to stimulating the “blood-making” function of new-type rural collective economic organizations themselves, thereby activating the internal impetus for the self-development and self-improvement of the new-type rural collective economy.

三是加强对新型农村集体经济的扶持和政策优惠，逐步由要素“输血”过渡到激发新型农村集体经济组织自身的“造血”功能，激发新型农村集体经济自我发展、自我提升的内在动力。

(4) Adopt multiple measures simultaneously, exploring diversified pathways

(四)多措并举，探索多样化途径

The forms of expression of the new-type rural collective economy are rich and varied, and the pathways for its development are also diversified. The 2023 No. 1 Central Document [14]14 The “No. 1 Central Document” refers to the first policy document issued annually by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which since 1982 has often focused on rural issues and agricultural policy. requires “exploring diversified pathways such as resource contracting, property leasing, intermediary services, and asset equity participation to develop the new-type rural collective economy.” To vigorously develop the new-type rural collective economy, it is necessary to actively explore the development paths of the new-type rural collective economy.

新型农村集体经济的表现形式是丰富多彩的，发展途径也是多样化的。2023年中央一号文件要求“探索资源发包、物业出租、居间服务、资产参股等多样化途径发展新型农村集体经济”。大力发展新型农村集体经济，就要积极探索新型农村集体经济的发展路径。

First, respect the will of the masses, adhere to seeking truth from facts, voluntary participation, and acting within one’s capacity. Let the peasant masses see and feel the effectiveness and benefits of developing the new-type rural collective economy, attracting the masses through the inherent superiority of the new-type rural collective economy itself, rather than setting targets, assigning tasks, or, even worse, launching campaigns that violate the will of the masses.

首先，要尊重群众意愿，坚持实事求是、自觉自愿、量力而行，要让农民群众看到、感受到发展新型农村集体经济的成效和好处，靠新型农村集体经济自身的优越性吸引群众，而不能下指标、定任务，更不能违反群众意愿搞运动。

Second, rural grassroots Party organizations should actively leverage the Party’s political and organizational advantages, encourage the peasant masses to contribute shares through the management rights of contracted land or private plots, funds, assets, labor, etc., and lead the masses in establishing cooperatives, stock cooperatives, and other new-type rural collective economic organizations, thereby forming a community of interests among the peasant masses.

其次，农村基层党组织要积极发挥党的政治优势和组织优势，鼓励农民群众以承包地或自留地经营权、资金、资产、劳动力等方式入股，领导群众成立合作社、股份合作社等新型农村集体经济组织，使农民群众形成利益共同体。

Third, guide rural collective economic organizations to base themselves on their own actual conditions, according to their own advantages, and develop the new-type rural collective economy through multiple pathways and methods, including resource contracting, property leasing, intermediary services, equity participation through the right to use assets, as well as developing deeply integrated new business forms such as leisure tourism, health and wellness, and farming experiences.

再次，要引导农村集体经济组织立足自身实际，根据自身优势，通过资源发包、物业出租、居间服务、资产使用权入股以及发展休闲旅游、健康养生、农耕体验等深度融合的新业态等多种途径多种方法发展新型农村集体经济。

Finally, guide new-type rural collective economic organizations to fully perform their function as managers of collective assets, enabling them to manage and utilize collective assets well, develop collective resources, develop the collective economy, and serve collective members, ensuring that collective assets are not lost, ensuring the preservation and appreciation of collective capital and the continuous growth and strengthening of the collective economy’s strength.

最后，引导新型农村集体经济组织发挥好集体资产管理主体的功能，使其管好用好集体资产、开发好集体资源、发展好集体经济、服务好集体成员，确保集体资产不流失，确保集体资本保值增值和集体经济实力不断发展壮大。

(5) Study and apply the specialized law well, supporting and promoting the development of the new-type rural collective economy in accordance with the law

(五)学好用好专门法，依法支持和促进新型农村集体经济发展

The “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Rural Collective Economic Organizations” is China’s first specialized law to regulate and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of rural collective economic organizations and their members, and to regulate the operation and management of rural collective economic organizations. It is also a specialized law aimed at promoting the high-quality development of the new-type rural collective economy, filling a long-standing gap in the law on rural collective economic organizations. It clearly stipulates from the legal level the concept, development principles, functional definition, member management, organizational structure, name usage, development pathways, supervision and management, and support policies for rural collective economic organizations, granting equal and independent legal status to rural collective economic organizations and their members. This law is of great significance for regulating the operation of rural collective economic organizations, advancing the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas, and promoting common prosperity for all people. The passage of the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Rural Collective Economic Organizations” is the most powerful support and protection for the rural collective ownership of land and rural collective economic organizations. It responds to the social call for developing and strengthening the rural collective economy, reflects the genuine will of the broad masses of the people, protects the fundamental interests of the vast majority of peasant masses, and has landmark significance. Governments at all levels and all sectors of society should study and apply the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Rural Collective Economic Organizations” well, support and promote the development of the new-type rural collective economy in accordance with the law, continuously strengthen the strength of the rural collective economy, and advance the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas.

《中华人民共和国农村集体经济组织法》是我国第一部专门规范和维护农村集体经济组织及其成员合法权益、规范农村集体经济组织及其运行管理的专门法，也是一部旨在促进新型农村集体经济高质量发展的专门法，弥补了长期以来农村集体经济组织法的空缺。它从法律层面对农村集体经济组织的概念、发展原则、职能界定、成员管理、组织机构、名称使用、发展途径、监督管理和扶持政策等内容作了明确规定，赋予了农村集体经济组织及其成员平等独立的法律地位。这部法律对于规范农村集体经济组织的运行，推进乡村全面振兴，促进全体人民共同富裕意义重大。《中华人民共和国农村集体经济组织法》的通过，是对农村土地集体所有制和农村集体经济组织最有力的支持和保护，回应了发展壮大农村集体经济的社会呼声，反映了广大人民群众的真实意愿，保护了最广大农民群众的根本利益，具有里程碑意义。各级政府和社会各界应学好用好《中华人民共和国农村集体经济组织法》，依法支持和促进新型农村集体经济发展，不断壮大农村集体经济实力，推进乡村全面振兴。

(6) Break down barriers, developing and strengthening the rural collective economy through integration and cooperation

(六)打破壁垒，通过联合和合作发展壮大农村集体经济

The new-type rural collective economy is essentially a cooperative economy of the working masses, an important pathway and method for the Party to lead the peasant masses in organizing themselves in the New Era. At the same time, the new-type rural collective economy is also an effective market entity under the socialist market economy system. Only by continuously developing and strengthening its own strength can the new-type rural collective economy remain invincible in fierce market competition. New-type rural collective economic organizations should be adept at breaking down barriers and restrictions of industry, region, and departmental boundaries, continuously enhancing their competitiveness.

新型农村集体经济本质上是劳动群众的合作经济，是新时代党领导农民群众组织起来的重要途径和方法。同时，新型农村集体经济也是社会主义市场经济体制下的有效市场主体。新型农村集体经济只有不断发展壮大自身实力才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。新型农村集体经济组织要善于打破行业、地域、条块等壁垒和限制，不断增强竞争能力。

First, through industries and projects, cooperate or integrate with market entities such as agricultural enterprises, specialized farmer cooperatives, supply and marketing cooperatives, and industrial and commercial enterprises, exploring the development of various forms of shareholding cooperative operations. Second, manage collective capital, collective assets, and collective resources well, using existing collective capital, assets, and resources to take equity stakes in competitive market entities such as leading agricultural industrialization enterprises and state-owned enterprises, achieving the optimal use of collective resources, the preservation and appreciation of collective capital, and the improvement of quality and efficiency in collective industries. Third, strengthen inter-village cooperation and integration, for example, villages with advantages in funds, projects, and technology management cooperating and integrating with villages with advantages in resources, space, and location, achieving complementary advantages between villages and expanding the development space of the new-type rural collective economy.

一是通过产业和项目与农业企业、农民专业合作社、供销合作社、工商企业等市场主体开展合作或联合，探索发展多种形式的股份合作经营。二是经营好集体资本、集体资产和集体资源，依托现有集体资本资产资源入股农业产业化龙头企业、国有企业等竞争力强的市场主体，实现集体资源物尽其用、集体资本保值增值、集体产业提质增效。三是加强村村合作与联合，比如有资金、项目、技术管理优势的村与有资源、有空间、有区位优势的村合作和联合，实现村庄优势互补，拓展新型农村集体经济发展空间。

The continuous development of the new-type rural collective economy is an inevitable result of advancing the reform of the rural collective property rights system, and also an inevitable result of continuously exploring effective forms of realization for the rural collective economy that meet the requirements of the development of the socialist market economy. On the new journey of the New Era, vigorously develop the new-type rural collective economy, solidly promote the high-quality development of the new-type rural collective economy, continuously strengthen the strength of the rural collective economy, and lay a more solid material foundation and institutional guarantee for the socialist path of rural revitalization with Chinese characteristics and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, thereby enabling the vast peasantry and rural areas to make their due contributions in the historical process of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

新型农村集体经济的不断发展，是推进农村集体产权制度改革的必然结果，也是不断探索符合社会主义市场经济发展要求的农村集体经济有效实现形式的必然结果。新时代新征程，大力发展新型农村集体经济，扎实促进新型农村集体经济高质量发展，不断壮大农村集体经济实力，为中国特色社会主义乡村振兴道路和农业农村现代化奠定更加坚实的物质基础和制度保障，从而使广大农民农村在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程中作出应有贡献。

(The authors are a researcher at the Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a professor and master’s supervisor at the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; and a master’s student at the School of Marxism, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员，中国社会科学院大学教授、硕士研究生导师；中国社会科学院大学马克思主义学院硕士研究生）

Online Editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁