The Significance, Basic Principles, and Practical Pathways for Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism

As China’s overseas interests continue to expand and the global security situation grows increasingly complex, how to effectively safeguard broad, diversified, and dynamic overseas interests has become a significant issue in advancing the modernization of the national security system and capabilities. In December 2024, at the fourth symposium on the work related to the Belt and Road Initiative, General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly called for “improving the overseas interests protection mechanism.” [1]1 “Going global” (走出去) refers to the Chinese government’s strategy encouraging domestic enterprises to invest and operate overseas, formally initiated in the early 2000s as part of the “going out” policy. Based on this, this article, grounded in the changes in the global security landscape and the strategic demands of modernizing the national security system, analyzes the three core questions: “why improve, how to construct, and what pathways exist.” On the basis of systematically reviewing the urgency and necessity of improving the overseas interests protection mechanism, it distills the basic principles that should guide its optimization and upgrading, and finally proposes practical pathways that are systematic, adaptable, and operable, with a view to providing theoretical support and policy references for constructing an overseas interests protection mechanism that adapts to the development of the times, meets practical needs, and possesses Chinese characteristics.

随着我国海外利益不断拓展及全球安全局势日趋复杂，如何有效保障广域化、多元化、动态化的海外利益，已成为推进国家安全体系和能力现代化进程中的重要议题。2024年12月，习近平总书记在第四次“一带一路”建设工作座谈会上明确提出要“完善海外利益保障机制”。基于此，本文立足全球安全态势变迁与国家安全体系现代化的战略需求，围绕“为何完善、如何构建、路径何在”三个核心问题展开剖析。在系统梳理完善海外利益保障机制的紧迫性与必要性的基础上，提炼出其优化升级应遵循的基本原则，并最终提出具备系统性、适应性与可操作性的实践路径，以期为构建适应时代发展、满足现实需要、具有中国特色的海外利益保障机制提供学理支撑与政策参考。

I. The Significant Importance of Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism

一、完善海外利益保障机制的重要意义

Bearing in mind the “two overall situations” is the basic starting point for advancing all undertakings in the New Era. [2]2 The Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路) is a global infrastructure and economic development strategy proposed by Xi Jinping in 2013, involving large-scale projects across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Based on this, it is necessary to proceed from a holistic and strategic perspective, deeply analyze and precisely grasp the significant importance of improving the overseas interests protection mechanism in responding to the complex evolution of the global security environment, adapting to the multi-dimensional expansion of China’s overseas interests, enhancing the effectiveness of overseas interests risk governance, and promoting the steady and long-term advancement of major national strategies, thereby providing decision-making basis and practical guidance for subsequent mechanism design and construction.

胸怀“两个大局”是新时代推进各项事业的基本出发点。基于此，要从全局和战略视角切入，深入剖析并精准把握完善海外利益保障机制在应对全球安全环境复杂演变、适配我国海外利益多维拓展、提升海外利益风险治理效能、推动国家重大战略行稳致远的重要意义，为后续机制设计和构建提供决策依据和实践导向。

(1) Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism to Respond to the Complex Changes in the Global Security Environment

（一）完善海外利益保障机制以应对全球安全环境复杂变化

With the accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century, improving the overseas interests protection mechanism is no longer a temporary arrangement to prevent “local crises” but a strategic project to cope with systemic shocks and enhance the adaptability of national governance.

随着世界百年未有之大变局加速演进,完善海外利益保障机制已不再是防范“局部危机”的临时性安排而是应对系统性冲击、提升国家治理适应力的战略性工程。

First, the intensification of geopolitical conflicts and major-power games places China’s overseas interests under the dual pressure of intertwined “hard threats” and “soft constraints.” Currently, some countries, in order to consolidate their hegemonic positions or seek geostrategic advantages, frequently instigate geopolitical conflicts and create camp confrontations in regions such as the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Africa, posing substantive threats to China’s major investment projects, energy supply routes, and personnel safety in these areas. At the same time, some Western countries, in order to contain China’s development, abuse the concept of “national security,” impose “long-arm jurisdiction” and unilateral sanctions on Chinese enterprises, and set discriminatory market access standards, severely disrupting the normal business operations of China’s overseas enterprises. This pressure situation of “hard and soft intertwined, advancing on multiple fronts” poses comprehensive and multi-layered challenges to China’s overseas interests, significantly increasing the complexity and difficulty of safeguarding these interests.

第一，地缘冲突与大国博弈加剧，使我国海外利益面临“硬威胁”与“软钳制”交织的双重压力。当前，部分国家为巩固霸权地位或谋取地缘战略优势，在中东、东欧、非洲等地区频繁策动地缘冲突、制造阵营对立，对我国在这些地区的重大投资项目、能源供应通道及人员安全构成实质性威胁。与此同时，部分西方国家为遏制中国发展，滥用“国家安全”概念，对中资企业滥施“长臂管辖”与单边制裁，设置歧视性市场准入标准，严重干扰我国海外企业的正常经营秩序。这种“硬软交织、多域并进”的压力态势，对我国海外利益构成了全方位、多层次的挑战，显著增加了利益维护的复杂性与难度。

Second, the diversified proliferation of non-traditional security threats exposes overseas interests to composite security challenges. Currently, “non-traditional security issues as a whole have entered an active period, with increased antagonism, conflict, diversity, and threat, and unprecedented scope, interconnectedness, suddenness, and transmissibility.” [3]3 “New development paradigm” (新发展格局) refers to the “dual circulation” strategy, where domestic economic circulation is the mainstay while domestic and international circulations reinforce each other, first proposed by Xi Jinping in 2020. For example, if critical information infrastructure suffers a cyberattack during a major natural disaster or public health crisis, the resulting socio-economic losses and social disorder could increase geometrically; transnational criminal groups may exploit geopolitical conflicts or governance vacuums to expand their illegal activities, further deteriorating the local security situation. The composite and interconnected nature of such risks significantly increases the difficulty of risk identification, early warning, assessment, and response.

第二，非传统安全威胁多元扩散，海外利益面临复合型安全挑战。当前，“非传统安全问题整体上进入活跃期，对抗性、冲突性、多样性、威胁性提升，全域性、联动性、突发性、传导性空前”。譬如，关键信息基础设施若在重大自然灾害或公共卫生危机期间遭受网络攻击，所造成的社会经济损失与秩序混乱将呈几何级数增长；跨国犯罪团伙可能利用地缘冲突或治理真空地带，扩大非法活动范围，进一步恶化当地安全局势。这种风险的复合性与联动性，显著增加了风险识别、预警、评估与应对的难度。

Third, secondary security risks arising from “governance deficits” in some countries are gradually becoming new challenges to China’s overseas interests. Under the combined effects of global high inflation, rising debt ratios, and capital flight, the sovereign credit of some countries has deteriorated and their fiscal expenditure capacity has declined, leading to severe deficiencies in livelihood security, infrastructure maintenance, and public security investment. In such circumstances, social contradictions can rapidly intensify, with frequent incidents such as violent protests, strikes and riots, and interruptions in basic services, potentially even triggering regime crises. Regime changes are often accompanied by policy ruptures and drastic shifts in diplomatic lines, leading to contract breaches, asset freezes, and illegal expropriation. Such secondary security risks, triggered by governance difficulties in host countries, are sudden and uncontrollable, and urgently require separate classification, specialized identification, and forward-looking assessment within the overseas security risk spectrum.

第三，部分国家因“治理赤字”引发的次生安全风险，正逐渐成为我国海外利益面临的新挑战。在全球高通胀、债务率攀升与资本外逃等因素共同作用下，部分国家主权信用恶化、财政支出能力下降，致使民生保障、基础设施维护与治安投入严重不足。在此情况下，社会矛盾易迅速激化，暴力抗议、罢工骚乱、基础服务中断等事件频发，甚至可能引发政权危机。而政权更迭往往伴随政策断裂与外交路线剧变，导致合同毁约、资产冻结、非法侵占等情况时有发生。此类由东道国治理困境引发的次生安全风险具有突发性和不可控性，亟须在海外安全风险图谱中单独设类、专门识别与前置研判。

(2) Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism to Adapt to the Multi-Dimensional Expansion of China’s Overseas Interests

（二）完善海外利益保障机制以适应我国海外利益多维拓展

As China deeply participates in the process of globalization, its overseas interests have expanded from an early focus on trade and investment to a much broader range of fields. This poses challenges of adaptability to the coverage, functional settings, and governance models of the existing overseas interests protection mechanism.

随着我国深度参与全球化进程，海外利益已从早期聚焦贸易和投资，拓展至更为广阔的领域。这对现有海外利益保障机制的覆盖范围、功能设定及治理模式等提出了适配性挑战。

First, the overall scale of overseas interests continues to expand, leading to a sharp increase in demand for risk protection. According to statistics, by the end of 2023, “China’s outward foreign direct investment stock was $2,955.4 billion,” “48,000 outward foreign direct investment enterprises (referred to as overseas enterprises) were established in 189 countries (regions) worldwide,” “covering all industry categories of the national economy, with 7 industries having a stock scale exceeding $100 billion.” [4]4 A classical allusion from *The Doctrine of the Mean* (*Zhongyong*), meaning to achieve broad and far-reaching goals while attending to the finest details. The vast quantity and wide distribution of overseas interests inevitably lead to a multiplied demand for risk protection that the national level must bear or coordinate, placing enormous pressure on the supply capacity of existing protection resources (such as human, financial, material, technological, and informational resources). The “protection deficit” is becoming increasingly prominent, and the contradiction between supply and demand is intensifying.

第一，海外利益整体规模不断扩大，风险防护需求急剧增长。据统计，截至2023年底，“中国对外直接投资存量29554亿美元”，“在全球189个国家(地区)设立对外直接投资企业(简称境外企业)4.8万家”，“覆盖了国民经济所有行业类别，存量规模上千亿美元的行业有7个”。海外利益数量庞大且分布广泛，必然导致国家层面需承担或协调的风险防护需求倍增，对现有保障资源（如人力、财力、物力、技术、信息等）的供给能力构成巨大压力，“保障赤字”日益凸显，供需矛盾不断加剧。

Second, the types of overseas interests are becoming increasingly diversified, and traditional protection logic and governance tools face the pressure of paradigm failure. Accompanying the scale expansion is a structural change in the types and forms of China’s overseas interests. Currently, China’s overseas interests are no longer limited to traditional “hard asset” projects such as energy development and infrastructure construction, but have comprehensively expanded to new fields such as financial capital, data resources, intellectual property, and even deep sea, polar regions, outer space, and aerospace, forming a highly heterogeneous and complex interest spectrum. This renders the traditional protection logic and governance tools, which focus on responding to geopolitical conflicts and physical security threats and rely on national coercive power and traditional diplomatic and consular means, significantly less effective and applicable when dealing with emerging and highly specialized types of interests, gradually falling into a “paradigm failure” predicament.

第二，海外利益类型日益多样化，传统保障逻辑与治理工具面临范式失效压力。与规模扩张相伴随的是，我国海外利益的类型与形态也发生了结构性变化。当前，我国海外利益不再局限于能源开发、基础设施建设等传统“硬资产”项目，而是向金融资本、数据资源、知识产权乃至深海、极地、空天等新领域全面拓展，形成了高度异质化、复杂化的利益谱系。这使得以应对地缘政治冲突和物理安全威胁为重心、以国家强制力与传统外交领事手段为依托的传统保障逻辑与治理工具，在应对新兴且高度专业化的利益类型时，其有效性与适用性大打折扣，逐步陷入“范式失效”的困境。

Third, the structure of overseas interest subjects is diversifying, and the difficulty of overall governance continues to increase. “In the early stages of the ‘going global’ initiative, the main subjects ‘going abroad’ were official institutions and large central state-owned enterprises, primarily engaged in diplomatic work or large-scale energy and infrastructure construction projects.” [5]5 “Embroidery skill” (*xiuhua gongfu*) is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping As China’s exchanges and integration with the world deepen, the subjects of overseas interests have gradually evolved into a diversified composite structure encompassing state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, joint ventures, social organizations, and individual citizens. Significant differences exist among different types of subjects in terms of scale, organizational form, compliance level, risk exposure pathways, and interest demands, leading to difficulties at the national level in overall governance, such as integrating information, defining responsibilities, allocating resources, and coordinating behavior.

第三，海外利益主体结构多元化，统筹治理难度持续增大。“在‘走出去’倡议提出初期，‘出海’的主体以官方机构和大型央企国企为主，主要从事外交工作或大型能源和基础设施建设相关项目。”随着我国与世界交流交融日益加深，海外利益主体逐渐演变为涵盖国有企业、私营企业、联营企业、社会组织及个体公民的多元复合结构。不同类型主体在规模体量、组织形式、合规水平、风险暴露路径及利益诉求等方面存在显著差异，导致国家层面在统筹保障时面临信息整合难、责任界定难、资源分配难、行为协调难等困境。

(3) Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism to Enhance the Effectiveness of Overseas Interests Risk Governance

（三）完善海外利益保障机制以提升海外利益风险治理效能

Overseas interests risks are increasingly characterized by diverse types, complex pathways, and cross-border linkages, placing higher demands on risk early warning, resource coordination, and emergency response dispatch capabilities. However, the current overseas interests risk protection mechanism in China still has structural shortcomings in several key links, constraining the improvement of the overall effectiveness of overseas risk response.

海外利益风险日益呈现类型多样、路径复杂、跨境联动的特征，对风险预警、资源统筹及应急响应调度能力提出了更高要求。然而，当前我国海外利益风险保障机制在多个关键环节仍存在结构性短板，制约了海外风险应对整体效能的提升。

First, the supply of legal systems lags behind the evolution of overseas risks, leading to a lack of unified and adaptive support for governance work. Currently, China has not yet established a legal system specifically for the protection of overseas interests. The existing protection mechanism mainly relies on policy documents and administrative directives, which have limited legal binding force and struggle to provide effective rule-of-law guarantees for routine risk governance. Although the enactment of laws such as the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Relations in recent years has

第一，法律制度供给滞后于海外风险演化，导致治理工作缺乏统一性与适应性支撑。当前，我国尚未建立专门针对海外利益保障的法律体系，现有保障机制主要依托政策性文件与行政指令，法律约束力有限，难以为常态化的风险治理提供有效法治保障。尽管近年来《中华人民共和国对外关系法》等法律的出台为涉外事务提供了部分法律依据，但在投资保护、驻外安保、危机干预、风险补偿等关键领域仍存在立法空白。此外，我国涉外法治体系仍处于建设初期，缺乏应对域外司法冲突、境外合规审查及国际法律交叉适用等问题的实质性能力。

Second, the cross-departmental coordination and cross-level linkage mechanisms are not yet well-established, constraining the overall effectiveness of risk governance. “Because there are many participating departments in overseas interests protection, the central-local relationship is complex, and vertical management, horizontal management, and the combination of vertical and horizontal management often interact,” leading to situations where, when responding to emergencies, the chain of command transmission is too long and information communication mechanisms are not smooth, affecting the synergy of resource allocation and task execution. For example, some tasks still rely on temporary coordination mechanisms and on-site mobilization models, lacking a unified leadership and normally operating overall planning platform. For another example, although some local governments bear the responsibility of promoting enterprises to “go global,” they lack the relevant authority and professional capacity to handle foreign affairs, weakening the overall protection effectiveness.

第二，跨部门协调与跨层级联动机制尚不健全，制约风险治理的整体效能。“由于海外利益保护参与部门多，央地关系复杂，条条管理、块块管理和条块结合管理时常交互进行”，导致在应对突发事件时，指令传递链条过长、信息沟通机制不畅等情况时有发生，影响了资源调配与任务执行的协同性。譬如，部分任务仍依赖临时协调机制和现场动员模式，缺乏统一领导、常态运行的统筹平台。又如，部分地方政府虽承担推动企业“走出去”的职责，但缺乏处理涉外事务的相关权限和专业能力，弱化了整体保障效能。

Third, there are deficiencies in the professional support system and market participation mechanisms, resulting in structural shortcomings in risk governance capacity. In recent years, relevant departments have conducted practical explorations in areas such as policy training, security norms, and early warning platform construction, but at the national level, an integrated capacity-building system covering risk identification, capability reserves, financial incentives, and insurance support has not yet been established, and governance resources are relatively scattered. In terms of professional personnel, the overall number of professionals in directions such as overseas risk control, security coordination, and crisis intervention is insufficient to support high-frequency, cross-domain protection tasks. In terms of market participation, the participation pathways for market entities such as security companies, insurance institutions, and crisis response consultants are limited, incentive measures are insufficient, and a coordination mechanism led by the government, coordinated by society, and supplemented by the market has not yet been formed.

第三，专业支撑体系与市场参与机制存在缺陷，造成风险治理能力呈现结构性短板。近年来，相关部门在政策培训、安保规范、预警平台建设等方面进行了实践探索，但在国家层面尚未建立涵盖风险识别、能力储备、财政激励与保险支持的一体化能力建设体系，治理资源较为分散。在专业人才方面，海外风控、安保协调、危机干预等方向的专业人员数量总体不足，难以支撑高频次、跨领域的保障任务。在市场参与方面，安保公司、保险机构、危机应对顾问等市场主体参与路径受限，激励措施不足，尚未形成政府主导、社会协同、市场补充的协同机制。

Fourth, the international cooperation mechanism is not yet well-established, hindering the external coordination capacity for risk governance. Overseas interests protection relies heavily on local resources, requiring coordination with host country governments, international organizations, and multilateral platforms. In recent years, China has achieved certain results in promoting bilateral consular protection cooperation, participating in regional security collaboration, and building joint emergency platforms, but there are still two major bottlenecks at the institutional level: First, there are institutional gaps in bilateral cooperation. Some host countries have not yet signed institutionalized agreements with China covering investment protection, security collaboration, judicial assistance, and information sharing, leading to uncertainty in the allocation of local resources and procedural coordination when responding to sudden risks. Second, multilateral participation faces structural constraints. China’s willingness to participate in multilateral security mechanisms has increased, but in some areas, it still lacks institutional discourse power and resource integration capacity, and the effectiveness of cross-domain crisis collaborative response urgently needs improvement.

第四，国际合作机制尚不健全，掣肘风险治理的外部协调能力。海外利益保障对属地资源依赖程度较高，需要驻在国政府、国际组织以及多边平台协同配合。近年来，我国在推进双边领事保护合作、参与区域安全协作、构建联合应急平台等方面取得一定成果，但在制度层面仍存在两大瓶颈：一是双边合作存在制度性缺口。部分驻在国尚未与我国签订覆盖投资保护、安保协作、司法互助及信息共享的机制化协议，在应对突发风险时，属地资源调配与程序衔接存在不确定性。二是多边参与面临结构性制约。我国参与多边安全机制意愿有所增强，但在部分领域仍缺乏制度性话语权与资源整合力，跨域危机协同处置效能亟待提升。

(IV) Improving the overseas interests protection mechanism to promote the steady and long-term advancement of major national strategies

（四）完善海外利益保障机制以推动国家重大战略行稳致远

Against the backdrop of accelerating changes in the global situation and continuously rising external risks, the overseas interests protection mechanism is deeply embedded in the national strategic system, becoming a key fulcrum for coordinating development and security. The degree of its soundness concerns whether major national strategies can be smoothly advanced and whether economic and social development can maintain a stable development trend.

在全球局势加速演变、外部风险持续攀升的背景下，海外利益保障机制深度嵌入国家战略体系，成为统筹发展和安全的关键支点。其健全程度关乎国家重大战略能否顺利推进及经济社会能否保持稳定发展态势。

First, it provides important guarantees for promoting the combination of high-quality development and high-level security in jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative. As the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative enters a stage of deepening advancement, the tension between its high-quality development and high-level security is increasingly prominent: high-quality development itself contains the pursuit of multiple goals such as efficiency, openness, and greenness, while high-level security requires effectively preventing and managing risks in a turbulent international environment. This inherent tension forces the overseas interests protection mechanism to transcend traditional post-event response and partial handling models, actively embed itself in the implementation process of development strategies, and achieve systematic integration and collaborative optimization of mechanisms and projects, standards and services, and risks and goals. Therefore, against the backdrop of rising global uncertainty, the improvement of the overseas interests protection mechanism essentially constitutes an important guarantee for the dynamic balance between high-quality development and high-level security of the Belt and Road Initiative, and is the key to ensuring that this initiative continues to advance, develops steadily, and ultimately benefits the world.

第一，为推动共建“一带一路”实现高质量发展和高水平安全相结合提供重要保障。随着“一带一路”建设进入纵深推进阶段，其高质量发展和高水平安全之间的张力日益凸显：高质量发展本身蕴含着对效率、开放、绿色等多重目标的追求，而高水平安全则要求在动荡的国际环境中有效预防与管控风险。这一内在张力促使海外利益保障机制必须超越传统的事后应对与局部处置模式，主动嵌入发展战略的实施过程，实现机制与项目、标准与服务、风险与目标的系统整合与协同优化。因此，在全球不确定性上升的大背景下，海外利益保障机制的完善，实质上构成了“一带一路”实现高质量发展和高水平安全动态平衡的重要保障，是确保该倡议持续推进、稳健发展并最终惠及世界的关键所在。

Second, it provides important support for accelerating the construction of a new security pattern compatible with the new development paradigm. Accelerating the formation of a new development paradigm is a strategic decision made based on changes in China’s development stage, environment, and conditions. The smooth advancement of this strategy inevitably requires “ensuring the new development paradigm with a new security pattern.” In this context, the overseas interests protection mechanism, as an important pillar of the new security pattern in the foreign affairs field, has dual strategic value: On the one hand, the overseas interests protection mechanism is the basic guarantee for the stable operation of the external circulation. The cross-border allocation of production factors, the orderly operation of international logistics hubs, and the stable operation of overseas industrial parks are key nodes of the external circulation, but these nodes are highly susceptible to external risk shocks. By improving early warning response mechanisms, crisis mediation systems, and localized service networks, the overseas interests protection mechanism can enhance the anti-interference capability of the external circulation and build a stable external circulation channel for the new development paradigm. On the other hand, the overseas interests protection mechanism is an institutional barrier against the transmission of external risks. Current external shocks are easily transmitted rapidly to the domestic sphere through pathways such as supply chain disruptions, price fluctuations, and logistics blockages, not only directly threatening China’s energy and resource security and industrial security but also potentially affecting economic and social stability. The core value of improving the overseas interests protection mechanism lies in establishing an institutional buffer zone between external shocks and internal stability by constructing identification models for risk transmission nodes, dynamic control systems for key links, and pressure buffer mechanisms, preventing external risks from directly impacting the domestic economic fundamentals.

第二，为加快构建新发展格局相适应的新安全格局提供重要支撑。加快形成新发展格局是根据我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化作出的战略决策。该战略的顺利推进，必然要求“以新安全格局保障新发展格局”。在此背景下，海外利益保障机制作为新安全格局在涉外领域的重要支柱，具有双重战略价值：一方面，海外利益保障机制是外循环稳定运行的基础保障。生产要素跨境配置、国际物流枢纽有序运转以及海外产业园区稳健经营是外循环的关键节点，但这些节点极易遭受外部风险冲击。通过完善预警响应机制、危机调解体系与属地化服务网络，海外利益保障机制能够增强外循环的抗干扰能力，为新发展格局构筑稳定的外循环通道。另一方面，海外利益保障机制是应对外部风险传导的制度屏障。当前外部冲击易通过供应链中断、价格波动、物流阻滞等路径迅速传导至国内，不仅直接威胁我国能源资源安全、产业安全，更有可能影响经济社会稳定。完善海外利益保障机制的核心价值在于，通过构建风险传导节点的识别模型、关键链路的动态管控系统及压力缓冲机制，在外部冲击与内部稳定之间建立制度性缓冲带，防止外部风险直接冲击国内经济基本盘。

II. Basic Principles for Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism

二、完善海外利益保障机制的基本原则

Improving the overseas interests protection mechanism must take clear basic principles as normative basis and action guidelines, coordinate value goals and problem orientation, structural construction and functional synergy, local experience and international perspective, and ensure that mechanism construction has directional consistency, institutional adaptability, and governance effectiveness. These principles are not only the value guidance for mechanism operation but also the normative framework for practical implementation.

完善海外利益保障机制必须以明确的基本原则作为规范依据与行动指南，统筹价值目标与问题导向、结构建设与功能协同、本土经验与国际视野，确保机制建设具备方向一致性、制度适配性与治理有效性。这些原则不仅是机制运行的价值引领，更是实践展开的规范框架。

(I) Adhering to the unity of goal orientation and problem orientation

（一）坚持目标导向和问题导向相统一

The primary prerequisite for the construction of the overseas interests protection mechanism is to establish an internally unified logical tension between value traction and problem response. Overseas interests protection is different from general affairs governance; it concerns the deep support of the national security system and must manifest clear strategic attributes and governance logic in the overall institutional construction, achieving the organic integration of national strategic goals and institutional governance effectiveness.

海外利益保障机制建设的首要前提，是在价值牵引与问题回应之间确立内在统一的逻辑张力。海外利益保障不同于一般性的事务治理，它关乎国家安全体系的纵深支撑，必须在整体制度构建中彰显清晰的战略属性和治理逻辑，实现国家战略目标与制度治理效能的有机整合。

From the perspective of goal orientation, mechanism design should actively align with the national strategic vision and achieve logical alignment, demonstrating foresight, holism, and systematicity. This is the basic prerequisite for the mechanism to achieve “functional adaptation” within the national strategic system. Specifically, the core value of adhering to goal orientation is reflected in two levels: First, ensuring that the overseas interests protection mechanism dynamically couples with national strategic goals, avoiding it becoming a simple extension of departmental tools or a mechanical copy of territorial governance. Second, by endowing the institutional structure with directional design, the mechanism possesses both the practical ability to respond to current known problems and the functional flexibility to respond to strategic development needs and changes in the international landscape. Correspondingly, adhering to problem orientation is reflected in the mechanism design’s dynamic identification and response to practical challenges, that is, it must take risk identification as the starting point, operational failure as the entry point, and institutional gaps as the breakthrough point, promoting the dynamic reconstruction of mechanism structure and function. Overseas interests protection practices generally have characteristics such as strong suddenness, complex interest chains, and diverse local environments. The problems existing in traditional mechanisms, such as decision-making delays, resource dispersion, and insufficient coordination, precisely reflect their failure to closely fit practical problems and specific realities. Therefore, adhering to problem orientation requires mechanism design to shift from “static matching” to “dynamic coupling,” from “passive response” to “forward-looking construction,” ensuring that the institutional system and risk ecology form a stable structural correspondence.

从目标导向来看，机制设计应主动契合国家战略愿景并实现逻辑对齐，彰显前瞻性、整体性与系统性，这是机制在国家战略体系中实现“功能适配”的基本前提。具体来看，坚持目标导向的核心价值体现在两个层面：其一，确保海外利益保障机制与国家战略目标动态耦合，避免其沦为部门工具的简单延伸或属地治理的机械复制；其二，通过赋予制度结构方向性设计，使机制既具备应对当前已知问题的现实能力，又拥有响应战略发展需求与国际格局变化的功能弹性。与之对应，坚持问题导向则体现为机制设计对现实挑战的动态识别与回应，即必须以风险识别为出发点、以运行失灵为切入点、以制度空白为突破口，推动机制结构与功能的动态重构。海外利益保障实践普遍具有突发性强、利益链条复杂、属地环境多元等特征，传统机制存在的决策迟滞、资源分散、协同不足等问题，恰恰反映出其未能紧密贴合现实问题与具体实际。因此，坚持问题导向要求机制设计从“静态匹配”向“动态耦合”转变，从“被动应对”向“前瞻构建”转变，确保制度体系与风险生态形成稳定的结构对应关系。

It must be made clear that the goal orientation and the problem orientation are not opposed to each other; rather, they are a unified whole of institutional logic that mutually promotes and complements each other. That is, “one must both take the goal as the focal point, making efforts in overall planning and top-level design to enhance the sense of direction and planning, and take the problem as the focal point, making sustained efforts to shore up weaknesses and strengthen areas of weakness to enhance precision and effectiveness.” Adhering to the unity of goal orientation and problem orientation can effectively avoid the risks of “value being rendered empty” and “path drift,” enabling the overseas interests protection mechanism to truly become a systematic governance solution driven by both strategic goals and practical problems.

需明确的是，目标导向与问题导向并非彼此对立，而是相互促进、相辅相成的制度逻辑统一体。即“既要以目标为着眼点，在统筹谋划、顶层设计上下功夫，以增强方向感、计划性；又要以问题为着力点，在补短板、强弱项上持续用力，以增强精准性、实效性”。坚持目标导向和问题导向相统一，可有效规避“价值虚设”与“路径漂移”的风险，使海外利益保障机制真正成为战略目标引领与现实问题驱动下的系统性治理方案。

(II) Adhere to the Unity of Systematic Planning and Targeted Policy Implementation

（二）坚持系统谋划与精准施策相统一

Faced with the reality of the continuous expansion of overseas interests, the accelerated evolution of risk types, and the rising complexity of foreign-related affairs, institutional design can only avoid structural imbalances such as “emphasizing design while neglecting implementation” or “emphasizing emergency response while neglecting overall coordination” by integrating dynamic classification thinking into systematic planning and maintaining overall functional consistency in targeted policy implementation, thereby achieving the effective transformation of strategic goals and the precise anchoring of implementation pathways.

面对海外利益持续拓展、风险类型加速演化以及涉外事务复杂性不断攀升的现实态势，机制设计唯有坚持在系统谋划中融入动态分类思维、在分类施策中保持整体功能的一致性，才能避免“重设计而轻执行”或“重应急而轻统筹”的结构性失衡，实现战略目标的有效转化与实施路径的精准锚定。

Specifically, adhering to systematic planning means advancing institutional design with systematic thinking, grasping the core elements, coordination pathways, and overall priorities of mechanism construction from a holistic perspective. Overseas interests involve many fields, including diplomatic layout, foreign investment, industrial chain collaboration, energy security, personnel exchanges, and cultural exchange. Mechanism construction lacking systematic planning is highly prone to structural governance dilemmas such as blurred subject responsibilities, blocked coordination across departments and levels, and redundant or misaligned hierarchical functions. Furthermore, as the state’s strategic layout on the international stage continues to deepen and the map of overseas interests continues to expand, the situation facing the protection of overseas interests is becoming increasingly complex. Against this backdrop, improving the protection mechanism is by no means achievable through simple patching or partial incremental adjustments to the existing governance system. Instead, it urgently requires institutional design to break free from the shackles of traditional linear thinking and single-dimensional perspectives, constructing a new governance paradigm oriented by strategic security, centered on systematic coordination, and characterized by dynamic adaptability, so as to achieve the deep integration and efficient linkage of various governance elements under the guidance of strategic goals. However, systematic planning does not mean “one-size-fits-all” or “standardized replication.” The political and legal systems of different countries differ significantly, the risk profiles faced by different industries vary, and the protection demands of different types of subjects are highly differentiated. This requires that the overall framework constructed by systematic planning must embed a set of flexibly adaptable, precisely responsive targeted policy implementation mechanisms. That is to say, “we must strengthen precision thinking, adhere to ‘attaining the vast and pursuing the subtle,’ [4]4 A classical allusion from *The Doctrine of the Mean* (*Zhongyong*), meaning to achieve broad and far-reaching goals while attending to the finest details. achieving overall planning with a broad view and meticulous and precise operation, doing the work solidly and properly with the skill of embroidery,” [5]5 “Embroidery skill” (*xiuhua gongfu*) is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping realizing a transformation from “fuzzy governance” to “targeted policy implementation.”

具体而言，坚持系统谋划就是要以系统思维推进机制设计，从整体把握机制建设的核心要素、协同路径与统筹重点。海外利益涉及外交布局、对外投资、产业链协作、能源安全、人员往来、文化交流等诸多领域。缺乏系统谋划的机制建设极易陷入主体责任模糊、条块协同梗阻、层级功能冗余或错位等结构性治理困境。此外，随着国家在国际舞台上战略布局的持续深化与海外利益版图的不断拓展，海外利益保障所面临的形势日益复杂。在此背景下，保障机制的完善绝非对既有治理体系的简单修补或局部增量调整所能实现，而是迫切需要机制设计突破传统线性思维与单一维度视角的桎梏，构建以战略安全为导向、以系统协同为内核、以动态适配为特征的新型治理范式，实现各治理要素在战略目标引领下的深度融合与高效联动。然而，系统谋划并非意味着“一体适用”或“标准化复制”。不同国家的政治法律体系差异显著，不同行业面临的风险形态各异，不同类型主体的保障诉求也高度分化。这就要求系统谋划所构建的总体框架必须嵌入一套灵活适配、精准响应的分类施策机制。也就是说，“要强化精准思维，坚持‘致广大而尽精微’，做到谋划时统揽大局、操作中细致精当，以绣花功夫把工作做扎实、做到位”，实现从“模糊治理”到“靶向施策”的转型。

Thus it can be seen that systematic planning and targeted policy implementation are not independent modules operating separately, but an organic whole that coexists synergistically within the institutional design framework. Targeted policy implementation lacking systematic planning will exhibit fragmented characteristics due to blurred direction, while systematic planning lacking the support of targeted policy implementation will degenerate into procedural formality due to empty execution. The organic unity of the two requires the formation of smooth connections and hierarchical linkages in dimensions such as national strategic goal setting, institutional system construction, functional module deployment, and specific scenario governance, so that the overseas interests protection mechanism possesses both the attribute of strategic coordination and the logic of practical transformation.

由此可见，系统谋划与精准施策并非各自为政的独立模块，而是机制设计架构中协同共生的有机整体。缺乏系统谋划的精准施策将因方向模糊而呈现碎片化特征，缺乏精准施策支撑的系统谋划则会因执行空转而流于程序形式。二者的有机统一，要求在国家战略目标设定、制度体系构建、功能模块部署及具体场景治理等维度形成顺畅衔接与层级联动，使海外利益保障机制兼具战略统筹属性与实践转化逻辑。

(III) Adhere to the Unity of Practical Exploration and Institutional Construction

（三）坚持实践探索与制度建设相统一

Improving the overseas interests protection mechanism is both an institutional supply project and a process of practical generation. In other words, its construction cannot be initiated in a closed manner or achieved overnight. It must combine continuous practical feedback with dynamic institutional shaping, forming an institutional evolution logic that takes practical scenarios as the starting point for institutional innovation, governance effectiveness as the yardstick for institutional improvement, and mechanism optimization as the driving force for sustained development.

完善海外利益保障机制既是一项制度供给工程，亦是一个实践生成过程。换言之，其构建不可能封闭起步或一蹴而就，必须以持续的实践反馈与动态的制度塑型相结合，形成以实践场景为制度创新的起点、以治理效能为制度完善的标尺、以机制优化为持续发展动力的制度演化逻辑。

Specifically, institutional construction lays the normative foundation and organizational framework for the overseas interests protection mechanism. Faced with the continuous expansion of overseas interests and the complex and volatile international situation, we must adhere to taking institutional construction as the main line, establishing clear division of powers and responsibilities, an efficient coordination system, standardized operating procedures, and a scientific logic for resource allocation for overseas interests protection. At the macro level, we should focus on the overall, strategic, and long-term aspects of overseas interests protection, using the full project cycle, the full risk process, and the full responsibility chain as the framework to build an institutional system with high adaptability, flexibility, and inclusiveness, achieving comprehensive coverage of institutional elements horizontally and deep penetration vertically, so as to form a strong institutional synergy. At the micro level, we should clarify the role positioning and responsibility division of each subject in overseas interests protection through institutional arrangements, enabling each subject to achieve efficient interaction in information sharing, resource allocation, and action coordination according to institutional norms, forming a multi-subject collaborative governance pattern to enhance the overall effectiveness of overseas interests protection. However, institutional construction is not an abstract system generated from nothing; it must be deeply rooted in practical scenarios. The types of risks faced by China’s overseas interests are complex and intertwined, and the institutional environments are diverse, making it difficult for existing protection mechanisms to achieve “universal applicability.” Therefore, institutional construction needs to use practical scenarios as a verification platform, “timely summarizing good experiences and good practices from practice, and mature experiences and practices can be elevated to institutions and transformed into laws.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Work Concerning Philosophy and Social Sciences” (May 17, 2016). Through a closed-loop mechanism of “experience extraction—institutional transformation,” the dynamic adaptation of institutional supply to practical demands is promoted.

具体来看，制度建设为海外利益保障机制奠定了规范基础与组织框架。面对海外利益的持续拓展以及国际局势的复杂多变，要坚持以制度建设为主线，为海外利益保障确立清晰的权责划分、高效的协调体系、规范的运行程序以及科学的资源配置逻辑。宏观上，应着眼海外利益保障全局性、战略性与长远性，以项目全周期、风险全流程、责任全链条为框架，构建具有高度适应性、灵活性与包容性的制度体系，实现制度要素在横向上的全面覆盖与纵向上的深度贯通，以形成强大的制度合力。微观上，要通过制度安排明确各主体在海外利益保护中的角色定位与职责分工，使各主体能够依据制度规范在信息共享、资源调配与行动协同方面实现高效互动，形成多元协同治理格局，以提升海外利益保障的整体效能。然而，制度建设并非凭空生成的抽象体系，而是必须深深扎根于实践场景。我国海外利益所面临的风险类型错综复杂、制度环境复杂多样，现有保障机制难以实现“普遍适用”。因此，制度建设需以实践场景为校验平台，“及时总结实践中的好经验好做法，成熟的经验和做法可以上升为制度、转化为法律”。通过“经验提炼—制度转化”的闭环机制，推动制度供给与实践需求的动态适配。

It must be emphasized that adhering to the unity of practical exploration and institutional construction does not mean mechanically splicing together institutions and practice, but rather constructing a dynamic cyclical mechanism encompassing pre-design, practical embedding, experience extraction, and institutional optimization. Specifically, institutional design should uphold an open concept, reserving interfaces at the technical level to ensure that practical achievements can be effectively transformed into the basis for institutional revision. At the same time, a regular evaluation and feedback mechanism needs to be established, promoting the self-iteration and systematic updating of institutions based on summarizing practical experience. In other words, only by achieving a two-way interaction between the institutional framework and the logic of practice can institutions be nurtured in experience, evolve in operation, and ensure that the overseas interests protection mechanism always maintains strong institutional adaptability and governance supply capacity.

要强调的是，坚持实践探索与制度建设相统一，并非将制度与实践机械拼接，而是要构建一个涵盖前置设计、实践嵌入、经验提炼及制度优化的动态循环机制。具体来说，制度设计应秉持开放理念，在技术层面预留接口，确保实践成果能有效转化为制度修正的依据。同时，需建立常态化的评估与反馈机制，推动制度在总结实践经验的基础上实现自我迭代与系统更新。换言之，唯有实现制度框架与实践逻辑的双向互动，才能推动制度在经验中孕育、在运行中演进，确保海外利益保障机制始终保持强大的制度适配力与治理供给力。

(IV) Adhere to the Unity of Basing on National Conditions and Learning from International Experience

（四）坚持立足国情与国际借鉴相统一

Improving the overseas interests protection mechanism must be based on the country’s own national conditions, guided by national strategic needs, absorb and learn from beneficial international experience, and form a mechanism architecture and operational paradigm with Chinese characteristics through mutual comparison.

完善海外利益保障机制必须立足本国国情，以国家战略需求为导向，吸收借鉴国际有益经验，在相互比较中形成具有中国特色的机制架构与运行范式。

Adhering to basing on national conditions first requires accurately identifying the structural characteristics of China’s overseas interest expansion and the constraints on governance resources. Against the current background of the deepening “going global” strategy, China’s overseas interest subjects are diverse in type, dispersed in regional layout, and face significant differences in local political and economic environments. At the same time, China’s overseas interests protection is still in a stage of institutional exploration and efficiency improvement in terms of organizational structure, division of powers and responsibilities, and capacity to mobilize local resources. The coordination mechanisms and role positioning among different governance subjects still need further improvement and clarification. This reality determines that the overseas interests protection mechanism needs to be systematically constructed from multiple dimensions, such as unified leadership, local coordination, and professional capacity building, forming a mechanism architecture deeply coupled with China’s national security system, diplomatic layout, and development strategy. That is to say, adhering to basing on national conditions means defining institutional boundaries based on actual conditions, matching functional logic according to organizational characteristics, and deducing institutional connection methods based on practical experience, ensuring that the mechanism effectively integrates into the operational track of the national governance system.

坚持立足国情，首先要准确识别我国海外利益拓展的结构性特征与治理资源约束。在当前“走出去”战略不断深化背景下，我国海外利益主体类型多元、布局区域分散、属地政治经济环境差异显著。同时，我国海外利益保障在组织架构、权责分配以及属地资源动员能力等方面尚处于体制探索与效能提升的阶段，不同治理主体间的协同运作机制与角色定位仍需进一步完善与明确。这一现实状况决定了海外利益保障机制需从统一领导、属地协调、专业力量培育等多维度系统构建，形成与我国国家安全体系、外交布局及发展战略深度耦合的机制架构。也就是说，坚持立足国情就要从现实条件出发界定制度边界，依据组织特征匹配功能逻辑，基于实践经验反推制度衔接方式，确保机制有效融入国家治理体系运行轨道。

Adhering to international reference requires adopting an open and inclusive mindset and a spirit of rational critique, actively studying, researching, and drawing upon the theoretical achievements, institutional designs, and practical experiences of various countries in the field of overseas interests protection. “However, learning and reference is not simply about taking things as they are; we must insist on taking ourselves as the mainstay, using them for our own purposes, earnestly discriminating, and rationally absorbing.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Work Concerning Philosophy and Social Sciences” (May 17, 2016). Specifically, multi-dimensional critical reference should be carried out: first, systematically analyze the policy tools of various countries in areas such as risk early warning mechanisms, consular protection systems, crisis management frameworks, legal relief pathways, public-private cooperation models, and international coordination mechanisms, to gain a comprehensive understanding of their institutional architecture and implementation methods. Second, focus on distinguishing institutional functions from institutional forms, avoid simply copying superficial institutional structures, and instead extract transferable “mechanism design principles,” deeply analyze the institutional logic and operational mechanisms behind their successful experiences, as well as the potential risks exposed by their failures, to provide useful references for China’s institutional construction. Finally, dynamically track the evolving trends of international legal norms, internationally accepted standards, and industry best practices, with a particular focus on rule innovation in emerging fields such as cross-border security cooperation, digital sovereignty protection, and supply chain resilience building, promptly grasp international frontier dynamics, promote the alignment of China’s overseas interests protection with international standards, and continuously enhance protection capabilities.

坚持国际借鉴，则需秉持开放包容的心态和理性批判的精神，积极学习、研究和借鉴世界各国在海外利益保障领域的理论成果、制度设计与实践经验。“但是，学习借鉴不等于是简单的拿来主义，必须坚持以我为主、为我所用，认真鉴别、合理吸收。”具体而言，应开展多维度的批判借鉴：首先，系统剖析各国在风险预警机制、领事保护体系、危机管理框架、法律救济路径、公私合作模式及国际协调机制等领域的政策工具，全面了解其制度架构与实施方式。其次，注重区分制度功能与制度形式，避免简单复制表层制度结构，而应提炼可迁移的“机制设计原理”，深入剖析其成功经验背后的制度逻辑与运行机制，以及失败教训所暴露的潜在风险，为我国制度建设提供有益参考。最后，动态跟踪国际法规范、国际通行准则及行业最佳实践的演进趋势，重点关注跨境安全合作、数字主权保护、供应链韧性建设等新兴领域的规则创新，及时掌握国际前沿动态，推动我国海外利益保障与国际接轨，不断提升保障能力。

III. Practical Pathways for Improving the Overseas Interests Protection Mechanism

三、完善海外利益保障机制的实践路径

The effective construction of the overseas interests protection mechanism lies in systematically transforming the overall objectives and basic principles into operable, executable, and assessable concrete practical pathways. Faced with the complex situation of widely distributed overseas interests, diverse subjects, and intertwined risks, it is necessary to coordinate the advancement of structural construction, functional integration, and process optimization, centering on the six core links of “organizational coordination, institutional supply, risk governance, capability support, external collaboration, and feedback optimization,” to build a closed-loop, efficiently operating, and resilient overseas interests protection mechanism system, promoting the transformation of the mechanism from strategic design to institutional practice.

海外利益保障机制的有效建构，关键在于将总体目标与基本原则系统转化为可操作、可执行、可评估的具体实践路径。面对海外利益分布广泛、主体多元、风险交织的复杂局面，需统筹推进结构搭建、功能整合与流程优化，围绕“组织统筹、制度供给、风险治理、能力支撑、外部协作、反馈优化”六大核心环节，构建结构闭合、运行高效、应变有力的海外利益保障机制体系，推动机制从战略设计向制度实践转化。

(I) Build a Unified Leadership, Efficient and Collaborative Organizational Coordination Mechanism

（一）构建统一领导、高效协同的组织协调机制

Among the six core links of the overseas interests protection mechanism, the organizational coordination mechanism plays an overarching role. Currently, overseas interests-related affairs are scattered across multiple line management systems, with structural defects such as blurred responsibility boundaries, broken response chains, and insufficient local coordination. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the institutional core through unified leadership and enhance mechanism cohesion through efficient collaboration, promoting the transformation of overseas interests protection from “departmental governance” to “system governance.”

在海外利益保障机制的六大核心环节中，组织协调机制具有统摄性作用。当前，海外利益相关事务分散于多条线管理体系，存在职责边界模糊、响应链条断裂、属地协同不足等结构性缺陷。因此，需以统一领导确立制度核心，以高效协同增强机制凝聚力，推动海外利益保障从“部门治理”向“体系治理”转变。

On the one hand, adhere to the principle of “unified leadership” and build a vertically coordinated authoritative system. To improve the overseas interests protection mechanism, it is necessary to “consciously uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, and further strengthen the institutional mechanisms for the Party to lead foreign affairs.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Work Related to Foreign Affairs” (December 27–28, 2023). Specifically, first, establish a strategic coordination platform at the central level. The Central Foreign Affairs Commission could take the lead in establishing a national overseas interests affairs coordination body, serving as the command platform for central-level overseas affairs, uniformly undertaking functions such as strategic coordination, mechanism design, responsibility allocation, and handling of major incidents for overseas interests protection. This body should have a permanent office, with personnel seconded from relevant foreign-related ministries and commissions to ensure an efficient closed loop between command issuance and task execution. Second, build an operation mechanism that connects the upper and lower levels and is efficient and collaborative. Open up the organizational chain and work interfaces between central functional departments, local foreign-related agencies, and overseas units, forming an institutional closed loop from strategic planning to functional implementation and then to local implementation, eliminating structural obstacles such as multi-headed management, mismatched powers and responsibilities, and lagging instructions. Finally, promote intensive reform of the organizational system. In response to current problems such as unclear responsibilities, cumbersome processes, and redundant resource allocation in overseas interests protection, build an operation mechanism around different types of overseas interests that features a list of responsibilities, modular tasks, and pooled resources, enhancing the clarity and execution capability of organizational operations.

一方面，应秉持“统一领导”原则，构建纵向统筹的权威体系。完善海外利益保护机制，必须“自觉坚持党中央集中统一领导，进一步强化党领导对外工作的体制机制”。具体而言，首先，搭建中央层面的战略统筹平台。可由中央外事工作委员会牵头，设立国家海外利益事务统筹协调机构，作为中央层面海外事务的指挥平台，统一承担海外利益保护的战略统筹、机制设计、责任划分与重大事项处置协调等职能。该机构应常设办公机构，由相关涉外部委派员常驻，保障指令发布与任务执行高效闭环。其次，构建上下贯通、协同高效的运行机制。打通中央职能部门、地方涉外机构与驻外单位之间的组织链条和工作接口，形成从战略谋划到职能实施，再到属地落实的制度闭环，消除多头管理、权责不对等与指令滞后等结构性障碍。最后，推进组织体系集约化改革。针对当前海外利益保障中职责不清、流程烦琐、资源重复配置等问题，围绕不同类型的海外利益构建职责清单化、任务模块化、资源统筹化的运行机制，提升组织运行的清晰度和执行力。

On the other hand, supported by “efficient collaboration,” strengthen the horizontal linkage effectiveness of the organizational mechanism. At the central level, strengthen the collaboration mechanism of functional departments. Led by the national overseas interests affairs coordination body, establish a “task-oriented joint execution team” system. For specific scenarios such as emergency response, key project security, and handling of foreign-related public opinion, organize core departments such as public security, commerce, emergency management, and transportation to form scenario-based task groups, and support them with standardized work instructions, response procedures, and closed-loop feedback mechanisms, promoting the upgrade of the governance structure from “reactive linkage” to “preset combination.” At the local level, improve multi-departmental coordination mechanisms. Especially in key coastal and border provinces with dense foreign-related affairs, build local coordination platforms composed of local foreign affairs, commerce, public security, emergency management, and transportation departments, avoiding fragmentation and redundant resource allocation in local governance. At the overseas level, improve parallel collaboration networks. Promote the establishment of normalized information sharing, risk joint prevention, and crisis handling mechanisms among frontline units such as embassies and consulates, commercial representative offices, and security liaison points, achieving efficient collaboration in peacetime-wartime transition, task coordination, and resource allocation, solving the problems of “each acting on its own” and “connection failure.”

另一方面，应以“高效协同”为支撑，强化组织机制的横向联动效能。在中央层面，强化职能部门协作机制。由国家海外利益事务统筹协调机构牵头，建立“任务导向型联合执行小组”制度，针对突发事件响应、重点项目安保、涉外舆情处置等特定场景，组织公安、商务、应急、交通等核心部门组建场景化任务编组，并配套制定标准化工作指令、响应流程与闭环反馈机制，推动治理结构从“反应性联动”向“预设型组合”升级。在属地层面，完善多部门协同机制。特别是在涉外事务密集的沿海、沿边重点省份，构建由地方外事、商务、公安、应急、交通等部门组成的属地协同平台，避免属地治理中的碎片化与资源重复投放。在驻外层面，健全平行协作网络。推动使领馆、商务代表处、安全联络点等前沿单位建立常态化的信息共享、风险联防与危机处置机制，实现平战转换、任务协同与资源调配的高效协作，破解“各自为政”与“衔接失灵”难题。

(II) Improve a Systematic, Complete, Pragmatic, and Effective Legal Guarantee Mechanism

（二）健全系统完备、务实管用的法治保障机制

The rule of law, as the basic institutional framework for the operation of the overseas interests protection mechanism, is the fundamental support for ensuring the stable, efficient, and standardized operation of various measures. Facing the frequent and multiple risks to overseas interests, it is necessary to build a comprehensive, coordinated, and binding legal mechanism to provide clear institutional basis and procedural support for overseas interests protection work.

法治作为海外利益保障机制运行的基础性制度框架，是确保各项措施稳定、高效、规范运作的根本依托。面对多发频发的海外利益风险，必须构建覆盖全面、体系协调、约束有效的法治机制，为海外利益保障工作提供明确的制度依据与程序支撑。

To achieve a “systematic and complete” legal mechanism, the key lies in filling legislative gaps, optimizing the legal system, and unifying the pathways for legal application. First, initiate the legislative process for the “Overseas Interests Protection Law” as soon as possible, clarifying the legal responsibilities and authority boundaries of the Chinese government in safeguarding its own overseas interests, specifically stipulating the division of responsibilities among central ministries and commissions, the territorial authority of overseas missions, the cooperation obligations of involved enterprises, and establishing information disclosure mechanisms, emergency procedures, and local negotiation rules for emergencies, filling the institutional gap of “having no law to follow.” Second, on the basis of the overarching legislation, establish a dynamic legal supplementation mechanism, issuing detailed implementation regulations or supporting laws for key industries, high-risk areas in host countries, and new governance scenarios, and maintain the timeliness and adaptability of legal supply by establishing a regular feedback mechanism between legislative departments, overseas missions, and enterprise entities. Finally, strengthen the construction of a foreign-related legal system, further improve legal systems against sanctions, interference, and “long-arm jurisdiction,” [8]8 “Long-arm jurisdiction” refers to the extraterritorial application of domestic laws by certain states, notably the United States, to assert authority over foreign entities or conduct. enhance the legal protection for Chinese citizens and enterprises overseas, and build a foreign-related legal system with outward adaptability and strategic countermeasure capability.

要实现法治机制的“系统完备”，关键在于补齐立法短板、优化法规体系、统一法律适用路径。首先，尽快启动《海外利益保护法》的立法程序，明确中国政府维护自身海外利益的法定责任与权限边界，具体规定中央各部委的责任分工、驻外机构的属地权限、涉事企业的协作义务，并设立突发事件中的信息披露机制、应急程序与属地交涉规则，填补“无法可依”的制度空白。其次，应在统领性立法基础上建立动态化的法律补充机制，针对重点行业、属地高风险领域与新型治理场景出台细化实施条例或配套法规，并通过建立立法部门与驻外机构、企业主体间的常态反馈机制，保持法律供给的时效性与适应性。最后，要加强涉外法治建设，进一步完善反制裁、反干涉、反“长臂管辖”等法律制度，增强对海外中国公民与企业的法律保护力度，构建具有外向适配力与战略反制力的涉外法治体系。

To achieve a “pragmatic and effective” legal mechanism, the key lies in improving the effectiveness of law enforcement and judicial coordination capabilities. First, establish and improve a foreign-related law enforcement linkage mechanism, clarifying the functional boundaries of relevant departments and the legal response procedures in cross-border emergencies. Especially for high-frequency scenarios such as emergency incident handling, personnel risk control, and enterprise compliance supervision, promote the list-based allocation, procedural operation, and standardized guidance of law enforcement actions, strengthening the consistency and effectiveness of law enforcement. Second, improve the foreign-related legal service system, forming a service network with comprehensive coverage and efficient response. Strengthen the legal service function of overseas embassies and consulates, enhancing their ability to provide legal interpretation, cite local laws, and assess negotiation pathways during emergencies. At the same time, “focus on cultivating a number of internationally first-class arbitration institutions and law firms,” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on the Comprehensive Rule of Law” (November 16–17, 2020). enhancing the territorial projection capability of China’s legal resources. Finally, establish a normalized overseas judicial cooperation mechanism. Through specific pathways such as setting up bilateral judicial cooperation offices and signing cross-border law enforcement memoranda of understanding, “incorporate the expansion of law enforcement and judicial cooperation into important topics of bilateral and multilateral relations, extending the security chain for protecting China’s overseas interests.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 19th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee” (November 29, 2018).

要实现法治机制的“务实管用”，关键在于提高法律执行效能与司法协调能力。首先，应建立健全涉外执法联动机制，明确各相关部门的职能边界，厘清跨境突发事件中的法律响应流程。特别是针对突发事件处置、人员风险控制、企业合规监管等高频场景，推动执法行动的清单化配置、流程化运作与规范化指导，强化法律执行的一致性与实效性。其次，完善涉外法律服务体系，形成覆盖全面、响应高效的服务网络。要强化驻外使领馆的法律服务职能，提升其在突发事件中提供法理解释、属地法律援引及协商路径研判的能力，同时，“要注重培育一批国际一流的仲裁机构、律师事务所”，增强我国法治资源的属地投射能力。最后，建立常态化海外司法合作机制，通过设立双边司法协作办公室、签署跨境执法备忘录等具体路径，“把拓展执法司法合作纳入双边多边关系建设的重要议题，延伸保护我国海外利益的安全链”。

(III) Improve a Risk Governance Mechanism with Hierarchical Control and Precise Response

（三）健全分级管控、精准响应的风险治理机制

As the core operational module within the overseas interests protection mechanism, the risk governance mechanism directly determines whether the institutional system can effectively anticipate and curb risks. At present, overseas interest risks exhibit highly composite, cross-regional, and systemically interconnected characteristics, making it urgently necessary to construct a comprehensive governance mechanism that combines tiered management and control with precise response, thereby promoting the transformation of risk governance from a localized, patchwork-style emergency response to a systematic, forward-looking governance model.

作为海外利益保障机制中的核心运行模块，风险治理机制直接关乎制度体系能否有效预判并遏制风险。当前，海外利益风险呈现出高度的复合性、跨区域性与系统联动性特征，亟须构建分级管控与精准响应相结合的综合治理机制，推动风险治理从局部、补丁式的应急响应向系统性、前瞻式的治理模式转型。

On the one hand, “tiered management and control” should be adhered to, building a stratified governance system around the three levels of risk identification, grade assessment, and plan formulation, forming a systematic pathway from information perception to action deployment. First, improve the mechanism for collecting and assessing risk intelligence. Integrate multiple information channels, including host government agencies, embassies and consulates, security institutions, enterprise branches, and community networks, to construct a comprehensive information network. At the same time, introduce artificial intelligence technology, utilizing big data public opinion scraping and behavioral pattern recognition systems to strengthen real-time monitoring and dynamic assessment of diverse risks in the political, economic, social, and natural domains of the host country, promoting the shift of risk response from “post-event handling” to “pre-event response.” Second, formulate guidelines for risk grading and classification. Subdivide overseas risks into categories such as security risks (e.g., violent attacks, terrorist activities), political risks (e.g., governance disorder, regime change), legal risks (e.g., compliance obstacles, asset freezes), economic and financial risks (e.g., capital controls, exchange barriers), and reputational risks (e.g., China-related public opinion, corporate disputes), and refine impact indicators, trigger thresholds, and disposal levels to provide a basis for subsequent responses. Finally, improve the tiered response plan system. For different risk levels and scenarios, develop modular, standardized, and highly operable tiered response plans, clarifying activation conditions, command hierarchies, response procedures, resource allocation standards, and expected objectives, and ensure the dynamic adaptability and practical effectiveness of the plans through regular evaluations and live drills.

一方面，应坚持“分级管控”，围绕风险识别、等级评定与预案制定三个层面构建分层治理体系，形成从信息感知到行动配置的系统路径。首先，健全风险情报采集与研判机制。整合驻地政府、使领馆、安全机构、企业分支及社区网络等多元信息渠道，构建全面信息网络。同时，引入人工智能技术，利用大数据舆情抓取与行为模式识别系统，强化对驻在国政治、经济、社会、自然等领域多元风险的实时监测与动态研判，推动风险应对从“事后处理”向“事前响应”转变。其次，制定风险分级分类指引。将海外风险细分为安全风险（如暴力袭扰、恐怖活动）、政治风险（如治理失序、政权更迭）、法律风险（如合规受阻、资产冻结）、经济金融风险（如资本管制、汇兑障碍）、声誉风险（如涉华舆情、企业争议）等类别，并细化影响指标、触发阈值与处置等级，为后续响应提供依据。最后，完善分级响应预案体系。针对不同风险等级与场景，制定模块化、标准化、可操作性强的分级响应预案，明确启动条件、指挥层级、响应流程、资源配置标准及预期目标，并通过定期评估与实战演练，确保预案的动态适应性与实战效能。

On the other hand, with “precise response” as the goal, a three-dimensional disposal mechanism that balances efficiency, strategy, and legality should be constructed. First, clarify the responsible entities and work procedures for responding to various types of incidents. Clearly define responsibilities and procedures at all levels to avoid multi-headed decision-making, mutual buck-passing, and redundant operations. For major risk incidents, the central authorities shall establish a unified lead agency, granting it temporary command authority over resource allocation, information release, and local coordination to ensure unified directives and efficient dispatch. For medium- and low-intensity incidents, the local level shall take the lead, with the central authorities providing resource guarantees and technical guidance, promoting the institutionalized development of local response capabilities. Second, enhance the targeting and practical effectiveness of response measures. Comprehensively consider factors such as the type, level, background, and potential impact of risk incidents, accurately analyze the characteristics and needs of the incident, and formulate differentiated disposal strategies to ensure measures are tailored to the situation and genuinely effective. Finally, scientifically control the limits and pace of response intervention. Overseas risk disposal involves the sovereignty of other countries, local jurisdiction, and international public opinion. The principles of moderate intervention, coordinated disposal, and balancing interests should be adhered to, avoiding both the worsening of the situation due to slow action and local rejection caused by excessive disposal, thereby constructing a flexible and moderate “targeted governance” system.

另一方面，应以“精准响应”为目标，构建兼顾效率、策略与法理性的立体处置机制。首先，明确各类事件响应的责任主体与工作流程。清晰界定各级责任与流程，规避多头决策、相互推诿及重复操作。重大风险事件中，由中央确立统一牵头机构，赋予其统筹资源调配、信息发布及属地协调的临时指挥权，确保指令统一、调度高效。中低强度事件以属地层级为主导，中央提供资源保障与技术指导，推动属地响应能力制度化发展。其次，提升响应措施的针对性与实效性。全面考量风险事件的类型、等级、发生背景及潜在影响等因素，精准分析事件特点与需求，制定差异化处置策略，使措施贴合实际、切实有效。最后，科学把控响应干预的限度与节奏。海外风险处置涉及他国主权、属地司法与国际舆情，应坚持适度干预、协同处置、利益平衡的原则，既避免因行动迟缓导致事态恶化，也防止因处置过度引发属地排斥，构建柔性适度的“靶向治理”体系。

(IV) Strengthening the Capability Support Mechanism of Factor Integration and Multi-Stakeholder Co-Construction

（四）强化要素集成、多元共建的能力支撑机制

Any effective protection mechanism requires solid capabilities as its foundation. Against the backdrop of increasingly complex risks, diverse responsible entities, and stratified protection needs, it is necessary to advance along the dual axes of factor integration and multi-stakeholder co-construction, building a cross-subject, cross-domain, and cross-space capability support system to enhance the state’s proactive protection and comprehensive responsiveness in overseas arenas.

任何有效的保障机制均需坚实能力作为支撑。在风险日益复杂、责任主体多元、保障需求分层的背景下，必须围绕要素集成与多元共建双轴推进，构建跨主体、跨领域、跨空间的能力支撑体系，增强国家在海外场域中的主动防护力与综合应变力。

The so-called “factor integration” focuses on the systematic integration and structural optimization of capability types. First, strengthen the professional deployment of on-site protection forces overseas. Promote relevant central departments to jointly formulate plans for the deployment of security forces in key regions, and station “emergency response teams” in high-risk areas or major projects to ensure initial response capabilities in sudden situations. Furthermore, “a strong military force is the ultimate guarantee for the protection of China’s overseas interests. Measures such as actively participating in overseas peacekeeping operations, strengthening the construction of overseas support bases, and forming a rapid reaction force should be adopted to provide an indestructible armed deterrent and military security guarantee for safeguarding the country’s overseas interests.” [11]11 Quotation from a Chinese source emphasizing the role of military power in protecting overseas interests. Second, to compensate for the boundaries of government capabilities, it is necessary to focus on building a standardized and professional market-based capability supply system. Specifically, accelerate the establishment of national-level qualification certification standards and regulatory systems in fields such as private security, risk consulting, safety training, and insurance services, ensuring that market service providers are professional and reliable. At the same time, build a government-endorsed, information-transparent supply-demand matching platform to facilitate various entities in procuring compliant, high-quality market services. Finally, strengthen the cultivation and reserve of professional talent. On the one hand, promote the establishment of specialized majors or research platforms related to overseas interests protection in universities, enhancing theoretical and applied research; on the other hand, establish a normalized mechanism for talent selection and dynamic rotation, creating a composite talent team with knowledge of international rules, understanding of local cultures, and professional disposal capabilities, providing high-quality talent support for the operation of the overseas security protection mechanism.

所谓“要素集成”，即聚焦于能力类型的系统整合与结构优化。首先，强化海外现场防护力量的专业配置。推动中央有关部门联合制定重点区域安保力量布设规划，在高风险地区或重大项目派驻“应急响应小组”，保障突发情境下的初始响应能力。此外，“强大的军事力量是我国海外利益维护的最终保障。应通过积极参与海外维和行动、加强建设海外保障基地、组建一支快速反应部队等措施，为维护国家海外利益提供坚不可摧的武装威慑和军事安全保障”。其次，为弥补政府能力边界，需着力构建规范化、专业化的市场化能力供给体系。具体而言，加快建立私营安保、风险咨询、安全培训及保险服务等领域国家级资质认证标准与监管体系，确保市场服务主体专业可靠。同时，搭建政府背书、信息透明的供需对接平台，便于各类主体采购合规、优质的市场化服务。最后，强化专业人才培养与储备。一方面推动高校设立海外利益保障相关专业或科研平台，加强理论与应用研究；另一方面需建立常态化人才选派与动态轮岗机制，打造兼具国际规则认知、属地文化理解与专业处置能力的复合型人才队伍，为海外安全保障机制运行提供高质量人才支撑。

To achieve “multi-stakeholder co-construction,” the key lies in building a composite protection network with multi-party participation, clear rights and responsibilities, and orderly coordination. First, strengthen the institutionalized constraints on corporate security responsibilities. Set risk assessment reports, on-site security plans, and employee training programs as preconditions for overseas investment review, implement full-process filing and periodic evaluations for key enterprises, and urge enterprises to fulfill their primary responsibilities. Second, enhance the capacity for social coordination and mobilization. Encourage overseas enterprises, business associations, and professional service institutions to jointly establish “regional protection liaison committees,” promote the formation of joint defense and mutual protection mechanisms among Chinese-funded enterprises in the same region, and achieve resource sharing and cost sharing in areas such as security outsourcing, public opinion response, and legal services, improving the efficiency of local collaboration. Finally, incorporate the overseas security literacy and response capabilities of individual citizens into the mechanism construction. Integrate overseas security literacy training, emergency contact channel configuration, and pre-judgment of overseas risk scenarios into citizen exit-entry management and departure guidance procedures, improve the citizen overseas emergency handbook, early warning information push, and emergency assistance systems, extending governance tentacles from organizational systems to the individual level, ensuring that the capability support mechanism covers the front line and the most peripheral points.

为实现“多元共建”，关键在于构建多方参与、权责明晰、协同有序的复合保障网络。首先，强化企业安全责任的制度化约束。将风险评估报告、驻地安全预案、员工培训计划设为境外投资前置审核条件，对重点企业实施全流程备案与定期评估，督促企业切实履行主体责任。其次，提升社会协同动员能力。鼓励驻外企业、商协会与专业服务机构联合成立“区域保障联络会”，推动同区域中资企业建立联防联保机制，在安保外包、舆情应对、法律服务等领域实现资源共享与成本分摊，提高属地协作效率。最后，将公民个体的海外安全素养与应对能力纳入机制建设范畴。把海外安全素养培训、紧急联络渠道配置、驻外风险场景预判融入公民出入境管理与出境指引流程，完善公民海外应急手册、预警信息推送与紧急援助体系，使治理触角从组织体系延伸至个体层面，确保能力支撑机制覆盖最前沿、最末梢。

(V) Constructing an International Cooperation Mechanism Driven by Institutions and Based on Mutual Benefit and Win-Win Outcomes

（五）构建制度牵引、互利共赢的国际合作机制

“Faced with increasingly complex and escalating new international issues, countries often need to cooperate fully in the process of protecting their overseas interests.” [12]12 Quotation from a Chinese source on the necessity of international cooperation for overseas interests protection. To build a mature and effective international cooperation mechanism, systematic advancement is needed from the two dimensions of “institutional traction” and “mutual benefit and win-win outcomes,” promoting the transformation of cooperation from diplomatic initiatives to institutional embedding, and from interest exchange to rule co-construction.

“面对日益复杂和升级的国际新问题，各国在维护海外利益的过程中往往需要通力合作。”为构建成熟、有效的国际合作机制，需从“制度牵引”与“互利共赢”两个维度系统推进，推动合作从外交倡议迈向制度嵌入，从利益交换升级为规则共建。

On the one hand, with “institutional traction” as the main line, a broad-coverage, stable-operating, and logically unified international cooperation institutional system should be constructed. First, expand regional institutional cooperation. Relying on multilateral platforms such as the BRICS cooperation mechanism and the Group of Twenty (G20), incorporate the issue of overseas interests protection into regular agendas. Additionally, explore initiating new multilateral security dialogue and cooperation initiatives focused on specific regions and risks, jointly formulating regional risk prevention codes of conduct or cooperation guidelines. Second, improve and implement bilateral institutional arrangements. Promote the signing or revision of detailed and well-structured security cooperation agreements with key partner countries, clarifying specific operational procedures and regular meeting arrangements in areas such as intelligence sharing, law enforcement cooperation, judicial assistance, consular protection, and emergency coordination. Design differentiated bilateral cooperation plans based on the risk characteristics and cooperation foundations of different countries, enhancing the targeting and practical effectiveness of cooperation. Finally, actively participate in the formulation of international governance rules. Deeply engage in the formulation and revision of rules related to overseas interests protection within the frameworks of international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the International Monetary Fund, “injecting more Chinese voice and more Chinese elements into the formulation of international rules, safeguarding and expanding China’s development interests.” [13]13 Quotation from a Chinese source on China’s participation in international rule-making.

一方面，应以“制度牵引”为主线，构建覆盖广泛、运行稳健、逻辑统一的国际合作制度体系。首先，拓展区域制度合作。依托金砖合作机制、二十国集团（G20)等多边平台，将海外利益保障议题纳入常规议程。此外，可探索发起聚焦特定区域、风险的新型多边安全对话与合作倡议，共同制定区域性风险防范行为准则或合作指南。其次，完善并落实双边制度性安排。推动与重点伙伴国家签署或修订内容详尽、机制健全的安全合作协议，明确情报共享、执法合作、司法协助、领事保护、应急联动等领域的具体操作规程与定期会晤安排。根据不同国家的风险特点与合作基础，设计差异化的双边合作方案，提升合作针对性与实效性。最后，积极参与国际治理规则制定。深度参与联合国、世界贸易组织、国际货币基金组织等国际组织框架下涉及海外利益保障的规则制定与修订，“在国际规则制定中发出更多中国声音、注入更多中国元素，维护和拓展我国发展利益”。

On the other hand, we should take “mutual benefit and win-win” as the value orientation, construct a cooperation paradigm centered on legitimate cooperation, shared responsibility, and inclusive development, and strengthen the value foundation of international institutional influence. First, clarify the boundaries of cooperation. Clearly define our behavioral norms in the host country, uphold the principle of “cooperation without interference, protection without overstepping boundaries,” fully respect the sovereignty, legal systems, and cultural differences of the host country, avoid institutional cooperation being misinterpreted as intervention or expansion, and solidify the foundation of legitimate cooperation. Second, ensure that the benefits of cooperation reach the host society. Transform the institutional achievements of mechanism-building into public resources that can be shared by the host country, such as security resources, information services, and infrastructure guarantees, achieving the unity of our own security and common security. Finally, enhance the negotiability and oversight of the cooperation mechanism. Establish regular consultation mechanisms with the host country’s legislative bodies, industry associations, and social organizations, ensure their full participation in mechanism design, operation, and evaluation, build a dynamic cooperative relationship based on trust, and effectively create a “security community.”

另一方面，应以“互利共赢”为价值导向，构建以合作正当、责任共建、发展包容为核心的合作范式，强化国际制度影响力的价值根基。首先，明确合作边界。清晰界定我国在属地的行为准则，秉持“合作不干预、保护不越界”原则，充分尊重驻在国主权、法律与文化制度差异，避免制度合作被误读为干涉或扩张，筑牢合作正当性基础。其次，推动合作利益惠及属地社会。将机制建设中的制度成果转化为属地可共享的公共资源，如安保资源、信息服务、基础设施保障等，实现自身安全和共同安全的统一。最后，增强合作机制的可协商性与可监督性。与驻在国立法机构、行业协会及社会组织建立常态化磋商机制，保障其在机制设计、运行与评估中的充分参与，构建基于信任的动态合作关系，切实打造“安全共同体”。

(6) Establish a results-oriented, continuously optimized feedback and adjustment mechanism

（六）建立结果导向、持续优化的反馈调整机制

As the “operational endpoint” of the overseas interests protection system, the feedback and adjustment mechanism is not only a technical tool for institutional performance evaluation and strategy correction but also a key element ensuring the mechanism possesses adaptability, resilience, and evolutionary capacity.

反馈调整机制作为海外利益保障体系中的“运行末端”，不仅是制度绩效评估与策略修正的技术工具，更是保障机制具备适应性、韧性与演化能力的关键要素。

On the one hand, we should adhere to a “results-oriented” approach and construct a full-process operational evaluation system with effectiveness assessment as the starting point. First, build a hierarchical indicator system for evaluating the operational effectiveness of the mechanism. Centering on national strategic objectives, departmental functional task fulfillment, and project implementation outcomes, set up three types of evaluation indicators: strategic performance, functional performance, and on-site performance, and assign differentiated weights and evaluation dimensions for different task types, promoting a shift in effectiveness assessment from “subjective impression” to “objective quantification.” Second, promote the participation of multiple entities in the evaluation. Encourage overseas institutions, enterprises, and third-party research institutions to jointly participate in mechanism evaluation, examine the implementation effects of the safeguard mechanism from multiple perspectives, and enhance the professionalism, representativeness, and practical value of the evaluation results. Finally, promote the institutionalized application of evaluation results. Integrate evaluation outcomes into the decision-making process, resource allocation, and institutional correction mechanisms, open up the links between evaluation, decision-making, and adjustment, and make institutional evolution more empirically grounded and goal-oriented.

一方面，应坚持“结果导向”，构建以实效评估为抓手的全流程运行评价体系。首先，构建机制运行成效评估的分层指标体系。围绕国家战略目标、部门职能履约任务及项目落地效果，分别设置战略绩效、职能绩效与现场绩效三类评估指标，并针对不同任务类型设定差异化权重与评价维度，推动实效评估从“主观印象”向“客观量化”转变。其次，推动多元主体参与评估。鼓励驻外机构、企业及第三方研究机构共同参与机制评估，从多视角审视保障机制实施效果，增强评估结果的专业性、代表性与实践价值。最后，促进评估结果的制度化应用。将评价成果融入决策流程、资源分配与制度修正机制，打通评价、决策、调整环节，使制度演进更具实证基础与目标导向。

On the other hand, with “continuous optimization” as the core, we should build a dynamic update mechanism with learning, adaptability, and iteration capabilities. First, establish an information integration and sharing platform. Led by the central competent authorities, build a cross-departmental, cross-host-country, and cross-industry platform, transform diplomatic records, security information, etc., into structured data, regularly organize mechanism review meetings, host-country experience exchanges, and case summary evaluations, and promote the transformation of the mechanism from experience accumulation to knowledge generation. Second, set up a mechanism revision channel. For problems such as mismatch and maladaptation in mechanism operation, organize expert teams to conduct timely analysis and formulate adjustment plans, ensuring that mechanism updates do not lag behind changes in the internal and external environment, and enhance the ability to adapt to various situations. Finally, treat mechanism optimization as a long-term task. Regularly and comprehensively evaluate the operational effects of the mechanism, combine it with the domestic and international situation and new demands for overseas interests protection, introduce new concepts, methods, and technologies, carry out systematic optimization and upgrading of the mechanism, and promote its continuous improvement.

另一方面，应以“持续优化”为内核，构建具备学习性、适应性与迭代性的动态更新机制。首先，搭建信息整合共享平台。由中央主管部门牵头，搭建跨部门、跨属地、跨行业平台，将外交记录、安保信息等转化为结构化数据，定期组织机制复盘会、属地经验交流与案例总结评估，推动机制从经验积累向知识生成转变。其次，设立机制修订通道。针对机制运行中不匹配、不适应等问题，组织专家团队及时分析，制定调整方案，确保机制更新不滞后于内外部环境变化，增强对各类情况的适应能力。最后，将机制优化作为长期工作。定期全面评估机制运行效果，结合国内外形势与海外利益保障新需求，引入新理念、方法与技术，对机制进行系统性优化升级，推动其不断完善。

(The authors are an associate professor at the School of Marxism, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics; and a doctoral student at the School of Marxism, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics)

（作者系西南财经大学马克思主义学院副教授；西南财经大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁