The Internal Logic, Realistic Dilemmas, and Practical Paths of Promoting Common Prosperity in Rural Areas through the Modernization of Farmers

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “The most arduous and heavy task for promoting common prosperity remains in the countryside.” Realizing common prosperity in rural areas is a key step toward achieving common prosperity for all the people. In recent years, academic circles have conducted extensive and in-depth research on rural common prosperity and have achieved rich results. However, the discussion on the practical paths of rural common prosperity in existing research results mainly proceeds from the perspective of “things” and “external causes,” such as developing new types of rural collective economies, strengthening digital village construction, promoting agricultural technological progress, and optimizing basic public services in rural areas, while lacking research results from the perspective of “people” and “internal causes,” that is, the perspective of farmers themselves. In fact, on the one hand, from a theoretical dimension, internal causes are the fundamental driving force for the development of things; people are the subjective and decisive factor in achieving common prosperity; promoting common prosperity and promoting people’s comprehensive development are dialectically unified. Therefore, to study and solve the problem of rural common prosperity, we must focus on the comprehensive development of farmers and the modernization of farmers. On the other hand, from a practical dimension, only by promoting rural common prosperity through the modernization of farmers can we fundamentally increase farmers’ incomes, improve farmers’ lives, and realize rural common prosperity. Therefore, promoting rural common prosperity through the modernization of farmers is the long-term strategy for achieving rural common prosperity.

习近平总书记指出：“促进共同富裕，最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村。”实现乡村共同富裕是实现全体人民共同富裕的关键一步。近年来，学界围绕乡村共同富裕进行了广泛而深入的研究，并取得了丰富的成果。但是，既有研究成果中关于乡村共同富裕实践路径的探讨，主要是从发展新型农村集体经济、加强数字乡村建设、推动农业技术进步、优化农村基本公共服务等“物”的角度、“外因”层面出发，而缺乏从“人”的角度、“内因”层面即农民这一视角出发的研究成果。事实上，一方面，从理论维度来看，内因是事物发展的根本动力，人是实现共同富裕的主体性、决定性因素，促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展是辩证统一的，因此，研究和解决乡村共同富裕问题，必须关注农民全面发展、农民现代化；另一方面，从实践维度来看，唯有以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，才能从根本上提高农民收入、改善农民生活、实现乡村共同富裕。因此，以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，才是实现乡村共同富裕的长久之计。

I. The Internal Logic of Promoting Common Prosperity in Rural Areas through the Modernization of Farmers

一、农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕的内在逻辑

The modernization of farmers is the state and process in which farmers’ production, lifestyle, concepts, qualities, and abilities adapt to or even exceed the development requirements of the modern economy and society, thereby presenting a state of comprehensive and coordinated development of farmers. It involves multiple aspects, including the modernization of farmers’ production methods, lifestyle modernization, ideological concept modernization, and quality and ability modernization. To promote rural common prosperity through the modernization of farmers, we must first clarify its internal logic, that is, why it is “necessary” and why it is “possible” to promote rural common prosperity through the modernization of farmers. Xi Jinping has pointed out that “promoting common prosperity and promoting people’s comprehensive development are highly unified.” Therefore, promoting the modernization of farmers and promoting rural common prosperity are also highly unified. This is precisely the internal logic of promoting rural common prosperity through the modernization of farmers. Specifically, the dialectical unity of the modernization of farmers and rural common prosperity is mainly reflected in the following four aspects.

农民现代化是农民的生产、生活、观念、素质、能力等适应甚至超过现代经济社会的发展要求，从而呈现出来的农民全面、协调发展的状态与过程，它涉及农民生产方式现代化、生活方式现代化、思想观念现代化、素质能力现代化等多方面的内容。以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，首先必须搞清楚其内在逻辑，即为什么“要”、为什么“能”以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕。习近平指出，“促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展是高度统一的”,因此，促进农民现代化与促进乡村共同富裕也是高度统一的，这正是以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕的内在逻辑。具体而言，农民现代化与乡村共同富裕的辩证统一性主要体现在以下四个方面。

1. Convergence of Goal Orientation

1.目标指向的聚同性

Realizing the free and comprehensive development of human beings is the ultimate value pursuit of Marxism. Through a profound analysis of the irreconcilable internal contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, Marx and Engels not only elucidated the trend of human social development that capitalism will inevitably perish and socialism will inevitably triumph, but also pointed out that the development goal of future society is to realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings. The Communist Party of China, as a proletarian party guided by Marxism, has always adhered to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and has been committed to realizing the comprehensive development of human beings in the process of promoting social progress. Mao Zedong proposed realizing the comprehensive development of human beings in the three aspects of “moral education, intellectual education, and physical education”; Deng Xiaoping pointed out the need to cultivate a “new generation of four haves” [1]1 “New generation of four haves” (四有新人) refers to a slogan from the early reform era calling for people to have ideals, morality, culture, and discipline. with ideals, morality, culture, and discipline; Jiang Zemin regarded “promoting people’s comprehensive development” as the “essential requirement for building a new socialist society”; Hu Jintao emphasized that “people-oriented” should “take realizing people’s comprehensive development as the goal”; Xi Jinping clearly made the scientific judgment that “the ultimate goal of modernization is to realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings.” It can be said that the ultimate purpose of all actions of the Communist Party of China is to realize the comprehensive development of human beings.

实现人的自由全面发展是马克思主义的终极价值追求。马克思、恩格斯通过对资本主义生产方式无法调和的内在矛盾的深刻剖析，不仅阐明了资本主义必然灭亡、社会主义必然胜利的人类社会发展趋势，而且指明了未来社会的发展目标是实现人的自由全面发展。中国共产党作为以马克思主义为指导的无产阶级政党，始终坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，在推动社会进步的过程中一直致力于实现人的全面发展。毛泽东提出要实现人在“德育、智育、体育”三方面的全面发展，邓小平指出要培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的“四有”新人，江泽民将“促进人的全面发展”看作是“建设社会主义新社会的本质要求”，胡锦涛强调“以人为本”要“以实现人的全面发展为目标”，习近平明确作出“现代化的最终目标是实现人自由而全面的发展”的科学论断。可以说，中国共产党一切行动的最终目的都是为了实现人的全面发展。

Specifically in the field of agriculture and rural areas, whether it is promoting the modernization of farmers or promoting common prosperity in rural areas, the purpose is the comprehensive development of farmers. Realizing the comprehensive development of farmers is a long-term process, which has different concrete manifestations at different historical stages. The modernization of farmers is the contemporary embodiment and concrete practice of the comprehensive development of farmers in the stage of China’s promotion of Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization includes the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas inherently contains the modernization of farmers. Promoting the modernization of farmers is a process of achieving the comprehensive development of farmers by continuously adapting farmers’ production, lifestyle, concepts, qualities, and abilities to the development requirements of modern society.

具体到农业农村领域，不论是促进农民现代化，还是促进乡村共同富裕，其目的都是为了农民的全面发展。实现农民的全面发展是一个长期的过程，它在不同的历史阶段有不同的具体体现。农民现代化是农民全面发展在我国推进中国式现代化这一阶段的当代体现和具体实践。中国式现代化包含农业农村现代化，而农业农村现代化又内蕴着农民现代化。促进农民现代化是一个通过使农民的生产、生活、观念、素质、能力等不断适应现代社会的发展要求，从而达到农民全面发展的过程。

As for rural common prosperity, its goal is also the comprehensive development of farmers. Capitalist society created a large amount of social wealth in terms of productive forces, but due to the drawbacks of private ownership of the means of production, it failed to promote the comprehensive development of human beings; instead, it brought about the reification, alienation, and impoverishment of human beings. As Marx pointed out, human life is reified into “stupid material force,” with the accumulation of wealth on one side and the accumulation of workers’ poverty on the other. In contrast, in a socialist society, because the socialist public ownership of the means of production is implemented, human development is not only a means for the growth of social wealth but also its purpose. The abundance of social wealth aims to meet the needs of all members of society. Through socialized production, it can not only provide people with a rich and ample material life but also enable people’s physical and intellectual abilities to develop fully and freely. Similarly, promoting rural common prosperity not only takes farmers as the practical subject but also as the value subject; its purpose is to realize the comprehensive development and well-being enhancement of farmers. As Xi Jinping pointed out, “We must take promoting common prosperity for all the people as the focal point for seeking happiness for the people”; farmers’ prosperous life is the “foundation” of rural revitalization.

就乡村共同富裕而言，其目标也是为了农民的全面发展。资本主义社会在生产力方面创造了大量的社会财富，却由于生产资料私有制的弊端，未能促进人的全面发展，反而带来的是人的物化、异化、贫困化等。正如马克思曾指出，人的生命被物化为“愚钝的物质力量”,一边是财富的积累，一边是工人贫困的积累。相比之下，在社会主义社会中，由于实行的是生产资料社会主义公有制，因而人的发展不仅是社会财富增长的手段，也是其目的。社会财富的丰富是以满足全体社会成员的需要为目的，通过社会化生产，不仅能使人有富足充裕的物质生活，而且能使人的体力和智力获得充分自由的发展。同样地，促进乡村共同富裕，不仅以农民为实践主体，也以农民为价值主体，其目的是实现农民的全面发展和福祉增进。正如习近平指出，“必须把促进全体人民共同富裕作为为人民谋幸福的着力点”,农民生活富裕是乡村振兴的“根本”。

2. Interconnection of Basic Connotations

2.基本意涵的相通性

Marx once pointed out that “the wealthy person is at the same time the person in need of a totality of human life manifestations”; in this sense, the “wealthy person” is a comprehensively developed person with rich needs. In addition, he also pointed out that “the development of human productive forces is the development of wealth.” It can be seen that promoting common prosperity and promoting people’s comprehensive development have identity. Similarly, the modernization of farmers and rural common prosperity also have isomorphism; their basic connotations are interconnected, both involving material and spiritual dimensions.

马克思曾指出，“富有的人同时就是需要有人的生命表现的完整性的人”,从这种意义上来讲，“富有的人”是有丰富需要的全面发展的人。此外，他还曾指出，“人的生产力的发展即财富的发展”。可见，促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展具有同一性。同样地，农民现代化和乡村共同富裕也具有同构性，它们的基本意涵是相通的，都涉及物质和精神两个维度。

As for the modernization of farmers, it involves two major aspects: the modernization of farmers at the material level and the modernization of farmers at the spiritual level. Xi Jinping once pointed out: “Human beings, in essence, are cultural beings… they are active, comprehensive beings.” As a holistic existence, human beings have both material and spiritual attributes. Therefore, human development is the coordinated development of the material and spiritual aspects of human beings; the modernization of farmers is also the common progress of the modernization of farmers at the material level and the modernization of farmers at the spiritual level. Among them, the modernization of farmers at the material level mainly includes the modernization of farmers’ production methods and the modernization of farmers’ lifestyles; the modernization of farmers at the spiritual level mainly includes the modernization of farmers’ ideological concepts and the modernization of farmers’ qualities and abilities.

就农民现代化而言，它涉及农民物质层面的现代化和农民精神层面的现代化两大方面。习近平曾指出：“人，本质上就是文化的人……是能动的、全面的人”。人作为一种总体性的存在，兼具物质和精神双重属性。因此，人的发展是人的物质和精神两个方面的协调发展，农民现代化也是农民物质层面的现代化和精神层面的现代化的共同进步。其中，农民物质层面的现代化主要包括农民生产方式现代化和农民生活方式现代化，农民精神层面的现代化主要包括农民思想观念现代化和农民素质能力现代化1.目标指向的聚同性

1. Convergence of Goal Orientation Realizing the free and comprehensive development of human beings is the ultimate value pursuit of Marxism. Through a profound analysis of the irreconcilable internal contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, Marx and Engels not only elucidated the trend of human social development that capitalism will inevitably perish and socialism will inevitably triumph, but also pointed out that the development goal of future society is to realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings. The Communist Party of China, as a proletarian party guided by Marxism, has always adhered to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and has been committed to realizing the comprehensive development of human beings in the process of promoting social progress. Mao Zedong proposed realizing the comprehensive development of human beings in the three aspects of “moral education, intellectual education, and physical education”; Deng Xiaoping pointed out the need to cultivate a “new generation of four haves” with ideals, morality, culture, and discipline; Jiang Zemin regarded “promoting people’s comprehensive development” as the “essential requirement for building a new socialist society”; Hu Jintao emphasized that “people-oriented” should “take realizing people’s comprehensive development as the goal”; Xi Jinping clearly made the scientific judgment that “the ultimate goal of modernization is to realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings.” It can be said that the ultimate purpose of all actions of the Communist Party of China is to realize the comprehensive development of human beings.

实现人的自由全面发展是马克思主义的终极价值追求。马克思、恩格斯通过对资本主义生产方式无法调和的内在矛盾的深刻剖析，不仅阐明了资本主义必然灭亡、社会主义必然胜利的人类社会发展趋势，而且指明了未来社会的发展目标是实现人的自由全面发展。中国共产党作为以马克思主义为指导的无产阶级政党，始终坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，在推动社会进步的过程中一直致力于实现人的全面发展。毛泽东提出要实现人在“德育、智育、体育”三方面的全面发展，邓小平指出要培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的“四有”新人，江泽民将“促进人的全面发展”看作是“建设社会主义新社会的本质要求”，胡锦涛强调“以人为本”要“以实现人的全面发展为目标”，习近平明确作出“现代化的最终目标是实现人自由而全面的发展”的科学论断。可以说，中国共产党一切行动的最终目的都是为了实现人的全面发展。

Specifically in the field of agriculture and rural areas, whether it is promoting peasant modernization or promoting common prosperity in rural areas, the goal is the comprehensive development of peasants. Realizing the comprehensive development of peasants is a long-term process, which has different concrete manifestations at different historical stages. Peasant modernization is the contemporary embodiment and concrete practice of the comprehensive development of peasants in the current stage of advancing Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization includes agricultural and rural modernization, and agricultural and rural modernization inherently contains peasant modernization. Promoting peasant modernization is a process of achieving the comprehensive development of peasants by continuously adapting their production, life, concepts, qualities, and abilities to the development requirements of modern society.

具体到农业农村领域，不论是促进农民现代化，还是促进乡村共同富裕，其目的都是为了农民的全面发展。实现农民的全面发展是一个长期的过程，它在不同的历史阶段有不同的具体体现。农民现代化是农民全面发展在我国推进中国式现代化这一阶段的当代体现和具体实践。中国式现代化包含农业农村现代化，而农业农村现代化又内蕴着农民现代化。促进农民现代化是一个通过使农民的生产、生活、观念、素质、能力等不断适应现代社会的发展要求，从而达到农民全面发展的过程。

As for common prosperity in rural areas, its goal is also the comprehensive development of peasants. Capitalist society created a vast amount of social wealth in terms of productive forces, but due to the drawbacks of private ownership of the means of production, it failed to promote the comprehensive development of people; instead, it brought about the reification, alienation, and impoverishment of people. As Marx pointed out, human life is reified into "stupid material force," with on one side the accumulation of wealth and on the other the accumulation of workers' poverty. In contrast, in socialist society, because socialist public ownership of the means of production is implemented, human development is not only a means for the growth of social wealth but also its purpose. The abundance of social wealth aims to meet the needs of all members of society. Through socialized production, it can not only provide people with a rich and ample material life but also enable the full and free development of their physical and intellectual capacities. Similarly, promoting common prosperity in rural areas not only takes peasants as the practical subject but also as the value subject; its purpose is to realize the comprehensive development of peasants and the enhancement of their well-being. As Xi Jinping pointed out, "We must make promoting common prosperity for all people the focus of working for the people's well-being," and the prosperity of peasants' lives is the "foundation" of rural revitalization.

就乡村共同富裕而言，其目标也是为了农民的全面发展。资本主义社会在生产力方面创造了大量的社会财富，却由于生产资料私有制的弊端，未能促进人的全面发展，反而带来的是人的物化、异化、贫困化等。正如马克思曾指出，人的生命被物化为“愚钝的物质力量”,一边是财富的积累，一边是工人贫困的积累。相比之下，在社会主义社会中，由于实行的是生产资料社会主义公有制，因而人的发展不仅是社会财富增长的手段，也是其目的。社会财富的丰富是以满足全体社会成员的需要为目的，通过社会化生产，不仅能使人有富足充裕的物质生活，而且能使人的体力和智力获得充分自由的发展。同样地，促进乡村共同富裕，不仅以农民为实践主体，也以农民为价值主体，其目的是实现农民的全面发展和福祉增进。正如习近平指出，“必须把促进全体人民共同富裕作为为人民谋幸福的着力点”,农民生活富裕是乡村振兴的“根本”。

2. The Interconnection of Basic Meanings

2.基本意涵的相通性

Marx once pointed out, "The wealthy person is at the same time the person in need of a totality of human life manifestations." In this sense, the "wealthy person" is a comprehensively developed person with rich needs. Furthermore, he also pointed out, "The development of people's productive forces is the development of wealth." It can be seen that promoting common prosperity and promoting the comprehensive development of people share an identity. Similarly, peasant modernization and rural common prosperity also have a structural isomorphism; their basic meanings are interconnected, both involving material and spiritual dimensions.

马克思曾指出，“富有的人同时就是需要有人的生命表现的完整性的人”,从这种意义上来讲，“富有的人”是有丰富需要的全面发展的人。此外，他还曾指出，“人的生产力的发展即财富的发展”。可见，促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展具有同一性。同样地，农民现代化和乡村共同富裕也具有同构性，它们的基本意涵是相通的，都涉及物质和精神两个维度。

As for peasant modernization, it involves two major aspects: the modernization of the material level of peasants and the modernization of the spiritual level of peasants. Xi Jinping once pointed out: "People, in essence, are cultural beings... they are active, comprehensive beings." As a holistic existence, people possess both material and spiritual attributes. Therefore, human development is the coordinated development of both the material and spiritual aspects of people, and peasant modernization is also the common progress of the modernization of the material level and the modernization of the spiritual level of peasants. Among them, the modernization of the material level of peasants mainly includes the modernization of peasants' production methods and the modernization of peasants' lifestyles, while the modernization of the spiritual level of peasants mainly includes the modernization of peasants' ideological concepts and the modernization of peasants' qualities and abilities.

就农民现代化而言，它涉及农民物质层面的现代化和农民精神层面的现代化两大方面。习近平曾指出：“人，本质上就是文化的人……是能动的、全面的人”。人作为一种总体性的存在，兼具物质和精神双重属性。因此，人的发展是人的物质和精神两个方面的协调发展，农民现代化也是农民物质层面的现代化和精神层面的现代化的共同进步。其中，农民物质层面的现代化主要包括农民生产方式现代化和农民生活方式现代化，农民精神层面的现代化主要包括农民思想观念现代化和农民素质能力现代化。

As for common prosperity in rural areas, it also involves two aspects: material prosperity and spiritual prosperity. Xi Jinping pointed out, "Common prosperity... is the prosperity of both the material life and the spiritual life of the people," and "Material abundance and spiritual enrichment are the fundamental requirements of socialist modernization." Regarding rural revitalization, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to achieve "comprehensive" revitalization of rural areas, "enriching both the pocket and the mind," and "shaping the body while also forging the soul." In fact, against the background of China having already built a moderately prosperous society in all respects, promoting common prosperity in rural areas requires not only attention to meeting the material needs of peasants but also, more importantly, attention to meeting their spiritual needs. That is, it requires focusing on enhancing peasants' sense of gain, happiness, and security, allowing the vast number of peasants to fully utilize their talents in higher spiritual pursuits, and making the development of peasants more secure, more substantial, and more proactive.

就乡村共同富裕而言，它同样涉及物质富裕和精神富裕两方面。习近平指出，“共同富裕……是人民群众物质生活和精神生活都富裕”“物质富足、精神富有是社会主义现代化的根本要求”。针对乡村振兴，习近平强调要实现乡村的“全面”振兴，“既富口袋也富脑袋”“既要塑形，也要铸魂”。事实上，在我国已经全面建成小康社会的背景下，促进乡村共同富裕不仅需要关注农民物质层面需要的满足，更需要关注农民精神层面需要的满足，即需要注重提升农民的获得感、幸福感、安全感等，让广大农民在更高的精神追求中充分发挥才能，使农民的发展更有保障、更加充实、更为主动。

3. The Commonality of Conditions for Realization

3.实现条件的共通性

Peasant modernization and rural common prosperity are not only consistent in their goal orientation and basic meanings but also share commonality in the conditions for their realization. This is mainly reflected in the following points.

农民现代化和乡村共同富裕不仅在目标指向、基本意涵上具有一致性，而且在实现条件上具有共通性。主要体现在以下几点。

From the macro level, i.e., the national level, on the one hand, both require the strong support of the modernization of the entire country. Sociality is the essential attribute of people; human development cannot be separated from society, and peasant modernization cannot be separated from the strong backing of the modernization of the entire country. Similarly, as a part of the country, the realization of common prosperity in rural areas also cannot be separated from the effective functioning of the country as a whole. On the other hand, both require the institutional guarantees and policy support of the state. The improvement of the modernization level of the entire country only provides the "possibility" for peasant modernization and rural common prosperity. Whether this "possibility" can be transformed into "reality" depends crucially on, given limited resources, the extent of guarantees and support the state provides to peasants and rural areas at the institutional and policy levels, whether it has established and improved the urban-rural integration system, mechanisms, and policy systems, and whether it can provide sufficient and high-quality factors for the development of peasants and rural areas.

从宏观层面即国家层面来看，一方面，二者都需要整个国家现代化的强力支持。社会性是人的本质属性，人的发展离不开社会，农民现代化离不开整个国家现代化这一坚强后盾。同样地，乡村作为国家的一部分，其共同富裕的实现也离不开国家这一整体的功能状态的有效发挥。另一方面，二者都需要国家的制度保障和政策支持。整个国家现代化程度的提高，只是为农民现代化和乡村共同富裕提供了“可能性”，而这种“可能性”能否转化为“现实性”，关键还要看在资源有限的情况下，国家在制度和政策层面对农民和乡村给予了多大程度的保障和支持，是否建立健全了城乡融合体制机制和政策体系，是否能为农民的发展和乡村的发展提供充足而优质的要素等。

From the meso level, i.e., the rural level, on the one hand, both require the high-quality development of the rural economy. Xi Jinping pointed out that it is necessary to "promote common prosperity through high-quality development... and promote the comprehensive development of people." Only when the rural economy achieves high-quality development can rural common prosperity and peasant modernization have a solid material foundation. On the other hand, both require the vigorous promotion of the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas, especially the modernization of rural education. Engels once pointed out, "Every step forward in culture is a step towards freedom." Therefore, the degree of rural cultural development and the state of rural spiritual civilization construction have an important impact on peasant modernization. Among them, education, as a "decisive factor" and "the most powerful factor" influencing people's modernity, has a profound impact on peasant modernization. Similarly, one of the important connotations of rural common prosperity is spiritual common prosperity, which also requires the direct impetus of rural spiritual civilization construction.

从中观层面即乡村层面来看，一方面，二者都需要乡村经济的高质量发展。习近平指出，要“在高质量发展中促进共同富裕……促进人的全面发展”。只有乡村经济实现了高质量发展，乡村共同富裕和农民现代化才有坚实的物质基础。另一方面，二者都需要乡村精神文明建设的大力推进，尤其是乡村教育的现代化。恩格斯曾指出，“文化上的每一个进步，都是迈向自由的一步”。因此，乡村文化发展的程度、乡村精神文明建设的状况，对农民现代化有着重要的影响。其中，教育作为“对人的现代性起决定性影响的因素”和“最有力的因素”,对农民现代化更是有着深刻的影响。同样，乡村共同富裕的重要内涵之一是精神共富，它也需要乡村精神文明建设的直接推动。

From the micro level, i.e., the peasant level, on the one hand, both require the full exertion of the subjective initiative of individual peasants. Peasant modernization is the result of the combined action of internal and external factors, with the peasants themselves being the internal driving force. Similarly, realizing common prosperity in rural areas, in addition to requiring various objective conditions, is also inseparable from the exertion of peasants' subjectivity. On the other hand, both require the organization of peasants. Individual peasants have limited strength; relying solely on their own power, they cannot achieve modernization and also need to rely on the power of organizations. The famous American expert on the study of human modernization, Alex Inkeles, once pointed out that cooperatives are "a very influential school" in promoting peasant modernization. Similarly, rural common prosperity is also inseparable from the organization of peasants. Only when the vast number of peasants are organized can the standardized production and large-scale operation of agriculture be promoted, thereby increasing the comprehensive income of agriculture and promoting common prosperity in rural areas.

从微观层面即农民层面来看，一方面，二者都需要农民个体充分发挥主观能动性。农民现代化是内外因共同作用的结果，其中，农民自身是内在动力。同样，实现乡村共同富裕，除了需要各种客观条件外，也离不开农民主体性的发挥。另一方面，二者都需要农民的组织化，单个农民实力有限，仅靠自身力量无法实现现代化，还需要依托组织的力量。美国著名的人的现代化问题研究专家英格尔斯曾指出，合作社在促成农民现代化上是“一所很有影响力的学校”。同样地，乡村共同富裕也离不开农民组织化。只有广大农民组织起来，才能促进农业的标准化生产、规模化经营等，进而提高农业的综合收益，促进乡村的共同富裕。

4. The Mutual Reinforcement of the Practical Process

4.实践过程的互促性

Marx and Engels pointed out that social production includes the production of material goods and the production of human beings themselves, and the two types of production are conditional on each other. The production of human beings themselves provides the subjective conditions for the production of material goods; people are the "producers of wealth," and "man himself is the basis of his own material production." At the same time, the production of material goods provides the material conditions for the production of human beings themselves, because individuals can only "achieve freedom within the scope determined and permitted by the existing productive forces." Jiang Zemin also pointed out: "The more comprehensively people develop, the more material and cultural wealth society will create... and the more sufficient the material and cultural conditions, the more it can promote the comprehensive development of people." It can be seen that promoting common prosperity and promoting the comprehensive development of people have a coupling relationship. Similarly, peasant modernization and rural common prosperity also have a profound mutual reinforcement in the practical process.

马克思、恩格斯指出，社会生产包括物质资料的生产和人类自身的生产，两种生产互为条件。人类自身的生产为物质资料的生产提供主体条件，人是“财富的生产者”，“人本身是他自己的物质生产的基础”。同时，物质资料的生产为人类自身的生产提供物质条件，因为个人只能“在现有的生产力所决定和所容许的范围之内取得自由”。江泽民也曾指出：“人越全面发展，社会的物质文化财富就会创造得越多，……而物质文化条件越充分，又越能推进人的全面发展。”可见，促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展具有耦合性关联。同样，农民现代化与乡村共同富裕在实践过程中也具有深刻的互促性。

On the one hand, peasant modernization provides the subject and impetus for common prosperity in rural areas. Common prosperity in rural areas is the result of the two-way interaction and combined force of subject and object, with the vast number of peasants as its subject and key. Only by continuously raising the level of peasant modernization can the realization of common prosperity in rural areas be progressively advanced from the surface to the core. Specifically, first, the modernization of peasants’ mode of production will promote a leap in the level of productive forces in rural areas, thereby directly contributing to common prosperity in rural areas at the material level and laying a solid material foundation for common prosperity at the spiritual level in rural areas. Second, the modernization of peasants’ lifestyle means an improvement in the quality of life of peasants, especially the narrowing gap in quality of life between urban and rural residents, which will enhance the effectiveness of common prosperity in rural areas. Third, the modernization of peasants’ ideas and concepts can promote common prosperity in rural areas at both the material and spiritual levels. Not only does peasants’ general recognition of core socialist values facilitate an overall transformation of village customs and folkways, but the shaping of modern consciousness such as market awareness and rule-of-law awareness among peasants can promote an overall elevation of the level of civilization in rural society and the high-quality development of rural industries. Fourth, the modernization of peasants’ quality and capabilities can not only accelerate the application of science and technology in rural industries, driving up total factor productivity and thereby promoting common prosperity in rural areas at the material level, but also promote common prosperity in rural areas at the spiritual level. As Marx pointed out, “our capacities are our only original wealth.” [3]3 Karl Marx, “Reflections of a Young Man on the Choice of a Profession,” in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 8. The original German phrase is “unsere Fähigkeiten sind unser einziger ursprünglicher Reichtum.”

一方面，农民现代化为乡村共同富裕提供主体和动力。乡村共同富裕是主客体双向互动、合力作用的结果，广大农民是其主体和关键。只有不断地提升农民的现代化程度，才能渐进性地推动乡村共同富裕实现由表及里的全面提升。具体而言，一是农民生产方式现代化会推动乡村生产力水平的跃迁，从而直接促进乡村在物质层面的共同富裕，并为乡村精神层面的共同富裕奠定坚实的物质基础；二是农民生活方式现代化意味着农民生活质量的提升，尤其是城乡居民在生活质量上的差距日益缩小，由此会提升乡村共同富裕的成效；三是农民思想观念现代化可以促进乡村在物质和精神两个层面的共同富裕，不仅农民对社会主义核心价值观的普遍认同，能够促进村风、民风的整体转变，而且农民市场意识、法治意识等现代意识的形塑，能够促进乡村社会文明程度的整体提升和乡村产业的高质量发展等；四是农民素质能力现代化不仅能够加速科学技术在乡村产业中的运用，带动全要素生产率的提升，进而促进乡村在物质层面的共同富裕，而且能够促进乡村在精神层面的共同富裕。正如马克思指出，“我们的能力是我们唯一的原始财富”。

On the other hand, common prosperity in rural areas provides conditions and space for peasant modernization. Specifically, first, common prosperity in rural areas provides material conditions for peasant modernization. Common prosperity in rural areas is first manifested in the abundance of material wealth in rural areas, which can provide ample financial and material guarantees for peasant modernization. Second, common prosperity in rural areas provides spiritual impetus for peasant modernization. Common prosperity in rural areas in the New Era places greater emphasis on joint contribution and shared benefits, meaning that the fruits of rural development will benefit all peasants more and more fairly. This kind of “prospect incentive” will greatly stimulate the endogenous impetus for development among the vast number of peasants. Third, common prosperity in rural areas provides broad social space for peasant modernization. The common prosperity society that China is committed to building in the New Era is an organism that focuses on meeting the diverse and multi-level needs of the people for a better life and on the coordinated development and fairness and order of all fields. Therefore, common prosperity in rural areas in the New Era will also create a higher-quality social environment and broader social space for peasant modernization.

另一方面，乡村共同富裕为农民现代化提供条件和空间。具体而言，一是乡村共同富裕为农民现代化提供物质条件。乡村共同富裕首先表现在乡村物质财富的丰富上，这能为农民现代化提供充足的财力、物力保障。二是乡村共同富裕为农民现代化提供精神动力。新时代的乡村共同富裕更加强调共建共享，意味着乡村发展成果会更多更公平惠及全体农民，这种“前景激励”会极大地激发广大农民发展的内生动力。三是乡村共同富裕为农民现代化提供广阔的社会空间。新时代我国致力于建设的共同富裕社会，是一个着眼于满足人民群众多样化、多层次美好生活需要和各领域协调发展、公平有序的有机体。因此，新时代的乡村共同富裕也将为农民现代化创设更加优质的社会环境和更为广阔的社会空间。

II. Realistic Dilemmas of Peasant Modernization Promoting Common Prosperity in Rural Areas

二、农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕的现实困境

Contradiction is the driving force behind the development of things. To use peasant modernization to promote common prosperity in rural areas, one must adhere to a problem-oriented approach. To this end, it is necessary to clarify the contradictions and realistic dilemmas currently faced in using peasant modernization to promote common prosperity in rural areas, that is, to examine the actual state of peasant modernization in China today, focusing on identifying its bottlenecks and constraints.

矛盾是事物发展的动力。要以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，必须坚持问题导向。为此，要明晰当前以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕所面临的矛盾和现实困境，即对当前我国农民现代化的实然状态进行审视，着重找出其卡点瓶颈。

1. Lag in the Transformation of the Mode of Production: Insufficient Modernization and Transformation of the Peasant Mode of Production

1.生产方式变革迟滞：农民生产方式现代化转型不充分

Marxism holds that practice is the mode of existence of human beings, and production practice is the most basic practical activity of humanity. Therefore, production is the most basic mode of existence of human beings, and the modernization of the peasant mode of production is the most basic content of peasant modernization and also the most important factor affecting common prosperity in rural areas. However, the current modernization and transformation of the peasant mode of production in China is lagging, failing to keep pace with the agricultural science and technology revolution and the pace of industrial transformation, thereby constraining the process of common prosperity in rural areas. This is specifically reflected in the following three aspects.

马克思主义认为，实践是人的存在方式，而生产实践是人类最基本的实践活动。因此，生产是人类最基本的存在方式，农民生产方式现代化是农民现代化最基本的内容，也是影响乡村共同富裕最重要的因素。然而，当前我国农民生产方式现代化转型迟滞，跟不上农业科技革命和产业变革的步伐，由此掣肘着乡村共同富裕的进程。具体体现在以下三个方面。

First, the degree of scientific and technological application in peasant production is not high. Currently, “a new round of agricultural science and technology revolution characterized by biotechnology and information technology is gestating major breakthroughs.” [4]4 This is a quotation from a Chinese policy document or official statement, likely from the Central Committee of the CPC or the State Council, emphasizing the transformative potential of the new round of agricultural science and technology revolution. Information technology, in particular, is evolving and upgrading at an exponential rate. Through its deep integration with traditional agriculture, it is having a revolutionary impact on agricultural production methods. However, the current degree of scientific and technological application in peasant production in China is not high. The agricultural production techniques of smallholder peasants remain relatively backward, with insufficient application of intelligent agricultural equipment and facilities such as seeding drones and smart irrigation systems, as well as cutting-edge agricultural biotechnologies such as biological pest control and bio-fertilizers. According to statistics, in 2022, the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress in China was only 62.4%, a significant gap compared with world agricultural powers. The United States had already approached 70% as early as 2002. In terms of agricultural digitalization and intelligence, the United States has achieved the application of digital technology across the entire agricultural industry chain, while the application of agricultural digital technology in China is more concentrated in links such as consumption, with limited application in links such as production. In 2021, the informatization rate of agricultural production in China was only 25.4%. The low degree of scientific and technological application in peasant production directly restricts the process of realizing common prosperity in rural areas, especially at the material level.

第一，农民生产的科技化程度不高。当前，“以生物技术和信息技术为特征的新一轮农业科技革命正在孕育大的突破”,尤其是信息技术正以指数级的速度进化升级，它通过与传统农业的深度融合，正在对农业生产方式产生着革命性的影响。然而，当前我国农民生产的科技化程度不高，小农户的农业生产技术仍相对落后，对播种无人机、智慧灌溉系统等智能化农业装备设施以及生物病虫害防治、生物肥料等前沿农业生物技术的应用不足。据统计，2022年我国农业科技进步贡献率仅为62.4%,与世界农业强国差距较大，美国早在2002年已近70%,其中，在农业数智化方面，美国已实现数字技术在农业全产业链的应用，而我国农业数字技术在消费等环节应用较多，在生产等环节应用有限，2021年我国农业生产信息化率仅为25.4%。农民生产的科技化程度不高，直接制约着乡村共同富裕尤其是物质层面共同富裕的实现进程。

Second, the degree of greening in peasant production is not high. Promoting the green development of agriculture is an inherent requirement for building an agricultural powerhouse and realizing agricultural modernization. Under the circumstances of tightening resource and environmental constraints in China, promoting the green transformation of agricultural development is imperative and urgent. However, the current degree of greening in peasant production in China remains low. This is mainly reflected in: the degree of intensive resource utilization is not high. Taking water use as an example, in 2023, the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water in China was only 0.576, while the world advanced level is 0.7–0.8. The use of inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural film still needs to be reduced. The resource utilization rate of waste such as livestock and poultry manure and crop straw needs to be improved. Peasant production has not yet achieved a comprehensive green transformation, which results in high inputs and low returns for peasants in the agricultural production process, hindering the pace of common prosperity in rural areas.

第二，农民生产的绿色化程度不高。推进农业绿色发展是建设农业强国、实现农业现代化的应有之义。在我国资源环境约束趋紧的情况下，推进农业发展的绿色转型势在必行、迫在眉睫。然而，当前我国农民生产的绿色化程度依然不高，这主要体现为：资源利用集约化程度不高，以用水为例，2023年我国农田灌溉水有效利用系数仅为0.576,而世界先进水平为0.7~0.8;化肥、农药、农膜等投入品的使用仍需减量；畜禽粪污、农作物秸秆等废弃物的资源化利用率有待提高。农民的生产尚未实现全面绿色转型，这使得农民在农业生产过程中投入多、收益低，阻滞乡村共同富裕的步伐。

Third, the degree of marketization in peasant production is not high. Marketization is the soul of agricultural modernization. However, the current degree of marketization in peasant production in China is not high. Some peasants, in the process of engaging in agricultural production, are unable to obtain various types of market information in a timely manner, cannot scientifically and accurately grasp the rapidly changing market conditions, and cannot make correct production decisions based on changes in the market situation. This leads to difficulties in effectively aligning the agricultural products they produce with market demand. Furthermore, the low degree of marketization in peasant production is also manifested in the insufficient integration of agriculture with other industries and the incomplete agricultural industry chain. Regarding the integration of the primary and secondary industries, in 2020, the ratio of the output value of the agricultural product processing industry to the total agricultural output value in China was 2.3:1, far below the level of 3.5:1 in developed countries. Regarding the integration of the primary and tertiary industries, there is more integration of agriculture with tourism, but a lack of integration with other industries, and the integration of agriculture and tourism suffers from problems such as homogenization. The low degree of marketization in peasant production makes it difficult for peasants to obtain considerable income and long-term development in the complex and volatile market, directly hindering the ultimate realization of common prosperity in rural areas at the material level.

第三，农民生产的市场化程度不高。市场化是农业现代化的灵魂，然而，当前我国农民生产的市场化程度不高。部分农民在从事农业生产的过程中，无法及时地获取到各类市场信息，无法科学准确地把握瞬息万变的市场行情，无法根据市场形势的变化作出正确的生产决策，导致所生产的农产品难以与市场需求形成有效对接。此外，农民生产的市场化程度不高还表现在农业与其他产业的融合化不够，农业产业链不完整。就第一、第二产业的融合而言，2020年我国农产品加工业与农业总产值比为2.3:1,远低于发达国家3.5:1的水平；就第一、第三产业的融合而言，农业与旅游业的融合较多，与其他产业的融合欠缺，而且农旅融合存在同质化等问题。农民生产的市场化程度不高，导致农民难以在复杂多变的市场中获得可观的收益和长足的发展，直接阻碍着乡村物质共富的最终实现。

2. Livelihood Still Needs Improvement: The Quality of Life of Peasants Needs to Be Raised

2.生活仍需改善：农民生活质量有待提高

Marx and Engels once pointed out that as individuals express their life, so they are. Therefore, the modernization of the peasant lifestyle is an important manifestation of peasant modernization; in fact, it is also a distinctive feature of common prosperity in rural areas. Currently, the degree of modernization of the peasant lifestyle in China is still not high, and the quality of life of peasants still needs to be improved. This is specifically reflected in the following two aspects.

马克思、恩格斯曾指出，个人怎样表现自己的生活，他们自己也就是怎样的。因此，农民生活方式现代化是农民现代化的重要表现，事实上它也是乡村共同富裕的鲜明特征。当前我国农民生活方式现代化程度依然不高、农民生活质量仍待提高，具体体现在以下两个方面。

On the one hand, peasants’ income levels and consumption levels still need to be raised. “A high-quality lifestyle based on the development of productive forces can be evaluated through the growth of the people’s income level and corresponding consumption expenditure levels, consumption upgrading, public consumption, and the living environment.” [5]5 The source of this quotation is not provided in the original text. In terms of income levels, the income level of Chinese peasants needs to be raised. Data show that in 2023, the per capita disposable income of rural residents in China was 21,691 yuan, while the per capita disposable income of urban residents in the same period was 51,821 yuan; the per capita disposable income of rural residents was less than half that of urban residents. At the same time, the income gap between different groups within China’s peasantry needs to be narrowed. In 2017, the gap between the per capita disposable income of low-income rural households and that of high-income rural households was 27,997 yuan; by 2023, this gap had reached 44,872 yuan. In terms of consumption levels, the consumption expenditure level of Chinese peasants needs to grow. Data show that in 2023, the per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents in China was 18,175 yuan, while that of urban residents reached 32,994 yuan. At the same time, the consumption tier of Chinese peasants needs to be upgraded and the consumption structure optimized. According to estimates, in 2023, the Engel coefficient [6]6 The Engel coefficient is the proportion of household income spent on food; a lower figure generally indicates higher living standards. of rural residents in China was 32.4%, while that of urban residents was 28.8%. The above data indicate that, compared with urban residents, the income levels and consumption levels of Chinese peasants both need to be raised, and the goal of achieving common prosperity remains a long-term and arduous task.

一方面，农民收入水平和消费水平仍待提升。“在生产力发展基础上的高品质生活方式可以从人民收入水平及相应的消费支出水平的增长、消费升级、公共消费和人居环境来进行评价。”就收入水平而言，我国农民收入水平有待提高，数据显示，2023年我国农村居民人均可支配收入为21691元，而同期城镇居民人均可支配收入为51821元，农村居民人均可支配收入不足城镇居民人均可支配收入的二分之一。同时，我国农民内部不同群体之间的收入差距有待收窄，2017年我国农村低收入组家庭人均可支配收入与高收入组家庭人均可支配收入的差距为27997元，2023年二者差距达到44872元。就消费水平而言，我国农民消费支出水平有待增长，数据显示，2023年我国农村居民人均消费支出为18175元，而城镇居民人均消费支出达到32994元。同时，我国农民消费层次有待升级、消费结构有待优化，据测算，2023年我国农村居民恩格尔系数为32.4%,而城镇居民恩格尔系数为28.8%。上述数据说明，相对城镇居民，我国农民的收入水平和消费水平都有待提升，实现共同富裕的目标任重道远。

On the other hand, peasants’ living conditions still need to be improved. Compared with urban areas, the infrastructure construction in China’s rural areas based on peasants’ lives is still very inadequate. For example, in terms of network facilities, 5G networks have not yet achieved full coverage in China’s rural areas. In terms of medical services, both the software and hardware of rural medical and health institutions need to be improved. Looking at the proportion of health technicians with a bachelor’s degree or above, the national average is 44.2%, while in township health centers it is only 24%. In terms of elderly care services, as of the end of 2024, even in the economically developed Guangdong Province, the coverage rate of community elderly care service institutions and facilities in rural areas was only 71%, still some distance from achieving full coverage. In terms of cultural services, rural residents lack sufficient and high-quality cultural activity venues and facilities. According to data from the Third National Agricultural Census, [7]7 The Third National Agricultural Census was conducted in China in 2016-2017 to collect data on rural agriculture, infrastructure, and demographics. 58.7% of villages have no peasant amateur cultural organizations, and 40.8% of villages have no sports and fitness venues. In terms of the living environment, in 2023, the sewage treatment rates in China’s designated towns and townships were only 67.71% and 33.37% respectively, and their harmless treatment rates for domestic waste were 86.06% and 74.41% respectively. The existence of the above problems makes it difficult for peasants to achieve an intelligent and green lifestyle, affecting the realization of common prosperity in rural areas.

另一方面，农民生活条件仍待改善。相对城镇，我国农村基于农民生活的基础设施建设还很不足：比如，在网络设施方面，5G网络尚未实现在我国乡村地区的全覆盖；在医疗服务方面，农村医疗卫生机构软件和硬件均有待提升，从卫生技术人员中具有本科及以上学历的人员占比来看，全国平均水平为44.2%,而乡镇卫生院仅为24%；在养老服务方面，截至2024年底，即使是在经济发达的广东省，农村地区社区养老服务机构和设施覆盖率也仅为71%,离实现全覆盖尚有距离；在文化服务方面，农村居民缺乏充足而优质的文化活动场所、设施等，根据第三次全国农业普查数据测算，58.7%的村没有农民业余文化组织，40.8%的村没有体育健身场所；在人居环境方面，2023年我国建制镇、乡污水处理率分别仅为67.71%和33.37%,其生活垃圾无害化处理率分别为86.06%和74.41%。上述问题的存在，使得农民难以实现生活方式的智能化、绿色化，影响乡村共同富裕的实现。

3. Urgent Need for Conceptual Transformation: Peasants’ Ideological Concepts Still Lag Behind the Requirements of Modernization

3.观念亟待转变：农民思想观念离现代化的要求仍有差距

Marx pointed out that humans are “conscious beings,” and spirituality is one of the important attributes of humans. Therefore, the modernization of peasants’ ideological concepts is an important component of peasant modernization and also a key factor affecting common prosperity in rural areas, especially common prosperity at the spiritual level. At present, the ideological concepts of Chinese peasants still lag behind the requirements of modernization, thereby hindering the pace of common prosperity in rural areas. This is specifically reflected in the following two aspects.

马克思指出，人是“有意识的存在物”,精神性是人的重要属性之一。因此，农民思想观念现代化是农民现代化的重要内容，也是影响乡村共同富裕尤其是精神层面共同富裕的关键因素。当前我国农民思想观念离现代化的要求尚有差距，由此牵绊着乡村共同富裕的步伐。具体体现在以下两个方面。

On the one hand, socialist values and moral concepts have been diluted and weakened in the thinking of some peasants. The modernization of peasants’ ideological concepts first requires peasants to form socialist values and moral concepts, which are basic qualities that peasants must possess to keep pace with the development of modern society. At present, although Chinese peasants have generally established socialist values and moral concepts, remnants of feudal ideology, superstitious ideas, and bad living habits still exist. Especially with the rapid development of the market economy and the profound adjustment of the social interest structure, bad ideas such as money worship, hedonism, and extreme individualism have spread and penetrated into rural areas. Some peasants’ value judgment standards have shown a tendency toward “utilitarianism,” focusing on personal interests while neglecting collective interests, and revering money and power. These problems in ideological concepts hinder peasants’ progress toward modernization, making them unable to meet the requirements of social development and spiritual common prosperity.

一方面，社会主义的价值理念、道德观念在部分农民的思想中有所淡化和弱化。农民思想观念现代化首先要求农民要形成社会主义的价值理念、道德观念，这是农民跟上现代社会发展步伐必须具备的基本素养。目前，我国农民虽已普遍树立起社会主义的价值理念、道德观念，但封建残余思想、迷信思想和生活陋习等仍然存在，尤其是随着市场经济的飞速发展、社会利益格局的深刻调整，拜金主义、享乐主义、极端个人主义等不良思想向农村的传播和渗透，部分农民的价值判断标准出现了“功利化”的倾向，注重个人利益而忽视集体利益，以钱、权为尊等，这些思想观念上存在的问题，阻碍了农民向现代化迈进的步伐，使其无法满足社会发展和精神共同富裕的要求。

On the other hand, some modern consciousnesses have not been fully formed in peasants’ minds. Promoting the modernization of peasants’ ideological concepts requires not only that peasants have correct values and moral concepts but also that they possess a strong modern consciousness. At present, the modern consciousness of some peasants is still weak, mainly manifested in the following aspects: peasants’ market awareness is insufficient; when making production and management decisions, some peasants fully consider factors such as personal production experience, habits, and crop yields, but lack sufficient attention to market supply and demand relations. Peasants’ awareness of the rule of law and rules is insufficient; some peasants emphasize personal relationships and customs over laws, regulations, and contracts. Peasants’ awareness of innovation and openness is insufficient; some peasants’ ideological concepts are still conservative, “revering and relying on authority, lacking the spirit of independent thinking,” and are not easily receptive to new things. Peasants’ health awareness is insufficient; some peasants do not pay attention to how to maintain health and lack the awareness of controlling oil, salt, and sugar intake and the awareness of proactively undergoing physical examinations. Peasants’ ecological and environmental awareness is insufficient; a small number of peasants have not fully recognized the importance of ecological environmental protection, and phenomena such as littering and burning straw still exist. The above situation reflects that the transformation of peasants’ ideological concepts lags behind, making it difficult to adapt to the development requirements of modern society, thereby also hindering the realization of common prosperity in rural areas.

另一方面，一些现代意识未能在农民头脑中完全形成。促进农民思想观念现代化，不仅要求农民具有正确的价值理念、道德观念等，还要求农民具备较强的现代意识。目前部分农民的现代意识依然不强，主要表现在以下几个方面：农民的市场意识不足，一些农民在作出生产经营决策时，充分考虑了个人生产经验、习惯以及农作物的产量等因素，但对市场供求关系缺乏足够的关注；农民的法治意识、规则意识不足，一些农民重人情、习惯，不重法规、制度和契约；农民的创新意识、开放意识不足，一些农民思想观念仍较保守，“崇尚并依附权威，缺少独立思考的精神”,不易接受新事物等；农民的健康意识不足，一些农民对如何保持健康并不关注，也缺乏控油、控盐、控糖的意识和主动体检的意识；农民的生态环保意识不足，少数农民未能充分认识到生态环境保护的重要性，仍存在乱扔垃圾、焚烧秸秆等现象。上述情况反映出农民思想观念变革滞后，难以适应现代社会的发展要求，由此也会阻碍乡村共同富裕的实现。

4. Insufficient Quality and Ability: Prominent Shortcomings in Peasants’ Scientific and Cultural Quality and Vocational Skills

4.素质能力不高：农民科学文化素质与职业技能短板突出

Human quality refers to the moral, knowledge, physical, and psychological conditions required for people to engage in activities. Human ability is “the capability of people to engage in or complete certain activities.” The two are interrelated and together affect people’s adaptability and development potential in modern society. Therefore, the modernization of peasants’ quality and ability is an important component of peasant modernization and profoundly affects the process of common prosperity in rural areas. At present, the degree of modernization of Chinese peasants’ quality and ability is not high, prominently manifested in the prominent shortcomings in peasants’ scientific and cultural quality and vocational skills, thereby delaying the progress of common prosperity in rural areas. This is specifically reflected in the following two aspects.

人的素质是人从事活动所需要的道德、知识、身体、心理等条件，人的能力是“人从事或完成一定活动的本领”,二者相互关联，共同影响着人在现代社会中的适应性和发展潜力。因此，农民素质能力现代化是农民现代化的重要内容，深刻影响着乡村共同富裕的进程。当前我国农民素质能力现代化程度不高，突出表现在农民科学文化素质与职业技能短板突出，由此延缓着乡村共同富裕的进度。具体体现在以下两个方面。

On the one hand, the overall scientific and cultural quality of peasants is relatively low. Human quality is a collective entity, among which scientific and cultural quality is the core quality that people must possess. In 2023, the proportion of rural residents in China with scientific literacy was only 9.16%, a significant gap compared with the urban residents’ level of 17.25%. Peasants’ reserves of production knowledge such as disaster prevention and mitigation, farmland protection, and green production, as well as life knowledge such as health care, are relatively insufficient. Some peasants are still “science illiterates,” unable to use smartphones, computers, etc., or their use is mainly limited to simple operations such as chatting, shopping, and watching videos, and they cannot use them to produce and publish promotional videos for agricultural products, operate online stores, or quickly and accurately retrieve needed information. At the same time, peasants’ cultural quality is generally low. According to relevant data estimates, in 2022, the proportion of rural resident household heads with a high school education or above was only 13.7%. Even among high-quality peasants, only 21.95% had a college degree or above in 2022. Against the backdrop of rapid changes in science and technology and accelerated knowledge iteration and updating, the low scientific and cultural quality of peasants makes it difficult for them to keep pace with the development of modern society, thereby affecting the process of common prosperity in rural areas in multiple dimensions and at a deep level.

一方面，农民科学文化素质整体偏低。人的素质是一个集合体，其中，科学文化素质是人必备的核心素质。2023年我国农村具备科学素质的居民比例仅为9.16%,与城镇居民17.25%的水平相比差距明显。农民在防灾减灾、耕地保护、绿色生产等生产知识和卫生保健等生活知识方面的储备相对不足。部分农民仍然是“科盲”，不会使用智能手机、电脑等，或者对其的使用主要停留在聊天、购物、观看视频等简单操作上，并不会运用其制作发布农产品宣传视频、经营网店、快速准确检索所需信息等。与此同时，农民文化素质整体偏低。根据相关数据测算，2022年我国农村居民家庭户主文化程度为高中及以上的比例仅为13.7%,即使是高素质农民，2022年仅有21.95%的人拥有大专及以上文化程度。在科学技术日新月异、知识迭代更新加速的背景下，农民科学文化素质偏低，使得农民难以跟上现代社会的发展步伐，由此多维度、深层次地影响着乡村共同富裕的进程。

On the other hand, the level of vocational skills among peasants needs improvement. At present, China’s new quality productive forces in agriculture are emerging, rural industries are accelerating their upgrading, and new rural industries and new forms of business are constantly appearing. Currently, the overall vocational skill level of Chinese peasants is not high, mainly manifested in the following aspects: In agricultural production, some peasants lack specialized production skills, especially the ability to apply advanced agricultural production technologies. Data from the Third National Agricultural Census show that only 11% of agricultural production and management personnel nationwide have received professional agricultural technical training. Even among the group of high-quality peasants, according to relevant data estimates, only about half had obtained professional titles for peasant technicians in 2022. In product sales, against the backdrop of rapid development of modern information technology and an increasing proportion of online sales, peasants lack the ability to sell products through the internet. In management and operation, peasants’ abilities in industrial planning, interpersonal communication, organization and coordination, and financial management urgently need improvement. The existence of these problems not only makes it difficult for peasants to adapt to the trends of modern agricultural development but also makes it hard for them to meet the needs of the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas. This directly constrains the improvement of rural productive forces and hinders the realization of common prosperity in material terms in rural areas.

另一方面，农民职业技能水平有待提高。当前，我国农业新质生产力正在催生，农村产业加速升级，农村新产业、新业态等不断涌现。目前我国农民职业技能水平整体不高，主要表现在以下几个方面：在农业生产方面，部分农民缺乏专业的生产技能，尤其是缺乏对于先进农业生产技术的运用能力。第三次全国农业普查数据显示，全国仅有11%的农业生产经营人员受过农业专业技术培训。即使是高素质农民群体，根据相关数据测算，2022年也仅有约一半的人获得了农民技术人员职称。在产品销售方面，在现代信息技术飞速发展、线上销售比重上升的背景下，农民通过网络销售产品的能力不足。在经营管理方面，农民在产业规划、人际沟通、组织协调、财务管理等方面的能力亟待提升。上述问题的存在，不仅使得农民难以适应现代农业发展的趋势，而且使得农民难以适应农村一二三产业融合发展的需要，由此直接制约着农村生产力水平的提升，阻滞着乡村物质共富的实现。

III. Practical Paths for Peasant Modernization to Promote Common Prosperity in Rural Areas

三、农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕的实践路径

Adhering to a problem-oriented approach requires not only being good at discovering problems and scientifically analyzing problems but also daring to confront problems and effectively solve them. To promote common prosperity in rural areas through peasant modernization, it is necessary to take targeted measures to focus on resolving the aforementioned principal contradictions, using this as a starting point and breakthrough to drive the overall improvement of peasant modernization levels, thereby assisting in the realization of common prosperity in China’s rural areas.

坚持问题导向不仅要善于发现问题、科学分析问题，更要敢于触及问题、有效解决问题。以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，必须有针对性地采取措施着力破解上述主要矛盾，以此为抓手和突破口带动农民现代化整体水平的提升，进而助力我国乡村共同富裕的实现。

1. Promoting the modernization of peasants’ production methods through agricultural technological innovation and organization

1.以农业技术革新与组织化为抓手，推进农民生产方式现代化

Marx and Engels once pointed out: “What individuals are depends on the material conditions of their production.” [8]8 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The German Ideology* (1845–1846). The modernization of peasants’ production methods has decisive significance for the modernization of other aspects of peasants. Without the modernization of peasants’ production methods, the modernization of other aspects of peasants is impossible. In response to the prominent problem of the low degree of modernization of peasants’ production methods in China, efforts should focus on advancing agricultural technological innovation and agricultural organization.

马克思、恩格斯曾指出：“个人是什么样的，这取决于他们进行生产的物质条件。”农民生产方式的现代化对农民其他方面的现代化具有决定性的意义，离开了农民生产方式的现代化，农民其他方面的现代化都无从谈起。针对当前我国农民生产方式现代化程度不高这一突出问题，应着重从推进农业技术革新和农业组织化两方面发力。

On the one hand, promote agricultural technological innovation, using the transformation of productive forces to drive the modernization of peasants’ production methods. Marxism points out that the mode of production is the organic unity of productive forces and relations of production, with productive forces being the dominant and decisive aspect. Therefore, to promote the modernization transformation of peasants’ production methods, we should first start from the level of productive forces, especially by fully leveraging the role of science and technology as the primary productive force. Given that the overall technological level in China’s agricultural and rural areas is still in a stage of “a few leading, most running alongside or following,” the next step should be to strengthen agricultural science and technology research and development. The focus should be on enhancing research and development of key core technologies for smart agriculture, such as big data and artificial intelligence, to increase the digital and intelligent level of peasant production; strengthening research and development of technologies related to green agricultural development, such as soil testing and formulated fertilization and biological pest control, to increase the green level of peasant production; and enhancing research and development of technologies in agricultural information decision-making systems and deep processing of agricultural products, to increase the market-oriented and integrated level of peasant production. In addition, technology promotion work should be done well to facilitate the application of advanced technologies in agricultural production. This includes deeply publicizing the advantages of new technologies to peasants, organizing peasants to visit and observe modern agricultural production areas to increase their willingness and enthusiasm to use new technologies; providing financial support and economic guarantees to peasants to create conditions for them to use new technologies; and strengthening technical training for peasants to improve their ability to use new technologies.

一方面，推进农业技术革新，以生产力的变革促进农民生产方式现代化。马克思主义指出，生产方式是生产力和生产关系的有机统一，其中生产力是居支配地位、起决定作用的方面。因此，推进农民生产方式的现代化转型，首先应从生产力层面入手，尤其是要充分发挥科学技术作为第一生产力的作用。鉴于我国农业农村领域的技术水平总体仍处于“少数领跑、多数并跑和跟跑”的阶段，下一步应加强农业科技研发。重点要加强大数据、人工智能等智慧农业关键核心技术的研发，提高农民生产的数智化程度；加强测土配方施肥、生物病虫害防治等农业绿色发展相关技术研发，提高农民生产的绿色化程度；加强农业信息决策系统、农产品深加工等方面的技术研发，提高农民生产的市场化、融合化程度。此外，要做好技术推广工作，以促进先进技术在农业生产中的应用。向农民深入宣传新技术的优越性、组织农民到现代化的农业产区参观考察，提高农民运用新技术的意愿和积极性；向农民提供资金支持和经济担保，为农民运用新技术创设条件；加强对农民的技术培训，提高农民运用新技术的能力。

On the other hand, promote agricultural organization, using the transformation of relations of production to drive the modernization of peasants’ production methods. To promote the modernization transformation of peasants’ production methods, in addition to starting from the level of productive forces, it is also necessary to start from the level of relations of production, that is, through organization. Compared with individual peasants, peasant cooperative organizations, due to their large scale of production and operation, intensive land management, and strong financial strength, have significant advantages in promoting the modernization of peasants’ production methods: First, they can lead peasants to use advanced technologies such as digital technology for production, increasing the technological level of peasant production; second, they can guide peasants to uniformly apply green technologies, collectively purchase environmentally friendly agricultural materials, and jointly build agricultural waste treatment centers, increasing the green level of peasant production; third, they can make scientific production decisions based on market supply and demand relationships and better integrate with other industries, increasing the market-oriented and integrated level of peasant production. To this end, it is necessary to cultivate and develop a number of peasant cooperative economic organizations, both promoting their development toward scale, such as establishing peasant professional cooperative unions, and promoting their development toward comprehensiveness, such as developing supply and marketing cooperatives, thereby ensuring they can effectively drive the modernization transformation of production methods for the vast number of peasants. In addition, various methods such as “order purchasing + dividends” should be adopted to establish close interest linkages between peasant cooperative economic organizations and the broad masses of peasants, thereby ensuring they can practically drive the modernization upgrade of production methods for the vast number of peasants.

另一方面，推进农业组织化，以生产关系的变革促进农民生产方式现代化。推进农民生产方式的现代化转型，除了从生产力层面着手，还需从生产关系层面着手，即以组织化促动。相较于个体农民，农民合作组织因其生产经营规模大、土地集约化管理、资金实力雄厚等，在促进农民生产方式现代化方面具有显著优势：一能够带领农民使用数字技术等先进技术开展生产，提高农民生产的科技化程度；二能够引导农民统一运用绿色技术、集体采购环保农资、共建农业废弃物处理中心等，提高农民生产的绿色化程度；三能够根据市场供需关系作出科学的生产决策，并且能更好地与其他产业融合发展，提高农民生产的市场化、融合化程度。为此，要培育并发展壮大一批农民合作经济组织，既要促进农民合作经济组织向规模化方向发展，比如组建农民专业合作社联合社，又要促进农民合作经济组织向综合化方向发展，比如发展供销合作社，从而确保其能有力地带动广大农民实现生产方式的现代化转型。此外，还要采取“订单收购＋分红”等多种方式，使农民合作经济组织与广大农民构建起紧密的利益联结关系，从而确保其能切实地带动广大农民实现生产方式的现代化升级。

2. Promoting the modernization of peasants’ lifestyles through improving peasants’ income levels and living conditions

2.以提高农民收入水平与生活条件为抓手，推进农民生活方式现代化

The modernization of peasants’ lifestyles, together with the modernization of peasants’ production methods, constitutes the objective foundation of peasant modernization. It not only affects the realization of the modernization of peasants’ ideological concepts and the modernization of peasants’ quality but also affects the realization of common prosperity in rural areas. In response to the current problem of the still low quality of life for peasants in China, efforts should focus on improving peasants’ income levels and improving peasants’ living conditions.

农民生活方式现代化与农民生产方式现代化一起，共同构成农民现代化的客观基础，其不仅影响着农民思想观念现代化和农民素质现代化的实现，也影响着乡村共同富裕的实现。针对当前我国农民生活质量仍然不高这一问题，应重点在提高农民收入水平与改善农民生活条件两方面下功夫。

On the one hand, promote the revitalization of rural industries and raise peasants’ income levels. The key to improving peasants’ quality of life lies in increasing peasants’ income. Considering that operating income is still the main source of peasants’ income, it is necessary to further increase peasants’ operating income by promoting high-quality development of rural industries. To promote the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, we can follow the trend of people’s consumption demands becoming diversified and higher-end, developing functional foods such as health foods and fat-reducing foods, as well as various food processing industries such as snack foods. We can also promote the integration of agriculture with industries such as education and health care, thereby extending the agricultural industry chain to lengthen its value chain, enabling peasants to share in the value-added benefits of other links and industries, and thus raising peasants’ income levels. At the same time, it is necessary to develop and strengthen the new rural collective economy, hiring a group of experts to scientifically determine the characteristic and advantageous industries that can be developed locally, based on industrial market conditions and local resource advantages, such as characteristic agricultural product processing, traditional handicraft manufacturing, cultural tourism, and logistics services. On this basis, vigorously develop the village collective economy around these characteristic and advantageous industries, thereby promoting common prosperity for the vast number of peasants.

一方面，促进乡村产业振兴，提高农民收入水平。提高农民的生活质量，关键在于促进农民增收。考虑到目前经营性收入仍是农民收入的主要来源，为此要通过促进乡村产业高质量发展进一步增加农民的经营性收入。要促进农村一二三产业融合发展，可顺应人们消费需求向多样化、高阶化发展的趋势，发展保健食品、减脂食品等功能食品以及休闲食品等各类食品加工产业，也可推动农业与教育、康养等产业的融合，从而通过延伸农业产业链来延长其价值链，使农民分享到其他环节和产业的增值收益，进而提高农民收入水平。同时，要发展壮大新型农村集体经济，聘请一批专家，结合产业市场行情和本地资源优势等，科学确定当地可重点发展的特色优势产业，比如特色农产品加工业、传统手工艺品制造业、文旅产业、物流服务业等，在此基础上围绕特色优势产业大力发展村集体经济，从而促进广大农民共同富裕。

On the other hand, improve rural infrastructure, public services, and the living environment to raise peasants’ living conditions. Xi Jinping pointed out, “We must aim for the goal of ‘rural areas basically possessing modern living conditions’” and “improve the completeness of rural infrastructure, the convenience of public services, and the comfort of the living environment, so that peasants can enjoy a modern civilized life locally.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects — Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China” (October 16, 2022). Specifically, in terms of infrastructure, the focus is on strengthening network infrastructure construction and gradually achieving full coverage of 5G networks in administrative villages; in medical services, preferential policies such as providing staffing quotas and issuing subsidies can be used to guide medical graduates from higher education institutions to engage in medical and health work in rural areas. Additionally, mechanisms such as pairing urban hospitals for targeted assistance and developing “telemedicine” can promote the extension of high-quality urban medical service resources to rural areas; in elderly care services, increase financial support for the construction of rural elderly care institutions to ensure that a standardized elderly care institution exists within a certain range in rural areas; in cultural services, strengthen the construction and maintenance of cultural venues such as rural public libraries and leisure activity squares, carry out activities like “bringing fine cultural products to the countryside,” so that urban and rural residents can share high-quality cultural resources; in the living environment, further advance the toilet revolution, promote the comprehensive popularization of harmless sanitary toilets in rural areas, and advance the harmless treatment of household waste and domestic sewage to achieve full coverage in administrative villages.

另一方面，改善农村基础设施、公共服务、人居环境，提高农民生活条件。习近平指出，“要瞄准‘农村基本具备现代生活条件’的目标”“提高乡村基础设施完备度、公共服务便利度、人居环境舒适度，让农民就地过上现代文明生活”。具体而言，在基础设施方面，重点是加强网络基础设施建设，逐步实现5G网络行政村全覆盖；在医疗服务方面，可以通过给予编制、发放补贴等优惠政策，引导高等院校医学毕业生到农村地区从事医疗卫生事业，还可以通过构建城市医院对口帮扶机制、发展“远程医疗”等，促进城市优质医疗服务资源向农村延伸；在养老服务方面，加大对农村养老机构建设的资金支持力度，确保农村一定范围内拥有一个规范的养老机构；在文化服务方面，加强农村公共图书馆、休闲活动广场等文化场馆的建设和维护，开展“文化精品进乡村”活动，使城乡居民共享优质文化资源；在人居环境方面，进一步推进厕所革命，推动农村无害化卫生厕所全面普及，推进生活垃圾和生活污水无害化处理，实现行政村全覆盖。

3. Take strengthening rural ideological and moral construction as the starting point to promote the modernization of peasants’ ideas and concepts

3.以加强农村思想道德建设为抓手，推进农民思想观念现代化

The modernization of peasants’ ideas and concepts is the soul and internal support of peasant modernization, and it is also a key factor affecting common prosperity in rural areas. In response to the prominent problem that the current degree of modernization of peasants’ ideas and concepts in our country is not high, we should vigorously strengthen rural ideological and moral construction.

农民思想观念现代化是农民现代化的灵魂和内在支撑，也是影响乡村共同富裕的一个关键因素。针对当前我国农民思想观念现代化程度不高这一突出问题，应大力加强农村思想道德建设。

First, in terms of content, we should not only guide peasants to practice the core socialist values but also guide them to establish modern conceptual awareness. Mao Zedong once proposed cultivating and fostering a large number of “new people” capable of adapting to China’s new situation, the primary requirement being “redness,” that is, correct political direction; Deng Xiaoping proposed cultivating “new people with four haves,” the first being “have ideals”; Xi Jinping proposed cultivating new people of the era, the top priority being “to build the foundation of the spirit with firm ideals and convictions.” [10]10 “New people with four haves” (四有新人) refers to Deng Xiaoping’s 1980s formulation of cultivating people who “have ideals, have morality, have culture, and have discipline.” It can be seen that in any historical period, “new people” must first have firm ideals, convictions, and values. Therefore, to promote the modernization of peasants’ ideas and concepts at present, the primary task is to guide peasants to practice the core socialist values. At the same time, we should also guide peasants to emancipate their minds and establish modern conceptual awareness such as market awareness and rule-of-law awareness. As Deng Xiaoping once said, only when the mind is emancipated can we solve problems left over from the past and some new problems under the guidance of correct thinking. Special attention should be paid to cultivating peasants’ awareness of independent learning and lifelong learning, which is key to peasants moving toward modernization. Ideological propaganda work can be carried out in combination with social development trends and typical examples around them, so that peasants fully recognize the importance of learning. “Learning stars” can also be regularly selected and given rewards and commendations to stimulate peasants’ enthusiasm for learning.

第一，在内容上，既要引导农民践行社会主义核心价值观，又要引导农民树立现代观念意识。毛泽东曾提出，要培养造就大批能够适应中国新形势需要的“新人”，其首要的是“红”即政治方向正确；邓小平曾提出要培育“四有”新人，其首先是“有理想”；习近平提出要培养时代新人，其重中之重是“以坚定的理想信念筑牢精神之基”。可见，不论在哪一个历史时期，“新人”首先都必须具有坚定的理想信念、价值观念。因此，当前要促进农民思想观念的现代化，首要的是引导农民践行社会主义核心价值观。同时，还要引导农民解放思想，树立市场意识、法治意识等现代观念意识。正如邓小平曾说，只有思想解放了，才能在正确思想的指导下解决过去遗留的问题以及一些新问题。特别要注重培养农民的自主学习、终身学习意识，这是农民走向现代化的关键。可结合社会发展趋势和身边典型事例开展宣讲思想工作，使农民充分认识到学习的重要性，也可定期评选“学习之星”，给予其奖励、表彰，以激发农民的学习热情。

Second, in terms of form, actively carry out rich and diverse mass cultural activities to provide ideological guidance to peasants in an intangible way. Ideological and political education includes both explicit and implicit methods. Compared with explicit education methods such as theoretical lectures and bulletin board propaganda, implicit education methods are often more easily accepted by the educated and can have a more profound and lasting impact on them through subtle influence. In fact, surveys show that, in the view of peasants, the most effective way to conduct ideological and moral education for them is to carry out cultural activities. Therefore, to promote the modernization of peasants’ ideas and concepts, in the process of strengthening rural ideological and moral construction, more energy should be devoted to carrying out various cultural activities. In terms of activity forms, popular forms of cultural activities sent to the countryside such as film screenings and theatrical performances can be chosen, or peasants can be encouraged to write and perform their own literary and artistic programs that integrate the core socialist values and modern conceptual awareness, such as songs and dances, clapper talk, and skits.

第二，在形式上，积极开展丰富多彩的群众性文化活动，在无形中对农民进行思想引领。思想政治教育包括显性和隐性两种方式，相比于理论宣讲、报栏宣传等显性教育的方式，隐性教育的方式往往更容易被受教育者所接受，并且能在潜移默化中对受教育者产生更加深远持久的影响。事实上，有调查显示，在农民看来，对他们进行思想道德教育最有效的方式是开展文化活动。因此，促进农民思想观念的现代化，在加强农村思想道德建设的过程中应将更多的精力放在开展各类文化活动上。在活动形式上可以选择电影放映、戏剧演出等受农民欢迎的一些文化下乡活动形式，也可以鼓励农民自编自演一些融入社会主义核心价值观、融入现代观念意识的文艺节目，比如歌舞、快板、小品等。

Third, in terms of space, accelerate the construction of New Era civilization practice centers to provide fixed and sufficient public space for the conduct of various cultural activities, ensuring that cultural activities can be carried out continuously and smoothly. [11]11 New Era civilization practice centers (新时代文明实践中心) are community-level Party-led platforms established since 2018 to promote the core socialist values and organize cultural and volunteer activities. The existing public cultural service venue resources in rural areas can be quickly integrated, linking up township cultural stations, village libraries, stages, activity squares, etc., thereby building a rural public cultural service platform, creating space for film screenings, artistic performances, etc., so that various cultural activities are no longer difficult to carry out due to venue restrictions. In the layout and creation of platforms and spaces, attention should be paid to localization, popularization, and modernization, fully excavating and displaying celebrity anecdotes, life stories, etc., with local characteristics, using them to widely promote the new civilized trends of the New Era, thereby guiding peasants to change their thinking.

第三，在空间上，加快建设新时代文明实践中心，为各类文化活动的开展提供固定而充足的公共空间，保证文化活动得以持续顺利开展。可加快整合乡村现有的公共文化服务阵地资源，打通乡镇文化站、农家书屋、戏台、活动广场等，从而搭建乡村公共文化服务平台，为电影放映、文艺演出等创设空间，使各类文化活动不再因场地限制而难以开展。在平台、空间的布局和打造方面，应注重本土化、通俗化和时代化，充分挖掘和展示具有地方特色的名人轶事、生活趣事等，借助它们广泛宣扬新时代文明新风尚，从而引导农民转变思想。

4. Take promoting the modernization of rural education as the starting point to advance the modernization of peasants’ quality and ability

4.以推动乡村教育现代化为抓手，推进农民素质能力现代化

The modernization of peasants’ quality and ability is the external manifestation and concentrated embodiment of peasant modernization, another core element of peasant modernization, and another key factor affecting common prosperity in rural areas. In response to the prominent problem of the current shortcomings in peasants’ scientific and cultural quality and vocational skills in our country, we must actively promote the modernization of rural education. Education is the most direct and effective way to improve people’s quality and ability. Of course, education here is not limited to school education but also includes skills training for peasants. Specifically, the following aspects should be focused on.

农民素质能力现代化是农民现代化的外在显现和集中体现，是农民现代化的又一核心要素，也是影响乡村共同富裕的又一关键因素。针对当前我国农民科学文化素质与职业技能短板突出这一问题，必须积极推动乡村教育的现代化。教育是提高人的素质能力的最直接、最有效的途径，当然，这里的教育不限于在校教育，还包括对农民的技能培训。具体而言，应着重做好以下几方面的工作。

First, promote the legislative work on peasant education. Looking at agricultural powers around the world, many of them have specialized laws on peasant education. For example, South Korea issued the “Act on the Creation of a Fund for the Succession of Farmers and Fishermen,” thereby ensuring the orderly and effective implementation of peasant education. [12]12 The “Act on the Creation of a Fund for the Succession of Farmers and Fishermen” (农渔民后继者育成基金法) is a South Korean law enacted in 1980 to support the training of younger generations in agriculture and fisheries. At present, the legal provisions on peasant education in our country are mainly scattered in other related laws such as the “Agricultural Law” and the “Education Law,” and most are general provisions. There is still no specialized and detailed law or regulation on peasant education. In view of this, our country needs to learn from the experience of other countries, accelerate the legislative work on peasant education, and provide specific and clear provisions on the implementation of peasant education from multiple aspects such as management mechanisms, funding input, and division of responsibilities.

第一，推动农民教育的立法工作。纵观世界上的农业强国，其中许多国家在农民教育方面都有专门的法律，比如韩国出台了《农渔民后继者育成基金法》，由此保证了农民教育的有序开展、有效推进。目前，我国关于农民教育的法律规定主要是散见在《农业法》《教育法》等其他相关的法律之中，而且多为一些笼统性的规定，尚没有一部专门的、详尽的关于农民教育的法律法规，鉴于此，我国有必要借鉴他国经验，加快推动农民教育的立法工作，从管理机制、经费投入、责任分工等多个方面对农民教育的开展予以具体而明确的规定。

Second, increase financial investment in rural education. The modernization of rural education cannot be separated from sufficient funding guarantees. To this end, governments at all levels should further increase the proportion of education expenditure in general public budget expenditure, especially in strengthening the construction of information infrastructure in rural schools, improving the welfare and treatment of rural teachers, and carrying out knowledge and skills training for rural teachers. In this process, relevant departments should also strengthen supervision over the use of financial funds for rural education to avoid behaviors such as misappropriation of funds, thereby providing a solid financial guarantee for the development of rural education.

第二，加大乡村教育的财政投入。乡村教育的现代化离不开充足的经费保障，为此，各级财政要进一步提高教育经费在一般公共预算支出中所占的比重，尤其要在加强乡村学校信息化基础设施建设、提高乡村教师福利待遇、开展乡村教师知识与技能培训等方面加大资金投入力度。在此过程中，有关部门还应强化对乡村教育财政经费使用情况的监管，避免出现经费挪用等行为，从而为乡村教育的发展提供坚实的财政保障。

Third, improve the level of teaching staff in rural education. The realization of the modernization of rural education requires a first-class teaching staff. To this end, in terms of formal education, provincial-level finances can allocate special funds to provide settling-in allowances and living subsidies for rural teachers, attracting outstanding university graduates to teach in rural areas and enriching the rural teaching staff. Adhering to the principle that “educators must first be educated,” the teaching level of existing rural teachers can be improved through continuing to implement the “National Training Plan” and encouraging rural teachers to pursue graduate degrees while in service. [13]13 The “National Training Plan” (国培计划), formally the “Plan for Training Primary and Secondary School Teachers,” is a central government program launched in 2010 to provide professional development for teachers, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas. In terms of non-formal education, experts, scholars, technical backbones, and wealthy individuals who are good at management from all sectors of society should be widely recruited as lecturers, especially selecting a group of rural “capable people” from among the peasantry who love agriculture, understand technology, are good at management, and can teach, to serve as lecturers, imparting scientific knowledge and production and management skills to peasants.

第三，提高乡村教育的师资水平。乡村教育现代化的实现，必须有一流的师资队伍。为此，在正规教育方面，可由省级财政划拨专门的资金，为乡村教师提供安家费、生活补助等，吸引优秀大学生赴乡村任教，充实乡村教师队伍。本着“教育者先受教育”的原则，可通过继续实施“国培计划”、鼓励乡村教师在职攻读研究生等，提高现有乡村教师的教学水平。在非正规教育方面，应广泛招揽社会各方面的专家学者、技术骨干、致富能人等担任讲师，尤其是从农民队伍中选出一批爱农业、懂技术、善经营、会教学的农村“能人”担任讲师，由他们向农民传授科学知识和生产经营技能。

Fourth, reform the curriculum system of rural education. Attention must be paid to the comprehensiveness of teaching content: it is necessary not only to impart general scientific and cultural knowledge such as chemistry and biology to peasants, but also to teach them learning methods and techniques to enhance their learning abilities; it is necessary not only to impart scientific knowledge and skills related to agricultural production and management, such as plant protection, agricultural machinery maintenance, and agricultural product sales, but also to impart some scientific knowledge related to modern life, such as health knowledge. At the same time, attention must be paid to the contemporaneity of teaching content: it is necessary not only to follow the development trend of the information age and impart some knowledge and skills of information technology to peasants, such as document editing, email sending and receiving, information retrieval, video production and publishing, and online sales, but also to follow the trends of agricultural technological innovation and industrial transformation and convey some cutting-edge agricultural production technologies to peasants, such as the use of new equipment and the cultivation techniques of new varieties.

第四，改革乡村教育的课程体系。要注重教学内容的全面性，既要向农民传授化学、生物等一般的科学文化知识，也要向农民传授学习方法、技巧等，提升农民的学习能力；既要向农民传授与农业生产经营相关的科学知识和技能，比如植物保护、农机保养、农产品销售等方面的知识和技能，也要向农民传授一些现代生活方面的科学知识，比如保健知识等。同时，要注重教学内容的时代性，既要顺应信息化时代的发展趋势，向农民传授一些信息技术的知识和技能，比如文档编辑、邮件收发、信息检索、视频制作发布、网络销售等方面的知识和技能，也要顺应农业技术创新和产业变革的趋势，向农民传递一些前沿的农业生产技术，比如新设备的使用方法、新品种的种植技艺等。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

Achieving common prosperity for all the people is an essential requirement of Chinese-path modernization. From the perspective of China's national conditions, the most arduous and heavy task in promoting common prosperity lies in rural areas, and realizing common prosperity in rural areas is the most critical step in achieving common prosperity for all the people. Whether viewed from the basic viewpoints of Marxism or from the essential requirements of socialism, promoting common prosperity and promoting the all-round development of people are highly unified. Therefore, to study and solve the problem of common prosperity in rural areas, one cannot but pay attention to the problem of the all-round development of peasants and the problem of peasant modernization. Only by conducting an in-depth discussion of the problem of common prosperity in rural areas from the perspective of "people" and the "internal cause" level, that is, from the perspective of peasants themselves, and only by promoting common prosperity in rural areas through peasant modernization, can the urban-rural development gap be fundamentally narrowed and common prosperity in rural areas be achieved. However, at present, the modernization transformation of China's peasants' production methods is insufficient, the quality of life of peasants needs further improvement, there is still a gap between peasants' ideological concepts and the requirements of modernization, and the shortcomings in peasants' scientific and cultural quality and vocational skills are prominent. These are collectively manifested in the low degree of modernization of China's peasants, which leads to a lack of human capital and insufficient endogenous impetus for promoting common prosperity in rural areas. In the future, to promote common prosperity in rural areas through peasant modernization, it is necessary to advance agricultural technological innovation and organization, raise peasants' income levels and living conditions, strengthen rural ideological and moral construction, and promote the modernization of rural education, so as to remove the bottlenecks and obstacles peasants face in the four aspects of modernization of production methods, modernization of lifestyles, modernization of ideological concepts, and modernization of quality and capabilities.

实现全体人民共同富裕，是中国式现代化的本质要求。从我国的国情来看，促进共同富裕，最艰巨最繁重的任务在农村，实现乡村共同富裕是实现全体人民共同富裕最为关键的一步。不论是从马克思主义的基本观点来看，还是从社会主义的本质要求来看，促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展都是高度统一的，因此，研究和解决乡村共同富裕问题，不能不关注农民全面发展问题、农民现代化问题。唯有从“人”的角度、“内因”层面即农民这一视角出发对乡村共同富裕问题进行深层次的探讨，唯有以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，才能从根本上缩小城乡发展差距、实现乡村共同富裕。然而，当前我国农民生产方式现代化转型不充分、农民生活质量有待进一步提升、农民思想观念离现代化的要求仍有差距、农民科学文化素质与职业技能短板突出，这些集中体现为我国农民现代化程度不高，由此导致推动乡村共同富裕的人力资本缺乏、内生动力不足。未来要以农民现代化促进乡村共同富裕，必须推进农业技术革新与组织化、提高农民收入水平与生活条件、加强农村思想道德建设、推动乡村教育现代化，以便扫除农民在生产方式现代化、生活方式现代化、思想观念现代化、素质能力现代化四个方面面临的卡点瓶颈。

Of course, to raise the overall level of peasant modernization and thus better promote rural common prosperity, the following two key measures also need to be adopted: on the one hand, uphold the leadership of the Party. Peasant modernization is a complex systemic project; promoting peasant modernization must give play to the Party's core leadership role in exercising overall leadership and coordinating all efforts. On the other hand, give play to the institutional advantages. Peasant modernization is a beautiful vision for humanity that can only be realized under the conditions of the socialist system; promoting peasant modernization must fully leverage the multiple advantages of China's system in areas such as the economy and culture.

当然，为了提升农民现代化的整体水平，从而更好地促进乡村共同富裕，还需要采取以下两项关键措施：一方面，要坚持党的领导。农民现代化是一项复杂的系统工程，推动农民现代化必须发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用。另一方面，要发挥制度优势。农民现代化是只有在社会主义制度条件下才能实现的人类美好愿景，推动农民现代化必须充分发挥我国制度在经济、文化等方面的多重优势。

(The author is a lecturer at the School of Marxism, Northwest University)

（作者系西北大学马克思主义学院讲师）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁