The Methodology and Practical Path of Improving the Institutional Mechanisms for Developing New Quality Productive Forces According to Local Conditions

In 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping, when attending the deliberation of the Jiangsu delegation at the Two Sessions,[1]1 The “Two Sessions” refers to the annual plenary meetings of the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). pointed out: “We must firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions.” This is an important directive not only for Jiangsu but also for China’s economic and social development as a whole. In the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization* (hereinafter referred to as the *Decision*), the proposal to “improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions” aims to promote high-quality development and realize Chinese-path modernization through deepening reform. During his inspections in various localities, General Secretary Xi Jinping has also repeatedly emphasized the necessity of adapting to local conditions, and has personally gone down to the grassroots to understand the resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions of different regions, providing scientific guidance for local development.

2024年习近平总书记在出席两会江苏代表团审议时指出：“要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，因地制宜发展新质生产力。”这既是对江苏，也是对我国经济社会发展的一次重要指示。在《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》(以下简称《决定》)中，提出“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”旨在通过深化改革，推动高质量发展，实现中国式现代化。习近平总书记在地方考察时，也多次强调因地制宜的必要性，并亲自深入基层，了解各地的资源禀赋、产业基础和科研条件，为当地的发展提供科学指导。

I. The Important Value Implications of Improving the Institutional Mechanisms for Developing New Quality Productive Forces According to Local Conditions

一、健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的重要价值意蕴

Against the backdrop of global technological and industrial transformation, the importance of developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is increasingly prominent. This concept embodies profound wisdom: it conforms to the actual conditions of different regions while flexibly adjusting development strategies in accordance with the overall national policy, so as to ensure the sustained, efficient, and green development of productive forces. This represents an inheritance and development of the Marxist theory of productive forces and reflects the unique path of Chinese-path modernization. An in-depth exploration of its important value implications is of crucial significance for achieving high-quality development and promoting social progress.

在全球科技与产业变革的大背景下，因地制宜发展新质生产力的重要性日益凸显。这一理念蕴含着深刻的智慧，既符合不同地区的实际情况，又根据国家整体方针，灵活调整发展策略，以确保生产力的持续、高效、绿色发展。这是对马克思主义生产力理论的继承发展，体现了中国式现代化的独特道路。深入探讨其重要价值意蕴，对于实现高质量发展、推动社会进步具有至关重要的意义。

1. An Important Guarantee for Further Releasing and Developing the Productive Forces and Building a Modern Socialist Country

1.进一步解放和发展生产力、建设现代化强国的重要保障

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during a collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee that developing new quality productive forces is an intrinsic requirement and a key focus for promoting high-quality development. This thesis is not only an innovative development of the Marxist theory of productive forces but also the latest achievement of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. In academic research, scholars generally believe that developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is an inevitable requirement of the objective laws of the development of productive forces. Marx and Engels examined productive forces from the perspective of historical materialism and, starting from the interconnection between productive forces and relations of production, regarded productive forces as an important force determining relations of production. Productive forces are not only the material force that meets the actual needs of the people but also the fundamental driving force that pushes people to create history. As advanced productive forces, new quality productive forces are driving China toward higher-quality development, and developing them according to local conditions plays a key role in enhancing regional economic competitiveness. Improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions provides institutional guarantees for combining resource endowments, promoting the exertion of regional characteristic advantages, preventing a “blind rush into action”[2]2 “一哄而上” (yi hong er shang) is a Chinese idiom meaning a disorderly rush into action by many parties at once, often leading to waste and duplication. in industrial development, promoting deep industrial transformation, stimulating innovation vitality in various regions, and promoting comprehensive and coordinated regional development, thereby laying a solid foundation for building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects by the middle of this century. For example, in old industrial bases such as Northeast China, which face the pressure of transforming and upgrading traditional industries, they have actively introduced digital-intelligent technologies and green technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries through development strategies adapted to local conditions. By supporting enterprises in using digital-intelligent technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries, they have enabled traditional industries to take on new vitality.

习近平总书记在中央政治局集体学习时强调，发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。这一论断不仅是对马克思主义生产力理论的创新发展，也是习近平经济思想的最新成果。在学术研究中，学者们普遍认为，因地制宜发展新质生产力是生产力发展客观规律的必然要求。马克思、恩格斯从唯物史观的视角考察生产力，并从生产力与生产关系的相互联系出发，将生产力视为决定生产关系的重要力量。生产力不仅是满足人民实际需求的物质力量，更是推动人们创造历史的根本动力。新质生产力作为先进生产力推动着我国迈向更高质量的发展，因地制宜发展新质生产力对提升区域经济竞争力具有关键作用。健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，为组合资源禀赋，促进区域特色优势发挥，防止产业发展中的“一哄而上”,推动产业深度转型，激发各地创新活力，促进区域全面协调发展提供制度保障，为到本世纪中叶全面建成社会主义现代化强国奠定坚实基础。比如东北等老工业基地在面临传统产业转型升级的压力下，通过因地制宜的发展策略，积极引入数智技术和绿色技术对传统产业进行改造提升。通过支持企业用数智技术改造提升传统产业，推动传统产业焕发新机。

2. An Important Embodiment of Adhering to and Implementing the New Development Philosophy and Building an Institutional Mechanism to Support Comprehensive Innovation

2.坚持贯彻新发展理念、构建支持全面创新体制机制的重要体现

The New Development Philosophy emphasizes innovation-driven development, requiring innovation to promote sustained and healthy economic and social development. New quality productive forces are precisely the concrete manifestation of innovation in economic development; they represent the direction of advanced productive forces and are characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality. Building a modern economic system requires comprehensive innovation support, and the rapid development of new quality productive forces depends on a series of innovation activities, including scientific and technological innovation, institutional innovation, and management innovation. By establishing and improving institutional mechanisms, various resources can be more effectively integrated and the innovation environment optimized, thereby supporting the development of new quality productive forces and further promoting economic transformation and upgrading. Furthermore, the development strategy of adapting to local conditions reflects full consideration of regional differences and actual circumstances. Different regions differ in terms of economic base, resource advantages, and industrial characteristics; therefore, when developing new quality productive forces, corresponding policies and measures must be formulated according to the actual conditions of each region. This approach to development, which is adapted to local conditions, helps to fully leverage the advantages and potential of each region and achieve sustainable economic development.

新发展理念强调创新驱动，要求通过创新来推动经济社会持续健康发展。新质生产力正是创新在经济发展中的具体体现，它代表了先进生产力的发展方向，具有高科技、高效能、高质量等特征。构建现代化经济体系需要全面的创新支撑，而新质生产力的快速发展，正依赖于一系列的创新活动，包括科技创新、制度创新、管理创新等。通过建立健全体制机制，可以更有效地整合各类资源，优化创新环境，从而支持新质生产力的发展，进一步推动经济的转型升级。此外，因地制宜的发展策略体现了对地区差异和实际情况的充分考虑。不同地区在经济基础、资源优势、产业特色等方面存在差异，因此，在发展新质生产力时，必须根据各地区的实际情况制定相应的政策和措施。这种因地制宜的发展方式，有助于充分发挥各地区的优势和潜力，实现经济的可持续发展。

Improving institutional mechanisms is also key to breaking through the bottlenecks that constrain high-quality development. Currently, China’s high-quality development faces problems such as relatively insufficient core technologies, ineffective and relatively slow transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, uneven allocation of factors, imperfect market entry and exit mechanisms, inadequate formulation and implementation of local policies, and an unsound regulatory system for emerging industries. By deepening reform and improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, stronger guarantees and support can be provided, the momentum for developing new quality productive forces can be enhanced, and high-quality economic transformation can be promoted. For example, the Yubei District of Chongqing has strengthened the institutional supply for developing the new energy vehicle industry, improved the coordination mechanism for the upstream, midstream, and downstream industrial chains, and adopted collaborative operations using mechanical arms and intelligent robots, enabling the fastest production of a new energy vehicle in 60 seconds. This mechanism has spurred the rise of parts and components supporting enterprises, forming a synergistic effect in the industrial system and embodying the New Development Philosophy.

健全体制机制也是打破束缚高质量发展瓶颈的关键。目前我国高质量发展面临核心技术相对不足、传统产业转型升级不力、速度相对缓慢，要素配置不均，市场准入和退出机制不完善，地方政策制定和执行不到位、新兴产业监管体系不健全等问题。通过深化改革，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，可以提供更加有力的保障和支持，促进新质生产力的发展力度，进而推动经济的高质量转型。例如，重庆渝北区加强对发展新能源汽车产业制度供给，完善上中下游产业链的协同机制，采用机械手臂和智能机器人协同作业，最快60秒下线一辆新能源汽车，这一机制促进了零部件配套企业的崛起，形成了产业体系的协同效应，体现新发展理念。

3. An Inevitable Requirement for Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Grasping the Historical Initiative

3.全面深化改革、把握历史主动的必然要求

At present, the digital wave is sweeping the globe, and the technological revolution and industrial transformation are accelerating. China has “achieved a transformation from partial exploration and breaking through ice to systematic integration and comprehensive deepening of reform.”[3]3 This is a quotation from the *Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century*, adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee in November 2021. In the current global economic environment, to enhance the country’s competitiveness and development potential, the development of new quality productive forces must be accelerated. This requires each region to formulate development strategies that suit its own characteristics according to its actual conditions, so as to promote the rapid growth of new quality productive forces. Improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is precisely to meet this need, grasp the historical initiative, enable a more precise alignment with regional realities, and promote the optimal allocation and efficient utilization of resources. Comprehensively deepening reform is an important driving force for social progress. Reform can break down institutional barriers that constrain development, providing broader space and a more favorable environment for the development of new quality productive forces.

当前，数字化浪潮席卷全球，科技革命和产业变革加速推进。我国“实现改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变”。在当前全球经济环境下，要增强国家的竞争力和发展潜力，必须加快新质生产力的发展。这要求各地区根据自身实际情况，制定符合自身特点的发展战略，以促进新质生产力的快速成长。而健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制正是为了满足这一需求，把握历史主动性，能够更加精准地对接地区实际，推动资源的优化配置和高效利用。全面深化改革是推动社会进步的重要动力。改革可以破除束缚发展的体制障碍，为新质生产力的发展提供更为广阔的空间和更为优越的环境。

To improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions so as to better adapt to the new normal of economic development, it is necessary to fully utilize the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and, on this basis, further optimize the functions of the government to achieve high-quality economic development. This reflects both the intrinsic requirements of the socialist market economy and a profound grasp of the trend of historical development. From a practical perspective, developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions has already achieved phased results. Based on their own resource endowments, industrial foundations, and development needs, various regions have explored development paths for new quality productive forces that suit their own realities. For example, the Chengdu Pilot Zone for Digital Economy Innovation and Development adheres to the guidance of building a “Smart Rongcheng,”[4]4 “Rongcheng” is a historical name for Chengdu. uses a “king”-shaped management structure[5]5 The “king”-shaped management structure (王字形管理架构) is a specific organizational framework used in Chengdu’s digital governance, characterized by a three-tier vertical structure (top, middle, bottom) connected by horizontal coordination, resembling the Chinese character for “king” (王). as its working method, constructs a data element empowerment system, innovatively builds a “manage the primary level, liberalize the secondary level”[6]6 “管住一级、放活二级” (guanzhu yiji, fanghuo erji) refers to a data governance model where the government strictly controls the primary (raw) data market while liberalizing the secondary (processed/value-added) data market. model for data resource development and utilization, promotes the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy, and advances the comprehensive digital transformation of the city’s economy, life, and governance. The Hangzhou Pilot Zone for Digital Economy Innovation and Development has built a “City Brain,”[7]7 “City Brain” is a digital platform developed by Alibaba Cloud and used by Hangzhou to integrate urban data and optimize city management through artificial intelligence. focusing on the urgent problems and concerns of the masses and advancing the modernization of urban governance, aiming to eliminate “urban ills,” using cutting-edge digital technologies to promote innovation in urban governance, and constructing a “three networks” system architecture of “one-stop online government services,” “unified online management of urban operations,” and “unified online co-governance of society.” This has played an important role in common prosperity, safeguarding the Asian Games, and grassroots governance, gradually forming a set of scientifically effective digital governance system solutions for megacities. These cases have not only driven rapid local economic growth but also injected new vitality into the national economy. Therefore, improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is an inevitable requirement for comprehensively deepening reform and grasping the historical initiative.

健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制以更好地适应经济发展新常态，要全面利用市场在资源分配上的核心作用，并在此基础上进一步优化政府的功能，以实现经济的高质量发展。这既体现了社会主义市场经济的内在要求，也展现了对历史发展趋势的深刻把握。从实践角度来看，因地制宜地发展新质生产力已经取得了阶段性成效。各地根据自身的资源禀赋、产业基础和发展需求，探索出了一条符合自身实际的新质生产力发展路径。例如，数字经济创新发展成都试验区坚持以“智慧蓉城”建设为牵引，以“王”字形管理架构为工作方法，构建数据要素赋能体系，创新构建“管住一级、放活二级”数据资源开发利用模式，促进数字技术和实体经济深度融合，推进城市经济、生活、治理全域数字化转型。数字经济创新发展杭州试验区打造“城市大脑”,聚焦群众急难愁盼问题和推进城市治理现代化，着眼破除城市病，运用前沿数字技术推动城市治理创新，构建政务服务“一网通办”、城市运行“一网统管”、社会治理“一网共治”的“三个一网”体系架构，在共同富裕、护航亚运、基层治理等方面发挥了重要作用，逐步形成了一套科学有效的超大城市数字治理系统解决方案等案例。这不仅推动了当地经济的快速增长，也为全国经济的发展注入了新的活力。因此，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，是全面深化改革和把握历史主动性的必然要求。

4. A Practical Necessity for Adhering to the People-Centered Development Philosophy and Promoting Common Prosperity

4.坚持以人民为中心的发展思想、促进共同富裕的现实需要

Marxist historical materialism holds that the people are the subject and motive force of history, the subject that creates society’s material and spiritual wealth, and the decisive force in social change. General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed on many occasions: “The people’s standpoint is the fundamental political standpoint of the Communist Party of China. To adhere to the people-centered development thinking is to always uphold the people’s standpoint, place the people in the highest position in our hearts, and take the people’s aspiration for a better life as our goal of struggle.” [n] The *Decision* [n] states: “Adhere to a people-centered approach, respect the people’s principal position and pioneering spirit, respond to the people’s calls with reforms, so that reforms are carried out for the people, rely on the people, and their fruits are shared by the people.” When presiding over the sixth meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening Overall Reform, General Secretary Xi Jinping, while discussing the optimization of the mechanism for promoting the implementation of reforms, emphasized that “reforms should be tested by actual performance, results, and the satisfaction of the people.”

马克思主义唯物史观认为，人民是历史的主体和动力，是创造社会物质财富和精神财富的主体，也是社会变革的决定力量。习近平总书记多次强调：“人民立场是中国共产党的根本政治立场。坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，就是要始终坚持人民立场，把人民放在心中最高位置，把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标。”《决定》指出“坚持以人民为中心，尊重人民主体地位和首创精神，人民有所呼、改革有所应，做到改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享”。习近平总书记在主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第六次会议中提到优化改革推进落实机制时强调“以实绩实效和人民群众满意度检验改革”。

Improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, leveraging the power of technological innovation and industrial upgrading to drive the economy toward high-quality development, will further enhance the efficiency of development, better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, and improve people’s well-being. New quality productive forces are productive forces in which the elements of productive forces exhibit an entirely new qualitative state. Driven by digital technology, they impose higher demands on the quality, skills, and cognitive level of the national workforce, and also imply the need to prevent problems such as widening income inequality and unemployment in the digital age. As a populous country, how to stimulate the people’s innovation vitality, cultivate human resources that meet the development of new quality productive forces, and promote the comprehensive development of the people has become a practical issue. The government’s vigorous efforts to carry out vocational and technical education and skills training can stimulate the innovation vitality of workers, enable them to continuously learn new knowledge and master new skills at work, provide workers with a broader development platform, and realize the enhancement of personal value. At the same time, adhering to the Party’s mass line, improving the mechanisms for seeking advice from the people, asking about their needs, and evaluating effectiveness with them, and increasing ordinary people’s opportunities to participate in technological decision-making, will allow technological development to better serve the interests of more people and achieve common prosperity. For example, at the Chilechuan Smart Ecological Pasture in Inner Mongolia, the application of fully automatic milking robots and automatic manure-cleaning robots has not only improved production efficiency and milk quality, driving the development of the local dairy industry, but also enabled ordinary people to keep up with the changes in artificial intelligence technology, promoting the skill improvement and income increase of related workers in the industrial chain.

健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，借助科技创新与产业升级的力量，驱动经济向高质量发展迈进，将进一步提高发展的效益，更好地满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，改善民生福祉。新质生产力是生产力要素呈现全新质态的生产力，在数字技术的驱动下，对国民素质、技能和认知水平提出了更高的要求，也意味着在数字化的时代要防止收入不平等加剧及失业等问题。作为人口大国，如何激发人民创新活力，培养符合新质生产力发展的人才资源，促进国民的全面发展成为现实课题。政府大力开展职业技术教育和技能培训，能够激发劳动者的创新活力，让国民在工作中不断学习到新知识、掌握新技能，为劳动者提供更加广阔的发展平台，实现个人价值的提升。同时，坚持党的群众路线，完善问计于民、问需于民、问效于民的机制，通过增加普通人参与技术决策的机会，让技术发展更好地服务更多人的利益，实现共同富裕。例如，在内蒙古敕勒川智慧生态牧场，全智能挤奶机器人和自动清粪机器人的应用，不仅提高了生产效率和奶品质量，带动了当地奶业的发展，也让普通人能跟上人工智能的技术变化，促进了产业链上相关劳动者的技能提升和收入增加。

II. The Methodology for Improving the Institutions and Mechanisms for Developing New Quality Productive Forces in Light of Local Conditions

二、健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的方法论

Methodology is an important tool guiding us in understanding and transforming the world, and it is also the driving force for continuous innovation and development. A correct methodology can help us determine the direction, choose appropriate methods, and thus reach accurate conclusions. In the process of improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, by continuously summing up practical experience and exploring new methodologies, we can better adapt to the needs of the times, guide us in building more precise, efficient, and high-quality institutions and mechanisms, develop new quality productive forces, and promote the realization of Chinese-path modernization.

方法论是指导我们认识世界和改造世界的重要工具，也是不断创新和发展的动力。正确的方法论能够帮助我们确定方向，选择合适的方法，从而得出准确的结论。在健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制过程中，不断总结实践经验，探索新的方法论，我们才能更好地适应时代发展的需要，指导我们构建更精准、高效、高质量的体制机制，发展新质生产力，推动中国式现代化的实现。

1. Adhering to a Goal-Oriented and Problem-Oriented Approach

1.坚持目标导向和问题导向

The institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions must adhere to a combination of goal orientation and problem orientation, must reflect the structural and content-based advanced nature of new quality productive forces, and manifest the comprehensive integration of the institutions and mechanisms. The series of major reform measures proposed in the *Decision* adhere to a combination of goal orientation and problem orientation, adapt to the needs of advancing Chinese-path modernization, respond to the expectations of the people and social anticipation, target problems directly, and focus on improving institutions and removing institutional obstacles. When presiding over the sixth meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening Overall Reform, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed: “We must strengthen the systemic integration of reforms, enhance the consistency of reform policy orientations, actively assess the impact on economic and social development, and form a synergy between reform and development.” Political economy regards the social economy as a complex system, where various elements are interconnected and interact. Developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions involves multiple disciplinary fields such as economics, political science, sociology, and science and technology. Therefore, the structure of its institutions and mechanisms should possess comprehensive integration, capable of integrating the theories and methods of various disciplines, comprehensively considering the interactions and influences among various elements (production factors, data factors, resource factors, policy factors, etc.), forming a coordinated and linked mechanism from the national level to the local level and then to the enterprise level, creating systematic solutions, leveraging policy synergy, and jointly promoting the development of new quality productive forces.

因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制需坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，需体现新质生产力结构先进性和内容先进性，彰显体制机制的综合集成性。《决定》提出的一系列重大改革举措，坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，适应推进中国式现代化所需，顺应人民群众期待和社会预期，奔着问题去，着力健全制度、破除体制机制障碍。习近平总书记在主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第六次会议时提出“要加强改革系统集成，增强改革政策取向一致性，主动评估对经济社会发展的影响，形成改革和发展的合力”。政治经济学将社会经济视为一个复杂的系统，各要素之间相互联系、相互作用。因地制宜发展新质生产力涉及经济学、政治学、社会学、科技等多个学科领域。因此，其体制机制结构应具有综合集成性，能够融合各学科的理论和方法，综合考虑各要素(生产要素、数据要素、资源要素、政策要素等)之间的相互作用和影响，从国家层面到地方层面，再到企业层面，各层级之间应形成协同联动的机制，形成系统性的解决方案，发挥政策合力，共同推动新质生产力的发展。

The *Decision* clarifies the overall goal of further deepening reform comprehensively: “Continue to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. By 2035, fully establish a high-level socialist market economy system, further improve the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, basically realize the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, basically achieve socialist modernization, and lay a solid foundation for building a great modern socialist country in all respects by the middle of this century.” The ultimate goal of improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions is to “develop new quality productive forces.” New quality productive forces are advanced in structure and content. As a concrete manifestation of advanced productive forces, they possess the characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, manifested in new constituent elements and reliance on new technologies, new industries, new business forms, and new fields, with four development requirements: new essence, high quality, high grade, and “qualitative” advantage. These precisely meet the requirements of the economic development quality transformation, efficiency transformation, and power transformation pursued by Chinese-path modernization, conducive to promoting China’s economy to achieve high-quality development, thereby better meeting the people’s needs for a better life, which is also one of the important goals of Chinese-path modernization. At the same time, Chinese-path modernization also provides broad space and opportunities for the development of new quality productive forces.

《决定》明确进一步全面深化改革的总目标：“继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。到二〇三五年，全面建成高水平社会主义市场经济体制，中国特色社会主义制度更加完善，基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，基本实现社会主义现代化，为到本世纪中叶全面建成社会主义现代化强国奠定坚实基础。”健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的最终目标是“发展新质生产力”。新质生产力在结构和内容上具有先进性，作为先进生产力的具体体现，具有高科技、高效能、高质量的特征，表现为构成要素新且依托新技术、新产业、新业态、新领域，具有新本质、高质量、高品质、“质”优势四个发展要求。以上恰恰符合中国式现代化所追求的经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革的要求，有利于推动中国经济实现高质量发展，从而更好地满足人民群众对美好生活的需求，这也是中国式现代化的重要目标之一。同时，中国式现代化也为新质生产力的发展提供了广阔的空间和机遇。

However, in the process of “reform transitioning from partial exploration and breaking through ice to systemic integration and comprehensive deepening,” [n] there are still many practical challenges. As China’s economy enters the New Normal, traditional economic growth models have become unsustainable. This requires enterprises to continuously innovate, improve technological levels and production efficiency, and also requires policy guidance and support from local governments. This is a long-term and complex process. With the decline in birth rates and the intensification of aging, the labor market may be affected, the pressure on the social security system increases, and there is a relative shortage of high-tech talent, especially high-end talent in bottleneck technology fields, all of which pose new challenges to national development. Under the circumstances of increasing resource and environmental constraints, how to achieve sustainable economic development while protecting the environment and conserving resources, in light of local conditions, is an important challenge that needs to be addressed in the process of Chinese-path modernization.

然而在“改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变”过程中依然面临诸多现实挑战。随着中国经济进入新常态，传统的经济增长方式已经难以持续，这要求企业不断创新，提高技术水平和生产效率，同时也需要各地政府政策的引导和扶持，这是一个长期且复杂的过程。随着出生率下降和老龄化加重，劳动力市场可能会受到影响，社会保障体系压力增大，高科技人才尤其卡脖子技术领域高端人才相对紧缺，这都对国家发展提出了新的挑战；在资源环境约束不断加强情况下，如何因地制宜，在保护环境、节约资源的前提下，实现经济的可持续发展，是中国式现代化进程中需要解决的重要难题。

Therefore, under the “goal-oriented and problem-oriented” approach, the institutions and mechanisms for developing productive forces in light of local conditions must inevitably possess integration, conducive to enhancing overall effectiveness. Whether it is cross-departmental coordination, cross-regional cooperation, or international cooperation, whether it is within-region industrial optimization and upgrading, key technological innovation, or green development, it can play a safeguarding role, better leveraging the structural and content-based advanced nature of new quality productive forces.

因此，“目标导向和问题导向”下的因地制宜发展生产力体制机制必然具有集成性，有利于提升整体效能，不论是跨部门协同、跨区域合作还是国际合作，无论是区域内产业优化升级、关键技术创新还是绿色发展等多领域都能起到保障作用，更好发挥新质生产力结构先进性和内容先进性。

2. Adhering to the Marxist Systems View

2.坚持马克思主义系统观

The Marxist systems view has not only important epistemological significance but also important practical significance. It provides a scientific theoretical tool for us to examine development realities, solve development problems, reshape the future of development, and advance development practice. Although Marx himself did not directly mention the expression "systems view," this idea had already run through dialectical thought, and many domestic scholars have studied it. The Marxist systems view is a scientific systems view; it originates from the dialectical materialism founded by Marx and Engels, and through the enrichment and development of subsequent Marxists, it has become a relatively systematic theoretical system. This theoretical system regards society and nature as organic wholes composed of interconnected and interacting elements, emphasizes understanding things from the connections between the whole and the parts, and between the internal and the external, and holds that all things are in constant change and development. Marx pointed out: "Productive forces, that is, the development of productive capacity and its elements." [10]10 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 3, Chapter 48, "The Trinity Formula." The full passage discusses productive forces as the development of productive capacity and its constituent elements. Whether it is new quality productive forces or the development of the region itself, whether it is the international situation or domestic society, these are themselves in a state of dynamic change.

马克思主义系统观不仅具有重要的认识论意义，还具有重要的实践论意义。它为我们审视发展现实、解决发展问题、重塑发展未来、推进发展实践提供了科学的理论工具。虽然马克思本人并未直接提及“系统观”这样表述，但是这一思想早已贯穿辩证法思想，国内诸多学者对此进行研究。马克思主义系统观是一种科学的系统观，它源于马克思、恩格斯创立的唯物辩证法，并经过后续马克思主义者的丰富和发展，成为较系统的理论体系。这一理论体系将社会和自然界视为由相互联系、相互作用的要素组成的有机整体，强调从整体和部分、内在和外在的联系中去理解事物，认为一切事物都是在不断变化和发展之中。马克思指出：“生产力，即生产能力及其要素的发展。”无论是新质生产力还是区域自身的发展，无论是国际局势还是国内社会等本身处于动态变化中。

From the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Party Central Committee's "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform" to the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Party Central Committee's "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization," from "comprehensively deepening" to "further comprehensively deepening," from six "closely focusing on" to seven "focusing on," from four direct references to the systems view to ten direct references to the systems view, it is not difficult to see that adhering to the Marxist systems view is an important methodological guide for thoroughly implementing the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Party Central Committee and achieving the goals of the Decision. In his "Speech at the Second Plenary Session of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Party Central Committee," General Secretary Xi Jinping again emphasized: "Adhere to the systems concept, coordinate and balance, adopt dialectical measures, properly handle major relationships such as between the economy and society, the government and the market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, development and security, and enhance the systemic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform. These principles must be unswervingly upheld and continuously enriched and developed in reform practice." Reform is both grounded in the present and oriented toward the long term. It also requires balancing national standards with regional resources, traditional real economy with non-real digital economy, inheritance and innovation, and other dynamic considerations.

从党的十八届三中全会《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》到党的二十届三中全会《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》,从“全面深化”到“进一步全面深化”,从六个“紧紧围绕”到七个“聚焦”,从4处直接关于系统观的表述到10处直接关于系统观的表述等都不难看出坚持马克思主义系统观是深入贯彻党的二十届三中全会精神，实现《决定》目标的重要方法论遵循。习近平总书记《在党的二十届三中全会第二次全体会议上的讲话》中再次强调：“坚持系统观念，要统筹兼顾、辩证施策，处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系，增强改革系统性、整体性、协同性。这些原则，必须在改革实践中毫不动摇坚持并不断丰富和发展。”改革既立足当下又着眼长远。还需要平衡国家标准与区域资源、传统实体经济与非实体数字经济、继承与创新等多方面动态兼顾。

Therefore, whether from the perspective of theoretical advancement, the essence of productive forces development, or the methodological stance reflected in the Decision, adhering to the Marxist systems view and improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions can provide long-term guarantees for the long-term development of new quality productive forces.

因此，无论从理论先进性、生产力发展本质，还是《决定》中体现出的方法论立场，坚持马克思主义系统观，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，可为新质生产力的长远发展提供长效保障。

3. Adhere to Concrete Analysis of Concrete Conditions

3.坚持具体问题具体分析

The national level of development of new quality productive forces is not a simple sum of the levels of new quality productive forces in each locality. Improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is also not equivalent to a simple sum of various types of institutions and mechanisms. "The whole possesses complete wholeness; the whole is different from the parts, and wholeness is also not equal to the simple additive combination of the properties of the parts." [11]11 This appears to be a quotation from a Chinese scholarly work on systems theory, likely drawing on the Marxist philosophical tradition of holism. "According to local conditions" is based on Marxist dialectical materialism and the thought of seeking truth from facts, embodying multiple principles of Marxism, including the principle of the particularity of contradictions, the principle of seeking truth from facts and concrete analysis of concrete conditions, and the dialectical materialist view of connection and development. China's various regions have significant differences in geographical location, industrial structure, ecological environment, and scientific and technological innovation capabilities. Developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is a matter of respecting the objective reality of unbalanced and inadequate development across the country, following the objective laws of productive forces development, and avoiding blind leaps or neglecting the necessary stages of productive forces development. Each region formulating differentiated development strategies based on its own actual situation can fully mobilize the initiative and creativity of all localities and activate the subjective initiative of regional development. Developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is conducive to eliminating institutional and mechanistic barriers, promoting deep-seated reforms including the economic system and the science and technology system, aiming to unblock the bottlenecks and obstacles restricting the development of new quality productive forces, opening up paths for the development of new types of productive forces in each region, providing institutional guarantees, and also promoting cooperation between regions, where the resource endowments and development levels of each locality complement each other's advantages, achieving resource sharing and mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. This helps break down regional barriers, promote the formation of a unified national market, and enhance the competitiveness and vitality of the overall economy.

全国新质生产力发展水平不是各个地方新质生产力水平简单相加。健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制也不等于各类体制机制简单相加。“整体具有完整的整体性，整体与部分不同，且整体性也不等于各个部分性质的简单相加组合。”“因地制宜”基于马克思主义唯物辩证法和实事求是的思想，体现了马克思主义的矛盾具有特殊性原理、实事求是具体问题具体分析原则、唯物辩证法的联系观和发展观等多重原理。我国各地区在地理位置、产业结构、生态环境以及科技创新能力等方面具有显著差异。因地制宜发展新质生产力，是尊重我国各地发展不平衡、不充分的客观现实，遵循生产力发展的客观规律，避免盲目跨越或忽略生产力发展的必经阶段。各地根据自身实际情况制定差异化的发展策略，能够充分发挥各地的积极性和创造性，激活区域发展主观能动性。根据当地条件发展新质生产力，有利于消除体制与机制的壁垒，推动包括经济体制、科技体制等在内的深层次改革，旨在疏通限制新质生产力发展的瓶颈与障碍，为各地区新型生产力的发展开辟道路，提供制度性保障，还可以促进区域之间的合作，各地资源禀赋和发展水平优势互补，实现资源共享和互利共赢。这有助于打破地区壁垒，推动形成全国统一大市场，提升整体经济的竞争力和活力。

Therefore, improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, adhering to concrete analysis of concrete conditions, structurally reflects the hierarchy between macro national strategy and micro local reality, within regions and outside regions, government, industry and enterprise, economy and ecology, among various elements, and among various systems, enhances the coupling of institutions and mechanisms, and promotes truly coordinated regional economic development.

因此，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，坚持具体问题具体分析，结构上体现出宏观国家战略和微观地方实际，区域内部和区域外部，政府、产业和企业，经济和生态，各要素之间，各制度之间的层次性，增强体制机制的耦合性，促进区域经济真正协调发展。

III. Practical Paths for Improving the Institutions and Mechanisms for Developing New Quality Productive Forces According to Local Conditions with a Systems View

三、以系统观健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的实践路径

The practical path of improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions with the Marxist systems view is not only due to the theoretical advancement of the Marxist systems view, but also because it embodies the stance and viewpoint of the Decision; not only because it can effectively combine "goal orientation and problem orientation" and conduct concrete analysis of concrete conditions, but also because it is a valuable experience of comprehensively deepening reform and a practical requirement of the current stage of development of China's new quality productive forces.

以马克思主义系统观健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的实践路径，不仅因为马克思主义系统观的理论先进性，也因为其体现《决定》的立场观点；不仅因为它能够有效结合“目标导向和问题导向”,具体问题具体分析，也因为它是全面深化改革的宝贵经验，是我国新质生产力的阶段发展现实要求。

The current stage achievements of developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions in China corroborate statements in the Decision such as "the transformation of reform from local exploration and breaking through ice to system integration and comprehensive deepening." For example, the Sichuan-Chongqing Gaozhu New Area, as the country's first cross-provincial jointly built new area, shoulders the major mission of "exploring the moderate separation of the economic zone and the administrative zone." Through three years of pilot development, it has moved from "regional periphery" to "strategic frontier," growing vigorously in coordinated development. Shaoxing City adheres to the clear orientation of vigorously strengthening grassroots work, developing and promoting the digital application "Zhejiang's Prosperous Village and Community Governance," continuously consolidating grassroots governance synergy, improving the quality and efficiency of grassroots governance, and providing successful experience for the continuous deepening of various reforms of the long-term mechanism for reducing burdens at the grassroots level and stimulating new momentum for grassroots governance. Since 2022, after the official launch of the "East Data West Computing" project, [12]12 "East Data West Computing" (东数西算) is a national project launched in 2022 to channel computing power resources from the more developed eastern regions to the western regions, which have abundant energy and land resources for data centers. the National High-Performance Computer Engineering Technology Research Center in Tianjin has explored building a heterogeneous fusion, application-led, data-interconnection-promoting supercomputing interconnection platform to promote the construction of a national integrated computing power network, empowering economic and social development, and achieving initial results. Under the new era background, after completing "local exploration and breaking through ice," adhering to the systems concept is an inevitable requirement for advancing "further comprehensively deepening reform" and "realizing Chinese-path modernization," an inevitable requirement for further developing new quality productive forces, and an inevitable requirement for improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions. Combining the four core principles of the Marxist systems view (holism, dynamism, structure, and non-additivity) with the connotation and function of the mechanisms and systems for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, this article will construct a "five-haves" practical path from the following four aspects, ensuring that developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions has "strength," "precision," "speed," "breadth," and "depth."

当前我国因地制宜发展新质生产力阶段成果与《决定》中“改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变”等论述相印证。例如，川渝高竹新区作为全国首个跨省域共建新区，肩负“探索经济区与行政区适度分离改革”的重大使命，通过3年试点发展从“区域边缘”到“战略前沿”,在协同发展中拔节生长。绍兴市坚持大抓基层的鲜明导向，开发推广“浙里兴村治社”数字化应用，不断凝聚基层治理合力、提升基层治理质效，为基层减负长效机制各项改革的持续深化，激发基层治理新动能提供成功经验。2022年以来，“东数西算”工程正式启动后，天津市国家高性能计算机工程技术研究中心探索构建异构融合、应用引领、促进数据互联互通的超算互联平台推动全国一体化算力网建设，赋能经济社会发展，取得初步成效。在新的时代背景下，在已经完成“局部探索、破冰突围”后，坚持系统观念是推进“进一步全面深化改革”和“实现中国式现代化”的必然要求，也是进一步发展新质生产力的必然要求，也是健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的必然要求。结合马克思主义系统观四个核心原则(整体性、动态性、结构性和非加和性)和因地制宜发展新质生产力机制体制的内涵和功能，本文将从以下四个方面搭建“五有”实践路径，保障因地制宜发展新质生产力“有力度”“有精度”“有速度”“有广度”“有深度”。

1. Adhere to the Principle of Holism, Enhance the Coupling of the Policy Support System, and Ensure Development Strength

1.坚持整体性原则，增强政策支撑体系的耦合度，保障发展力度

In the practice of improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of holism, focus on the organization and interconnection of system elements, and enhance the degree of coupling among various laws, regulations, and policy support systems. The Marxist view of systems holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; the overall nature and function of a system are not a simple addition of the properties of its individual parts, but rather the mutual connection, dependence, inclusion, and transition among elements, which together form a completely new holistic effect. Comprehensively deepening reform involves all areas of economic and social development, with a breadth of tasks, depth of content, and scope of impact unprecedented in history. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “Reform must place greater emphasis on system integration, adhere to a holistic perspective and systematic thinking in planning and advancing it, strengthen the coordination and matching of various reform measures, and promote the simultaneous and synergistic efforts of reform measures across all fields and aspects to form a joint force and enhance overall effectiveness”; “We must plan and coordinate all aspects, levels, and elements of deepening reform in a unified manner, and focus on promoting mutual promotion, positive interaction, and coordinated cooperation among various reforms”; “All regions and departments must establish the thinking of the whole country as a single chessboard [13]13 The “whole country as a single chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a Chinese political idiom emphasizing unified planning and coordination under central leadership, often used in the context of major national strategies., consciously act under the overall situation, and go all out to implement without compromise the principles established, measures clarified, and requirements put forward by the Party Central Committee.” In comprehensively deepening reform to advance Chinese-path modernization and improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, the first priority is to adhere to the principle of holism, focus on overall planning, fully understand the interconnections and coupling between various fields and institutional mechanisms, and provide strong institutional guarantees and policy support for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. The focus should be on improving institutional perfection and coupling in the following areas.

健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制实践中需要坚持整体性原则，注重系统各要素的组织和联系，增强各类法律法规、政策支撑体系的耦合程度。马克思主义系统观认为，整体大于部分之和，系统的整体性质和功能不是其各个部分性质的简单相加，而是各要素之间互相联系、依存、包容、过渡，从而耦合成全新的整体效应。全面深化改革涉及经济社会发展各领域，任务之全面、内容之深刻、影响之广泛前所未有。习近平总书记指出，“改革要更加注重系统集成，坚持以全局观念和系统思维谋划推进，加强各项改革举措的协调配套，推动各领域各方面改革举措同向发力、形成合力，增强整体效能”;“我们要统筹谋划深化改革各个方面、各个层次、各个要素，注重推动各项改革相互促进、良性互动、协同配合”;“各地区各部门要树立全国一盘棋思想，自觉在大局下行动，全力以赴把党中央确定的原则、明确的举措、提出的要求不折不扣贯彻落实好”。在全面深化改革推进中国式现代化，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制中首先要坚持整体性原则，在统筹上下功夫，全面认识各领域、各体制机制之间的关联性与耦合性，为因地制宜发展新质生产力提供强有力的制度保障、政策支持。重点提升以下几个方面的制度完善和耦合。

First, improve the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide [14]14 The “new system of mobilizing resources nationwide” (新型举国体制) refers to a modernized version of China’s traditional state-led mobilization system, adapted to market conditions and aimed at strategic technological breakthroughs., carry out strategic deployment holistically, strengthen the training of scientific and technological talent and the collaborative innovation mechanism of industry-university-research, as well as the system for collaborative tackling of key problems in critical areas, especially those where we are “bottlenecked” [15]15 “Bottlenecked” (卡脖子) is a Chinese term for critical technologies or areas where foreign dependence creates vulnerabilities, analogous to “chokepoint” technologies.. Improving the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide is to leverage the advantage of China’s socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and firmly grasp the lifeline of science and technology and the initiative in development in our own hands. Therefore, whether in science and technology, education, culture, industry, or other aspects, it is necessary to uphold the Party’s overall leadership to ensure that developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions always advances in the correct direction. Secondly, adhere to a people-centered approach, let the achievements of modernization benefit all the people more and more fairly, take improving people’s welfare as the starting point and ultimate goal, and integrate the new expectations of the people into every link of the institutional mechanisms. In terms of specific institutional connections, adhere to the basic socialist economic system, build a coordination mechanism for the joint efforts of the government, market, and society, and establish a governance pattern of unified leadership by Party organizations, law-based performance of duties by the government, and coordination by multiple entities; optimize the specific strategies of the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide, and carry out strategic deployment holistically, which is key to ensuring that the direction and key tasks of scientific and technological innovation align with the major needs of the country. For example, in “bottlenecked” areas, clarify the key difficulties to be tackled, strengthen the application and promotion of related achievements, and build cross-border, cross-regional, and cross-sector “tackling alliances”; build a comprehensive, multi-level scientific and technological talent training system covering basic education, higher education, vocational education, and continuing education, strengthen practical teaching links, enable students to master more abilities and experience in solving practical problems at school, create a good atmosphere of respecting knowledge, talent, and innovation, and provide broad development space and a good working environment for scientific and technological talent; build industry-university-research cooperation platforms, increase special funding support, promote deep cooperation and exchange between universities, research institutes, and enterprises, establish a scientific and reasonable benefit distribution mechanism for cooperation outcomes, protect the rights and interests of all parties in the cooperation process, and stimulate the enthusiasm of all parties to participate in cooperation.

第一，完善新型举国体制，整体性进行战略布局，加强科技人才培养和产学研创新协同机制，以及关键领域尤其是“卡脖子”领域协同攻关体系。完善新型举国体制是发挥我国社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，推进高水平科技自立自强，把科技命脉和发展主动权牢牢掌握在自己手中。因此无论是科技、教育、文化、产业等各方面，必须坚持党的全面领导，保证因地制宜发展新质生产力始终沿着正确方向前进。其次坚持以人民为中心、让现代化建设成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，以增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点，将人民群众的新期待融合到体制机制的各个环节。具体体制机制衔接上，坚持社会主义基本经济制度，构建政府、市场、社会协同发力协调机制，构建党组织统一领导、政府依法履责、多元主体协同的治理格局；优化新型举国体制的具体方略，整体性进行战略布局是确保科技创新方向和重点任务与国家重大需求相契合的关键，比如，“卡脖子”领域明确攻关重难点，加强相关成果的应用推广，搭建跨国跨境跨区域“攻关同盟”;构建覆盖基础教育、高等教育、职业教育和继续教育的全方位、多层次科技人才培养体系，并加强实践教学环节，学生在学校掌握更多解决实际问题的能力和经验，营造尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创新的良好氛围，为科技人才提供广阔的发展空间和良好的工作环境；搭建产学研合作平台，增加专项经费支持，促进高校、科研院所和企业之间的深度合作和交流，在合作成果方面建立科学合理的利益分配机制，保障各方在合作过程中的权益和利益，激发各方参与合作的积极性。

Second, further deepen market reform, establish unified market rules, and provide more “national standards” and “institutional spatial arrangements” for the development of new quality productive forces in various regions. Establishing a unified national market is an inevitable requirement for building a high-level socialist market economy system, a basic support for constructing a new development pattern, and an important guarantee for promoting high-quality development. It helps expand market scale and capacity, deepen the depth of division of labor and cooperation, promote comprehensive competition, reduce transaction costs, and enhance the efficiency of resource allocation in various regional markets. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [16]16 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the Xi Jinping era and the launch of comprehensive reforms., the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to the work of building a unified national market and has achieved phased results in improving the market access system, perfecting the market supervision system, strengthening transportation infrastructure construction, and enhancing information exchange and trading market infrastructure construction. However, there are still challenges such as imperfect institutional norms in some areas, relatively slow development of factor markets, local protectionism, and market fragmentation. In improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, the national level needs to perfect a unified set of market rules and standards systems across the country, ensuring consistency in market access, trading rules, and regulatory standards across regions and industries. At the local level, it is also necessary to deepen market-oriented reforms, break down barriers of local protection and market segmentation. Promote the government’s streamlining of administration and delegation of power, reduce improper intervention and restrictions on the market, and truly achieve a balance between an “effective government” and an “efficient market.” At the same time, strengthen enforcement against monopolies and unfair competition, and maintain a fair competition order in the market.

第二，进一步深化市场改革，建立统一的市场规则，为区域新质生产力发展提供更多“国家标准”和“制度性的空间安排”。建立统一大市场是构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的必然要求，是构建新发展格局的基础支撑，也是推动高质量发展的重要保障。它有助于拓展市场规模与容量，加强分工合作深度，推动全面竞争，减少交易成本，提升各区域市场资源配置效能。党的十八大以来，党中央高度重视统一大市场建设工作，并在完善市场准入制度、健全市场监管体系、加强交通基础设施建设、强化信息交流与交易市场基础设施建设等方面取得了阶段性成果。但目前依旧存在部分领域制度规范不健全、要素市场发展相对迟缓、地方保护主义及市场碎片化问题等挑战。在健全因地制宜发展新质生产力机制体制中，国家层面需完善全国统一的市场规则和标准体系，确保各地区、各行业在市场准入、交易规则、监管标准等方面保持一致。地方层面亦需深化市场化改革，打破地方保护和市场分割的壁垒。推动政府简政放权，减少对市场的不当干预和限制，真正实现“有为政府”和“有效市场”的平衡。同时，加强反垄断和反不正当竞争执法力度，维护市场的公平竞争秩序等。

Third, improve the rule-of-law system, especially in the field of the digital economy, to provide legal guarantees for major reforms in new quality productive forces. In the explanation concerning the “Decision” [17]17 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Advancing Chinese-Style Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024., it was stated, “Adhere to law-based governance in all respects, deepen reform and advance Chinese-path modernization on the track of the rule of law, ensure that reform and the rule of law are unified, that major reforms have a legal basis, and that reform achievements are promptly elevated into legal systems.” As mentioned earlier, new quality productive forces have many non-physical elements and new non-materialized labor objects. The development of the digital economy and the iteration of artificial intelligence have laid the foundation for developing new quality productive forces. Related aspects such as data security, data quality governance, credit systems, privacy governance, intellectual property protection, and risk assessment and response mechanisms for industrial and supply chain security need to be regulated by laws, regulations, or systems. Data legality is a prerequisite for ensuring the orderly flow of data intellectual property. If the nature of data rights is unclear, it will lead to unclear rights and responsibilities of subjects, easily causing disputes and hindering the free flow and sharing of data. To formulate institutional and mechanism plans to promote the growth of the digital economy, it is necessary to improve the policy framework for digital industrialization and industrial digitalization, and accelerate the construction of mechanisms for confirming data ownership, market trading, rights allocation, and benefit protection. The value of data lies in its circulation and use, and the basis for circular flow lies in the confirmation of the nature of data rights, that is, clarifying from the legal level what civil rights and interests relevant subjects enjoy over data. China’s Civil Code’s relevant intellectual property provisions, the types of data that existing intellectual property can protect, and data property rights still need further improvement and clarification. Therefore, in relevant legal provisions, it is necessary to broaden the objects of intellectual property protection through legislation or judicial interpretation. In terms of data quality governance, data security, and privacy governance, it is necessary to further sort out the steps of data governance for artificial intelligence. Product main body optimization, application scenario expansion, and final evolutionary forms still need further exploration to meet the privacy protection needs of different industries for user data and enterprise data. Increase law enforcement, supervision, and cross-border law enforcement cooperation, use modern information technology means such as big data and artificial intelligence to feed back and improve institutional mechanisms, and build infringement early warning and emergency response mechanisms; actively participate in the formulation and negotiation of international intellectual property rules, promote the establishment of a fair, reasonable, and transparent international intellectual property governance system, establish cross-border intellectual property law enforcement cooperation mechanisms, strengthen communication and coordination with international law enforcement agencies, and effectively combat cross-border and transnational crimes using digital tools. Strengthen publicity and education at all levels, from the national level to local grassroots, through multiple channels and forms to increase publicity efforts, and enhance the public’s awareness and attention to relevant rights and obligations.

第三，健全法治体系尤其是数字经济领域法治体系，为新质生产力重大改革提供法制保障。在关于《决定》的说明中提到，“坚持全面依法治国，在法治轨道上深化改革、推进中国式现代化，做到改革和法治相统一，重大改革于法有据、及时把改革成果上升为法律制度”。如前文所述，新质生产力具有很多非实体性要素和非物质化新劳动对象，数字经济发展、人工智能迭代为发展新质生产力奠定了基础，相关数据安全、数据质量治理、信用体系、隐私治理、知识产权保护、产业链供应链安全风险评估和应对机制等多方面需要法律法规或制度进行规范。数据合法性是确保数据知识产权有序流动的前提，数据权利属性不明，将导致主体权责不明，极易引发纠纷、阻碍数据自由流通与共享。制定推动数字经济成长的体制机制规划，需健全数字产业化及产业数字化政策框架，加快构建数据权属确认、市场交易、权益划分及利益保障机制等。数据的价值在于流通使用，而循环流动的基础在于数据权利属性的确认，即从法律层面明确相关主体对数据享有何种民事权益。我国民法典有关知识产权法条，现有知识产权可保护的数据类型和数据产权化尚待进一步完善和明确，因此在相关法条部分需要从立法或者司法解释上拓宽知识产权的保护客体。数据质量治理、数据安全与隐私治理方面，需要进一步梳理面向人工智能的数据治理步骤，产品主体优化、应用场景扩展、最终演变形态等方面仍需进一步探索，满足不同行业对用户数据、企业数据的隐私保护需求。加大执法力度、监管力度和跨国境执法合作，利用大数据和人工智能等现代信息技术手段反哺体制机制完善，构建侵权预警和应急处理机制；积极参与国际知识产权规则的制定和谈判，推动建立公平、合理、透明的国际知识产权治理体系，建立跨境知识产权执法合作机制，加强与国际执法机构的沟通和协调，有效打击利用数字工具跨境、跨国犯罪行为。加强各级宣传教育，国家层面到地方基层，多渠道多形式加强宣传力度，提高公众对相关权利和义务的认识和重视程度。

2. Adhere to the principle of structuralism, improve high-level scientific and technological innovation institutional mechanisms, and ensure the precision and speed of development

2.坚持结构性原则，完善高水平科技创新体制机制，保障发展精度和速度

In the practice of improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, it is necessary to adhere to the structural principle, scientifically grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, and focus on strengthening the institutional mechanisms for high-level scientific and technological innovation and for expanding strategic emerging industries. The structural principle of the Marxist systems view holds that the structure of a system is an important factor determining its overall nature and function. The elements within a system do not exist in isolation but are interconnected into an organic whole through specific modes. To optimize the system’s structure, it is necessary to identify the central element that plays a decisive role in the entire system, so as to drive overall development. At the same time, dialectics tells us that the development of things is always in the midst of contradictory change; contradictions have primary and secondary aspects, and we must grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction. The “core element” and “key node” within the system constitute the principal contradiction that plays a leading role among the many contradictions. By grasping the principal contradiction and its principal aspect, viewing problems from the overall, source, and fundamental levels, and solving difficult issues, other problems will be readily resolved.

健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制实践中需要坚持结构性原则，科学把握主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，着力加强高水平科技创新体制机制和壮大战略性新兴产业体制机制。马克思主义系统观的结构性原则认为，系统的结构是决定其整体性质和功能的重要因素。系统中各要素非孤立存在，而是通过特定方式相互联结成有机整体。优化系统结构，必须找出对整个系统起决定作用的中心要素，以带动全局的发展。同时辩证法告诉我们，事物发展总是处于矛盾变化当中，矛盾有主有次，要抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面。系统内“核心要素”及“关键节点”即众多矛盾中起主导作用的主要矛盾，把握了主要矛盾及其主要方面，从全局上、源头上、根本上看待问题，破解难题，其他问题就迎刃而解。

In his “Speech at the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China” [18]18 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, adopted a decision on further deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping’s speech at the second plenary session of that plenum (a separate meeting of the Central Committee held later to discuss implementation) was published in September 2024., General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out: “Pay more attention to highlighting key points, pay more attention to the actual effect of reform, and make precise, coordinated, and sustained efforts.” “In implementation, we must neither fight alone or advance on a single front, nor fight a disorderly battle or grab at everything. We must adhere to establishing before abolishing, and not establish without abolishing, accurately grasp the strategic focus of reform, and reasonably arrange the order, pace, and timing of reform measures, advancing step by step and steadily according to priority and urgency, without being ahead of schedule or falling behind.” All regions and departments “must closely integrate with reality, adapt measures to local conditions, take the initiative, identify the principal contradictions and principal aspects of contradictions they face, and formulate specific reform measures that suit the actual situation.” At the same time, the “Decision” [19]19 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. points out that it is necessary to “strengthen innovation in key generic technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies, and strengthen the institutional supply for new fields and new tracks,” and “improve the development policies and governance systems for strategic industries such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology, guiding the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries.”

习近平总书记《在党的二十届三中全会第二次全体会议上的讲话》中也指出，“更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效，精准发力、协同发力、持续发力”“贯彻落实中既不能单打独斗、单兵突进，又不能打乱仗、眉毛胡子一把抓。要坚持先立后破、不立不破，准确把握改革的战略重点，合理安排改革举措的先后顺序、节奏时机，根据轻重缓急循序渐进、稳扎稳打，不超前、不滞后。”各地区各部门，“要紧密结合实际，因地制宜，主动作为，找准自身面临的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，制定切合实际的具体改革举措”。同时，《决定》指出，需“加强关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新，加强新领域新赛道制度供给”,“完善推动新一代信息技术、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端装备、生物医药、量子科技等战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，引导新兴产业健康有序发展”。

Under the current situation influenced by multiple factors, including the international situation, the domestic economic situation, and the plateau phase of industrial development, how can the improvement of institutional mechanisms further accelerate and enhance efficiency in the process of developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions? The practical driving force of new quality productive forces lies in new technologies. Strategic emerging industries are based on major technological breakthroughs and major development needs, and at the same time, the expansion and strengthening of strategic emerging industries promote further innovation in high-level science and technology. Therefore, it is still necessary to improve the two “central elements”—the institutional mechanisms for high-level scientific and technological innovation that integrate local resource endowments and the institutional mechanisms for expanding strategic industries—so as to increase the precision of developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, release the “multiplier effect” of data elements, and accelerate the pace of development.

在当前国际局势、国内经济形势、产业内部阶段发展平台期等多方面原因影响的形势下，因地制宜发展新质生产力过程中如何健全体制机制进一步提速增效?新质生产力的实践动力在于新技术，战略性新兴产业以重大技术突破和重大发展需求为基础，同时战略性新兴产业发展壮大促进高水平科技进一步创新。因此，依然要完善结合地方资源禀赋的高水平科技创新体制机制和壮大战略性产业体制机制这两个“中心要素”,提高因地制宜发展新质生产力的精准度，释放数据要素“乘数效应”,提高发展速度。

On the one hand, continuously strengthen relevant top-level design, formulate and improve relevant industrial construction standards, strengthen future layout, optimize the industrial structure, and align local governments’ industrial planning with the national high-quality development strategy. In July 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and three other departments jointly released the “National Artificial Intelligence Industry Comprehensive Standardization System Construction Guidelines (2024 Edition),” aiming to systematically plan the standardization work for artificial intelligence and accelerate the establishment of a standard system that meets the needs of high-quality development of the AI industry and the deep empowerment of “AI+.” This move strengthens the foundational role of unified standards in promoting technological innovation, assisting enterprise development, leading industrial upgrading, and ensuring industrial safety, providing policy guidance for more effectively promoting the process of AI empowering new-type industrialization. On the other hand, relevant business entities should improve cooperation mechanisms with universities and research institutes, enhance the accuracy and foresight of market research, promptly grasp changes in market demand, and strengthen their own technological innovation and management innovation. At the same time, local governments can cultivate multiple business entities, strengthen guidance, and support fair competition and accelerated development among different types of enterprises, such as strategic emerging industries, high-tech enterprises, and application enterprises.

一方面不断加强相关顶层设计，制定完善相关产业建设标准，加强未来布局，优化产业结构，让地方政府的产业规划与国家高质量发展战略相结合。2024年7月，工信部等四部门共同发布了《国家人工智能产业综合标准化体系建设指南(2024版)》,旨在系统规划人工智能标准化工作，加速建立适应人工智能产业高质量发展及“人工智能+”深度赋能需求的标准体系。此举强化了统一标准在推动技术革新、助力企业发展、引领产业升级及确保产业安全方面的基础性作用，为更有效地促进人工智能赋能新型工业化进程提供了政策指导。另一方面，相关经营主体完善与高校、科研院所的合作机制，增强市场研判精准度和前瞻性，及时把握市场需求变化，加强自身科技创新和管理创新。同时各地政府可培育多元经营主体，加强引导，支持战略性新兴产业、高科技企业、应用企业等不同类型的企业公平竞争、加快发展。

3. Give play to the non-additivity principle, strengthen the “resonance effect” of coordinated regional development, and ensure the breadth of development

3.发挥非加和性原则，强化区域协调发展的“共振效应”,保障发展广度

In the practice of improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, it is necessary to give play to the non-additivity principle, improve the coordination mechanisms in a comprehensive sense among various elements and regions, and achieve a “resonance effect” of high-quality regional development. The non-additivity principle of the Marxist systems view emphasizes that the functioning of parts and the whole is not a simple combination of elements. In improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, the new characteristics brought about by coordinated regional development—such as inter-regional industrial synergy, technology sharing, and talent mobility—cannot be achieved by simply adding up regions. It is necessary to benchmark against the inherent requirements of new quality productive forces as a whole, plan systematically and comprehensively, enhance the coupling degree of institutions, and increase the intensity of institutional supply. At the same time, from a structural perspective, based on the different positions and functions of different elements in the development of new quality productive forces, grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, seize key areas to advance institutions hierarchically, achieve high-quality, high-speed, and precise development, and also fully consider the implementation costs of institutional mechanisms and how to maximize their effectiveness.

健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制实践中需要发挥非加和性原则，健全各要素之间、区域之间全面意义上的协调体制机制，实现区域高质量发展的“共振效应”。马克思主义系统观的非加和性原则强调部分与整体的功能发挥，不是各要素的简单组合。在健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制中，区域协调发展所带来的新特质，如区域间的产业协同、技术共享和人才流动等，都是各区域简单相加所无法实现的，需要从整体上对标新质生产力的内在要求，系统谋划统筹，增强制度的耦合度，提高制度供给的力度。同时，从结构性考虑，根据新质生产力发展中不同要素不同地位和功能，把握主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，抓住重点领域层次性推进制度，高质量高速精准发展，也要充分考虑体制机制的执行成本和如何最大化发挥其效能。

As mentioned above, new quality productive forces are more intelligent, flexible, open, and green in terms of laborers, means of labor, instruments of labor, modes of production, and growth models, and to a large extent break through the limitations of time and space, relying on advanced information technology and digital systems to achieve comprehensive digital management. Through the application of digital technology, enterprises can more easily adapt to constant changes in the external environment, adjust and respond to market changes more quickly, promote the efficient circulation of production factors, break away from traditional growth paths in development, and conform to the new development concept. At the same time, the current objective economic situation at home and abroad presents challenges. While each region is “burying its head” in focusing on its own development in light of local conditions, it must also “raise its head” to pay attention to the integrated development of resources across the country. This is not only conducive to reducing economic, management, and administrative costs and improving the efficiency of resource utilization, but also more conducive to avoiding “blindly following trends,” “homogenization,” and “bubbles,” truly embodying the principle of adapting measures to local conditions, stimulating the “resonance effect” of high-quality development, and forming a development synergy between points, between points and lines, between points and surfaces, between localities, between localities and regions, and between localities and the whole country, mutually empowering each other, promoting the harmonious and symbiotic development of various elements within and outside the region, thereby expanding the breadth of developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. Therefore, in improving the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, the non-additivity principle should be fully applied to further innovate the comprehensive regional coordinated development mechanism.

如前文所述，新质生产力在劳动者、劳动对象、生产工具、生产方式、增长模式等各方面都更加智能、灵活、开放、绿色，且很大程度解放了时空局限，依托先进的信息技术和数字化系统，实现了全面的数字化管理。通过数字化技术的应用，使得企业更容易适应外部环境的不断变化，更加快速调整和应对市场的变化，促进生产要素高效流通，在发展中摆脱了传统增长路径，符合新发展理念。同时，当前国内外客观经济形势存在挑战，各地方在“埋头”因地制宜关注自身发展的同时，亦要“抬头”关注全国各区域资源的整合发展，这不仅有利于降低经济、管理、行政等成本，提高资源利用的效率，更有利于避免“跟风追热”“同质化”“泡沫化”,真正体现因地制宜原则，激发高质量发展的“共振效应”,点与点之间、点与线之间、点与面之间，地方与地方之间、地方与区域之间、地方与全国之间形成发展合力，相互赋能，促进区域内外各要素能够实现和谐、共生式的发展，从而拓展因地制宜发展新质生产力的广度。因此，在健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制中充分运用非加和性原则进一步创新全面意义上的区域协调发展机制。

First, unblock the “external” coordination mechanism. Promote cooperation and coordination among different regions, and establish a regional cooperative development mechanism. By strengthening policy communication, information sharing, and resource sharing between regions, facilitate the interconnection and coordinated development of regional markets. By strengthening collaborative innovation across different regions, build a regional innovation community, break down geographical restrictions, and achieve resource sharing and complementary advantages. This helps accelerate the emergence of breakthrough technological innovations and promotes the formation and development of new quality productive forces. As strategic core areas for national high-quality development, the collaborative innovation activities of urban agglomerations are crucial to the layout of new quality productive forces. The potential for collaborative innovation within urban agglomerations should be fully tapped, and a targeted assault on key core technologies should be carried out by region. Focusing on the integration of factors, further smooth regional coordination channels, and promote the rational flow and effective allocation of production factors such as capital, technology, and talent between regions. Establish a regional cooperative development leadership body, such as one composed of governments and relevant departments from various regions, responsible for overall planning and coordination of regional cooperation matters and promoting the implementation of a new mechanism for regional coordinated development. On the basis of pilot projects, the fields and scope of regional cooperation can be further broadened, such as industrial cooperation, scientific and technological innovation cooperation, and ecological and environmental cooperation, forming an all-round, multi-level pattern of regional cooperation. At the same time, in the process of regional cooperation, establish a reasonable benefit-sharing mechanism to ensure that the interests of all regions are protected and balanced, achieving win-win outcomes in cooperation, which will help stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of all regions to participate in regional cooperation. According to the actual situation and needs of regional development, improve targeted policy measures to support the formation and development of new quality productive forces. These policies can include fiscal support, tax incentives, talent introduction, and other aspects. For example, in the process of the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, clear division of labor and collaborative relationships have formed among cities, jointly promoting the overall development of the region and forming the Yangtze River Economic Belt. This development momentum is not simply the addition of cities or the stacking of resources, but is achieved through systematic optimization and synergy. At the same time, the concept of “in light of local conditions” runs through it. During the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, to reflect regional characteristics, the development model of the Yangtze River Economic Belt was not copied. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Why don’t we call it the Yellow River Economic Belt? The resource endowments and development conditions of provinces and regions in the Yellow River Basin vary greatly; it is not an economic belt. But there is consistency in the great protection of the Yellow River. At the same time, the historical and cultural heritage within the basin is profound, the culture is diverse yet unified, and the development context is very clear.”

首先，畅通“外部”协同机制。推动各地区之间的合作与协调，建立区域合作发展机制。通过加强区域间的政策沟通、信息共享和资源共享，促进区域市场的互联互通和协同发展。通过加强不同区域间的协同创新，构建区域创新共同体，打破地域限制，实现资源共享和优势互补。这有助于加速突破性技术创新的产生，推动新质生产力的形成和发展。城市群作为国家高质量发展的战略核心区，其协同创新活动对于新质生产力的布局至关重要。应充分挖掘城市群内的协同创新潜力，分区域打好关键核心技术攻坚战。以要素融通为重点，进一步畅通区域协同渠道，促进资本、技术、人才等生产要素在区域间的合理流动和有效配置。建立区域合作发展领导机构，如成立由各地区政府和相关部门组成的区域合作发展领导机构，负责统筹协调区域合作事宜，推动区域协调发展新机制的落实。可以在试点的基础上，进一步拓宽区域合作的领域和范围，比如产业合作、科技创新合作、生态环境合作等方面，形成全方位、多层次的区域合作格局。同时，在区域合作过程中，建立合理的利益共享机制，以确保各地区的利益得到保障和平衡，在合作中实现共赢，将有助于激发各地区参与区域合作的积极性和主动性。根据区域发展的实际情况和需要，完善针对性的政策措施，支持新质生产力的形成和发展。这些政策可以包括财政支持、税收优惠、人才引进等方面的内容。例如，在长三角一体化发展的过程中，各城市之间形成了明确的分工和协作关系，共同推动了区域整体的发展，形成长江经济带。这份发展动能不是简单的城市相加或资源堆砌，而是通过系统优化和协同作用实现的。同时贯通“因地制宜”理念，在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展建设时，为体现区域特点并未照搬长江经济带发展模式。习近平总书记强调：“我们为什么不说黄河经济带呢?黄河流域各省区的资源禀赋、发展条件差异大，不是一个经济带。但黄河大保护有一致性。同时，流域内的历史文化底蕴深厚，文化多元一体，发展脉络很清晰。”

Second, innovate the “internal” coordination mechanism. On the one hand, the interior of a region must also keep pace with the development of new quality productive forces and promote the transformation and upgrading of the region’s traditional industrial structure. New quality productive forces include not only emerging industries but also the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. Strategic and future-oriented industries, characterized by high technological content, high added value, and high growth potential, are important forces driving coordinated regional development. Local governments can gradually cultivate them according to actual conditions to accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces. At the same time, attention must also be paid to promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. This can start from a certain aspect or a specific field, using technological innovation, management innovation, and other means to improve the competitiveness and added value of traditional industries, achieving coordinated development with new quality productive forces. Through the Marxist systems view, promote the collaborative co-governance of multiple forces such as the government, the market, and society, forming a synergy in social governance. In the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, in addition to emphasizing that the development of the Yellow River Basin differs from the “Yangtze River Economic Belt,” General Secretary Xi Jinping also stressed the importance of

其次，创新“内部”协调机制。一方面区域内部也需紧跟新质生产力发展步伐，推动区域传统产业结构转型升级。新质生产力不仅包括新兴产业，还包括传统产业改造升级。战略性、未来产业具有高技术含量、高附加值和高成长性的特点，是推动区域协调发展的重要力量，各地方政府可以根据实际情况逐步培育，加快形成新质生产力。同时，也要注重推动传统产业的转型升级，可以从某一方面、某一个领域开始，通过技术创新、管理创新等手段，提高传统产业的竞争力和附加值，实现与新质生产力的协同发展，并通过马克思主义系统观推动政府、市场、社会等多方力量的协同共治，形成社会治理的合力。在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展中，习近平总书记除了强调黄河流域发展不同于“长江经济带”,也强调内部协调的重要性，充分考虑上中下游的差异。内部也需要系统布局，也需要协同配合。习近平总书记每到一地，都有针对性地部署要求：在三江源、祁连山等地区，要求“创造更多生态产品”;在黄河“几字弯”,强调“大力发展现代高效农业和节水产业”;在黄河入海口，鼓励“挖掘盐碱地开发利用潜力”,“要从实际出发，宜水则水、宜山则山，宜粮则粮、宜农则农，宜工则工、宜商则商，积极探索富有地域特色的高质量发展新路子”。另一方面，根据新发展理念和高质量发展要求，符合新质生产力的“质态”要求，机制体制需在内部结构上健全经济、社会、环境的协调发展机制。如果仅仅关注环境保护而忽视经济发展和社会进步，或者仅仅追求经济增长而忽视环境保护和社会公平，都可能导致整体发展的失衡。近年来，越来越多的国家和地区开始重视绿色GDP的考核和应用。例如，江苏省已经将“绿色GDP”正式纳入官方考核体系，通过百分制评分和约束性指标完成情况等方法，对地方政府的绿色发展水平进行评估和考核，这种实践探索为绿色GDP的推广和应用提供了有益的经验和借鉴。

4. Adhere to the principle of dynamic development, improve the institutional mechanisms for future industries, and ensure the depth of development

4.坚持动态发展原则，健全未来产业体制机制，保障发展深度

The dynamic principle of the Marxist systems view holds that systems are not static but are in constant motion and change. Any system is intricately connected with the external environment and changes continuously over time. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the objective laws of universal interconnection among things and to analyze and understand them with an eye to the dynamism of systems. Forward-looking emerging industries possess significant characteristics of strategic leadership, disruptiveness, and uncertainty; they represent the direction of future industrial development and are of great importance for promoting high-quality economic development and enhancing national competitiveness. China’s new quality productive forces are continuously developing, and regional pilot projects have achieved phased successes, accumulating valuable experience. For example, Guizhou, as the first national-level comprehensive big-data pilot zone, with strong support from various policies and institutions, saw the added value of its digital economy as a share of GDP increase from 19.7% in 2016 to 39.1% in 2022. Guizhou has introduced innovative mechanisms such as the “computing power scheduling platform” and “computing power vouchers” to promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy. Therefore, whether it is the dynamic development laws of productive forces and new quality productive forces themselves, the cyclical nature of technological iteration and renewal, or the structural connotations and high-quality development practical experience of the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, it is necessary to adopt a more long-term and broad perspective in laying out the development of new quality productive forces, and to prospectively cultivate and strengthen future industries.

马克思主义系统观动态性原则指系统不是静止的，而是处于不断运动和变化之中。任何系统都与外界环境有着千丝万缕的联系，并随时间推移不断发生变化。因此，必须把握事物之间普遍联系的客观规律，着眼于系统的动态性进行分析和把握。前瞻性新兴产业具备显著的战略引领性、颠覆性以及不确定性特征，代表未来产业发展方向，对于推动经济高质量发展、增强国家竞争力具有重要意义。我国新质生产力在不断发展，区域性试点取得阶段性成功，积累了一定宝贵经验。例如，贵州作为首个国家级大数据综合试验区，在各项政策、制度大力支持下，其数字经济增加值占GDP比重从2016年的19.7%增加到2022年的39.1%。贵州推出“算力调度平台”“算力券”等创新机制，促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合。因此，无论是生产力、新质生产力本身动态发展规律、科技本身的更新迭代周期性，还是因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制结构内涵和高质量发展实践经验，都需要具备更加长远、广阔的眼光布局新质生产力的发展，前瞻性培育和壮大未来产业。

One key focus is establishing a growth mechanism for investment in future industries. The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization" [n21] (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision"), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, states: "Strengthen innovation in key generic technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies; strengthen the institutional supply for new fields and new tracks; and establish a growth mechanism for investment in future industries." The "2023–2035 New Industry Standardization Pilot Implementation Plan," released in early 2024, focuses on eight emerging industry sectors and nine future industry sectors. In emerging industries, the construction of investment and financing frameworks is relatively smooth. However, in contrast, future industry sectors—such as the metaverse, brain-computer integration, quantum technology, humanoid robotics, generative AI, biomanufacturing technology, next-generation display technology, future network technology, and new types of energy storage—still face considerable challenges because their technologies remain in the frontier research and development and exploration stage. Moreover, their business models have not yet taken shape and require policy guidance. That is, it is necessary to further clarify the direction of industrial development, formulate scientific development plans, optimize the industrial development environment, promote business model innovation, strengthen scientific and technological innovation and talent cultivation, and implement measures such as brand building, market development, risk management, and social responsibility, so as to effectively promote the healthy development of future industries. In addition, because future industries require large capital investments, it is possible to focus on key directions such as future materials, future energy, future biology, future health, future displays, and future aviation, explore the establishment of future industry funds, and leverage fiscal funds to drive social capital investment. Establishing a growth mechanism for investment in future industries requires the joint efforts of the government, social capital, research institutions, enterprises, and other parties to form a synergy that promotes the sustained and healthy development of future industries. Strengthening the institutional supply for new fields and new tracks, building an inclusive and prudent adaptive regulatory system for new industries, new business forms, and new models, providing certain policy support and protection for the new business forms, new technologies, and new models provided by entrepreneurial enterprises, and promoting the transformation of future industry cultivation from "giving policies" and "giving projects" to "giving scenarios" and "giving opportunities" will form a multi-party participatory long-term scenario-building mechanism with intrinsic driving force.

重点之一是建立未来产业投入增长机制。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》(下文简称《决定》)指出，“加强关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新，加强新领域新赛道制度供给，建立未来产业投入增长机制”。于2024年初发布的《2023至2035年新产业标准化领航实施规划》,着重关注了八个新兴产业板块及九个未来产业板块。在新兴产业中，投融资架构的构建相对顺畅，但相比之下，未来产业领域，如元宇宙、脑机融合、量子科技、人形机器人技术、生成式AI、生物制造技术、下一代显示技术、未来网络技术以及新型储能等，由于其技术仍处于前沿研发与探索阶段，仍面临不小挑战。此外其商业模式尚未形成，需要由政策引导，即需进一步明确产业发展方向、制定科学的发展规划、优化产业发展环境、推动商业模式创新、加强科技创新和人才培养、注重品牌建设和市场开拓以及风险管理和社会责任等措施的实施，有力推动未来产业的健康发展。此外，由于未来产业资金投入较大，可以重点围绕未来材料、未来能源、未来生物、未来健康、未来显示、未来航空等重点方向，探索设立未来产业基金，通过财政资金撬动社会资本投入。建立未来产业的投入增长机制需要政府、社会资本、科研机构和企业等多方共同努力，形成合力推动未来产业持续健康发展。加强新领域新赛道制度供给，构建包容审慎的新产业、新业态、新模式适应性监管体系，对创业企业提供的新业态新技术新模式给予一定的政策支持和保护，推动未来产业培育从“给政策”“给项目”向“给场景”“给机会”转变，形成具有内在驱动力的多方参与长效场景建设机制。

The second key focus is expanding and strengthening "patient capital." The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee meeting on April 30, 2024, mentioned "patient capital" for the first time. The meeting emphasized that "new quality productive forces should be developed according to local conditions, venture capital should be actively developed, and patient capital should be expanded." The "Decision" also mentions "patient capital." In the socialist market economy, capital plays the role of a key factor of production. Regulating and guiding it constitutes not only a major economic and political issue but also an important subject at both the practical and theoretical levels, which is directly related to upholding the fundamental socialist economic system. The "Decision" innovatively introduces the concept of "patient capital." This concept transcends the boundaries of ownership, domestic and foreign sources, and specific capital forms, representing a new form of capital that conforms to the development trend of advanced productive forces. The core characteristic of "patient capital" is that it does not take short-term profit maximization as its primary pursuit but is committed to long-term project investment and has a strong capacity to bear risk. In short, it advocates a philosophy that takes a long-term view and emphasizes value investment, insisting on long-term input and valuing long-term returns. Compared with strategic emerging industries, future industries are in the early stage of the industrial life cycle, with high industrial development uncertainty and a long cultivation period. Patient capital will broaden the growth space for the sustained development of new quality productive forces, help emerging industries thrive and future industries take shape, inject stable financial momentum into them, and at the same time play the role of a key "accelerator" in promoting the development of new quality productive forces. In addition to national fiscal support, it can provide long-term stable financial support for investment projects and capital markets, serving as a key factor guarantee for scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and an important condition and driving force for developing new quality productive forces. Expanding patient capital is a multi-faceted comprehensive task involving policy guidance, market mechanism reform, investor education, and capital market development. The government needs to further introduce policies to clarify the definition, role, and development plan of patient capital, as well as diversified incentive mechanisms, financial service support, and a regulatory system. On the one hand, it should reform market mechanisms and standardize mechanisms such as registration and exit; on the other hand, it should strengthen investor education, enhance the professional capabilities of investment institutions, and improve their investment judgment ability and risk management level in the field of new quality productive forces. Ultimately, it will lead the convergence of various frontier production factors into the development of new quality productive forces, achieving a significant increase in total factor productivity.

重点之二是壮大发展“耐心资本”。2024年4月30日中共中央政治局会议首次提及“耐心资本”,会议强调“要因地制宜发展新质生产力，要积极发展风险投资，壮大耐心资本。”《决定》也提到“耐心资本”。在社会主义市场经济中，资本扮演着关键生产要素的角色，对其进行规范与引导，不仅构成了重大的经济与政治议题，也同时是实践层面与理论层面的重要课题，这直接关联到坚守社会主义基本经济制度的根本。《决定》创新性地引入了“耐心资本”概念，这一概念超越了所有制、国内外及具体资本形态的界限，代表了一种符合先进生产力发展趋势的新型资本形态。“耐心资本”的核心特征在于，它并不以短期利益最大化为首要追求，而是致力于长期的项目投资，对风险具有较强的承受能力。简而言之，它倡导的是一种着眼长远、注重价值投资的理念，坚持长期投入并重视长期的收益回报。与战略性新兴产业相比，未来产业处于产业生命周期的早期阶段，产业发展不确定性大，培育周期长，耐心资本将为新质生产力的持久发展拓宽成长空间，助力新兴产业茁壮成长及未来产业的构建，为其注入稳定的金融动力，同时扮演着推动新质生产力发展的关键“加速器”角色，在国家财政支持外，能够为投资项目、资本市场提供长期稳定的资金支持，是科技创新和产业创新的关键要素保障，是发展新质生产力的重要条件和推动力。壮大耐心资本，是一个涉及政策引导、市场机制改革、投资者教育及资本市场发展的多方面综合任务。政府需要进一步出台政策明确耐心资本的定义、作用及发展规划、多元化的激励机制、金融服务支持、监管体系：一方面改革市场机制，规范其注册、退出等机制；另一方面加强投资者教育，提升投资机构专业能力，提高其对新质生产力领域的投资判断能力和风险管理水平。最终，它将引领各类前沿生产要素汇聚于新质生产力的发展之中，实现全要素生产率的显著提升。

(The authors are, respectively, a lecturer in the Student Affairs Department of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, and a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Economics of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics.)

（作者系西南财经大学学生工作部讲师；西南财经大学经济学院教授、博士生导师）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁