The Logical Rationale, Connotative Implications, and Practical Pathways of the “Six Upholds” Principles in Leading Further Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024. It focused on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, and adopted the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Style Modernization.” profoundly summarized the valuable experience gained since reform and opening up, especially from the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, and encapsulated the major principles of upholding the Party’s overall leadership, upholding a people-centered approach, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, upholding institution-building as a mainstay, upholding law-based governance in all respects, and upholding a systems perspective. The “Six Upholds” principles are rich in connotation and interconnected, embodying a strong sense of core consciousness, people-oriented sentiment, problem awareness, institutional awareness, rule-of-law thinking, and overall perspective. They manifest the Chinese Communists’ high degree of historical initiative and strategic confidence. Conducting an in-depth scholarly analysis of the logical rationale, connotative implications, and practical pathways of the “Six Upholds” principles, and profoundly grasping the reasoning, academic logic, and philosophical depth of the Party’s innovative theory, holds significant theoretical value and practical significance for further comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era and ensuring that reform proceeds steadily and correctly along the right direction.

党的二十届三中全会深刻总结了改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，概括了坚持党的全面领导、坚持以人民为中心、坚持守正创新、坚持以制度建设为主线、坚持全面依法治国、坚持系统观念等重大原则。“六个坚持”原则内涵丰富、相互联系，体现了强烈的核心意识、人民情怀、问题意识、制度意识、法治思维与大局观念，彰显了中国共产党人高度的历史主动精神与战略自信。从学理层面深入分析“六个坚持”原则的逻辑理路、内涵意蕴与致思路径，深刻领会党的创新理论的道理、学理、哲理，对于新时代进一步全面深化改革、确保改革始终沿着正确的方向行稳致远具有重要的理论价值与实践意义。

I. Why It Is Possible: The Logical Rationale for Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform with the “Six Upholds” Principles

一、何以可为：以“六个坚持”原则进一步全面深化改革的逻辑理路

Marxism is the wellspring for the Communist Party of China to advance theoretical and practical innovation, and being adept at summarizing and applying historical experience is an important magic weapon for the CPC to continuously achieve victory. The “Six Upholds” principles, guided scientifically by Marxism, profoundly summarize the valuable experience gained since reform and opening up, especially from the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, fully demonstrating the CPC’s high degree of historical self-awareness and political judgment. Facing the future, to ensure that the ship of further comprehensively deepening reform sails forward, breaking waves on the great voyage of comprehensively building a strong country and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to use the “Six Upholds” principles to address a series of risks and challenges confronting further comprehensively deepening reform.

马克思主义是中国共产党推进理论创新与实践创新的源头活水，善于总结和运用历史经验是中国共产党不断取得胜利的重要法宝。“六个坚持”原则以马克思主义为科学指导，深刻总结改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，充分彰显了中国共产党高度的历史自觉与政治判断力。面对未来，要确保进一步全面深化改革的帆船在以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的伟大航道上破浪前行，必须以“六个坚持”原则应对进一步全面深化改革面临的一系列风险挑战。

(A) Theoretical Logic: The Creative Application of Marxist Scientific Theory in the Practice of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

（一）理论逻辑：马克思主义科学理论在进一步全面深化改革实践中的创造运用

The “Six Upholds” principles embody both a distinct implication of historical materialism and obvious characteristics of dialectical thinking. To grasp the relationship between the “Six Upholds” principles and the Marxist scientific theoretical system as a whole, it is necessary to analyze the “Six Upholds” principles.

“六个坚持”原则既体现了鲜明的历史唯物主义意蕴，又具有明显的辩证思维特征。从整体上把握“六个坚持”原则同马克思主义科学理论体系的关系，需要对“六个坚持”原则加以解析。

Upholding the Party’s overall leadership profoundly embodies the Marxist theory of the proletarian party. Marx and Engels pointed out that communists “have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole” and “they understand the conditions, course, and general results of the proletarian movement.” [2]2 This is a quotation from the *Communist Manifesto* (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. These assertions indicate that the communist party is a party that seeks benefits for the overwhelming majority of people, is guided by a scientific worldview and methodology, and can scientifically foresee the general course of social development. Therefore, upholding the leadership of the communist party is the fundamental guarantee for the proletariat to continuously achieve victory in revolution, construction, and reform. The “Six Upholds” principles place upholding the overall leadership of the Communist Party of China in the primary position, creatively applying Marxist theories on the nature, ideology, and strategy of the communist party from the doctrine of the proletarian party. They propose to resolutely uphold the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, give play to the Party’s core leadership role, and integrate Party leadership into all aspects and the entire process of reform, thereby ensuring that further comprehensively deepening reform always advances in the correct direction.

坚持党的全面领导深刻体现了马克思主义关于无产阶级政党的理论。马克思、恩格斯指出，共产党人“没有任何同整个无产阶级的利益不同的利益”，并且“他们了解无产阶级运动的条件、进程和一般结果”。这些论断表明共产党是为绝大多数人谋利益的政党，有科学的世界观与方法论作为指导，能够科学地预见社会发展的一般进程。因此，坚持共产党的领导是无产阶级不断取得革命、建设、改革胜利的根本保证。“六个坚持”原则将坚持中国共产党的全面领导放在首要位置，坚持运用马克思主义无产阶级政党学说关于共产党的性质、思想、策略等理论，创造性地提出要坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，发挥党的领导核心作用，把党的领导贯穿于改革的各方面和全过程，从而确保进一步全面深化改革始终沿着正确的方向前进。

Upholding a people-centered approach inherits and applies the Marxist view of the masses. Marxism holds that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force in social change. General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out: “Reform is meaningful only when it is for the people; reform has momentum only when it relies on the people.” [3]3 This is a quotation from a speech by Xi Jinping. The “Six Upholds” principles adhere to the fundamental position of putting the people first, apply the Marxist view of the masses regarding the people’s creation of social history, and propose to uphold a people-centered approach, respect the people’s principal position and pioneering spirit, and strive to ensure that reform is for the people, relies on the people, and that the fruits of reform are shared by the people.

坚持以人民为中心继承和运用了马克思主义群众观。马克思主义认为，人民群众是历史的创造者，是社会变革的决定性力量。习近平总书记也指出：“为了人民而改革，改革才有意义；依靠人民而改革，改革才有动力。”“六个坚持”原则秉持人民至上的根本立场，坚持运用马克思主义群众观关于人民创造社会历史的观点，提出要坚持以人民为中心，尊重人民主体地位和首创精神，努力做到改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享。

Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground follows the basic laws of Marxist materialist dialectics. The law of the negation of the negation in Marxist materialist dialectics holds that the essence of dialectical negation is “sublation” (Aufhebung), a process where the new thing both criticizes and inherits, both overcomes and retains the old thing. Additionally, Marxism is consistently permeated with a strong sense of problem awareness. While following the basic laws of materialist dialectics, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground adheres to a strong problem awareness, proposing to unswervingly uphold socialism with Chinese characteristics, keep pace with the times, highlight a problem-oriented approach, and strive to achieve theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and innovation in all other aspects at a new starting point.

坚持守正创新遵循了马克思主义唯物辩证法的基本规律。马克思主义唯物辩证法中的否定之否定规律认为，辩证否定的实质是“扬弃”，是新事物对旧事物既批判又继承、既克服又保留。另外，马克思主义始终贯穿强烈的问题意识。坚持守正创新在遵循唯物辩证法基本规律的同时，秉持强烈的问题意识，提出要坚持中国特色社会主义不动摇，紧跟时代步伐，突出问题导向，努力做到在新的起点上实现理论创新、实践创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新。

Upholding institution-building as a mainstay reflects a correct understanding of the Marxist dialectical relationship between the economic base and the superstructure. The superstructure is the ideology established upon a certain economic base, along with the corresponding institutions, organizations, and facilities. The movement of society’s basic contradictions constrains the nature, content, and shaping direction of the superstructure. Upholding institution-building as a mainstay profoundly grasps the objective law that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base, proposing to “strengthen top-level design and overall planning, break down and establish simultaneously, establish before abolishing, consolidate fundamental institutions, improve basic institutions, and innovate important institutions.” [4]4 This is a quotation from the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Style Modernization” (2024).

坚持以制度建设为主线体现了对马克思主义经济基础与上层建筑辩证关系的正确认识。上层建筑是建立在一定经济基础之上的意识形态，以及与之相适应的制度、组织和设施，社会的基本矛盾运动制约着上层建筑的性质、内容与形塑方向。坚持以制度建设为主线深刻把握了上层建筑一定要适应经济基础的客观规律，提出要“加强顶层设计、总体谋划，破立并举、先立后破，筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度”。

Upholding law-based governance in all respects embodies Marxist legal theory. Marxism holds that law, as part of the superstructure, is rooted in material life. In essence, law is the expression of the will of economic relations. Law is formulated or recognized by the state, enforced by the state’s “collective coercive force,” and ensures the smooth operation of society by granting the people rights such as the right to know, the right to participate, and the right to supervise. Upholding law-based governance in all respects applies Marxist legal theory concerning the essence and functions of law, proposing to deepen reform and advance Chinese-path modernization on the track of the rule of law, uphold the unity of reform and the rule of law, strive to ensure that major reforms have a legal basis, and promptly elevate reform achievements into legal systems.

坚持全面依法治国体现了马克思主义法治理论。马克思主义认为，法作为上层建筑根植于物质生活，从本质上讲，法律是经济关系的意志表达。法由国家制定或认可，依靠国家的“集体强制力”保证实施，通过赋予人民知情权、参与权、监督权等权利，确保社会的顺利运行。坚持全面依法治国运用马克思主义法治理论关于法的本质、法的职能等原理，提出要在法治轨道上深化改革、推进中国式现代化，坚持改革和法治相统一，努力做到重大改革于法有据，并及时把改革成果上升为法律制度。

Upholding a systems perspective takes the Marxist systems view as its theoretical foundation. The Marxist systems view holds that the world is a system of universal interconnection and eternal development, where all things exist in a state of mutual interweaving and interaction. Upholding a systems perspective profoundly grasps the Marxist systems view principle that things are an organic whole of universal connection and continuous development, adopts a forward-looking vision for overall planning, and proposes to properly handle major relationships in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform, such as those between the economy and society, the government and the market, and efficiency and fairness, thereby continuously enhancing the systemic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform.

坚持系统观念以马克思主义系统观为理论底蕴。马克思主义系统观认为世界是一个普遍联系和永恒发展的系统，各事物之间处于相互交织、相互作用的状态。坚持系统观念深刻把握马克思主义系统观关于事物是普遍联系、不断发展的有机整体原理，以前瞻性的眼光进行全局谋划，提出要处理好进一步全面深化改革过程中经济与社会、政府与市场、效率与公平等重大关系，不断增强改革的系统性、整体性、协同性。

(B) Historical Logic: A Profound Summary of the Valuable Experience of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform Since Reform and Opening Up, Especially in the New Era

（二）历史逻辑：对改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革宝贵经验的深刻总结

Being adept at summarizing and applying historical experience is an important reason why the Communist Party of China has continuously achieved great victories in the cause of reform and opening up. The “Six Upholds” principles are not water without a source or a tree without roots; rather, they have long been deeply rooted in the great historical process of the Chinese people’s revolution and construction under the leadership of the CPC. After being summarized and applied during the period of comprehensive exploration and comprehensive advancement of reform, and especially through the innovative development of comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, they have now become a logically rigorous, historically profound organic whole that must be doubly cherished and upheld over the long term.

善于总结和运用历史经验是中国共产党领导改革开放事业不断取得伟大胜利的重要原因。“六个坚持”原则并非无源之水、无本之木，而是早已深深根植于中国共产党领导人民进行革命、建设的伟大历史进程，经过改革全面探索与全面推进时期的总结运用，特别是新时代全面深化改革的创新发展，如今已经成为逻辑严密、历史底蕴深厚的有机整体，必须倍加珍惜、长期坚持。

During the period of comprehensive exploration of reform, in order to cope with the complex and volatile situation brought about by the shift in the center of work, Deng Xiaoping always maintained a sober mind on the question of what should be reformed and what should not be reformed, establishing the “Four Cardinal Principles” [5]5 The Four Cardinal Principles: upholding the socialist path, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. that reform and opening up must uphold from the four aspects of the direction of advance, the foundation of the state, the leading force, and the guiding ideology. As the exploratory process of reform and opening up advanced, Deng Xiaoping attached great importance to the importance of institutional construction, pointing out that the issues of leadership system and organizational system are issues of a fundamental, overall, stable, and long-term nature. At the same time, he also pointed out that all aspects of national and social life need to be adjusted by law, and that a socialist country under the rule of law needs to be built through systematic and complete legislation and fair and powerful judicature. In addition, he paid special attention to the balance and coordination among the various construction tasks of reform and opening up, putting forward the idea of “grasping with both hands” [6]6 “Grasping with both hands”: a slogan from the Deng era, most commonly “grasping economic construction with one hand and cracking down on crime with the other.”, requiring that while building material civilization, the people’s spiritual living standards be raised; while deepening reform and opening up, various illegal and criminal activities be severely cracked down on to maintain social stability. This series of measures adhered to the comprehensiveness of dialectics and promoted the overall progress of society and the all-round development of people.

在改革的全面探索时期，为了应对工作中心转移带来的复杂多变的形势，在什么地方该改、什么地方不该改的问题上，邓小平始终保持清醒的头脑，从前进方向、立国之本、领导力量、指导思想四个方面确立了改革开放必须坚持的“四项基本原则”。随着改革开放探索进程的推进，邓小平高度重视制度建设的重要性，指出领导制度、组织制度问题是带有根本性、全局性、稳定性和长期性的问题。同时，他还指出国家和社会生活的各个方面都需要依靠法律来调整，需要通过系统完善的立法和公正有力的司法来建设社会主义法治国家。此外，他还特别注重改革开放各项建设任务之间的均衡与协调，提出了“两手抓”思想，要求在建设物质文明的同时，提高人民的精神生活水平；在深化改革开放的同时，严厉打击各种违法犯罪活动，以维护社会稳定。这一系列措施坚持了辩证法的全面性，推动了社会的整体进步和人的全面发展。

During the period of comprehensive advancement of reform, in order to cope with the multiple tests brought by the domestic economic system reform and the profound changes in the international situation after the end of the Cold War, Jiang Zemin put forward the “Three Represents” important thought [7]7 The “Three Represents”: Jiang Zemin’s guiding ideology, stating the Party must always represent the development trend of advanced productive forces, the orientation of advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the Chinese people., further interpreting the reasons why the Communist Party of China can become the core force leading the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, clarifying that only reform and construction representing the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the Chinese people can always obtain the broadest mass base and reliable source of strength. Entering the new century, in order to cope with the new stage-specific characteristics presented during the critical period of reform, Hu Jintao put forward the Scientific Outlook on Development [8]8 Scientific Outlook on Development: Hu Jintao’s guiding ideology, emphasizing people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development., profoundly reflecting the scientific application of materialist dialectics in the issue of development. In addition, when summarizing the valuable experience of nearly 30 years of reform and opening up at the 17th National Congress of the CPC, Hu Jintao put forward “ten combinations” [9]9 “Ten combinations”: a set of paired principles summarizing reform experience, presented by Hu Jintao at the 17th National Congress in 2007. including combining respecting the people’s pioneering spirit with strengthening and improving the Party’s leadership, combining promoting changes in the economic base with promoting changes in the superstructure, reflecting a strong overall awareness, institutional awareness, rule-of-law awareness, innovative spirit, and people-oriented sentiment.

在改革的全面推进时期，为应对国内经济体制改革带来的多方考验以及冷战结束后国际形势的深刻变化，江泽民提出了“三个代表”重要思想，进一步诠释了中国共产党能够成为领导建设有中国特色社会主义伟大事业核心力量的原因，明确了只有代表中国最广大人民根本利益的改革和建设，才能始终获得最广泛的群众基础和可靠的力量来源。进入新世纪，为应对改革攻坚期所呈现出的新的阶段性特征，胡锦涛提出了科学发展观，深刻体现了唯物辩证法在发展问题上的科学运用。此外，胡锦涛在党的十七大上总结改革开放近30年来的宝贵经验时，提出了把尊重人民首创精神同加强和改善党的领导结合起来、把推动经济基础变革同推动上层建筑变革结合起来等“十个结合”，体现了强烈的全局意识、制度意识、法治意识、创新精神与人民情怀。

During the period of comprehensively deepening reform, in order to cope with a series of new challenges brought by the change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society in the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core carried out new practices in all aspects of governing the country and further enriched the theoretical connotation of comprehensively deepening reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC formulated a roadmap of “six focal points” [10]10 “Six focal points”: the six areas of reform outlined at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee in 2013, including the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and Party building., requiring that all aspects and links of reform be closely interlocked and advanced in coordination. The Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC focused on the reform of Party and state institutions, emphasizing the significant advantages of China’s national system and national governance system. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization” (hereinafter referred to as the “Decision”) adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC established the “Six Upholds” as the major principles to be followed for further comprehensively deepening reform. The “Six Upholds” are the strategic deployment made by the Communist Party of China at a new historical juncture to achieve the goals of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-path modernization. The great course of more than 40 years of reform and opening up has proven that the valuable experience formed through historical precipitation and practical testing is an important magic weapon for coping with various risks and challenges on the new journey and must be highly valued and persistently upheld.

在全面深化改革时期，为应对新时代我国社会主要矛盾变化带来的一系列新挑战，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在治国理政各方面开展了新的实践，进一步丰富了全面深化改革的理论内涵。党的十八届三中全会制定了“六个紧紧围绕”的路线图，要求改革的各方面和各环节紧紧相扣、协同推进。党的十九届三中全会聚焦于党和国家机构改革，强调了我国国家制度和国家治理体系的显著优势。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》），将“六个坚持”确立为进一步全面深化改革须遵循的重大原则。“六个坚持”是中国共产党站在新的历史方位为实现进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化目标所做出的战略部署，改革开放40余年的伟大历程已经证明，经过历史沉淀与实践检验而形成的宝贵经验是应对新征程上各种风险挑战的重要法宝，必须高度重视、持续坚持。

(III) Realistic Logic: The Urgent Need to Cope with Major Risks and Challenges and Steadily Advance the Cause of Chinese-Path Modernization

（三）现实逻辑：应对重大风险挑战、推动中国式现代化事业行稳致远的迫切需要

Currently, China’s reform has entered a critical period and deep-water zone, with structural contradictions accumulated during development intensifying, barriers of solidified interests towering, and drawbacks of systems and mechanisms becoming prominent. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The easy and universally welcomed reforms have been completed; the tasty meat has been eaten, and what remains are hard bones that are difficult to chew.” [11]11 Xi Jinping’s “hard bones” metaphor, used repeatedly since 2013 to describe the difficulty of remaining reforms. Reform has only a progressive tense, no perfect tense. On the new journey of further comprehensively deepening reform, it is necessary to deeply understand the requirements of the “Six Upholds” principle, effectively cope with a series of risks and challenges on the path of promoting Chinese-path modernization, and continuously inject strong impetus into Chinese-path modernization.

当前，我国改革进入攻坚期和深水区，在发展中积累的结构性矛盾加剧、利益固化的藩篱高筑、体制机制的弊病凸显。习近平总书记指出：“容易的、皆大欢喜的改革已经完成了，好吃的肉都吃掉了，剩下的都是难啃的硬骨头。”改革只有进行时，没有完成时。在进一步全面深化改革的新征程上，必须深刻领会“六个坚持”原则的要求，有效应对推进中国式现代化道路上的一系列风险挑战，不断为中国式现代化注入强劲动力。

Structural contradictions accumulated in the development process must be resolved. Contradictions are ubiquitous and exist at all times. Structural contradictions refer to contradictions arising from the disharmony between the economic structure and the social structure, specifically manifested as structural contradictions between investment and consumption, structural contradictions between the supply side and the demand side, and interest contradictions among the government, the market, and society. The reasons for these structural contradictions mainly include the structural adjustment pains brought about by the transformation of the economic development mode, the inability of the supply of high-end products and high-quality services to effectively meet the needs of the upgrading of consumer demand, and varying degrees of overcapacity and oversupply of low-end products and ordinary services. These deep-seated structural contradictions have seriously hindered the historical process of further comprehensively deepening reform and affected the stability, balance, and sustainability of economic and social development.

必须解决发展过程中积累的结构性矛盾。矛盾无处不在、无时不有，结构性矛盾是指经济结构与社会结构不协调所带来的矛盾，具体表现为投资与消费的结构性矛盾、供给侧与需求侧的结构性矛盾，以及政府、市场、社会之间的利益矛盾。这些结构性矛盾产生的原因，主要是经济发展方式转变带来的结构调整阵痛、高端产品和优质服务供给不能有效满足消费需求升级的需要、低端产品和普通服务存在不同程度的产能和供给过剩等。这些深层次的结构性矛盾严重阻碍了进一步全面深化改革的历史进程，影响了经济社会发展的稳定性、平衡性与可持续性。

The barriers of solidified interests must be broken. In the process of reform and opening up, powerful interest groups, through various forms of unfair systems and policies, have long occupied advantageous positions and enjoyed excess benefits, while other groups have found it difficult to obtain due development opportunities and fair distribution of interests. The reasons for the phenomenon of interest solidification are very complex, mainly including market mechanism failure, institutional defects, historical legacy issues, and other factors. These problems are huge obstacles in the process of comprehensively deepening reform. If not resolved in time, they will lead to a widening gap between the rich and the poor in society, which will not only affect social stability and economic operation but also affect the purity of the Party.

必须打破利益固化的藩篱。在改革开放过程中，强势利益集团通过各种形式的不公平制度和政策，长期占据优势地位、享受超额利益，其他群体则难以获得应有的发展机会和公平的利益分配。利益固化现象的形成原因十分复杂，主要有市场机制失灵、制度缺陷、历史遗留问题等因素。这些问题是全面深化改革进程中的巨大障碍，如果不及时解决，将会导致社会贫富差距不断拉大，不仅会影响社会稳定和经济运行，而且会影响党的纯洁性。

The drawbacks of deep-seated systems and mechanisms must be eliminated. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics has significant superiority, but with the advancement of the process of comprehensively deepening reform, some deep-seated institutional and mechanism obstacles have gradually emerged. For example, the management systems and regulatory mechanisms of some traditional industries and administrative departments cannot adapt to the rapidly changing market and social environment; there are compartmentalized fragmentation and administrative barriers between different departments or regions; some management personnel have outdated mindsets and obsolete concepts. In addition, some leading cadres have problems such as weak awareness of the rule of law, low levels of management and service, and anomie in governance behavior. These drawbacks may lead to adverse consequences such as low efficiency in resource allocation, insufficient policy implementation capacity, and low enthusiasm of social members for reform.

必须革除深层次体制机制的弊病。中国特色社会主义制度具有显著的优越性，但随着全面深化改革进程的推进，一些深层次的体制机制障碍逐渐显现。例如，一些传统行业和行政部门的管理制度与监管机制无法适应快速变化的市场和社会环境，不同部门或地区之间存在条块分割和行政壁垒，部分管理人员存在不合时宜的思维定式和陈旧观念等。此外，部分领导干部存在法治意识不强、管理服务水平不高、治理行为失范等问题。这些弊端可能会造成资源配置效率低下、政策执行力不足、社会成员对改革的积极性不高等不良后果。

Based on this, it is necessary to plan structural reform under the guidance of the “Six Upholds” principle, transform the extensive mode of economic development, and through the organic combination of implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand and deepening supply-side structural reform, resolve the structural contradictions brought about by economic and social transformation; it is necessary to increase efforts to crack down on power rent-seeking and corruption with greater political courage and mission responsibility, carry out incremental adjustments to the interest pattern and timely promote stock adjustments to the interest pattern, and break through the barriers of solidified interests; it is necessary to adhere to the awareness of innovation and the spirit of change, reform the systems and mechanisms that do not meet the requirements of practical development, and continuously improve the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; it is necessary to pay more attention to the construction of governance capacity, enhance the awareness of leading cadres to act in accordance with systems and laws, and eliminate the deep-seated system and mechanism drawbacks that have emerged in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform.

基于此，必须在“六个坚持”原则的指导下谋划结构性改革，转变粗放型经济发展方式，通过实施扩大内需战略与深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合，破解经济社会转型带来的结构性矛盾；必须以更大的政治勇气和使命担当加大对权力寻租和腐败行为的打击力度，进行利益格局的增量调整和适时推进利益格局的存量调整，冲破利益固化的藩篱；必须坚持创新意识和变革精神，改革不适应实践发展要求的体制机制，不断完善中国特色社会主义制度；必须更加注重治理能力建设，增强领导干部按制度办事、依法办事的意识，革除进一步全面深化改革过程中显现出来的深层次体制机制弊病。

II. What Is Its Meaning: The Connotative Implications of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform with the “Six Upholds” Principle

二、何谓其义：以“六个坚持”原则进一步全面深化改革的内涵意蕴

The “Six Upholds” principle is a logically rigorous, dialectically unified organic whole. It is necessary to comprehensively grasp its internal connection with further comprehensively deepening reform, and from the perspectives of fundamental guarantee, value orientation, internal driving force, main direction of attack, important guarantee, and scientific method, deeply comprehend the core essence of further comprehensively deepening reform with the “Six Upholds” principle.

“六个坚持”原则是逻辑严密、辩证统一的有机整体，要综合把握其与进一步全面深化改革的内在关联，从根本保证、价值取向、内在动力、主攻方向、重要保障、科学方法等视角，深刻领悟以“六个坚持”原则进一步全面深化改革的核心要义。

(I) Upholding the Comprehensive Leadership of the Party: The Fundamental Guarantee for Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

（一）坚持党的全面领导：进一步全面深化改革的根本保证

The Communist Party of China is the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The 40-plus-year history of reform and opening up has proven that the Party’s overall leadership is the key reason why reform and opening up has continuously created historic achievements. The “Decision” [12]12 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. places “upholding the Party’s overall leadership” at the head of the “Six Upholds” principles, profoundly clarifying the questions of “who leads” and “how to lead” in the great cause of further comprehensive deepening of reform.

中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心，改革开放40多年的历史已经证明，党的全面领导是改革开放不断创造历史性成就的关键原因。《决定》将“坚持党的全面领导”放在“六个坚持”原则之首，深刻阐明了进一步全面深化改革伟大事业“由谁来领导”以及“怎样领导”的问题。

The Party’s overall leadership must be upheld to ensure the correct direction of further comprehensive deepening of reform. Direction determines the path, and the path determines destiny. The experience and lessons of the international communist movement show that reform must advance along the socialist direction, and the communist party must firmly grasp the leadership of reform. The CPC is a political party guided by Marxism; it must unswervingly lead the Chinese people along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership over further comprehensive deepening of reform, uphold the Party Central Committee’s leadership in deploying the strategic tasks, key areas, and crucial links of reform, and ensure that reform always advances in the correct direction.

必须坚持党的全面领导，以确保进一步全面深化改革的正确方向。方向决定道路，道路决定命运。国际共产主义运动的经验教训表明，改革必须沿着社会主义的方向前进，共产党必须牢牢掌握改革的领导权。中国共产党是以马克思主义为指导的政党，必须始终坚定不移地领导中国人民走中国特色社会主义道路，坚持和加强党对进一步全面深化改革的全面领导，坚持党中央领导部署改革的战略任务、重点领域、关键环节，确保改革始终沿着正确的方向前进。

The Party’s core role of commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties must be brought into play. Reform is a broad and profound social transformation, covering all fields of economic and social development, involving a profound adjustment of the interest pattern, and concerning the coordination and handling of many contradictory relationships. The CPC has forged a strong and resilient organizational capacity over its century-long historical process, enabling it to concentrate the strength of the entire Party and the whole country, unite the common will of the entire nation, mobilize the initiative of the entire Party, the entire country, and all ethnic groups, and give full play to the advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. Therefore, the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership must be strengthened, the Party’s strong political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal must be fully brought into play, and the Party’s leadership must be systematically permeated into the overall design, overall coordination, overall advancement, supervision, and implementation of further comprehensive deepening of reform.

必须发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的核心作用。改革是一场广泛而深刻的社会变革，涵盖经济社会发展的各个领域，涉及利益格局的深刻调整，关乎诸多矛盾关系的协调处理。中国共产党在百余年历史进程中锻造出强大而坚韧的组织力，能够集中全党全国力量、凝聚全民族共同意志，把全党全国各族人民的积极性调动起来，充分发挥中国特色社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势。因此，必须加强党中央权威和集中统一领导，充分发挥党强大的政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力和社会号召力，把党的领导系统地渗透到进一步全面深化改革的总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进、督促落实之中。

The Party’s self-revolution must be used to drive further comprehensive deepening of reform. The CPC’s history of unremitting struggle is a history in which great self-revolution and great social revolution mutually promote each other. Through self-revolution, the CPC continuously achieves self-purification, self-improvement, self-renovation, and self-enhancement, thereby maintaining a state of keeping pace with the times, better adapting to the needs of social development, and providing a solid organizational and ideological guarantee for social revolution. Therefore, the spirit of reform and strict standards must be used to govern the Party and manage the Party, the Party’s theoretical arming must be strengthened, the power operation mechanism featuring scientific decision-making, resolute execution, and strong supervision must be improved, the principle that the Party must supervise itself and govern itself strictly and comprehensively must be upheld, the capacity for modernization construction must be comprehensively improved, the Party’s vitality and vigor must be forever preserved, and the Party’s self-revolution must be used to lead the great social revolution.

必须以党的自我革命推动进一步全面深化改革。中国共产党的不懈奋斗史，就是一部伟大自我革命和伟大社会革命相互促进的历史。中国共产党通过自我革命，不断实现自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高，从而保持与时俱进的状态，更好地适应社会发展的需求，为社会革命提供坚实的组织和思想保障。因此，必须坚持用改革精神和严的标准管党治党，加强党的理论武装，完善决策科学、执行坚决、监督有力的权力运行机制，坚持党要管党、全面从严治党，全面提高现代化建设能力，永葆党的生机与活力，以党的自我革命引领伟大的社会革命。

(II) Upholding a People-Centered Approach: The Value Orientation of Further Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（二）坚持以人民为中心：进一步全面深化改革的价值取向

From the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [13]13 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. establishing “must uphold the supremacy of the people” as the fundamental stance for advancing Chinese-path modernization, to the “Decision” of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [14]14 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee was held in July 2024. establishing “upholding a people-centered approach” as the value orientation of further comprehensive deepening of reform, this reflects that the people are always the starting point and ultimate goal of all the Party’s work. On the new journey of further comprehensive deepening of reform, we must closely focus on the basic requirements of “reform for the people, reform relying on the people, and the fruits of reform shared by the people,” and strive to realize the people’s aspiration for a better life.

从党的二十大报告中将“必须坚持人民至上”作为推进中国式现代化的根本立场，到党的二十届三中全会《决定》将“坚持以人民为中心”作为进一步全面深化改革的价值取向，体现出人民始终是党一切工作的出发点和落脚点。在进一步全面深化改革的新征程上，要紧紧围绕“改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享”的基本要求，努力实现人民群众对美好生活的向往。

Center on the fundamental interests of the people. The people’s aspiration for a better life is the goal of the CPC’s struggle; the ultimate purpose of reform is to let the people live a good life. The historical experience of more than 40 years of reform and opening up shows that as long as we center on the fundamental interests of the people and understand what the people truly care about and expect, reform can always win the support of the people. Therefore, a series of reform measures formulated by the Party and the state must be dedicated to enhancing the people’s welfare, seize the issues of most concern, most direct, and most realistic interest to the people to advance reform, and continuously enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security.

以人民的根本利益为中心。人民对美好生活的向往是中国共产党的奋斗目标，改革的最终目的是让人民过上好日子。改革开放40余年的历史经验表明，只要能够以人民的根本利益为中心，明白人民真正关心什么、期盼什么，改革就能够始终得到人民的拥护。因此，党和国家制定的一系列改革举措必须致力于增进人民福祉，抓住人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题推进改革，不断提高人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

Stimulate the people’s creative vitality. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Every breakthrough and deepening in the understanding and practice of reform and opening up, the emergence and development of every new thing in reform and opening up, and the creation and accumulation of experience in every field and link of reform and opening up all come from the wisdom and practice of hundreds of millions of people.” [15]15 This is a quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at a ceremony marking the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up in December 2018. The masses of the people harbor enormous energy capable of transforming heaven and earth, and they always play the main role in the historical process. Therefore, we must pay more attention to extensively drawing on the wisdom of the masses of the people, promptly summarize the fresh experience created by the people in practice, and fully mobilize the initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity of the masses of the people in advancing reform.

激发人民的创造活力。习近平总书记指出：“改革开放在认识和实践上的每一次突破和深化，改革开放中每一个新生事物的产生和发展，改革开放每一个领域和环节经验的创造和积累，无不来自亿万人民的智慧和实践。”人民群众中蕴藏着改天换地的巨大能量，并且始终在历史进程中发挥主体作用。因此，必须更加注重广泛汲取人民群众的智慧，及时总结人民群众在实践中创造的新鲜经验，充分调动人民群众推进改革的积极性、主动性、创造性。

Uphold the people’s evaluation of the effectiveness of further comprehensive deepening of reform. “The times are the examiners, we are the examinees, and the people are the graders.” [16]16 This is a well-known saying from Xi Jinping, first used in a The effectiveness of reform is not judged based on the self-perception of leading cadres, but on whether the people have truly gained benefits, whether the people’s lives have truly improved, and whether the people’s interests have truly been safeguarded. Therefore, whether the people support, approve, are happy with, or agree to the reforms must be taken as the fundamental criterion for measuring all reform measures. We must uphold the people’s evaluation and the people’s supervision, fully implement whole-process people’s democracy, and ensure that the power entrusted by the people is always used to serve the people.

坚持由人民来评判进一步全面深化改革的成效。“时代是出卷人，我们是答卷人，人民是阅卷人。”改革的成效如何，不是依据领导干部的自我感觉来判断的，而是要看人民是否真正得到实惠、人民的生活是否真正得到改善、人民的利益是否真正得到维护。因此，必须把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量各项改革措施的根本标准，坚持人民评价、人民监督，全面落实全过程人民民主，确保人民赋予的权力始终为人民服务。

(III) Upholding Fundamental Principles and Breaking New Ground: The Internal Driving Force of Further Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（三）坚持守正创新：进一步全面深化改革的内在动力

The “Decision” establishes “upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground” as a principle that must be upheld in further comprehensive deepening of reform, highlighting the distinctive characteristic of Chinese Communists of both adhering to the right path and daring to change in the reform process, providing a source of driving force for further comprehensive deepening of reform.

《决定》将“坚持守正创新”确定为进一步全面深化改革必须坚持的原则，彰显了中国共产党人在改革进程中既坚守正道又勇于变革的鲜明特质，为进一步全面深化改革提供了动力源泉。

Firmly uphold the foundations of direction, path, and system of further comprehensive deepening of reform without wavering. Only by upholding fundamental principles can we grasp the direction and avoid making subversive mistakes. Reform is an adjustment of socialist relations of production and superstructure, not a transformation to imitate Western political systems. Therefore, we must unswervingly follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, uphold the scientific guidance of Marxism and the Party’s overall leadership, closely revolve around the main axis of the goal, continue to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and continuously advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

坚守进一步全面深化改革的方向、道路、制度等根基不动摇。只有守正才能把握方向，不犯颠覆性错误。改革是对社会主义生产关系与上层建筑的调整，不是搞西方政治制度的变革。因此，必须始终坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路，坚持马克思主义的科学指导与党的全面领导，紧紧围绕目标主轴，继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，不断推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

Continuously promote innovation in theory, practice, institutions, culture, and other aspects. Only by upholding innovation can we keep up with the times and lead the times. Currently, reform is at a stage of advancing into breadth and depth. Only by conforming to the general trend of historical development, actively recognizing changes, responding to changes, and seeking changes, can we achieve transformation and innovation based on conforming to the trend of the times. Therefore, we must continuously emancipate the mind, forever stand at the forefront of the times, accurately grasp the direction of progress and development laws of Chinese-path modernization, continuously open up new fields and new tracks, shape new momentum and new advantages, and strive to promote new leaps in reform in the fields of theory, practice, institutions, culture, and others.

不断推动理论创新、实践创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他方面创新。只有坚持创新，才能跟上时代、引领时代。当前，改革正处于向广度和深度进军的阶段，只有顺应历史发展大势，主动识变、应变、求变，才能在顺应时代潮流的基础上实现变革创新。因此，必须不断解放思想，永立时代潮头，准确把握中国式现代化的前进方向和发展规律，不断开辟新领域新赛道、塑造新动能新优势，努力推动改革在理论、实践、制度、文化及其他领域实现新的飞跃。

Uphold a problem-oriented approach, and create a new situation for Chinese-path modernization in the integrated development of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. Problems are the voice of the times; reform is forced by problems and deepened in the continuous process of solving problems. Only by being good at discovering and facing problems can we continuously find breakthroughs in reform; only by continuously seeking transformation and innovation based on scientific analysis of problems can reform achieve substantive results. Therefore, we must observe the overall situation, plan for the general trend, grasp the fundamentals, take investigation and research as the basic method, focus on the new and deep-seated problems facing further comprehensive deepening of reform, the urgent and difficult problems of the people, and the prominent problems in Party building, carry forward the spirit of struggle and the spirit of driving the nail, and write a new chapter of Chinese-path modernization in the dialectical unity of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground.

坚持问题导向，在守正与创新的融合发展中开创中国式现代化新局面。问题是时代的声音，改革是由问题倒逼而产生的，又在不断解决问题中得以深化。只有善于发现问题、正视问题，才能不断找到改革的突破口；只有在科学分析问题的基础上不断谋求变革创新，改革才能取得实质性成效。因此，必须观大局、谋大势、抓根本，以调查研究为基本方法，聚焦进一步全面深化改革面临的新问题和深层次问题、人民群众的急难愁盼问题、党的建设中的突出问题等，发扬斗争精神和钉钉子精神，在守正与创新的辩证统一中谱写中国式现代化的新篇章。

(IV) Upholding Institution-Building as the Main Line: The Main Direction of Attack for Further Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（四）坚持以制度建设为主线：进一步全面深化改革的主攻方向

Highlighting institution-building is a distinctive feature of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. The “Decision” puts forward more than 300 important reform measures, covering multiple levels such as systems, mechanisms, and institutions, clarifying the main direction of attack for further comprehensive deepening of reform.

突出制度建设是新时代全面深化改革的鲜明特点，《决定》共提出300多项重要改革举措，涉及体制、机制、制度等多个层面，明确了进一步全面深化改革的主攻方向。

Persist in combining institutional confidence with institutional innovation. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the crystallization of wisdom formed through long-term exploration under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) by the people, possessing profound historical origins, theoretical foundations, cultural heritage, and practical basis. At the same time, the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is a system with strong vitality and the capacity for self-improvement. The “two miracles” [17]17 The “two miracles” refer to the rapid economic development and long-term social stability achieved by China since reform and opening up. created by China since reform and opening up are a powerful testament to the superiority of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to firmly uphold institutional confidence, unequivocally consolidate and improve the fundamental, basic, and important systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote institutional innovation within the framework of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and strive to build a system of institutions that is complete, scientifically standardized, and effectively operational.

坚持制度自信与制度创新相结合。中国特色社会主义制度是中国共产党领导人民经过长期探索形成的智慧结晶，具有深厚的历史渊源、理论根基、文化底蕴与现实依据。同时，中国特色社会主义制度是具有强大生命力和自我完善能力的制度。我国自改革开放以来创造的“两大奇迹”，是中国特色社会主义制度优势的有力证明。因此，必须坚定制度自信，旗帜鲜明地巩固和完善中国特色社会主义根本制度、基本制度、重要制度，在中国特色社会主义制度框架下推动制度创新，努力构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系。

Persist in simultaneously establishing and abolishing, with establishment preceding abolition. “Establishment preceding abolition” is the contemporary application of the Marxist theory of social development, reflecting the theoretical consciousness of the CPC in promoting the objective process of abolishing old systems and establishing new ones. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to taking “establishment” as the priority, constructing more dynamic institutional mechanisms, and exploring a more complete institutional framework; then “use abolition to clear blockages,” discarding fixed modes of thinking and ingrained concepts, and removing deep-seated institutional obstacles and structural contradictions.

坚持立破并举，先立后破。先立后破是马克思主义社会发展理论的时代应用，体现了中国共产党推动旧制度破除与新制度建立这一客观进程的理论自觉。因此，必须坚持以“立”为先，构建更具活力的体制机制，探索更为完善的制度框架；然后“以破疏堵”，摒弃思维定式和固有观念，破除深层次的体制机制障碍和结构性矛盾。

Promote the better transformation of institutional advantages into governance effectiveness. The life of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics lies in its implementation and execution; without effective governance capacity, even the best system is difficult to bring into play. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen institutional awareness, effectively enhance the consciousness of acting in accordance with institutions and the law; increase the intensity of institutional implementation, uphold institutional authority, and focus on improving governance capacity; improve the chain of responsibility, and strive to transform the institutional advantages in all aspects into the effectiveness of governing the country.

推动制度优势更好地转化为治理效能。中国特色社会主义制度的生命在于制度的执行与落实，如果没有有效的治理能力，再好的制度也难以发挥作用。因此，要强化制度意识，切实增强按制度办事、依法办事的自觉性；加大制度执行力度，维护制度权威，注重治理能力的提升；完善责任链条，努力把各方面的制度优势转化为治理国家的效能。

(V) Persist in law-based governance: an important guarantee for further comprehensively deepening reform

（五）坚持全面依法治国：进一步全面深化改革的重要保障

Law-based governance is the basic strategy by which the Party leads the people in governing the country. The “Decision” [18]18 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. identifies “persisting in law-based governance” as a principle that must be upheld, leveraging the role of the rule of law in consolidating foundations, stabilizing expectations, and securing long-term benefits, ensuring that further comprehensive deepening of reform proceeds steadily on the track of the rule of law.

依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。《决定》将“坚持全面依法治国”确定为必须坚持的原则，发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，确保进一步全面深化改革在法治轨道上平稳前行。

Persist in ensuring that major reforms have a legal basis. Further comprehensive deepening of reform is a great revolution under new historical conditions, involving a wide range of rights holders and complex interest relationships, placing higher demands on the Party and state’s law-based governance and administration. Since reform and opening up, China has gradually formed a socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics centered on the Constitution, providing an important guarantee for coordinating multi-party interest relationships and stabilizing the economic and social order. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen reform with legal thinking and legal methods, basing the discussion of reform plans and measures on existing laws. For major reform measures that require pilot implementation, while adhering to “establishment preceding abolition,” the formulation or revision of laws should be steadily advanced.

坚持重大改革于法有据。进一步全面深化改革是新的历史条件下的伟大革命，涉及广泛的权利主体和复杂的利益关系，对党和国家依法执政、依法行政提出了更高的要求。改革开放以来，我国逐渐形成了以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法治体系，为协调多方利益关系、稳定经济社会秩序提供了重要保障。因此，必须以法治思维和法治方式深化改革，在探讨改革方案与措施时以现行法律为依据。对于需要先行先试的重大改革举措，在坚持“先立后破”的同时，应稳步推进法律的制定或修改工作。

Timely elevate reform achievements into the legal system. Every advance in reform produces rich theoretical results and practical experience; timely elevating these reform achievements into the legal system is conducive to both the promotion of reform experience and the enrichment of the content of socialist rule of law. Therefore, it is necessary to keep pace with the reform process, promptly codify reform experiences and measures that have been tested and proven effective in practice into legal form, making them behavioral norms universally followed by society.

及时把改革成果上升为法律制度。改革的每一次进步都会产生丰富的理论成果和实践经验，及时把这些改革成果上升为法律制度，既有利于改革经验的推广，又能够丰富社会主义法治内容。因此，必须紧跟改革步伐，及时将那些经过实践检验、行之有效的改革经验与措施以法律的形式固定下来，使之成为社会普遍遵循的行为规范。

Timely abolish laws and regulations that do not meet the requirements of reform. As the reform process advances, some laws and regulations may no longer meet the actual needs of reform and development, and may even hinder the progress of reform. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a concept of the rule of law that keeps pace with the times, improve legal evaluation procedures, and promptly abolish or revise outdated laws and regulations.

及时废止不适应改革要求的法律法规。随着改革进程的推进，一些法律法规可能不再适应改革发展的实际需要，甚至会阻碍改革的推进。因此，必须树立与时俱进的法治观念，完善法律评估程序，及时对过时的法律法规加以废弃或修改。

(VI) Persist in systems thinking: the scientific method for further comprehensively deepening reform

（六）坚持系统观念：进一步全面深化改革的科学方法

“Only by observing things from the perspective of universal connection, comprehensive system, and development and change can we grasp the laws of development of things.” The “Decision” puts forward the principle of “persisting in systems thinking,” emphasizing the systematic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform, establishing the scientific method that must be followed for further comprehensive deepening of reform.

“只有用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察事物，才能把握事物发展规律。”《决定》提出了“坚持系统观念”的原则，强调了改革的系统性、整体性、协同性，为进一步全面深化改革确立了必须遵循的科学方法。

Strengthen top-level design and do a good job of overall planning. Further comprehensive deepening of reform involves an unprecedented number of issues, breadth of fields, and depth of contradictions, requiring clarification of the goals, paths, and direction of reform, to set the course and grasp the key points. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen forward-looking thinking, plan the overall layout based on the whole, clarify strategic priorities, order of precedence, main directions, and methods of advancement, improve the scientific nature and holism of reform, and ensure that various reform measures can be interconnected and mutually reinforcing.

加强顶层设计，做好整体规划。进一步全面深化改革涉及问题之多、领域之广、矛盾之深前所未有，要求明确改革的目标、路径、方向，以举旗定向、纲举目张。因此，必须加强前瞻性思考，立足整体谋篇布局，明确战略重点、优先顺序、主攻方向、推进方式，提高改革的科学性和整体性，确保各项改革措施能够相互衔接、相互促进。

Ensure the coordinated advancement of the reform layout. “Different subjects and different elements within a system bear different functions; only when the various system elements are coupled and synergistically coordinated can they effectively play their role.” The deeper the reform, the more attention must be paid to coordinated development. Currently, problems that emerged at the beginning of reform and opening up, such as the lack of coordination in the reform process across different fields and mutual contradictions among various reform measures, still exist. To solve a series of problems arising from the weakening of coordination in the reform layout, it is necessary to focus on the coordination of reform plans, implementation, and effects, enhance the relevance and coupling of various fields and reform measures, strengthen communication and coordination between departments at all levels, and avoid situations of each acting on its own or mutual obstruction.

保证改革布局的协同推进。“系统中的不同主体和不同要素都承担着不同的功能，只有各个系统要素耦合、协同联动才能有效发挥作用。”改革越深入，越要注重协同发展。目前，改革开放之初出现的各领域改革进程不协调、各项改革措施相互抵触等问题依然存在，为解决改革布局协同弱化衍生出的一系列问题，必须聚焦于改革方案协同、落实协同、效果协同，增强各个领域、各项改革措施的关联性和耦合性，加强各级部门之间的沟通与协调，避免出现各行其是、相互掣肘的情况。

Persist in problem-driven approaches and seek breakthroughs on key points. Facing the panoramic view of further comprehensive deepening of reform, it is necessary not only to continue focusing on system integration and adhering to overall advancement, but also to deepen efforts continuously and seek breakthroughs on key points. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the unity of the “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory,” [19]19 The “two-point theory” and the “key-point theory” are dialectical-materialist methods: the former means seeing both aspects of a contradiction, the latter means identifying the principal contradiction and its main aspect. examine the key areas and implementation environment of reform with a strong problem awareness, grasp the “bull’s nose” of reform, drive overall advancement with breakthroughs on key points, and achieve breakthroughs on key points within overall advancement.

坚持问题驱动，谋求重点突破。面对进一步全面深化改革的全景图，不仅要继续注重系统集成，坚持整体推进，而且要在持续深化上下功夫，寻求重点突破。因此，必须坚持“两点论”与“重点论”相统一，以强烈的问题意识审视改革的重点领域与实施环境，牵住改革的“牛鼻子”，以重点突破带动整体推进，在整体推进中实现重点突破。

III. How to Act: The Practical Pathways for Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform with the “Six Persistences” Principle

三、如何为之：以“六个坚持”原则进一步全面深化改革的致思路径

The “Six Persistences” principle is an organic whole of mutual connection and mutual support. We should actively explore the practical pathways for the coupled linkage of the “Six Persistences” principle, thereby achieving an overall leap in advancing Chinese-path modernization through further comprehensive deepening of reform.

“六个坚持”原则是相互联系、相互支撑的有机整体，我们应积极探索“六个坚持”原则耦合联动的实践路径，进而实现以进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的整体跃升。

(I) Combine persisting in the Party’s overall leadership with respecting the people’s principal position, exploring the deep logic of the Party leading the people to create great historical achievements

（一）坚持党的全面领导与尊重人民主体地位相结合，探索党领导人民创造历史伟业的深层逻辑

The CPC is the firm defender of the people’s fundamental interests and the consolidator of the people’s creative power; the people are the Party’s source of strength and the foundation of its victory, and the fundamental criterion for measuring the success or failure of all the Party’s work. Combining persisting in the Party’s overall leadership with respecting the people’s principal position can form a power engine of upper-lower linkage and internal-external interaction; the superimposed effect of this dual power will drive comprehensive deepening of reform to continuously achieve new and greater successes.

中国共产党是人民根本利益的坚定捍卫者，是人民创造力量的凝聚者；人民是党的力量源泉和胜利之本，是衡量党的一切工作得失的根本标准。坚持党的全面领导与尊重人民主体地位相结合，能够形成上下联动、内外互动的动力引擎，这种双重动力的叠加效应将推动全面深化改革不断取得新的更大成就。

“To forge iron, one must be strong oneself.” [20]20 A classical allusion from the Chinese idiom “打铁还需自身硬” (dǎ tiě hái xū zìshēn yìng), meaning one must be competent or upright oneself before demanding the same of others. If the Communist Party of China is to lead the people in devoting themselves to the great practice of further comprehensively deepening reform, it must strengthen its own construction and enhance its capacity to lead further comprehensive deepening of reform. First, uphold and strengthen the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. The affairs of further comprehensively deepening reform are complex and multifaceted; only with the Party Central Committee exercising overall leadership can correct direction and unity of action be ensured. The Party Central Committee must, in accordance with the overall objectives and task requirements of reform, on the basis of fully promoting democracy, extensively listen to the suggestions of experts, scholars, grassroots masses, democratic parties, and personages without party affiliation, and after comprehensive analysis and weighing of pros and cons, ultimately make centralized and unified decisions. Second, improve the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee. Party committees (leading Party members’ groups) at all levels must implement the Party’s basic line, plan and advance reforms in their own regions and departments in light of local and temporal conditions, and ensure the organization and implementation of major reform measures; they must actively assume the primary responsibility for implementing the reform deployments of the Party Central Committee, incorporate the implementation of major reform measures into supervision, inspection, and inspection tours, and enhance the capacity of the vast number of Party cadres to plan and advance reform. Third, uphold comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and foster a favorable intra-Party political ecosystem conducive to further comprehensively deepening reform. With the courage to turn the blade inward, we must deeply advance the construction of Party conduct and clean governance and the fight against corruption, vigorously cultivate leading cadres who dare to take responsibility, are keen on reform, and are upright and honest, and create a clean and upright environment for further comprehensively deepening reform. We must always maintain the sobriety and resolve to solve the unique problems of a large Party, strengthen the armed mind with the Party’s innovative theories, incorporate the spirit of the “Decision” [21]21 The “Decision” refers to the resolution on further comprehensively deepening reform adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. as an important part of the education and training of leading cadres, improve the incentive mechanism for leading cadres to take responsibility and act, and increase the weight of reform and innovation in the assessment, promotion, and appointment of cadres.

“打铁必须自身硬”，中国共产党要想领导人民投身于进一步全面深化改革的伟大实践，必须加强自身建设，提高领导进一步全面深化改革的能力水平。首先，坚持和加强党中央的集中统一领导。进一步全面深化改革的事务纷繁复杂，唯有党中央统揽全局，方能确保方向正确、步调一致。党中央要根据改革的总体目标和任务要求，在充分发扬民主的基础上，广泛听取专家学者、基层群众、民主党派和无党派人士的建议，经过综合分析、权衡利弊，最终做出集中统一的决策。其次，完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制。各级党委（党组）要贯彻落实党的基本路线，因地制宜、因时制宜地谋划好、推动好本地区、本部门的改革，抓好重大改革举措的组织实施；要主动担负起落实党中央改革部署的主体责任，把重大改革举措落实情况纳入监督检查和巡视内容，提高广大党员干部谋划和推进改革的能力。再次，坚持全面从严治党，营造有利于进一步全面深化改革的良好党内政治生态。要以刀刃向内的勇气，深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，大力培养敢于担当、锐意改革、清正廉洁的领导干部，为进一步全面深化改革创造风清气正的环境。要时刻保持解决大党独有难题的清醒和坚定，加强党的创新理论武装，将《决定》精神作为领导干部教育培训的重要内容，健全领导干部担当作为激励机制，加大改革创新在干部考核与提拔任用中的比重。

Only by realizing, safeguarding, and developing the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people can we stimulate the people’s aspirations and expectations for reform and mobilize their enthusiasm for devoting themselves to further comprehensively deepening reform. First, income distribution, medical care, education, housing, and the environment are key areas of people’s livelihood that the people generally care about. We must, through establishing a normalized research and investigation mechanism, deeply understand the people’s individualized, diversified, and ever-escalating life and spiritual needs, efficiently solve the people’s urgent, difficult, and anxious problems, establish and improve the assistance mechanism for people in difficulty, and make sustained efforts in ensuring childcare, education, employment, medical care, elderly care, housing, and support for the vulnerable. [22]22 This is a standard formulation in Chinese policy discourse, listing seven key areas of social welfare: childcare, education, employment, medical care, elderly care, housing, and support for the vulnerable. Second, adhere to a people-centered approach, ensure that the fruits of development are shared by the people, and promote more obvious substantive progress in common prosperity for all the people. We must, through establishing an integrated and equalized urban-rural employment system, better benefit all types of workers and achieve higher-quality and fuller employment; through three distributions, [23]23 “Three distributions” refers to the primary distribution by the market, secondary redistribution by the government through taxation and social security, and tertiary distribution through charitable donations and voluntary efforts. construct an olive-shaped distribution structure to promote fairer and more reasonable income distribution for the people; continuously improve the livelihood security system, focus on key livelihood areas such as education, medical care, and housing, and continuously increase investment in welfare-oriented policies; focus on the people’s growing spiritual and cultural needs, improve the public cultural service system, deeply implement cultural projects benefiting the people, and enrich mass cultural activities. Third, the people are the ultimate judges of the effectiveness of further comprehensively deepening reform. Leading cadres must establish a correct outlook on political performance, resolutely abandon image projects and performance projects that waste people’s resources and money, take the improvement of people’s livelihood, social progress, and the comprehensive development of individuals as important assessment content for further comprehensively deepening reform, and pursue the good reputation of the people and the true evaluation that stands the test of history.

只有实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益，才能激发人民对于改革的向往和期盼，调动人民投身于进一步全面深化改革的积极性。首先，收入分配、医疗、教育、住房、环境是人民群众普遍关心的民生重点领域，要通过建立常态化的调研机制，深入了解人民群众个性化、多样化、不断升级的生活和精神需要，高效解决人民群众的急难愁盼问题，建立健全困难群众帮扶机制，在幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶上持续发力。其次，坚持以人民为中心，实现发展成果由人民共享，推动全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。要通过建立城乡一体化、均等化的就业制度，更好地惠及各类劳动者，实现更高质量、更充分的就业；通过三次分配，构建橄榄形分配结构，促进人民收入分配更加公平合理；不断完善民生保障体系，聚焦教育、医疗、住房等关键民生领域，持续加大福利性政策的投入；着眼于人民群众日益增长的精神文化需求，完善公共文化服务体系，深入实施文化惠民工程，丰富群众性文化活动。再次，人民群众是进一步全面深化改革成效的最高裁判，领导干部必须树立正确的政绩观，坚决摒弃劳民伤财的形象工程和政绩工程，把民生改善、社会进步、人的全面发展等作为进一步全面深化改革的重要考核内容，追求人民群众的好口碑和经历史沉淀后的真评价。

The wisdom and practice of the people are the source of strength for the continuous breakthroughs in the cause of reform and opening up. The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for the exertion of the people’s principal force. We must uphold the unity of the people’s subjectivity and the Party’s directional leadership. First, follow the mass line of the Party in the New Era, truly learn from the people, be adept at improving policy propositions based on the people’s practical creations, continuously enhance the scientific nature of reform decisions, and transform correct reform policies into the people’s conscious actions through publicity and education. Second, respect the people’s pioneering spirit, improve the innovation incentive mechanism, stimulate the people’s creative vitality, and encourage the people to actively participate in reform practice through social participation mechanisms such as hearings and symposiums. Third, go down to the front line, go deep into the grassroots, conduct research and investigation, build online and offline channels for collecting public opinion, promptly understand and respond to social demands, and fully absorb the wisdom of the masses and grassroots experience.

人民群众的智慧和实践是改革开放事业不断取得突破的力量源泉，党的领导是人民主体力量得以发挥的根本保证，必须坚持人民的主体性和党的领导的方向性相统一。首先，走好新时代党的群众路线，真正拜人民为师，善于根据人民群众的实践创造完善政策主张，不断提高改革决策的科学性，并通过宣传教育把正确的改革政策转化为群众的自觉行动。其次，尊重人民的首创精神，健全创新激励机制，激发群众的创造活力，通过听证会、座谈会等社会参与机制，鼓励人民群众积极投身于改革实践。再次，沉到一线、深入基层，开展调查研究，构建线上与线下相结合的民意收集渠道，及时了解和回应社会诉求，充分汲取群众智慧与基层经验。

(II) Combining Upholding Fundamental Principles and Breaking New Ground with Adhering to a Systems Approach to Promote Innovative Practice Guided by Problem Orientation

（二）坚持守正创新与秉持系统观念相结合，推动问题导向下的创新实践

Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, as well as the systems approach, are both creative applications of the Marxist worldview and methodology in the New Era, and they themselves have profound internal connections. Planning reform from the perspective of the Marxist view of universal connection requires following the basic laws of dialectical materialism, combining the upholding of fundamental principles and breaking new ground with adherence to a systems approach, bravely exploring, continuously forming new experiences, and ultimately applying them to the top-level design and strategic deployment of reform and opening up.

守正创新与系统观念都是马克思主义世界观与方法论在新时代的创造性运用，其本身具有深刻的内在联系。以马克思主义普遍联系的观点谋划改革，需要遵循唯物辩证法的基本规律，把坚持守正创新与秉持系统观念相结合，勇于探索，不断形成新经验，并最终应用于改革开放的顶层设计和战略部署。

Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground focuses on the two dimensions of the past and the future, emphasizing that further comprehensively deepening reform is a process of adhering to truth and developing truth, enhancing the scientific nature, foresight, initiative, and creativity of further comprehensively deepening reform amidst “change” and “constancy.” First, socialism with Chinese characteristics is the dialectical unity of the theoretical logic of scientific socialism and the historical logic of China’s social development. We must strengthen political resolve and consolidate the foundation for further comprehensively deepening reform. We must be firm in the Four Confidences, [24]24 The Four Confidences (四个自信) are confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. adhere to the guiding position of Marxism in science, unswervingly maintain the Party’s core leadership position in further comprehensively deepening reform, resolutely implement the theme of Chinese-path modernization without deviation, aim at the overall goal of continuing to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and continuously exert efforts, always maintaining sobriety and resolve in reform. Second, under the era conditions where the “two overall situations” [25]25 The “two overall situations” (两个大局) refer to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century in the world. are intertwined and deeply interactive, “understanding the general trend of world development and keeping up with the trend of the times is an extremely important and ever-new topic.” [26]26 A quotation from Xi Jinping, emphasizing the need to understand global trends. We must uphold a global vision and pattern, closely follow the development and changes in the international situation, deeply analyze the background, implementation effects, and potential impacts of various countries’ reform policies, grasp their evolutionary mechanisms and laws, base ourselves on China’s basic national conditions, and propose responsive development strategies. Third, be brave in innovation, dare to make breakthroughs, and continuously inject vitality into Chinese-path modernization. We must adhere to emancipating the mind and keeping pace with the times in handling reform issues, innovatively apply a series of Xi Jinping’s thoughts, viewpoints, and methods on reform and development, break down outdated concepts and thinking patterns that hinder further comprehensively deepening reform, and achieve theoretical innovation; base ourselves on the great practice of Chinese-path modernization, implement the various strategic deployments of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party, [27]27 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensively deepening reform. focus on solving a series of deep-seated contradictions hindering further comprehensively deepening reform, and achieve practical innovation; continue to deepen institutional and mechanism reforms in various fields, break down institutional and mechanism obstacles restricting social development, and achieve institutional innovation; vigorously develop advanced socialist culture, especially uphold a high degree of cultural confidence, strive to realize the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, and achieve cultural innovation. In addition to the above four aspects, continuous new breakthroughs are also needed in scientific and technological innovation, talent innovation, educational innovation, military innovation, and other aspects.

坚持守正创新是从过去与未来两个方面着眼，强调进一步全面深化改革是坚守真理与发展真理的过程，在“变”与“不变”中增强进一步全面深化改革的科学性、预见性、主动性、创造性。首先，中国特色社会主义是科学社会主义理论逻辑和中国社会发展历史逻辑的辩证统一，必须增强政治定力，铸牢进一步全面深化改革的根基。要坚定“四个自信”，坚持马克思主义的科学指导地位，坚定不移地维护党在进一步全面深化改革中的核心领导地位，坚决贯彻中国式现代化这个主题不偏离，瞄准继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化这个总目标持续发力，始终保持改革的清醒与坚定。其次，在“两个大局”相互交织、深度互动的时代条件下，“认识世界发展大势，跟上时代潮流，是一个极为重要并且常做常新的课题”。要秉持胸怀天下的视野格局，密切关注国际形势的发展变化，深入分析各国改革政策的出台背景、实施效果及潜在影响，把握其演变机理和规律，立足于我国的基本国情，提出因应的发展策略。再次，勇于创新，敢于突破，不断为中国式现代化注入活力。要坚持解放思想、与时俱进地处理改革问题，创新运用习近平总书记关于改革发展的一系列思想、观点、方法，破除阻碍进一步全面深化改革的陈旧观念与思维定式，实现理论创新；立足于中国式现代化的伟大实践，贯彻落实党的二十届三中全会的各项战略部署，着力解决阻碍进一步全面深化改革的一系列深层次矛盾，实现实践创新；继续深化各领域的体制机制改革，破除制约社会发展的体制机制障碍，实现制度创新；大力发展社会主义先进文化，特别是要秉持高度的文化自信，努力实现中华优秀传统文化的创造性转化、创新性发展，实现文化创新。除了以上四个方面，还需要在科技创新、人才创新、教育创新、军事创新等各个方面不断取得新突破。

“The systems concept is a foundational method of thinking and working.” Upholding the systems concept emphasizes viewing matters from both vertical and horizontal dimensions: vertically, grasping the developmental nature of work at each stage; horizontally, recognizing the interconnectedness of work across various fields. On the one hand, further comprehensively deepening reform is a strategic issue concerning the overall situation and long-term vision, requiring a grasp of the general trend and forward direction of reform, as well as holistic decision-making and deployment. It is necessary to conduct in-depth investigation and research, combine top-level design with grassroots exploration, make forward-looking predictions and assessments of possible impacts in economic, political, cultural, social, and other spheres, coordinate the pace and content of reforms across all fields under the command of the overall goal, and clarify the overall plan, roadmap, and timeline for further comprehensively deepening reform. On the other hand, further comprehensively deepening reform affects the whole body if one part is touched, requiring adherence to the “nation as a single chessboard” [28]28 “Nation as a single chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a Chinese political idiom emphasizing unified planning and coordination across all regions and sectors under central leadership. thinking, emphasizing the coordination, matching, and systemic integration of various reform measures, promoting reform measures in all fields and aspects to exert force in the same direction, form synergy, and enhance overall effectiveness. Specifically, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between the economy and society, focusing on ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods amid economic development to meet the people’s higher-level living needs; handle the relationship between the government and the market, both giving full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and fulfilling the government’s management functions to better maintain market order; grasp the relationship between efficiency and fairness, both creating higher efficiency than capitalism and embodying the essence of socialism, promoting more obvious substantive progress in common prosperity for all the people; coordinate the relationship between vitality and order, while activating social innovation and creativity, strengthening institutional construction and rule-of-law guarantees to maintain social order; handle the relationship between development and security, insisting on equal emphasis on development and security, achieving a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security.

“系统观念是具有基础性的思想方法和工作方法。”坚持系统观念强调从纵向与横向两个方面着眼，既在纵向上把握各阶段工作的发展性，又从横向上看到各领域工作的联系性。一方面，进一步全面深化改革是一个事关全局、着眼长远的战略课题，需要把握好改革的总体趋势和前进方向，做好整体性决策部署。要深入调查研究，坚持顶层设计与底层探索相结合，对可能产生的经济、政治、文化、社会等各方面的影响进行前瞻性的预测和评估，在总目标的指挥下统筹各领域改革的进度和内容，明确进一步全面深化改革的总体方案、路线图、时间表。另一方面，进一步全面深化改革牵一发而动全身，需要坚持“全国一盘棋”思想，注重各项改革举措的协调配套、系统集成，推动各领域、各方面的改革举措同向发力、形成合力，提高整体效能。具体而言，要统筹好经济与社会的关系，注重在经济发展中保障和改善民生，满足人民更高层次的生活需要；处理好政府与市场的关系，既充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，又履行好政府的管理职能，更好地维护市场秩序；把握好效率与公平的关系，既创造比资本主义更高的效率，又体现社会主义的本质，推动全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展；协调好活力与秩序的关系，在激活社会创新创造动力的同时，加强制度建设和法治保障，维护好社会秩序；处理好发展与安全的关系，坚持发展和安全并重，实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动。

Planning reform with a systems concept does not require advancing on all fronts with equal force, but rather upholding a problem-oriented approach, grasping the key areas and critical links of reform, achieving breakthroughs at key points within overall advancement, and using breakthroughs at key points to drive an overall leap in the level of economic and social development. In the process of further comprehensively deepening reform, it is necessary to firmly grasp high-quality development as the primary task, develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions, focus on the research, development, and application of key core technologies and major disruptive technologies, and promote an overall leap in social productive forces. It is worth noting that while resolving the principal contradiction, other contradictions cannot be ignored; it is necessary to grasp the work tasks and progress in the economic, political, cultural, social, ecological, and other fields as a whole, balance their interrelationships, distinguish priorities and sequences, so that work in all aspects coordinates with and promotes each other.

以系统观念谋划改革并不是要求齐头并进、平均用力，而是要坚持问题导向，抓住改革的重点领域与关键环节，在整体推进中实现重点突破，以重点突破带动经济社会发展水平整体跃升。在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，因地制宜发展新质生产力，注重关键核心技术与重大颠覆性技术的研发与应用，推动社会生产力的整体跃升。值得注意的是，在解决主要矛盾的同时，也不能忽视其他矛盾，要从整体上把握经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等领域的工作任务及进度，平衡好它们之间的相互关系，区分好轻重缓急，使各方面工作相互协调、相互促进。

(III) Combining Upholding Institutional Construction as the Main Line with Advancing Law-Based Governance in All Respects, Building a Solid Framework for Rule-of-Law Governance

（三）坚持以制度建设为主线与推进全面依法治国相结合，构建法治化治理的坚实框架

Upholding institutional construction as the main line emphasizes providing solid institutional guarantees for economic and social development by constructing and perfecting a scientific, systematic, and standardized institutional system; advancing law-based governance in all respects emphasizes using rule-of-law means to regulate social behavior, maintain social order, and protect people’s rights and interests. Both are based in the superstructure domain and jointly promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

坚持以制度建设为主线，强调的是通过构建和完善科学、系统、规范的制度体系，为经济社会发展提供坚实的制度保障；推进全面依法治国，强调的是以法治手段来规范社会行为、维护社会秩序和保障人民权益。二者均立足于上层建筑领域，共同推动国家治理体系和治理能力现代化进程。

The *Decision* [29]29 The *Decision* refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. proposes to “consolidate fundamental institutions, perfect basic institutions, and innovate important institutions.” These three types of institutions together constitute the “four beams and eight pillars” [30]30 “Four beams and eight pillars” (四梁八柱) is a Chinese architectural metaphor for the main supporting framework of a system. of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and are also the three pillars of institutional construction. First, in the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, fundamental institutions reflect the essential content and fundamental characteristics of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to unswervingly uphold and consolidate the fundamental institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the norms and requirements of the fundamental institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the practice of further comprehensively deepening reform, and always adhere to and implement the direction and principles established by the fundamental institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Second, in the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, basic institutions are the foundation of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold and perfect the basic institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics, better leveraging the normative, guiding, and directive roles of the basic institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics in basic social fields and major aspects. Third, in the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, important institutions are the specific institutional forms that support socialism with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously uphold and innovate the important institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics, providing effective solutions to prominent problems in specific fields.

《决定》提出要“筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度”，这三种制度类型共同构成了中国特色社会主义制度体系的“四梁八柱”，也是制度建设的三大支柱。首先，在中国特色社会主义制度体系中，根本制度反映了中国特色社会主义制度的本质内容和根本特征。因此，要毫不动摇地坚持和巩固中国特色社会主义的根本制度，在进一步全面深化改革的实践中遵循中国特色社会主义根本制度的规范和要求，始终坚持和贯彻中国特色社会主义根本制度确立的方向和原则。其次，在中国特色社会主义制度体系中，基本制度是中国特色社会主义制度体系的基础。因此，要坚持和完善中国特色社会主义基本制度，更好地发挥中国特色社会主义基本制度在社会基本领域和主要方面的规范性、引导性和指导性作用。再次，在中国特色社会主义制度体系中，重要制度是支撑中国特色社会主义制度的具体制度形式。因此，要不断坚持和创新中国特色社会主义重要制度，针对具体领域的突出问题，提供有效的解决方案。

When discussing the relationship between reform and the rule of law, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Throughout the entire reform process, we must attach great importance to using rule-of-law thinking and rule-of-law methods, give full play to the leading and driving role of the rule of law, strengthen coordination of relevant legislative work, and ensure that reform is advanced on the track of the rule of law.” [31]31 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening Several Major Issues’,” November 9, 2013. On the one hand, scientific legislation is an important link in ensuring the coordinated progress of reform and the rule of law; major reforms must have a legal basis. When formulating reform plans and measures, attention should be paid to legislative research, and legislative requirements and suggestions involved in reform should be promptly raised; for major reform measures where practical conditions are not yet mature and pilot programs are needed, if they may break through existing legal provisions, authorization must be obtained in accordance with statutory procedures, and the specific scope of authorization must be clearly defined, neither arbitrarily crossing legal red lines nor simply using the absence of existing legal basis as a reason to delay reform; the timeliness and adaptability of laws must always be maintained, and existing laws and regulations that conflict with reform plans or no longer meet reform requirements should be promptly amended or abolished, preventing certain outdated laws and regulations or individual legal provisions from becoming “stumbling blocks” [32]32 “Stumbling blocks” (绊马索) is a Chinese idiom literally meaning a trip rope for horses, used metaphorically for obstacles that hinder progress. for reform measures. On the other hand, every time reform achieves substantive progress, a comprehensive summary and evaluation is needed, sorting out and analyzing the actual effectiveness of relevant reform measures, determining which measures are effective and have value for promotion, and promptly elevating these reform achievements into legal systems, institutionalizing and legalizing reform achievements, leading reform to continuously deepen.

习近平总书记在论述改革与法治的关系时指出，“在整个改革过程中，都要高度重视运用法治思维和法治方式，发挥法治的引领和推动作用，加强对相关立法工作的协调，确保在法治轨道上推进改革”。一方面，科学立法是确保改革和法治协同共进的重要环节，要做到重大改革于法有据。在制订改革方案和改革措施时，要注重立法调研，及时提出改革所涉及的立法要求和立法建议；对于那些实践条件还不成熟、需要先行先试的重大改革举措，如果可能突破现行的法律规定，就必须按照法定程序进行授权，且必须明确具体的授权范围，既不能随意突破法律红线，也不能简单地以现行法律没有依据为由迟滞改革；要时刻保持法律的时效性和适应性，对与改革方案相抵触、已不适应改革要求的现行法律法规及时进行修改或废止，不让某些过时的法律法规或个别法律条款成为改革措施的“绊马索”。另一方面，改革每次取得实质性进展，都需要进行全面的总结与评估，梳理和分析相关改革措施的实际成效，确定哪些改革措施富有成效、具备可推广的价值，及时把这些改革成果上升为法律制度，使改革成果制度化、法律化，引领改革不断走向深入。

Deepening reform in the legislative field is an inherent requirement for advancing institutional construction, systemic and mechanism reform, implementing reform plans and measures, and standardizing reform paths. It is necessary to perfect the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics with the Constitution at its core, construct a legislative work pattern led by Party committees, dominated by people’s congresses, supported by governments, and participated in by all parties, strengthen legislation in key fields, emerging fields, and foreign-related fields, coordinate the work of “enacting, amending, abolishing, interpreting, and codifying” [33]33 “Enacting, amending, abolishing, interpreting, and codifying” (立、改、废、释、纂) refers to the five main types of legislative work in China’s legal system. laws, and effectively improve the quality of legislation.

深化立法领域改革是推进制度建设、体制机制改革，落实改革方案和举措，规范改革路径的内在要求。要完善以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系，构建党委领导、人大主导、政府依托、各方参与的立法工作格局，加强重点领域、新兴领域、涉外领域的立法工作，统筹开展法律的“立、改、废、释、纂”工作，切实提高立法质量。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

The “Six Upholds” principles are not only a model of combining Marxist scientific theory with the concrete realities of China in the New Era, possessing distinct characteristics of people-centeredness, systematicity, innovation, practicality, and openness, but also reflect the high historical consciousness and strategic confidence displayed by Chinese Communists in the face of new challenges and new opportunities. These six principles are rich in connotation and rigorous in logic: only by upholding the Party’s overall leadership can reform be ensured to always advance along the socialist direction, pooling the wisdom and strength of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country; only by upholding a people-centered approach can reform be ensured to always conform to the people’s interests, realizing the people’s aspiration for a better life; only by upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground can reform be ensured not to deviate from the direction, continuously promoting new breakthroughs and progress in reform; only by upholding institutional construction as the main line can solid institutional guarantees be provided for reform, advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity; only by upholding law-based governance in all respects can reform be ensured to advance steadily on the track of the rule of law, maintaining social fairness and justice and the people’s legitimate rights and interests; only by upholding the systems concept can the various complex relationships in the reform process be properly handled, enhancing the systematic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform. On the new journey, guided by the “Six Upholds” principles, we must continue to unswervingly promote further comprehensive deepening of reform, constantly solve development problems, activate development momentum, enhance development advantages, and realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation at an early date.

“六个坚持”原则不仅是马克思主义科学理论与新时代中国具体实际相结合的典范，具有鲜明的人民性、系统性、创新性、实践性、开放性等特征，而且体现了中国共产党人面对新挑战、新机遇所展现出的高度历史自觉与战略自信。这六大原则内涵丰富、逻辑严密：只有坚持党的全面领导，才能确保改革始终沿着社会主义方向前进，凝聚全党全国各族人民的智慧和力量；只有坚持以人民为中心，才能确保改革始终符合人民的利益，实现人民对美好生活的向往；只有坚持守正创新，才能确保改革不偏离方向，不断推动改革取得新的突破和进展；只有坚持以制度建设为主线，才能为改革提供坚实的制度保障，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化；只有坚持全面依法治国，才能确保改革在法治轨道上平稳前行，维护社会公平正义和人民合法权益；只有坚持系统观念，才能处理好改革过程中的各种复杂关系，增强改革的系统性、整体性、协同性。在新征程上，要以“六个坚持”原则为指引，继续坚定不移地推动进一步全面深化改革，不断破解发展难题、激活发展动力、增强发展优势，早日实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆