The Humanistic Implications of Moderate Labor from the Perspective of Chinese-Path Modernization

Resolving the predicament of alienated labor and realizing the comprehensive development of the individual are core propositions concerning the quality of socialist modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping, based on the historical orientation of the New Era, emphasizes: “Rely on labor creation to solidly advance Chinese-path modernization.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Commendation Conference for Model Workers and Advanced Workers,” *People’s Daily*, November 25, 2020. With the continuous improvement of labor productivity, people’s pursuit of a better life is constantly strengthening, and laborers also look forward to labor being more moderate. China has a huge labor force; 772 million laborers account for 54.8% of the country’s total population. Currently, China’s labor field is undergoing profound changes, forming a historic convergence with the people’s aspirations for a better life. Laborers’ demands for the protection of labor rights and interests, optimization of labor intensity, and improvement of the labor environment are increasingly prominent. On the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, strategic opportunities coexist with risks and challenges. Accelerating the construction of harmonious labor relations with Chinese characteristics is not only a practical need to solve the problem of unsustainable development caused by high-intensity labor but also a requirement to manifest the people-centered development thought. Deepening research on the value dimension of moderate labor and advancing the modernization of labor relations governance capacity can not only provide theoretical support for improving the coordination mechanism of labor relations but also release labor creativity through institutional innovation, achieving a dialectical unity of efficiency and fairness, material prosperity and cultural-ethical progress in high-quality development, and demonstrating the superiority of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.

破解劳动异化困境与实现人的全面发展，是关乎社会主义现代化建设质量的核心命题。习近平总书记立足新时代历史方位强调：“依靠劳动创造扎实推进中国式现代化。”"随着劳动生产率的不断提高，人们对美好生活的追求不断增强，劳动者也期盼着劳动更具适度性。我国劳动人口规模庞大，7.72亿劳动人口占我国总人口的54.8%。当前，我国劳动领域正在经历深刻变革，与人民群众对美好生活的向往形成历史性交汇，劳动者对劳动权益保障、劳动强度优化、劳动环境改善的诉求日益凸显。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中，战略机遇与风险挑战并存，加快构建中国特色和谐劳动关系，不仅是破解高强度劳动不可持续发展难题的现实需要，还是彰显以人民为中心的发展思想的要求。深化适度劳动的价值维度研究，推进劳动关系治理能力现代化，不仅能为健全劳动关系协调机制提供理论支撑，更能通过制度创新释放劳动创造活力，在高质量发展中实现效率与公平、物质富裕与精神富足的辩证统一，展现中国特色社会主义制度的优越性。

I. The Internal Logic of Moderate Labor

一、适度劳动的内在逻辑

Under the production model dominated by the logic of capital, the infinite expansion of labor time and intensity not only causes serious damage to the physical and mental health of laborers but also makes labor itself deviate from its proper meaning as the confirmation and development of human essential forces, sinking deeply into the mire of alienation criticized by Marx. This systematic deprivation of the subjectivity of laborers brings about a predicament that the development of modern labor civilization urgently needs to resolve. Against this background, exploring a form of labor that can transcend the logic of capital exploitation, restore the true value of labor, and meet the requirements of comprehensive human development has become an inevitable demand of theory and practice. The proposal and practice of the concept of moderate labor are precisely a profound response to this issue of the times. Moderate labor is not simply a reduction in working hours and a decrease in intensity; it contains profound theoretical logic and civilizational value and is rooted in practice. Starting from the theoretical origin of Marxist political economy, combined with the specific practice of Chinese-path modernization, this article systematically analyzes the internal logic of moderate labor, revealing how it opens a new path towards labor liberation and comprehensive human development in the dialectical unity of criticizing capital alienation, reconstructing labor civilization, and protecting laborers’ rights and interests.

在资本逻辑主导的生产模式下，劳动时间与强度的无限扩张，不仅导致劳动者身心健康遭受严重伤害，更使劳动本身背离了其作为人类本质力量确证与发展的应有之义，深陷于马克思所批判的异化的泥淖中。这种对劳动者主体性的系统性剥夺，带来现代劳动文明发展亟待破解的困境。在此背景下，探索一种能够超越资本剥削逻辑、复归劳动本真价值并契合人的全面发展要求的劳动形态，成为理论与实践的必然诉求。适度劳动概念的提出与践行，正是对这一时代课题的深刻回应。适度劳动并非简单的工时缩减与强度降低，其蕴含着深刻的理论逻辑与文明价值，并扎根于实践。本文从马克思主义政治经济学的理论原点出发，结合中国式现代化的具体实践，系统剖析适度劳动的内在逻辑，揭示其如何在批判资本异化、重构劳动文明、保障劳动者权益的辩证统一中，开辟一条通往劳动解放与人的全面发展的新路径。

1. Theoretical Tracing: The Restoration of the Essence of Labor Based on the Critique of Surplus Value

1.理论溯源：基于剩余价值批判的劳动本质复归

From the perspective of Marxist political economy, the theory of moderate labor is deeply rooted in the critical deconstruction of the logic of capital. Marx exposed through the theory of surplus value: the capitalist mode of production takes the maximization of profit as its ultimate goal, doubly squeezing absolute surplus value and relative surplus value by infinitely extending labor time and systematically increasing labor intensity, alienating the body and spirit of laborers into living containers for capital valorization. The alienated state described in *Capital* — “as long as there is a piece of flesh, a sinew, a drop of blood to be squeezed, the vampire will never stop” — is essentially the systematic deprivation of labor subjectivity by capital. This alienated labor not only causes “the worker to become completely a simple machine” but also reduces labor from “the objectified activity of human essential forces” to “a forced act to maintain physical survival.”

在马克思主义政治经济学视域中，适度劳动的理论深植于对资本逻辑的批判性解构。马克思通过剩余价值理论揭露：资本主义生产方式以追求利润最大化为终极目标，通过无限延长劳动时间与系统性提高劳动强度，双重压榨绝对剩余价值与相对剩余价值，将劳动者的身体与精神异化为资本增殖的活体容器。《资本论》中所描述的“只要还有一块肉、一根筋、一滴血可供榨取，吸血鬼就决不罢休”的异化状态，本质上是资本对劳动主体性的系统性剥夺。这种异化劳动不仅导致“工人完全变成简单的机器”，更使劳动从“人的本质力量的对象化活动”沦为“维系肉体生存的被迫行为”。

The proposal of moderate labor is precisely a revolutionary response to this logic of exploitation. It takes Marx’s labor theory of value as its theoretical foundation, advocating that labor time should be anchored to the social average labor intensity. Its core essence lies in restoring the essential attribute of labor as a free and conscious activity, just as *Capital* explains the labor process: “Through acting on external nature and changing it, the laborer changes his own nature at the same time, developing the potentials that slumber within him and subjecting them to his own control.” [2]2 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 1, Chapter 7, Section 1. The essence of constructing moderate labor is to strip away the oppressive structure imposed on labor by capital through promoting institutional change and technological liberation, restoring the true state of labor. Within the framework of historical materialism, it rebuilds the unity of labor and human essence, elevating laborers from “objects of capital valorization” to “subjects of historical creation.” By negating “excessive labor,” moderate labor re-endows labor with the ontological significance of confirming human life freedom and capacity development, achieving a theoretical transcendence and practical sublation of capital alienation within the framework of socialist relations of production. This dual dimension of theoretical breakthrough and practical innovation not only highlights the critical tension of Marxist labor theory but also reveals the reconstructive significance of socialist relations of production for labor civilization. It represents an institutional transcendence of the capitalist alienated labor paradigm, opening a new path for modern labor civilization with humanistic care oriented towards comprehensive human development.

适度劳动的提出，正是对这一剥削逻辑的革命性回应。它以马克思劳动价值论为理论基石，主张劳动时间应锚定社会平均劳动强度，其核心要义在于恢复劳动作为自由自觉活动的本质属性，正如《资本论》对劳动过程的阐释：“劳动者通过作用于身外自然改变自身自然，使潜力得以发挥并受自我控制。”“适度劳动建构的本质是通过推动制度性变革与技术性解放，剥离资本强加于劳动的压迫性结构，复归劳动的本真状态。在历史唯物主义框架内重建劳动与人的本质的统一性，使劳动者从“资本增殖的客体”升华为“历史创造的主体”。适度劳动通过对“过度劳动”的否定，重新赋予劳动以确证人的生命自由与能力发展的本体论意义，在社会主义生产关系框架内实现对资本异化的理论超越与实践扬弃。这种理论突破与实践创新的双重维度，不仅彰显了马克思主义劳动理论的批判性张力，更揭示了社会主义生产关系对劳动文明的重构性意义，是对资本主义异化劳动范式的制度性超越，开辟了一条以人的全面发展为导向的具有人文关怀的现代劳动文明新路径。

2. Civilizational Reconstruction: The Value Return of the Essence of Modernization from the Perspective of Human Liberation

2.文明重构：人的解放视域下现代化本质的价值回

Viewed from Marx’s theory of human liberation, the core of moderate labor lies in liberating labor from the state of alienation, returning to the essence of free and conscious activity, achieving the dialectical unity of comprehensive human development and social progress, and manifesting the humanistic care of Chinese-path modernization. The proposal and promotion of moderate labor meet the needs of laborers for decent work and a happy life in the context of the New Era, helping to solve the problem of insufficient protection of labor rights and interests.

从马克思主义人的解放理论来观照，适度劳动的核心在于将劳动从异化状态中解放出来，回归人的自由自觉活动的本质，实现人的全面发展与社会进步的辩证统一，彰显中国式现代化的人文关怀。适度劳动的提出与推动满足新时代背景下劳动者对体面劳动、幸福生活的需求，有利于解决劳动权益保障不充分的问题。

In terms of constructing labor relations, moderate labor limits the extension of working hours, which can break capital’s tyranny over labor time and weaken the exploitative mechanism of capital’s infinite valorization. Continuously improving collective consultation systems and other labor relation consultation mechanisms liberates laborers from the previous passive situation of labor-capital confrontation, allowing laborers to become co-makers of labor rules and equal sharers of development achievements, fully embodying the people-centered development concept. From the perspective of productive forces innovation, moderate labor actively promotes the development of new quality productive forces. For example, using artificial intelligence technology to undertake repetitive labor enables laborers to be freed from high-intensity physical labor and shift towards more creative, knowledge-intensive, and innovative labor, helping labor transform from a mere “means of livelihood” to a “means of self-realization” for realizing self-worth. Moderate labor advocates for technology to be good, requiring that technology should serve human liberation rather than new forms of alienation. It opposes the technological alienation caused by algorithmic tyranny under the manipulation of capital, ensuring through institutional design that technology becomes a tool for liberation rather than a means of control, defending the autonomy of labor.

在劳动关系构建方面，适度劳动限制延长工作时间，可以打破资本对劳动时间的专制，削弱资本无限增殖的剥削机制。不断完善集体协商制度等劳动关系协商机制，将劳动者从以往劳资对立的被动处境中解放出来，让劳动者成为劳动规则的共同制定者与发展成果的平等共享者，充分体现“以人民为中心”的发展理念。从生产力革新角度来看，适度劳动积极推动新质生产力发展，比如利用人工智能技术承担重复性劳动，使劳动者得以从高强度的体力劳动中解脱出来，转向更具创造性的知识密集型、创新型劳动，助力劳动从单纯的“谋生手段”向实现自我价值的“自我实现途径”转变。适度劳动倡导技术向善，要求技术应服务于人的解放而非新型异化，反对资本操纵下的算法暴政导致的技术异化，通过制度设计确保技术成为解放工具而非控制手段，捍卫劳动的自主性。

This labor ethic, which emphasizes humanistic care, not only precisely inherits the core essence of Marx’s theory of human liberation but also incorporates distinct Chinese characteristics. Under China’s national conditions of a huge population, through a series of institutional innovations and technological innovations, hundreds of millions of laborers can effectively confirm their own dignity and fully realize their personal value in the labor process, making the process of Chinese-path modernization always shine with the humanistic brilliance of “human essential forces.” As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “The people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal of struggle.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Press Conference of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” *People’s Daily*, November 16, 2012. Moderate labor is precisely a vivid embodiment and concrete practice of this concept in the labor field. Using human liberation as a yardstick, it accurately measures the temperature of modernization development, powerfully proving that Chinese-path modernization is not only a great leap in material civilization but also an all-round progress in people’s cultural-ethical progress and social relations. It is an active exploration of a new form of human civilization that uses humanistic care to guide labor liberation.

这种劳动伦理侧重人文关怀的导向，既精准继承了马克思主义人的解放理论的核心要义，又融入了鲜明的中国特色。在人口规模巨大的中国国情下，通过一系列制度创新与技术革新，让数亿劳动者在劳动过程中切实确证自身尊严、充分实现个人价值，使中国式现代化进程始终闪耀着“人的本质力量”的人文光辉。正如习近平总书记所强调的，“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标” ，适度劳动正是这一理念在劳动领域的生动体现与具体实践。它以人的解放为衡量标尺，精准测量现代化发展的温度，有力证明了中国式现代化不仅是物质文明的巨大跨越，更是人的精神文明与社会关系的全方位进步，是以人文关怀引领劳动解放的人类文明新形态的积极探索。

3. Realistic Foundation: Chinese Characteristic Practices of Protecting Laborers’ Rights and Interests

3.现实基础：保护劳动者权益的中国特色实践

From a practical logic, moderate labor itself, as a means of preventing overwork, is a way of protecting workers’ rights and interests. The concept of moderate labor has continuously developed along with China’s practice of protecting workers’ rights and interests with Chinese characteristics. In the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, China’s policies on protecting workers’ rights and interests have also been constantly improved and refined, vividly embodying the people-centered development thought. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [4]4 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC: A major meeting of the Communist Party of China held in July 2024, focused on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese modernization. summarized and applied the valuable experience of reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, and emphasized the need to implement the principle of “adhering to a people-centered approach.”

从实践逻辑来看，适度劳动本身作为预防过度劳动的途径，是保护劳动者权益的一种方式，适度劳动概念随着我国对劳动者权益保护的中国特色实践不断发展。在新时代中国特色社会主义实践中，我国劳动者权益保护政策也在不断改进和完善，生动展现了以人民为中心的发展思想。党的二十届三中全会总结和运用了改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，强调要贯彻“坚持以人民为中心”的原则。

With the continuous advancement of Chinese-path modernization, a new round of the information technology revolution, especially the rise of the digital economy and platform economy, has given rise to new forms of employment. The main characteristics of new forms of employment are reflected in the flexibility of labor relations, the diversification of work content, and the elasticity of working methods. The characteristics of new forms of employment pose new challenges to the protection of workers’ rights and interests, such as difficulties in identifying labor relations, insufficient social security coverage, low income and rights, excessively long working hours, and lack of protection for the right to rest and leave. To this end, the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [5]5 The 20th National Congress of the CPC: The Party’s national congress held in October 2022, which set the guiding principles for the next five years and beyond. explicitly required “strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of workers in flexible employment and new forms of employment,” and introduced relevant policy measures and guidelines, clarifying the working and rest hours for workers under new forms of employment, paying attention to workers’ physical and mental health, and ensuring that workers receive reasonable labor remuneration. At the same time, the government is also actively providing necessary labor protection for workers and further strengthening the supervision of the implementation of labor security. The protection of workers’ rights and interests under new forms of employment is a manifestation of the people-centered value orientation in the process of Chinese-path modernization. In the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, China has consistently affirmed the value of labor, respected the fruits of labor, and safeguarded the legitimate rights and interests of workers. This is not only an inheritance of Marx’s thought on labor but also valuable practical experience accumulated in reform and construction. In the process of advancing the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country, the CPC has always upheld the concept of development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, just as General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The people create history, and labor creates the future.”

随着中国式现代化进程的不断推进，新一轮信息技术革命，尤其是数字经济和平台经济的兴起催生了新就业形态的出现。新型就业形态的主要特征体现在劳动关系的灵活性、工作内容的多元化以及工作方式的弹性化等方面。新就业形态的特点对劳动者权益保护提出了新的挑战，譬如劳动关系认定困难、社会保障覆盖不足、收入与权益不高、工时过长和休息休假权利未获保障等问题。为此，党的二十大报告明确要求“加强灵活就业和新就业形态劳动者权益保障”，并出台相关政策措施和指导方针，明确了新型就业形态下劳动者的工作和休息时长，关注劳动者的身心健康，保障劳动者获得合理的劳动报酬。与此同时，政府也积极为劳动者提供必要的劳动保护，进一步加强对劳动保障执行情况的监督工作。对新就业形态下劳动者权益的保护，是中国式现代化进程中价值取向人民性的体现。在新时代中国特色社会主义实践中，我国一贯肯定劳动价值，尊重劳动成果，保障劳动者的合法权益，这不仅是对马克思劳动论思想的继承，也是改革建设积攒的宝贵实践经验。中国共产党在推进全面建设社会主义现代化国家的进程中，始终秉持着发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享的理念，正如习近平总书记所指出的，“人民创造历史，劳动开创未来”。

II. The Humanistic Purpose of Moderate Labor in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

二、中国式现代化进程中适度劳动的人本旨归

The profound critique of labor alienation under the logic of capital reveals the revolutionary significance of moderate labor in theoretically restoring the essence of labor and transcending the paradigm of exploitation. Moderate labor is an indispensable humanistic foundation and ethical support in the grand narrative of Chinese-path modernization. The essence of Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of people, with the core being the realization of common prosperity and all-round development for all people. In this unique context, moderate labor transcends the category of mere economic efficiency or rights protection, sublimating into a value concept and practical path concerning individual dignity, social harmony, and national civilization. It responds to the proposition of “development for whom, relying on whom, and with whom the fruits are shared,” concretely projecting the ultimate concern of Marxism for human liberation into labor practice. Moderate labor can enhance individuals’ sense of happiness in life, empower people’s all-round development, build a more harmonious social labor ecology, lay the foundation for common prosperity, and gather civilizational strength for the great rejuvenation. Accordingly, this article deeply analyzes and explains the humanistic brilliance that moderate labor radiates in the process of Chinese-path modernization.

对资本逻辑下劳动异化的深刻批判，揭示了适度劳动在理论层面复归劳动本质、超越剥削范式的革命性意义。适度劳动是中国式现代化宏大叙事中不可或缺的人本基石与伦理支撑。中国式现代化的本质是人的现代化，核心在于实现全体人民的共同富裕和全面发展。在这一独特语境下，适度劳动超越了单纯的经济效率或权益保障范畴，升华为一种关乎个体尊严、社会和谐与国家文明的价值理念与实践路径。它回应了“发展为了谁、依靠谁、成果由谁共享”的命题，将马克思主义关于人的解放的终极关怀，具体而微地投射于劳动实践之中。适度劳动能增加个体的生活幸福感，赋能人的全面发展，构建更加和谐的社会劳动生态，为共同富裕奠定基础，为伟大复兴汇聚文明力量。据此，本文深入剖析、阐释适度劳动在中国式现代化进程中绽放的人文光辉。

1. Individual Dimension: Forging a Foundation for Happiness with Humanistic Care

1.个体维度：以人文关怀铸实幸福根基

Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population. China has nearly 800 million workers, with a total population of 1.4 billion. To achieve such an unprecedented scale and highly challenging modernization, it is even more necessary to adhere to the people-centered development thought. To practice this thought, the dignity, health rights, and development rights of workers must be placed in an important position. Moderate labor is precisely a response to this core concern. By safeguarding workers’ well-being and quality of work life, it demonstrates ethical respect for individual value, laying the foundation for enhancing the sense of happiness in life for hundreds of millions of workers and realizing their all-round development.

中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化。我国拥有近八亿劳动者，人口总量高达十四亿，为实现这样一个空前规模且极具挑战性的现代化，更应坚持以人民为中心的发展思想。践行这一思想，须将劳动者尊严权、健康权与发展权置于重要位置。适度劳动正是对这一核心关切的回应，它通过保障劳动者福祉与工作生活质量，彰显对个体价值的伦理尊重，为提升亿万劳动者的生活幸福感和实现人的全面发展奠定基础。

First, moderate labor is conducive to improving workers’ quality of life and consolidating the foundation of happiness. Moderate labor improves workers’ working environment, can significantly solve the problem of overwork, and provides workers with broader space to pursue their own careers. As a result, workers’ rights and interests are protected, income levels gradually rise, quality of life improves, and workers’ sense of happiness subsequently increases. Second, moderate labor is conducive to improving workers’ lifestyles and promoting physical and mental health. Moderate labor can ensure appropriate working hours and labor intensity for workers, forming a virtuous cycle between productive labor time and free time, enabling workers to better balance work and personal life, safeguarding workers’ physical and mental health, and guiding workers to form good lifestyles. Moderate labor guarantees workers’ time for leisure, entertainment, and time with family, which is crucial for building happy families and enhancing emotional satisfaction, reflecting the requirement for coordinated development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress. Finally, moderate labor is conducive to enriching workers’ spiritual life and stimulating their endogenous motivation. Chinese-path modernization is a modernization where material civilization and cultural-ethical progress are coordinated. The concept of coordinated development reflects Chinese-path modernization’s pursuit of both material and spiritual enrichment, aiming to enhance the overall quality of the people and the level of social civilization by balancing labor and cultural life. Moderate labor, by minimizing the external compulsion of labor, encourages individual workers to seek a sense of achievement in gaining respect and self-realization through labor.

首先，适度劳动有利于提高劳动者的生活质量，夯实幸福基础。适度劳动改善了劳动者的劳动环境，可以显著解决过度劳动问题，为劳动者追求自身事业提供了更为广阔的空间。由此劳动者的权益得到保障，收入水平逐步提升，生活质量得到提高，劳动者的幸福感随之提升。其次，适度劳动有利于改善劳动者的生活方式，促进身心健康。适度劳动能确保劳动者适宜的劳动时间和劳动强度，形成生产劳动时间与自由时间的良性循环，使劳动者更好地平衡工作与个人生活，守护劳动者身心健康，引导劳动者形成良好的生活方式。适度劳动保障了劳动者休闲娱乐以及同家人相处的时间，对构建幸福家庭、提升情感满足感至关重要，体现了物质文明与精神文明协调发展的要求。最后，适度劳动有利于丰富劳动者的精神生活，激发其内生动力。中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，协调发展的理念体现了中国式现代化对物质与精神双重丰富的追求，旨在通过平衡劳动与文化生活，提升国民的整体素质和社会文明程度。适度劳动通过最大限度降低劳动的外在强制性，激励劳动者个体追寻在劳动中获得尊重与自我实现的成就感。

In today’s society, workers’ needs are diversified. Workers not only strive to meet material needs at the economic level but also value spiritual enrichment and satisfaction. Moderate labor, from the spiritual level, inspires workers to be more motivated and upward. Spiritual identification with and pursuit of labor drive workers to strive forward. This push from endogenous emotions also provides workers with a continuous sense of happiness and meaning in life. Moderate labor is not only an important way to enhance workers’ sense of happiness in life at the individual level but also a key humanistic element for transforming China’s huge population scale advantage into the driving force for high-quality development. The deep concern and institutional guarantee for the well-being of hundreds of millions of individual workers consolidate the broadest and deepest mass base for the great cause of modernization.

当今社会，劳动者的需求呈现多元化特征，劳动者不仅致力于追求经济层面的物质需求满足，还重视精神层面的充实与满足。适度劳动从精神层面激励劳动者更加奋发向上，精神上对劳动的认同与追求促使劳动者前行奋斗，这种内生情感的推动也为劳动者的生活提供了源源不断的幸福感与意义感。适度劳动不仅是个体层面增添劳动者生活幸福感的重要途径，更是将中国巨大人口规模优势转化为高质量发展动能的关键人本要素。对亿万劳动者个体福祉的深切关怀与制度性保障，夯实了现代化伟业最广泛、最深厚的群众基础。

2. Social Dimension: Reshaping the Labor Ecology with a Humanistic Yardstick

2.社会维度：以人文尺度重塑劳动生态

In the process of deepening the reform of the socialist market economy system, China’s labor forms are increasingly diversified, presenting new stage-specific characteristics. The people’s need for a better life calls for a more balanced, more adequate, and more harmonious labor ecology, but it is also accompanied by new challenges, such as the phenomenon of passive overwork caused by “996” [6]6 “996”: A work schedule from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week, widely criticized as a symbol of excessive overtime in Chinese tech companies. and “007” [7]7 “007”: A work schedule from midnight to midnight, seven days a week, indicating constant on-call availability with no rest days. work patterns; some enterprises have problems such as overloading work and damaging workers’ rights and interests. The above phenomena reflect the mismatch between labor supply and demand and the disharmony in labor relations caused by changes in the methods and forms of labor in the context of China’s New Era. These phenomena are not only a mismatch in labor supply and demand but, at a deeper level, a lack of concern for human value, dignity, and development rights. Chinese-path modernization is “the modernization of common prosperity for all the people,” which points not only to material abundance but also contains profound humanistic ideals of social fairness and justice, protection of human dignity, and harmonious coexistence. Allowing labor problems to spread will erode the social foundation, ultimately weakening the overall creativity, cohesion, and sustainable development vitality of society.

在社会主义市场经济体制深化改革的进程中，我国劳动形态日益多元化，呈现新的阶段性特征。人民对美好生活的需要呼唤更平衡、更充分和更和谐的劳动生态，同时也伴生了新的挑战，譬如，“996”“007”等工作模式导致过度加班的被动过劳现象；部分企业存在超负荷工作以及损害劳动者权益等问题。上述现象反映了我国新时代背景下由于劳动的方式与形态的变化带来劳动力供求不匹配与劳动关系不和谐等问题。这些现象不仅是劳动力供求的错配，更深层次上是对人的价值、尊严与发展权利关切的不足。中国式现代化是“全体人民共同富裕的现代化”，这不仅指向物质的丰裕，更蕴含着社会公平正义、人的尊严保障与和谐共生的深刻人文理想。放任劳动问题蔓延将侵蚀社会根基，最终削弱的是社会整体的创造力、凝聚力与可持续发展的生命力。

Against this backdrop, the concept of moderate labor transcends mere efficiency considerations; its core lies in respecting the dignity of labor and safeguarding the all-round development of human beings. Moderate labor advocates “labor behavior that enables workers to use their labor productivity normally and fully, providing a quantity of labor commensurate with their position and the remuneration they receive,” which effectively addresses labor issues at the social dimension from two aspects. On the one hand, moderate labor helps to improve workers’ production efficiency and fully unleash their labor productivity. As Chinese-path modernization advances, the form of labor is gradually changing. Taking new quality productive forces as an example, the importance of factors such as knowledge, technology, and innovation to social development is increasingly prominent. By determining quantifiable labor intensity and working hours, moderate labor provides a reference standard for workers’ labor concepts and labor behavior; it ensures appropriate working hours and labor intensity for workers, providing them with sufficient learning time to improve their own labor quality; it helps workers consciously learn cutting-edge professional technical knowledge and become skilled and innovative talents. The problem of imbalance between labor supply and demand brought about by the technological revolution and industrial transformation and upgrading is thus readily solved, and the overall level of productive forces in society is correspondingly raised. At the same time, the realization of moderate labor can also provide long-term stable employment for the worker population. If workers can find a balance between work and life, they are more inclined to stay in their jobs for the long term, thereby creating greater value for society. On the other hand, moderate labor guides the whole society to form correct labor values, deeply resolving the problem of disharmonious labor relations from the spiritual level. “Chinese-path modernization has always placed the improvement of the people’s material living standards, mental state, and scientific literacy in an extremely important position.” [8]8 Chinese-path modernization: The official English translation of 中国式现代化, referring to the modernization model with Chinese characteristics under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. At the same time, General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly argued for and emphasized building a correct understanding of labor value from its ideological roots. Moderate labor emphasizes providing workers with remuneration commensurate with the quantity of labor they perform, changing labor behaviors that are alienated under the influence of consumerism, utilitarianism, and the like in real life. Moderate labor helps to establish correct labor value concepts throughout society and to set a labor orientation with a flag-bearing guiding role at the social dimension. Moderate labor measures the temperature of development with a humanistic yardstick, and consolidates the foundation of society with deep affection for workers. The path paved by moderate labor leads not only to material abundance, but also to a civilized path where human dignity is manifested and social harmony is perpetuated.

在此背景下，适度劳动的理念超越了单纯效率的考量，其核心在于尊重劳动的尊严，守护人的全面发展。适度劳动倡导“让劳动者正常而充分地运用其劳动生产力，提供与其所处职位和获得报酬相匹配劳动量的劳动行为”，这从两个方面有力地解决了社会维度存在的劳动问题。一方面，适度劳动有利于提高劳动者生产效率，充分发挥劳动者的劳动生产力。随着中国式现代化进程的推进，劳动形态正逐步改变，以新质生产力为例，知识、技术与创新等要素对社会发展的重要性日益突出。适度劳动通过确定可量化的劳动强度与劳动时长，为劳动者的劳动观念与劳动行为提供参照标准；保障了劳动者适当的劳动时间与劳动强度，为劳动者提高自身劳动素质提供充足的学习时间；有助于劳动者自觉学习专业前沿技术知识，成为技术型创新型人才。科技革命与产业转型升级带来的劳动力供求不均衡问题因此迎刃而解，社会整体的生产力水平也随之提高。同时，适度劳动的实现也能为劳动者群体提供长期稳定的劳动。劳动者如果能在工作与生活中找到平衡，他们就更倾向长期留在工作岗位，从而为社会创造更大的价值。另一方面，适度劳动引导整个社会形成正确的劳动价值观，从精神层面深入解决劳动关系不和谐的问题。“中国式现代化始终将提升人民群众的物质生活水平、精神状态、科学素养放在极其重要的位置。”"同时，习近平总书记反复论证与强调从思想根源上构筑对劳动价值的正确认识。适度劳动强调为劳动者提供与劳动量相匹配的劳动报酬，改变现实生活中受消费主义、功利主义等影响而异化的劳动行为。适度劳动有助于在全社会树立正确的劳动价值观念，在社会维度确立具有旗帜引领作用的劳动导向。适度劳动以人文的尺度测量发展的温度，以对劳动者的深情厚谊夯实社会的根基。适度劳动铺就的不仅是通向物质丰裕的道路，更是通往人的尊严得以彰显、社会和谐得以永续的文明之路。

3. The National Dimension: Gathering the Great Power of Rejuvenation with the Light of Humanity

3.国家维度：以人文之光凝聚复兴伟力

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC outlined the grand blueprint for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. On this great journey, moderate labor carries a deeper humanistic value. By safeguarding workers’ dignity, stimulating creative vitality, and promoting the all-round development of human beings, it injects an inexhaustible people-oriented impetus into the great cause of national rejuvenation.

党的二十大报告擘画了以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟蓝图。在此伟大征程中，适度劳动承载着更为深厚的人文价值，其通过守护劳动者尊严、激发创造活力、促进人的全面发展，为民族复兴伟业注入不竭的人本动力。

First, the core of moderate labor is respect for the life value and subjective dignity of workers. It refuses to alienate people into tools of infinite consumption, and safeguards workers’ physical and mental health by ensuring reasonable working hours. At the same time, moderate labor prompts enterprises to no longer rely on squeezing time to control costs, drives enterprises to continuously transform and upgrade to broaden employment channels, and allows the fruits of economic growth to benefit the vast number of workers more fairly. The continuous increase in labor remuneration and the gradual reduction of labor intensity are key to realizing the simple justice of “work is rewarded, and the reward is worthwhile,” allowing workers to truly feel the value of struggle and the hope of life. This is an indispensable humanistic temperature on the path to common prosperity. Second, in the New Era driven by innovation-driven development, we need to “accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces and enhance new drivers of development.” [9]9 Marx, “Reflections of a Young Man on the Choice of a Profession” (1835), in *Marx-Engels Collected Works*, vol. 1, p. 3. Talent is a core strategic resource, and the value and potential of people themselves are priceless treasures. Moderate labor, by ensuring the physical and mental health and sustainable development of talent, is the living source of water for national innovation and development. Moderate labor can avoid draining the pond to catch all the fish, ensuring that high-quality talent can continuously and healthily invest in value creation, contributing wisdom to national development while realizing the full expression of personal value and the long-term development of their careers. This cherishing and care for talent embodies the profound people-oriented logic of development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, and is an inexhaustible source of strength for the great cause of national rejuvenation.

其一，适度劳动的内核是对劳动者生命价值与主体尊严的尊重，其拒绝将人异化为无限消耗的工具，通过保障合理工时呵护劳动者的身心健康。同时，适度劳动促使企业不再依赖压榨时间来控制成本，推动企业不断转型升级以拓宽就业渠道，让经济增长的成果更公平地惠及广大劳动者。劳动报酬的不断提高与劳动强度的逐步降低，是实现“劳有所得、得有所值”这一朴素正义的关键，让劳动者切实感受到奋斗的价值与生活的希望，是共同富裕道路上不可或缺的人文温度。其二，在创新驱动发展的新时代，我们需要“加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能”。人才是核心战略资源，人本身的价值与潜力更是无价瑰宝。适度劳动，保障人才的身心健康与可持续发展，就是国家创新发展的源头活水。适度劳动可以避免竭泽而渔，确保高素质人才能够持续、健康地投入价值创造，在为国家发展贡献智慧的同时，实现个人价值的充分发挥与职业生涯的绵长发展。这种对人才的珍视与爱护，体现了发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享的深刻人本逻辑，是民族复兴伟业源源不断的力量源泉。

Therefore, advocating and practicing moderate labor means integrating the concept of “people supremacy” into the lifeblood of national governance, and ensuring that the magnificent epic of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation not only shines with the brilliance of material prosperity but also overflows with the warm light of humanistic spirit. Moderate labor safeguards the roots of civilization—the vibrant lives, full spirits, and boundless creativity of millions upon millions of workers. It is precisely these that converge into the deepest and most enduring force of Chinese-path modernization, illuminating the path toward a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.

因此，倡导和践行适度劳动，是将“人民至上”的理念融入国家治理的血脉，是让中华民族伟大复兴的壮阔史诗，不仅闪耀着物质繁荣的光辉，更流溢着人文精神的温暖光芒。适度劳动守护的是文明根脉，是千千万万劳动者鲜活的生命、饱满的精神与无尽的创造力，正是这些汇聚成中国式现代化最深厚、最持久的力量，照亮通往富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国的道路。

III. Practical Paths for Moderate Labor in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

三、中国式现代化进程中适度劳动的实践路径

Further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization, in a certain sense, means achieving the creative transformation of the advantages of the socialist system into governance effectiveness by breaking through deep-seated structural obstacles. In this historical process, it is necessary to resolutely discard various drawbacks in the existing systems and mechanisms in practice, actively promote the vigorous development of productive forces, and facilitate a qualitative leap in the comprehensive deepening of reform. From the perspective of labor, the realization of moderate labor requires, under the premise that the basic institutional framework in the labor field is essentially established, a systematic reshaping and holistic reconstruction of workers’ labor concepts. Through the improvement of the rule-of-law-based labor governance system, a normative framework of equal rights and obligations is constructed; a dynamic tripartite balance among labor, capital, and government is achieved through collective consultation mechanisms; and the regulatory effectiveness of supervision over the disorderly expansion of capital is strengthened. Relying on new human capital to stimulate people’s innovative vitality, leading the development of new quality productive forces, promoting technologies such as artificial intelligence as efficiency tools serving as vehicles for liberation, and helping workers achieve a fundamental leap from mechanical repetitive labor to creative activities. Ultimately, moderate labor is realized in the dialectical unity of efficiency and humanity, creating a new paradigm of Chinese-characteristic labor modernization that combines advanced productive forces with civilizational sustainability. This provides a Chinese solution for humanity to break through the predicament of labor alienation dominated by the logic of capital, vividly implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s strategic plan to “create a new form of human civilization.” [10]10 Ibid., p. 8. [P

进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化，一定意义上就是通过破除深层次结构性障碍实现社会主义制度优势向治理效能的创造性转化。在这一历史进程中，必须在实践中坚决摒弃现存体制机制中的各类弊端，积极推动生产力蓬勃发展，以促成改革实现全面深化的质的飞跃。从劳动的视角来看，适度劳动的实现需要在劳动领域基础性制度框架基本建立的前提下，将劳动者的劳动观念进行系统性重塑与整体性重构。通过法治化劳动治理体系的完善，构建权利与义务对等的规范性框架，以集体协商机制实现劳资政三方动态平衡，强化监管对资本无序扩张的规制效力。依托新人力资本激发人的创新活力，引领新质生产力的发展，推动人工智能等技术以效率工具为解放载体，助力劳动者实现从机械重复劳动向创造性活动的根本性跃迁。最终在效率与人文的辩证统一中实现适度劳动，开创兼具生产力先进性与文明可持续性的中国特色劳动现代化新范式，为人类突破资本逻辑主导的劳动异化困境提供中国方案，生动践行习近平总书记“创造人类文明新形态”的战略擘画。

1. Value Guidance: Establishing a Modern System of Labor Concepts

1.价值引领：树立现代化劳动观念体系

To achieve moderate labor, it is necessary to establish correct labor concepts and have a proper understanding of labor. Labor creates value. Without labor, it would be difficult to realize Chinese-path modernization, and the realization of moderate labor would be out of the question. Through conscious and active labor activities, human beings transform the objective world, thereby creating uniquely human value. Only in this way can people fully feel the value and meaning they obtain through labor. Therefore, in advancing the process of Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to advocate that the broad masses of workers uphold correct labor concepts, stimulate workers' enthusiasm for labor, and encourage workers to actively contribute their individual strength.

实现适度劳动，需要树立正确的劳动观念，对劳动有正确的认识。劳动创造价值。离开劳动，就难以实现中国式现代化，适度劳动的实现也就无从谈起。人类通过有意识、能动的劳动活动，对客观世界进行改造，从而创造人类独特的价值。也只有这样，人才能充分感受到自己在劳动中获得的价值与意义。因此，在推进中国式现代化进程中，须倡导广大劳动者秉持正确的劳动观念，激发劳动者的劳动热情，激励劳动者积极贡献个人力量。

When facing career choices, establishing correct labor concepts helps workers make sound decisions. A good career start is also the starting point for realizing moderate labor. Regarding career choices, Marx’s high school graduation essay contains considerations of moderate labor: “Our constitution often threatens us, and our life becomes an unhappy struggle between the spiritual principle and the physical principle.” [9]9 Marx, “Reflections of a Young Man on the Choice of a Profession” (1835), in *Marx-Engels Collected Works*, vol. 1, p. 3. Marx believed that the choice of a career “follows the main guideline of human happiness and our own perfection,” and that the most dignified career is one that combines one’s own ideals with reality. [10]10 Ibid., p. 8. When thought is connected to action, people can truly develop their abilities and make beneficial contributions to humanity—that is, to strive in labor and seek happiness in labor. At the individual, family, social, and national levels, coordinated efforts should guide workers to establish correct labor concepts. Labor education should be strengthened for the working people, guiding them to form correct labor values and building a professional, systematic, and scientific labor education system. Over the long term, this can lead the broad working people to form correct labor ideas. This is the foundation for inspiring workers to strive for correct ideals and also the starting point for realizing moderate labor. Labor is no longer merely a means of livelihood but the primary need of people’s lives.

在面临职业的选择时，树立正确的劳动观念有利于劳动者作出正确的抉择。好的职业开端也是适度劳动实现的起点。关于职业的抉择，马克思的中学毕业论文中蕴含着对适度劳动的考量：“我们的体质常常威胁我们，我们的一生也就变成一场精神原则和肉体原则之间的不幸的斗争。”""马克思认为职业的选择“遵循的主要指针是人类的幸福和我们自身的完美”，最有尊严的职业是能将自身的理想与现实相结合的职业。思想与行动相连接，人才能真正发挥自身的才能，才能真正对人类作出有益的贡献，即在劳动中奋斗、在劳动中谋幸福。在个人、家庭、社会及国家层面协同引导劳动者树立正确的劳动观念。对劳动人民应加强劳动教育，引导其树立正确的劳动价值观，构建专业化、系统化、科学化的劳动教育体系。长此以往，才能引领广大劳动人民形成正确的劳动理念。这是激发劳动者为正确的理想而奋斗的基础，也是实现适度劳动的起点。劳动不再是仅作为一种谋生手段，而是人们生活的第一需要。

Since reform and opening up, China’s economy has grown rapidly, yet hidden behind this high growth is the overwork of laborers. The rapid development of society has provided rare opportunities for the individual development of workers. However, with the widening gap between rich and poor, many workers, in order to accumulate personal wealth or bear the burdens of enterprises and families, excessively pursue money at the cost of their health. The sub-health conditions and psychological depression caused by such overwork are also issues that cannot be ignored in China’s rapid social development. Chinese-path modernization emphasizes the dual-wheel drive of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, requiring workers to establish correct labor concepts and money concepts, reach a consensus on moderate labor in society, re-examine past labor values and money views, avoid overwork, achieve decent employment, gradually realize moderate labor across society, and turn the people’s aspiration for a better life into reality.

改革开放以来，我国经济高速增长，然而高增长的背后隐藏着的是劳动者的过度劳动。社会的飞速发展为劳动者个体的发展提供了不可多得的机遇，随着贫富差距的扩大，许多劳动者为了积累个人财富或是承受企业和家庭的负担，以身体健康为代价过度追求金钱。这种过度劳动引发的身体亚健康、心理抑郁等也是我国社会飞速发展中不可忽视的问题。中国式现代化强调物质文明与精神文明双轮驱动，需要劳动者树立正确的劳动观念与金钱观念，在社会中达成适度劳动的共识，重新审视以往的劳动价值观与金钱观，避免过度劳动，实现体面就业，整个社会逐步实现适度劳动，将人民对美好生活的向往转变为现实。

2. Institutional Guarantee: Improving the Law-Based Labor Governance System

2.制度保障：完善法治化劳动治理体系

Although China already has legal provisions such as the Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Production Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, they still have shortcomings: the regulation of labor intensity needs further strengthening; the occupational health management mechanism also needs further improvement and refinement. In current society, there still exist phenomena where some enterprises abuse labor and exploit workers to maximize profits: enterprises excessively pursue improvements in production efficiency, force workers to work overtime, and deprive workers of the rest time they should enjoy. Such behaviors exhaust workers physically and mentally, easily triggering physiological and psychological diseases, and extreme cases such as death from overwork also occur from time to time. These practices undoubtedly hinder the realization of moderate labor.

虽然我国已有如《中华人民共和国劳动法》《中华人民共和国安全生产法》《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》之类的法律规定，但它们仍存在不足之处：对劳动强度规制还需进一步加强；职业健康管理机制也需要进一步改进和完善。当前社会中尚存在部分企业为了追求利润最大化滥用劳动力、压榨劳动者的现象：企业过度追求生产效率的提高，强制劳动者加班，剥夺了劳动者本应享有的休息时间。此类行为致使劳动者身心俱疲，极易引发其生理及心理疾病，过劳死等极端案例也时有发生。这些做法无疑阻碍了适度劳动的实现。

Therefore, in the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, China is striving to build harmonious labor relations, gradually perfecting the regulatory system related to moderate labor, optimizing the occupational health supervision mechanism, promoting the realization of moderate labor, and creating a good labor environment for workers. In terms of the rule-of-law system, first, it is necessary to combine current realities and development needs to improve the existing basic working hours system and labor quota system, and to strengthen relevant legislative work. Further improve the existing legal regulations on overwork, “death from overwork,” and “suicide from overwork,” and conduct research on the conviction, punishment, and compensation systems for overwork-related crimes. At the same time, improve the accountability mechanism for violations of rules and regulations, ensure the personal, property, and life safety of employees, and establish a three-dimensional, systematic, and full-process supervision system. Second, expand the scope of application of the current labor law to ensure that all workers can enjoy the same labor rights and protections. Relevant administrative organs should enhance law enforcement capabilities, strengthen supervision and punishment of illegal employment, and can refer to relevant measures of developed countries. For example, the Japanese government has set an upper limit on overtime hours, and through measures such as limiting enterprise operating hours and increasing labor inspectors, it has promoted the implementation of the paid leave system, thereby effectively alleviating the situation of workers overworking. At the enterprise implementation level, first, optimize the internal labor environment of the company and create a corporate culture that respects talent and life safety. Improve existing rules and regulations, and while focusing on labor safety norms, include employee occupational health and occupational safety within the scope of norms. Second, encourage employees to cultivate a healthy lifestyle, focus on improving their own physical fitness, and consciously follow moderate working hours and intensity in their work. Suppress the sources of overwork, focusing on preventing overwork beforehand, rather than only emphasizing remedial measures afterward.

因此，在推进中国式现代化进程中，我国正在努力打造和谐的劳动关系，逐渐完善与适度劳动相关的法规体系，优化职业健康监管机制，推动适度劳动的实现，为劳动者营造良好的劳动环境。在法治制度方面，一是要结合当前的现实情况与发展需求，完善现行的劳动时间基准体系与劳动定额体系，并加强相关立法工作。进一步完善现有立法中关于过劳、“过劳死”和“过劳自杀”的法律规制，开展对过劳犯罪的定罪处罚和补偿制度的研究。同时健全违反规章制度的问责机制，保障职工的人身、财产和生命安全，建立一种立体化、系统化、全程化的监督体系。二是要扩大现行劳动法的适用范围，确保所有劳动者都能享受到相同的劳动权益和保障。有关行政机关要提高执法能力，强化对非法雇佣的监管和处罚，可以参考发达国家的相关举措，譬如，日本政府设定了加班时长的上限，并通过限制企业运营时长以及增加劳动监察人员等措施，推动带薪休假制度的实施，从而有效缓解了劳动者过度工作的状况。从企业执行的层面，一是对公司内部的劳动环境进行优化，营造尊重人才、尊重生命安全的企业文化。完善现行的规章制度，在注重劳动安全规范的前提下，将员工的职业健康与职业安全列入规范的范畴。二是提倡职工养成健康的生活方式，注重提升自身的身体素质，自觉遵循适度的劳动时间与强度进行工作。从过劳的来源进行抑制，着重事先预防过劳，而非只注重事后的弥补性措施。

In the process of realizing moderate labor, perfecting the legal system for moderate labor and improving the supervision mechanism for moderate labor are crucial. In the process of Chinese-path modernization, the government, enterprises, and workers must unite their efforts and collaboratively promote work related to moderate labor, making the legal system and supervision mechanism more adaptable to the needs of social development. In addition, enterprises should also pay more attention to caring for workers, improving their treatment and welfare, safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests, steadily improving workers’ working environment, and creating favorable social conditions for China’s modernization construction. Strengthening the protection of workers’ rights and interests, improving workers’ working environment, gradually realizing moderate labor, satisfying workers’ aspirations for a better life, and contributing to China’s modernization construction.

在实现适度劳动的进程中，健全适度劳动法制体系、完善适度劳动监管机制至关重要。中国式现代化进程中，政府、企业和劳动者三方须凝心聚力，协同推动适度劳动相关工作，使法制体系与监管机制更加适应社会发展的需要。此外，企业也应更加注重对劳动者的关怀，提高他们的待遇和福利，保障其合法权益，稳步改善劳动者的工作环境，为我国现代化建设营造良好的社会条件。加强劳动者权益保障，改善劳动者工作环境，逐步实现适度劳动，满足劳动者对美好生活的向往，为我国现代化建设事业添砖加瓦。

3. Key Support: Promoting the Development of New Quality Productive Forces with New Human Capital

3.关键支撑：以新人力资本推动新质生产力发展

Talent is the primary resource for educational development and technological innovation, playing a subjective role in the integrated development system of education, science and technology, and talent. “Talent is the foundation of innovation, and innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven.” Talent-driven development is the core force of labor-driven development and the most crucial driver. Therefore, it is necessary to take new human capital as a strategic fulcrum, stimulate workers’ creative vitality, enhance workers’ labor quality, promote the development of new quality productive forces, and gradually realize moderate labor.

人才是教育发展和科技创新的第一资源，在教育科技人才一体化发展体系中发挥主体性作用。“人才是创新的根基，创新驱动实质上是人才驱动”，人才驱动是劳动力驱动的核心力量，是最为关键的驱动。因此，要以新人力资本为战略支点，通过激发劳动者的创造活力，提升劳动者的劳动素质，推动新质生产力发展，逐步实现适度劳动。

The new human capital theoretical framework emphasizes that, compared with traditional cognitive abilities, a series of non-cognitive abilities and socioeconomic skills play an equally or even more critical role in individual success, economic development, and social progress. As the engine driving the development of new quality productive forces, new human capital essentially deeply embeds people’s comprehensive development into the process of technological innovation and industrial transformation, activating the qualitative change of the productive forces system by releasing people-oriented dividends. The core of new quality productive forces is revolutionary breakthroughs in technology and innovative allocation of production factors, and their development relies more on the innovation resilience and collaborative efficiency of talent resources. In the new development stage where the knowledge economy and digital technology are deeply integrated, workers need to possess composite abilities, including higher-order cognitive abilities, continuous learning and adaptability, and innovation capabilities. The development of new quality productive forces requires penetrating cutting-edge technology into the entire industrial chain through knowledge integration and technology application transformation. Promote the normalized transformation of innovation behavior, making the creative labor of micro-level individuals an endogenous driving force for the iteration of productive forces. Facing the challenge of accelerating technological iteration, new quality productive forces require workers to possess continuous skill-upgrading capabilities. Emphasizing investment in new human capital, especially the cultivation of non-cognitive abilities, helps improve the overall quality level of workers, promote high-quality employment, better realize the promotion of new quality productive forces through high-quality population development, and support the realization of Chinese-path modernization.

新人力资本理论框架强调相较于传统的认知能力，一系列非认知能力和社会经济技能对个人成功、经济发展和社会进步具有同等甚至更关键的作用。新人力资本作为驱动新质生产力发展的引擎，本质上是将人的全面发展深度嵌入技术创新与产业变革进程，通过释放人本红利激活生产力系统的质变。新质生产力的核心是技术革命性突破与生产要素创新性配置，其发展更加依赖人才资源的创新韧性与协作效能。在知识经济与数字技术深度融合的新发展阶段，劳动者需要具备复合能力，包括高阶认知能力、持续学习与适应能力、创新能力等。新质生产力的发展需要通过知识整合与技术应用转化将前沿科技渗透至全产业链。推动创新行为常态化转化，使微观个体的创造性劳动成为生产力迭代的内生动力。面对技术迭代加速的挑战，新质生产力要求劳动者具备持续技能化能力。重视新人力资本的投资，特别是非认知能力的培养，有助于提升劳动者总体素质水平，促进高质量就业，更好地实现以人口高质量发展推动新质生产力的发展，支撑中国式现代化的实现。

The value of realizing moderate labor in the process of Chinese-path modernization lies in returning to the essential connection between labor and the human being, providing practical possibilities for advancing the free and comprehensive development of the human person. Advocating moderate labor is, in essence, liberating labor from the shackles of alienation and restoring labor as the essence of human self-affirmation. “Freedom in this field can only consist in socialized man, the associated producers, rationally regulating their material interchange with nature, bringing it under their common control, instead of being ruled by it as by the blind forces of nature; and achieving this with the least expenditure of energy and under conditions most favorable to, and worthy of, their human nature.” [11]11 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume III, Chapter 48, “The Trinity Formula.” Genuine moderate labor should realize the dialectical unity of the development of productive forces and the emancipation of human nature. The practice of Chinese-path modernization is precisely a vivid confirmation of the epochal vitality of the Marxist theory of labor value. From the alienation of labor in the era of industrial civilization to moderate labor in the era of digital civilization, the fundamental humanistic implication of this modern transformation of human labor forms lies in the fact that, on the path of Chinese-path modernization, laborers can more fully appropriate their own essential powers, ultimately pointing toward the free and comprehensive development of the human person.

中国式现代化进程中实现适度劳动的价值在于回归劳动与人的本质性关联，为推进人的自由全面发展提供实践可能。倡导适度劳动，本质上是将劳动从异化的桎梏中解放出来，恢复劳动作为人的自我确证的本质。“这个领域内的自由只能是：社会化的人，联合起来的生产者，将合理地调节他们和自然之间的物质变换，把它置于他们的共同控制之下，而不让它作为盲目的力量来统治自己；靠消耗最小的力量，在最无愧于和最适合于他们的人类本性的条件下来进行这种物质变换。”真正的适度劳动应当实现生产力发展与人性解放的辩证统一，中国式现代化的实践正是对马克思主义劳动价值论时代生命力的生动印证。从工业文明时代的劳动异化到数字文明时代的适度劳动，这场人类劳动形态的现代化转型，其根本人文意蕴在于在中国式现代化的道路上，劳动者可以更全面地占有自身的本质力量，最终指向人的自由而全面的发展。

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆