The Principled Contributions of the “People-Centered” Cultural Outlook

The people are the creators of history and the fundamental force that determines the future and destiny of the Party and the state. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly grasped the inherent laws of socialist cultural development, taking “adhering to a people-centered approach” as the basic stance and inexhaustible driving force for cultural development. He has put forward a series of new propositions, new viewpoints, and new requirements, making principled contributions to enriching and developing Marxist cultural theory. The so-called principled contribution refers to theoretical innovations that reflect the essence of the world, reveal objective laws and historical development trends, and possess universal guiding significance. The principled contributions of the “people-centered” cultural outlook are mainly embodied in the dimensions of subject theory, value theory, and methodology.

人民是历史的创造者，是决定党和国家前途命运的根本力量。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记深刻把握社会主义文化发展的内在规律，将“坚持以人民为中心”作为文化发展的基本立场和不竭动力，提出了一系列新命题、新观点、新要求，为丰富和发展马克思主义文化理论作出了原理性贡献。所谓原理性贡献，是指反映世界本质、揭示客观规律和历史发展趋势、具有普遍性指导意义的理论创新。“坚持以人民为中心”文化观的原理性贡献，主要体现在主体论、价值论和方法论等层面。

1. Subject Theory: Clarifying the People’s Subject Status and Rich Connotations

1.主体论：明确人民的主体地位和丰富内涵

Historical materialism holds that the people are the subjects who create history, producing their own material and spiritual life through purposeful practical activities. Marx and Engels pointed out: “History is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims.” [1]1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Holy Family* (1845). The people’s character is the most distinctive quality of Marxism; concern for the actual existence and developmental state of humanity and respect for human subjectivity are the main threads running through the entire Marxist ideological system. The people-centered cultural outlook is rooted in the Marxist materialist conception of history and represents an innovative development of the basic principles of Marxism in the cultural field.

历史唯物主义认为，人民是创造历史的主体，通过有目的的实践活动创造自己的物质生活和精神生活。马克思、恩格斯指出：“历史不过是追求着自己目的的人的活动而已。”人民性是马克思主义最鲜明的品格，对人类的现实生存与发展状态的关注和对人的主体性的尊重是贯穿马克思主义思想体系的主线。坚持以人民为中心的文化观植根于马克思主义唯物史观，是马克思主义基本原理在文化领域的创新性发展。

First, it clarifies the people’s subject status in cultural creation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The people are both the creators of history and its witnesses; they are both the ‘characters in the play’ of history and its ‘playwrights.’” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art Work” (15 October 2014). The people are not only the creators of material wealth but also, more importantly, the creators of spiritual wealth. Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics is, in essence, a culture created by the people and shared by the people. The people are both the main force in the construction of socialist culture and the objects of its service, achieving a dialectical unity of the subject and object of historical creation and cultural practice.

首先，明确人民在文化创造中的主体地位。习近平总书记指出：“人民既是历史的创造者、也是历史的见证者，既是历史的‘剧中人’、也是历史的‘剧作者’。”人民既是物质财富的创造者，更是精神财富的创造者。中国特色社会主义文化，本质上是由人民创造、为人民共享的文化。人民既是社会主义文化建设的主体力量，又是服务对象，实现了历史创造和文化实践主体与客体的辩证统一。

Second, it scientifically elucidates the concept of “the people,” endowing it with more profound connotations. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly stated: “The people are not an abstract symbol, but a collection of concrete individuals, each with flesh and blood, with emotions, with love and hate, with dreams, and with inner conflicts and sorrows.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences Work” (17 May 2016). The “people” here are neither an abstract whole nor atomized individuals, nor are they the same as the “min” (民) in traditional Chinese “people-oriented” thought; rather, they are people situated in real social relations. Taking the millions upon millions of real people in actual life as the subject gives the socialist cultural enterprise its broadest mass foundation. This requires that the focus of cultural work be implemented down to the cultural demands and emotional needs of every individual member of the masses, giving full attention to individual development.

其次，科学阐释“人民”概念，赋予其更为深远的内涵。习近平总书记深刻指出：“人民不是抽象的符号，而是一个一个具体的人的集合，每个人都有血有肉、有情感、有爱恨、有梦想，都有内心的冲突和忧伤。”这里的“人民”，既不是抽象化的整体，更不是原子化的个体，也不同于中国传统“民本”思想中的“民”，而是处于现实社会关系中的人。以千千万万在现实生活中真实的人为主体，使社会主义文化事业具备了最广泛的群众基础。这就要求文化工作的重心要落实到每一个群众的文化诉求和情感需要，充分关注个体的发展。

Finally, it clearly defines the rich layers of the people’s subject status in cultural creation. First, the people are the subjects of cultural service. General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed: “Meeting the spiritual and cultural needs of the people must be taken as the starting point and落脚点 [n] of literature, art, and cultural work.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art Work” (15 October 2014). The Chinese term 落脚点 (luòjiǎo diǎn) literally means “foothold” or “point of landing,” here rendered as “goal” in the sense of the ultimate objective. Culture is work done on people; its effectiveness depends on the extent to which it enters people’s inner world and enriches their spiritual life. Therefore, the people’s sense of gain and happiness must be taken as the standard for measuring cultural development. Second, the people are the subjects of cultural representation. General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed: “Adhere to the people’s standpoint and write the people’s epic that is born anew with each generation.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association” (30 November 2016). The genuine emotions and real lives of the masses are the source of cultural production. Divorced from the people and from life, culture will lose the real soil for its flourishing development. Only by drawing nourishment from the people’s practice and life can one fully feel the pulse of the times, grasp the general trend of the spirit of the age, and create great works that reflect the laws of social development. Third, the people are the subjects of evaluation. General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed: “Take the people as the connoisseurs and judges of literary and artistic aesthetics.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art Work” (15 October 2014). Taking the people as cultural connoisseurs requires observing the people’s lives and emotions, deeply understanding their aesthetic tastes and joys and sorrows, and producing works that express the people’s voices; taking the people as cultural judges requires changing the one-sided perception that only treats the people as passive recipients, handing over the power of cultural judgment to the people, and allowing the people to truly have a say in influencing cultural production and dissemination. Fourth, the people are the subjects of creation. General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed: “All innovation in literature and art, in the final analysis, directly or indirectly originates from the people.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art Work” (15 October 2014). Only by respecting the people’s subject status and their initiative in innovation, providing the people with a stage for cultural practice, and enabling the masses to transform from passive recipients into active participants and creators can the cultural creativity of the entire nation be continuously unleashed, providing a deep social foundation for cultural prosperity and development.

最后，清晰界定人民在文化创造中主体性地位的丰富层次。一是将人民作为文化的服务主体。习近平总书记提出，“要把满足人民精神文化需求作为文艺和文艺工作的出发点和落脚点”。文化是做人的工作，其效能取决于在多大程度上进入人的内心，丰富人民的精神生活。因此，要将人民的获得感、幸福感作为衡量文化发展的标准。二是将人民作为文化的表现主体。习近平总书记提出，“坚守人民立场，书写生生不息的人民史诗”。人民大众的真实情感和真实生活是文化生产的源泉，脱离人民，脱离生活，文化将失去繁荣发展的现实土壤。只有从人民的实践和生活中汲取营养，才能充分感受时代发展的脉搏，掌握时代精神的发展大势，才能创作出反映社会发展规律的伟大作品。三是将人民作为评价主体。习近平总书记提出，“把人民作为文艺审美的鉴赏家和评判者”。将人民作为文化鉴赏者，要求观照人民的生活、情感，深入理解人民的审美趣味和喜怒哀乐，生产出表达人民心声的作品；将人民作为文化评判者，要求改变仅将人民作为被动接受者的片面认知，把文化的评判权交给人民，让人民真正拥有影响文化生产和传播的话语权。四是将人民作为创作主体。习近平总书记提出，“文艺的一切创新，归根到底都直接或间接来源于人民”。只有尊重人民群众的主体地位和首创精神，为人民提供文化实践的舞台，使群众从被动接受者变为主动参与者和创作者，才能让全民族文化创造活力持续迸发，为文化繁荣发展提供深厚的社会基础。

2. Value Theory: Emphasizing the Value-Guiding Function of Culture

2.价值论：强调文化的价值引领功能

Marxism holds that the significance of cultural activity lies in the fact that it embodies the state of human freedom to the highest degree; it is the fundamental attribute that makes humans human, the species-life of humanity, and also the goal of the development of human society. The goal of developing socialist culture with Chinese characteristics is to promote the comprehensive development of the individual and the all-round progress of society. The enrichment and abundance of spiritual life is an important indicator for realizing the free and comprehensive development of the individual. This goal lays the value foundation for the “people-centered” cultural outlook.

马克思主义认为，文化活动的意义在于它在最高程度上集中体现了人的自由状态，是人之为人的根本属性，是人的类生活，也是人类社会发展的目标。中国特色社会主义文化发展的目标是促进人的全面发展与社会的全面进步，而精神生活的充实富足是实现人的自由全面发展的重要指针，这一目标奠定了“坚持以人民为中心”文化观的价值基础。

First, it emphasizes the value-guiding function of culture, insisting on the unity of “literature conveying the Way” (文以载道) and “transforming people through culture” (以文化人). [n] General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “‘The way of establishing literature lies only in words and meaning.’ Literature and art can become the clarion call of the times only if they are uplifting and good. Only by reaching the utmost good can one attain the utmost beauty.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association” (30 November 2016). The quotation “The way of establishing literature lies only in words and meaning” is from the *Wenxin Diaolong* (文心雕龙, *The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons*), a 6th-century Chinese treatise on literary theory by Liu Xie. The “Way” (道) conveyed by today’s “literature” (文) mainly refers to the mainstream ideology with core socialist values at its core. This includes the inheritance of the value pursuits inherent in the basic principles of Marxism, the development of the genes of fine traditional Chinese culture, and the absorption and reference of outstanding human value legacies. It embodies truth, thoughtfulness, and profundity, representing the moral demands universally recognized and aspired to by the whole society. Satisfying the people’s cultural needs through excellent cultural works, elevating their spiritual character, enriching their inner world, using culture to cultivate the foundation (以文培元), to establish the mind (以文立心), and to forge the soul (以文铸魂), and better constructing the Chinese spirit, Chinese values, and Chinese strength—this is the historical mission of cultural work.

首先，强调文化的价值引领功能，坚持“文以载道”与“以文化人”的统一。习近平总书记强调：“‘立文之道，惟字与义。’文艺只有向上向善才能成为时代的号角。止于至善，方能臻于至美。”今天的“文”所载之“道”，主要指以社会主义核心价值观为内核的主流意识形态，其中包括对马克思主义基本原理蕴含的价值追求的传承、对中华优秀传统文化基因的发展和对人类优秀价值遗产的吸收借鉴，体现真理性、思想性、深刻性，代表全社会普遍认可和向往的道德诉求。通过优秀的文化作品满足人民文化需求、提升人民精神品格、丰富人民内心世界，以文培元、以文立心、以文铸魂，更好构筑中国精神、中国价值、中国力量，是文化工作的历史使命。

Second, it attaches great importance to the social function of culture, promoting the unity of meeting the people’s cultural needs and strengthening the people’s spiritual strength. The rejuvenation of a nation requires both powerful material forces and powerful spiritual forces. The purpose of constructing socialist culture with Chinese characteristics is to serve the people, to nourish, cultivate, and guide people with all the spiritual wealth created by the Chinese nation. At the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art, Comrade Mao Zedong specifically discussed the relationship between “popularization” (普及) and “elevation” (提高), [n] taking “popularization” as the foundation of “elevation.” In 2013, at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly demanded: “Establish a people-centered work orientation, combine serving the masses with educating and guiding the masses, and combine meeting needs with improving literacy.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work” (19 August 2013). The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC required: “Promote the unity of meeting the people’s cultural needs and strengthening the people’s spiritual strength.” [10]10 “Proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035” (adopted 29 October 2020). The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed: “Adhere to a people-centered creative orientation and produce more excellent works that strengthen the people’s spiritual strength.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects” – Report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC (16 October 2022). Cultural works possess strong externalities and social functions; they can influence the spiritual direction, level of civilization, and construction of moral order of a nation. Regarding the people’s needs, one cannot be satisfied merely with catering to them; attention must also be paid to guidance and elevation. This requires us to seriously study the characteristics of the people’s cultural needs in the New Era, nourish the people’s inner world with excellent works that are profound in thought, fresh and simple in style, and vigorous and powerful, and enhance the people’s sense of cultural gain with high-quality cultural supply. Cultural development, in the final analysis, is for the development and happiness of people. Only by meeting the spiritual and cultural needs of each individual and allowing the people to fully enjoy the fruits of cultural development can a confident, self-reliant, uplifting, and enterprising spiritual state be formed throughout society.

其次，高度重视文化的社会功能，促进满足人民文化需求和增强人民精神力量相统一。一个民族的复兴需要强大的物质力量，也需要强大的精神力量。中国特色社会主义文化建设的目的是服务于人，是用中华民族创造的一切精神财富滋养人、培育人、引导人。在延安文艺座谈会上，毛泽东同志曾专门讨论了“普及”与“提高”的关系问题，将“普及”作为“提高”的基础。2013年，习近平总书记在全国宣传思想工作会议上明确要求，“要树立以人民为中心的工作导向，把服务群众同教育引导群众结合起来，把满足需求同提高素养结合起来”。党的十九届五中全会要求，“促进满足人民文化需求和增强人民精神力量相统一”。党的二十大报告提出，“坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，推出更多增强人民精神力量的优秀作品”。文化作品具有强烈的外部性和社会功能，能够影响一个民族的精神走向、文明程度和道德秩序的建构。对于人民的需求不能满足于迎合，更要注意引导和提升。这要求我们认真研究新时代人民群众文化需求特点，以思想深刻、清新质朴、刚健有力的优秀作品滋养人民的内心，以高质量文化供给增强人民的文化获得感。文化发展归根到底是为了人的发展和人的幸福，通过满足每一个人的精神文化需求，让人民充分享受文化发展的成果，才能在全社会形成自信自强、昂扬向上、积极奋进的精神状态。

Finally, in response to the dual attributes of cultural production, it puts forward the evaluation standard of “unifying the two benefits.” Cultural products possess both an ideological function and a commodity attribute. How should the relationship between the market and the position of the Party, between capital and orientation, be handled? How can the tendency toward vulgarization, lowbrow culture, and flattery in cultural development within a highly marketized environment be avoided? How can the people-centered requirement be truly implemented in an industrialized environment? General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward the principled requirement of “persisting in placing social效益 first and unifying social效益 and economic效益.” The proposal of the evaluation standard of “unifying the two benefits” provides an important guideline for cultural creation and production under current market economy conditions. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that “literature and art must not lose their direction in the tide of the market economy, nor deviate on the question of whom they serve.” This requires us to comprehensively understand the dialectical relationship between economic benefits and social benefits. On the one hand, social benefits must be realized through effective dissemination and the voluntary acceptance and recognition of the people; on the other hand, economic benefits alone cannot be taken as the standard for measuring the quality and level of cultural development. Rather, we must also see whether more cultural products that strengthen the people’s spiritual strength can be provided, placing greater emphasis on the value dimension, spiritual orientation, and humanistic connotation of cultural development. Advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics requires guiding people to establish ideals and convictions, to form a correct view of history, view of the nation, view of the state, and view of culture, to use the power of thought to unite hearts and forge souls, and to gather the strength of the entire Party and the people of the whole nation in unity and struggle.

最后，针对文化生产的双重属性，提出“双效统一”的评价标准。文化产品既具有意识形态功能，又具备商品属性。如何处理市场与阵地的关系、资本与导向的关系？如何避免文化发展在高度市场化环境中出现庸俗化、低俗化、媚俗化倾向？如何在产业化环境中真正落实以人民为中心的要求？习近平总书记提出了“坚持把社会效益放在首位、社会效益和经济效益相统一”的原则性要求。“双效统一”评价标准的提出，为当前市场经济条件下的文化创作和生产提供了重要遵循。习近平总书记强调，“文艺不能在市场经济大潮中迷失方向，不能在为什么人的问题上发生偏差”。这要求我们全面理解经济效益和社会效益的辩证关系。一方面，社会效益要通过有效传播以及人民的自愿接受和认同来实现；另一方面，不能仅将经济效益作为衡量文化发展质量和水平的标准，更要看能不能提供更多增强人民精神力量的文化产品，更加强调文化发展的价值维度、精神指向和人文内涵。推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业，需要引导人们树立理想信念，形成正确的历史观、民族观、国家观、文化观，用思想的伟力凝心铸魂，汇聚全党全国人民团结奋进的力量。

3. Methodology: Promoting Theoretical Innovation through Practical Innovation

3.方法论：以实践创新推动理论创新

Principled contribution is not merely epistemology at the theoretical level; it must also provide methodology at the practical level. Only by running the principle of “persisting in being people-centered” through cultural institutions, cultural policies, and cultural practices, and implementing it as a path and method for prospering and developing socialist culture in the New Era, can theoretical innovation be continuously promoted through the mutual reinforcement of theory and practice.

原理性贡献不只是理论层面的认识论，更要提供实践层面的方法论。只有将“坚持以人民为中心”的原则贯穿文化制度、文化政策和文化实践，落实为推动新时代繁荣发展社会主义文化的路径与方法，才能在理论和实践的相互促进中不断推动理论创新。

First, “taking root among the people and in life” is taken as the driving force of cultural creation. The genuine emotions and real life of the people are the source of cultural production. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that “there are a hundred, a thousand methods of literary and artistic creation, but the most fundamental, most crucial, and most reliable method is to take root among the people and in life.” Cultural production that loses the nourishment of real life and loses its concern for the people will lose the real soil for prosperous development. Art originates from life and rises above life. Only by drawing nourishment from the people’s practice and life, accumulating day by day, refining with care, and continuously sublimating, can one fully feel the pulse of the times’ development, grasp the general trend of the times’ spirit, and create great works that reflect the laws of social development.

首先，将“扎根人民、扎根生活”作为文化创作的动力。人民大众的真实情感和真实生活是文化生产的源泉。习近平总书记强调，“文艺创作方法有一百条、一千条，但最根本、最关键、最牢靠的办法是扎根人民、扎根生活”。文化生产失去了现实生活的滋养、失去了对人民的关怀，将失去繁荣发展的现实土壤。艺术源于生活、高于生活，只有从人民的实践和生活中汲取营养，日积月累、用心提炼、不断升华，才能充分感受时代发展的脉搏，掌握时代精神的发展大势，创作出反映社会发展规律的伟大作品。

Second, the people’s cultural rights are guaranteed, and meeting the people’s spiritual and cultural needs is taken as the starting point and落脚点 of cultural work. At present, the people’s spiritual and cultural needs exhibit the characteristics of the times: multiple levels and diverse forms. This requires us to provide targeted cultural products and services according to differentiated characteristics, forming a cultural product supply system with developed systems, rich levels, and precise matching. On the one hand, by improving the public cultural service system, establishing mechanisms for high-quality cultural resources to directly reach the grassroots level, improving mechanisms for social forces to participate in public cultural services, improving feedback and evaluation mechanisms, implementing cultural projects benefiting the people, and providing cultural products and services that match supply and demand. On the other hand, by improving the cultural industry system and market system, enhancing the endogenous momentum of the cultural market, creating a fair competitive market environment, and continuously meeting the people’s multi-level cultural needs. Whether it is the construction of the public cultural service system or the development of the cultural industry, the fundamental foothold is to meet the people’s cultural needs and realize the people’s cultural rights. Therefore, whether the people are satisfied must be taken as an important yardstick for measuring cultural work, truly achieving cultural development relying on the people, cultural development for the people, and cultural development achievements shared by the people.

其次，保障人民文化权利，把满足人民精神文化需求作为文化工作的出发点和落脚点。当前，人民精神文化需求呈现出多层次、多样态的时代特点，这要求我们根据差异化特征，有针对性地提供文化产品和服务，形成体系发达、层次丰富、精准对接的文化产品供给体系。一方面，通过完善公共文化服务体系，建立优质文化资源直达基层机制，健全社会力量参与公共文化服务机制，健全反馈评估机制，实施文化惠民工程，提供供需匹配的文化产品和服务。另一方面，通过健全文化产业体系和市场体系，增强文化市场内生动力，创造公平竞争的市场环境，不断满足人民多层次文化需求。无论是公共文化服务体系的构建还是文化产业的发展，其根本立足点是满足人民的文化需要，实现人民的文化权利。因此，要把人民是否满意作为衡量文化工作的重要尺度，真正做到文化发展依靠人民，文化发展为了人民，文化发展成果由人民共享。

Finally, cultural governance is advanced to stimulate the cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation. The vitality of culture lies in innovation and creation. Stimulating the wisdom and enthusiasm of the people to participate in cultural creation and enabling the fruits of cultural innovation to benefit the people is the driving force for building a socialist cultural power. First, by deepening the reform of the cultural system and mechanism, breaking down the barriers and obstacles that restrict cultural development, improving the cultural management system and operational mechanism, promoting academic democracy and artistic democracy, and providing institutional guarantees for cultural innovation. Second, by conforming to the development trend of informatization and actively cultivating new forms of cultural business. At present, new cultural organizations and new cultural groups are flourishing, fully demonstrating the enormous energy for cultural creation latent in the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Among these people, it is very possible that literary and artistic masters will emerge. Many literary and artistic masters, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, have emerged from society and the people.” To this end, platforms should be built for them, their legitimate rights and interests should be protected, industry management and industry self-discipline should be strengthened, and the standardized and healthy development of new cultural forms should be promoted. Third, by adhering to the people-centered creative orientation, insisting on combining the production of results with the cultivation of talent, and linking the work on works with the work on the environment, cultivating a policy environment conducive to the formation of high-quality cultural products and services, and building a cultural ecosystem of diversified input, collaborative co-governance, and mutual empowerment.

最后，推进文化治理，激发全民族文化创新创造活力。文化的生命力在于创新创造。激发人民参与文化创造的智慧和热情，使文化创新成果惠及人民，是社会主义文化强国建设的动力源泉。一是通过深化文化体制机制改革，打破制约文化发展的壁垒和障碍，完善文化管理体制和经营机制，发扬学术民主、艺术民主，为文化创新提供制度保障。二是顺应信息化发展趋势，积极培育文化新业态。当前，新文艺组织和新文艺群体蓬勃兴起，充分彰显了人民中蕴藏着文化创造的巨大能量。习近平总书记指出：“这些人中很有可能产生文艺名家，古今中外很多文艺名家都是从社会和人民中产生的。”为此，应当为他们搭建平台，维护其合法权益，加强行业管理和行业自律，推动新文化业态规范健康发展。三是坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，坚持出成果和出人才相结合、抓作品和抓环境相贯通，培育有利于形成优质文化产品和服务的政策环境，构建多元投入、协同共治、相互赋能的文化生态系统。

(Author: Li Yuanyuan, Researcher at the Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC [National Academy of Governance]; Deputy Director and Professor of the Department of Literature, History and Philosophy)

（作者：李媛媛，系中央党校〔国家行政学院〕习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员，文史教研部副主任、教授）

Online Editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧