Research and Commentary on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Central Asian Countries

As a region with a long tradition of Sinological studies, a distinctive school of China studies, and a wealth of accumulated research results, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and the Central Asian countries have consistently attached importance to tracking, studying, and elucidating the CPC’s theoretical innovations and its experience in governing the country. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [1]1 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership., under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China’s socialist construction has achieved comprehensive and pioneering historical accomplishments. At the same time, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era possesses a rich global dimension, containing deep reflections on the logic of development and the logic of governance, and expanding the pathways for developing countries to achieve modernization. Therefore, conducting in-depth and systematic research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, exploring the driving forces of China’s development, and drawing on China’s experience in governing the country is not only an inevitable choice for Russia and other countries, which have long struggled to find a way forward for national development after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but also a practical need for them to escape diplomatic difficulties and expand their international living space against the backdrop of the accelerating changes unseen in a century.

作为有着悠久汉学研究传统并形成了独具特色的中国研究学派、积累了丰硕研究成果的地区，俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、乌克兰及中亚各国一贯重视对中国共产党理论创新及治国理政经验的跟踪、研究及阐发。党的十八大以来，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指引下，中国社会主义建设取得全方位、开创性的历史成就。与此同时，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想具有丰富的世界向度，蕴含着对发展逻辑和治理逻辑的深入思考，拓展了发展中国家走向现代化的路径。因此，深入系统研究习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想、探究中国发展动力、借鉴中国治国理政经验，既是俄罗斯等国在苏联解体后苦于探寻国家发展之路而久未见曙光的必然选择，也是其在世界百年未有之大变局加速演进背景下摆脱外交困境、拓展国际生存空间的现实需求。

I. Overview of Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and Other Countries

一、俄罗斯等国习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究概况

Overall, research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and other countries is a continuation of their studies on socialism with Chinese characteristics and the “China path.” In recent years, it has exhibited characteristics such as diversification of research subjects, diversification of research themes, interdisciplinary research methods, and interlinking of research topics.

总体而言，俄罗斯等国有关习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的研究是其对中国特色社会主义、“中国道路”等问题研究的延续，近年来呈现出研究主体多元化、研究主题多样化、研究方法跨学科化、研究议题关联化等特点。

Diversification of Research Subjects

研究主体多元化

Traditional comprehensive universities, academic institutions, and their affiliated China research centers—such as the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Asian and African Studies at Moscow State University, the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Faculty of Oriental Studies at St. Petersburg State University—have long been the leading forces in China studies. However, in recent years, with the continuous improvement of China’s comprehensive national power and international influence, especially after the convening of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [2]2 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022, which formally established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guiding ideology of the Party., driven by the practical need to broaden research fields, deepen research efforts, and provide more precise policy services, Russia and other countries have relied on their existing China studies institutions to launch systematic research on China’s politics, economy, society, and foreign policy. This has been done by establishing new research centers, creating new specialized publications, convening annual or thematic academic conferences, and planning short-term and long-term major projects. The research subjects have thus become diversified. Newly established research centers and think tanks include the “Contemporary Chinese Ideology” Laboratory under the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Contemporary China Research Center of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kazakhstan China Studies Center, the Overseas Research Center for Chinese-Path Modernization, the Kyrgyzstan China Issues Analysis Center, and the “Coordinating Council for China, East Asian, and Southeast Asian Countries” established under the initiative of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Higher School of Economics, and the Russian Academy of Sciences. In addition to academic institutions and research think tanks, communist parties and left-wing organizations in the region also constitute an important research subject for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. These organizations articulate their views and understandings of China’s socialist development path, achievements, and experience from a positive and affirmative standpoint by publishing relevant articles in party newspapers and periodicals, having leaders publish signed articles, give interviews to news media, and deliver speeches in public settings.

传统的综合性大学、学术机构及其下设的中国研究中心，如俄罗斯科学院中国与现代亚洲研究所、莫斯科国立大学亚非学院、俄罗斯科学院世界经济与国际关系研究所、圣彼得堡国立大学东方系一直是研究中国问题的主导力量，但近年来随着中国综合国力和国际影响力的不断提升，尤其是中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会召开以后，出于拓宽研究领域、深化研究力度以及更精准提供政策服务的现实需要，俄罗斯等国依托原有的中国问题研究机构，通过开设新的研究中心、设立新的专有刊物、召开年度或主题学术会议、规划短期及长期重大课题等方式展开了对中国政治、经济、社会与外交政策的系统研究，研究主体呈现多元化特征。新成立的研究中心及智库包括俄罗斯科学院中国与现代亚洲研究所下设的“当代中国意识形态”实验室、俄罗斯科学院东方研究所当代中国研究中心、哈萨克斯坦中国研究中心、中国式现代化海外研究中心、吉尔吉斯斯坦中国问题分析中心以及在俄罗斯联邦外交部莫斯科国立国际关系学院、高等经济学院和俄罗斯科学院倡议下成立的“中国、东亚与东南亚国家协调委员会”等。除学术机构及研究智库外，该地区的共产党、左翼组织亦构成习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要研究主体。这些组织通过在党报刊发相关文章，领导人发表署名文章、接受新闻媒体采访、公开场合进行演讲等方式，以积极正面的立场阐明了对中国社会主义发展道路、成就及经验的观点与认知。

Diversification of Research Themes

研究主题多样化

Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and other countries encompasses multiple dimensions, including politics, economy, society, foreign affairs, military affairs, history, ideology, culture, and civilization. Research themes are becoming increasingly diversified and specific. At the macro level, there is both tracking and exposition of the generative logic, historical context, and developmental evolution of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, as well as analysis and summary of its specific concepts, main content, and distinctive features. At the micro level, research is continuously deepening and keeping pace on topics such as the experience and inspiration of the CPC’s century-long struggle, the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics and its relationship with world socialism, the Two Integrations [3]3 The Two Integrations refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with China’s excellent traditional culture. and the new realm of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, the role of Chinese-path modernization in promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, whole-process people’s democracy and the political construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, the role of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind in promoting the building of a new type of international relations, and the Belt and Road Initiative and the establishment of new mechanisms for international cooperation.

俄罗斯等国对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的研究涉及政治、经济、社会、外交、军事、历史、意识形态、文化与文明多个维度，研究主题日益多样化具体化。宏观层面，既有对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的生发逻辑、时代背景、发展演进的跟踪与阐述，也有对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的具体概念、主要内容、鲜明特征的分析与总结。微观层面，有关中国共产党百年奋斗经验与启示、中国特色社会主义的本质及其与世界社会主义的关系、“两个结合”与马克思主义中国化时代化新境界、中国式现代化对实现中华民族伟大复兴的推进作用、全过程人民民主与新时代中国特色社会主义的政治建设、人类命运共同体理念对推动构建新型国际关系的作用、“一带一路”倡议与新型国际合作机制的建立等问题的研究不断深入跟进。

Interlinking of Research Topics

研究议题关联化

In terms of research methods, political science, economics, history, and sociology are comprehensively applied, combined with methods such as documentary research, statistical analysis, and historical narrative. The various topics exhibit characteristics of mutual interconnection and overlap. Taking research on the Belt and Road Initiative as an example, a review of reports and studies on the Belt and Road Initiative by media and academia in Russia and other countries over the past decade reveals a very broad and diversified perspective. Several mature research fields have formed, including area and country studies, international relations studies, and frontier issues studies. These studies not only focus on the Belt and Road Initiative’s impact on various aspects of Russia and other countries but also delve into the latest developments and progress of the initiative within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative with participating countries. Research topics involve infrastructure, finance, investment mechanisms, energy cooperation, economic globalization, global governance, regional integration, the Eurasian continent, Sino-US competition, ecological security, national soft power, cooperation models, strategic positioning, implementation capacity, institutional construction, resource capacity, exchange platforms, development models and concepts, etc. The theoretical depth of the research is continuously improving, the interconnections between topics are becoming closer, and the interpretation of the initiative is increasingly comprehensive.

在研究方法上综合运用政治学、经济学、历史学、社会学，并结合了文献研究方法、统计分析方法、历史叙述方法等，各个议题之间呈现出相互关联交错的特点。以对“一带一路”倡议的研究为例，纵观十余年来俄罗斯等国媒体、学术界对“一带一路”的报道与研究，可以发现其视角十分广阔和多元化，并形成了区域与国别研究、国际关系研究、前沿问题研究等几个成熟的研究领域，不仅关注“一带一路”对俄罗斯等国各方面影响，还深入研究其与参与国在“一带一路”框架内的最新发展动态与倡议的进展；研究议题涉及基础设施、金融、投资机制、能源合作、经济全球化、全球治理、区域一体化、欧亚大陆、中美博弈、生态安全、国家软实力、合作模式、战略定位、实施能力、制度建设、资源能力、交流平台、发展模式与理念等，研究的理论深度不断提升、议题之间的关联性越加紧密，对倡议的解读日益全面。

II. Overall Perception of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and Other Countries

二、俄罗斯等国对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的整体认知

The connotation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is extremely rich. Russia and other countries have systematically reviewed its theoretical attributes, distinctive features, and practical effects from an overall perspective. They believe that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the latest theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and that its conceptual system has the distinctive feature of continuous development and keeping pace with the times; Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era provides theoretical guidance for China’s practices in various fields at the current stage and promotes the forward movement of the world socialist movement.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想内涵十分丰富，俄罗斯等国从整体上对其理论属性、鲜明特征、实践效果进行了梳理，认为习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是马克思主义中国化时代化的最新理论成果，其概念体系具有不断发展、与时俱进的鲜明特征；习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为现阶段中国各领域实践提供理论指南，并推动世界社会主义运动向前发展。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the Latest Theoretical Achievement of Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context and the Needs of the Times

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是马克思主义中国化时代化的最新理论成果

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Chinese Communists have responded to the demands of the times, integrated new realities, and deepened their understanding of the laws governing the Communist Party’s governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human societal development from a new perspective, opening up a new realm of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Alexander Lukin, Chief Researcher at the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that the theoretical exposition of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is both an inheritance of historical traditions and an important theoretical innovation, citing examples such as the thought on the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the thought on the integration of Marxism with China’s excellent traditional culture, and the thought on a new form of human civilization. Dmitry Novikov, Deputy Chairman of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, pointed out that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is an important innovation in the development of Marxist theory, a major achievement in deepening the understanding of the laws of socialist development, and the key to understanding the essence of world processes and explaining China’s rapid development. The Communist Party of Belarus reviewed the CPC’s century-long development history, emphasizing that since its founding, the CPC has steadfastly adhered to its ideals and convictions and continuously engaged in theoretical innovation. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era clearly sets forth the tasks of socialist modernization, is committed to resolving the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, is the latest achievement in the development of Marxism, and is an important component of the world socialist theoretical system.

党的十八大以来，中国共产党人顺应时代要求，结合新的实际，以全新的视野深化了对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识，开辟了马克思主义中国化时代化新境界。俄罗斯科学院中国与现代亚洲研究所首席研究员亚·卢金认为，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想对马克思主义中国化时代化的理论阐释，既是对历史传统的继承，也作出了重要的理论创新，例如有关中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦思想，有关马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化相结合的思想，以及有关人类文明新形态的思想。俄罗斯共产党副主席德米特里·诺维科夫指出，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是对马克思主义理论发展的重要创新，是深化认识社会主义发展规律的重大成果，是理解世界进程本质、解释中国迅速发展的关键。白俄罗斯共产党回顾了中国共产党的百年发展历程，强调中国共产党自成立以来，始终坚守理想信念，不断进行理论创新，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想明确提出了社会主义现代化的任务，致力于消除人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分发展之间的矛盾，是马克思主义发展的最新成果，是世界社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Possesses the Distinctive Feature of Being Developmental, Open, and Keeping Pace with the Times

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想具有发展开放、与时俱进的鲜明特征

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a theoretical system that is constantly developing and open. It continues to develop, continuously enriches itself, and becomes more complete as the great cause of building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation comprehensively expands. Novikov pointed out that in the new era, the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics is not merely a slogan and a beautiful declaration, but a profound and detailed ideological system. For example, in the fields of national construction and Party building, it proposes building a socialist country governed according to law; in the field of national defense, it emphasizes consolidating the Party’s leadership over the military and realizing the modernization of the people’s armed forces; in diplomacy and international relations, it proposes establishing a new type of international relations and a community with a shared future for mankind. Vladimir Nezhdanov, an expert at the Institute of Modern International Studies of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, believes that the content of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is constantly being enriched by new concepts concerning Party and state construction, forming a continuously developing conceptual system with its own internal logic.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是不断发展开放的理论体系，随着强国建设、民族复兴伟业的全面拓展而持续发展、不断丰富、更加完善。诺维科夫指出，在新的时代，中国特色社会主义的建设不仅仅是一句口号和美丽的宣言，而是一个深刻的、详尽的思想体系。例如，在国家建设和党建领域提出要建设社会主义法治国家；在国防领域，强调巩固党对军队的领导权和实现人民军队现代化；在外交和国际关系方面，提出建立新型国际关系和人类命运共同体。俄罗斯联邦外交部外交学院现代国际研究所专家弗拉基米尔·涅日丹诺夫认为，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的内容不断被新的有关党和国家建设的概念所充实，是一个不断发展的概念体系，且具有自己的内在逻辑。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Provides Theoretical Guidance for Practice in All Fields of China at the Current Stage

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为现阶段中国各领域实践提供理论指南

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is rooted in the great practice of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. It adheres to the unity of theoretical guidance and practical exploration, demonstrating immense truth-power in guiding and promoting practice. Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, pointed out that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era provides a complete set of methodologies for China’s magnificent socialist construction. It is not confined to a single field but touches upon all aspects of social life—politics, economy, society, culture, and ecology. Nezhdanov believes that in today’s China, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, as the latest theoretical achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, plays a key role in the formation of China’s domestic and foreign policies and serves as theoretical guidance in the decision-making process of the Communist Party of China. Kirill Babaev, Director of the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences and head of the Contemporary Chinese Ideology Laboratory, emphasized that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is being implemented very effectively in today’s China, exerting a significant impact on the development of China’s economy, politics, and all social fields.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想根植于新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的伟大实践，坚持理论指导和实践探索相统一，在指导实践、推动实践中展现出巨大的真理力量。俄共主席根纳季·久加诺夫指出，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为中国波澜壮阔的社会主义建设提供了一整套方法论，它不囿于某一领域，而是触碰到社会生活的方方面面——政治、经济、社会、文化和生态。涅日丹诺夫认为，在今天的中国，作为马克思主义中国化时代化最新理论成果的习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，在中国内外政策的形成中起着关键作用，在中国共产党的决策过程中发挥着理论指导作用。俄罗斯科学院中国与现代亚洲研究所所长、当代中国意识形态实验室负责人基里尔·巴巴耶夫强调，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在当今中国得到非常有效的贯彻实施，对中国经济、政治以及社会各领域的发展产生重大影响。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Promotes the Forward Development of the World Socialist Movement

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想推动世界社会主义运动向前发展

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era crystallizes the valuable experience of the Communist Party of China in understanding and transforming the world. It has made original contributions to the development of Marxism and world contributions to the advancement of human civilization. Petro Symonenko, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, pointed out that communists and progressive forces in Ukraine attach great importance to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, believing that its value and significance lie not only in arming the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people with concrete, scientifically demonstrated action programs, but also in opening up broad prospects for the world socialist movement. In the context of the failure of the socialist cause in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has sparked worldwide heated discussions on the fate, path, and possibility of victory for socialism. The vitality of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has already been proven by the practice of China’s socialist construction, demonstrating to the world that only by replacing the capitalist system, which has exhausted its positive potential, with a socialist system can the acute problems faced by humanity in the New Era be resolved. Sokol, former First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus, emphasized that for the world socialist movement and the workers’ movement, the issue of developing Marxism-Leninism under modern conditions is more important than ever. In this regard, the Communist Party of China’s immense contribution to advancing Marxist theory and practice forward is unparalleled. The experience of the Communist Party of China and the success of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics provide reliable support for workers’ parties and left-wing forces in various countries to play an increasingly important role. Communist parties and left-wing parties in various countries face the arduous task of transforming society based on the principles of justice, equality, peace, and cooperation, and the Communist Party of China has undoubtedly become a beacon and a powerful supporting force in this movement.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝结着中国共产党认识世界、改造世界的宝贵经验，为发展马克思主义作出了原创性贡献，为推动人类文明进步事业作出了世界性贡献。乌克兰共产党中央第一书记彼得·西蒙年科指出，乌克兰的共产党人和进步力量对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想非常重视，认为其价值和意义不仅在于用具体的、经过科学论证的行动纲领武装了中国共产党和中国人民，还在于其为世界社会主义运动开辟了广阔前景。在苏联和东欧社会主义事业遭受失败的情况下，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想引起了世界范围内对社会主义命运、道路及其胜利可能性的热烈探讨。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的生命力已经由中国社会主义建设实践所证明，并向全世界表明，只有用社会主义制度替代已经耗尽其积极潜力的资本主义制度，人类在新时代所面临的尖锐问题才能得到解决。白共中央原第一书记索科尔强调，对于世界社会主义运动和工人运动来说，马克思列宁主义在现代条件下的发展问题比以往任何时候都更加重要。在这方面，中国共产党对推进马克思主义理论和实践向前发展的巨大贡献是无与伦比的。中国共产党的经验，中国特色社会主义道路的成功，为各国工人政党和左翼力量发挥越来越重要的作用提供了可靠支持。各国共产党和左翼政党面临着在正义、平等、和平与合作的原则上改造社会的艰巨任务，而中国共产党无疑成为这场运动中的一盏明灯和强大的支持力量。

III. Issues of Concern in Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and Other Countries

三、俄罗斯等国习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究之问题关切

Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and other countries focuses on the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics, adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, Chinese-path modernization, and a community with a shared future for mankind, generally forming a research landscape with diverse perspectives and comprehensive content.

俄罗斯等国对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的研究聚焦于中国共产党、中国特色社会主义、马克思主义中国化时代化、中国式现代化、人类命运共同体等内容，总体上构成了视角多元、内容全面的研究格局。

The Centenary Experience and Lessons of the Communist Party of China

中国共产党百年奋斗经验与启示

The Communist Party of China is the leading core of China’s socialist cause. In 2021, on the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, a wave of research on the centenary development process of the Communist Party of China emerged in the region, represented by communist parties and left-wing scholars. Researchers highly appraised the great significance of the founding and development of the Communist Party of China for changing the destiny of the Chinese people and the trends and patterns of world development. Zyuganov pointed out that the Communist Party of China is a party armed with advanced theory, always adhering to Marxism and loyal to revolutionary ideals; the history of the Communist Party of China is a history of leading the Chinese people in continuous struggle, leading the people to respond to all challenges of the times and advancing along the correct path of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era. Sokol believes that the Communist Party of China, with the goal of achieving the well-being of the people, effectively ensures the country’s progress along the path of development and progress, and provides humanity with effective ways to solve global development problems.

中国共产党是中国社会主义事业的领导核心。2021年中国共产党建党一百周年之际，该地区以共产党和左翼学者为代表，掀起有关中国共产党百年发展历程的研究热潮。研究者高度评价中国共产党的成立与发展对于改变中国人民前途命运、世界发展趋势格局的重大意义。久加诺夫指出，中国共产党是用先进理论武装起来的政党，始终坚持马克思主义并忠于革命理想；中国共产党的历史是引领中国人民不断奋斗的历史，领导人民回应所有的时代挑战，并沿着中国特色社会主义的正确道路迈进新 时代。索科尔认为，中国共产党以实现人民福祉为奋斗目标，有效确保国家沿着发展和进步的道路前行，并为人类提供了解决全球发展问题的有效途径。

Communists and left-wing figures mainly attribute the important experiences of the Communist Party of China’s centenary struggle to two major factors: first, always adhering to Marxism, always developing Marxism in step with the times, and creatively integrating Marxism with China’s actual conditions; second, always adhering to “putting the people first” and being “people-centered,” placing the interests of the masses at the forefront. Anatoly Tozik, former Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus and Director of the Confucius Institute for Sinology at Belarusian State University, believes that the Communist Party of China not only relies on Marxism to seek the path of truth but also utilizes thousands of years of national governance experience and traditional philosophy to closely unite the people in building the country together. Vasily Soldatenko, a member of the Communist Party of Ukraine and corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pointed out that the Communist Party of China has organically combined Marxism with national interests, successfully exploring the most advanced model of social development, which to a certain extent reflects the universal laws of social development and progress. Zyuganov pointed out that the main reason the Communist Party of China has always enjoyed high prestige is its consistent people-centered approach, its constant close ties with the masses, its continuous satisfaction of the various needs of the people, its encouragement of the comprehensive development of individuals, and its support for development for the people and by the people. As a result, China has avoided the problems plaguing major countries in the world, completely eradicated extreme poverty, and successfully achieved the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects on the centenary of the Party’s founding.

共产党人和左翼人士把中国共产党百年奋斗的重要经验主要归结为两大因素：一是始终坚持马克思主义，始终与时俱进地发展马克思主义，并创造性地把马克思主义与中国实际相结合；二是始终坚持“人民至上”“以人民为中心”,把人民群众的利益置于首位。白俄罗斯前副总理、白俄罗斯国立大学汉学孔子学院院长阿纳托利·托济克认为，中国共产党不仅依靠马克思主义探寻真理之路，还利用几千年的国家治理经验和传统哲学，把民众紧紧团结在一起共同建设国家。乌共党员、乌克兰科学院通讯院士瓦西里·索尔达坚科指出，中国共产党把马克思主义与国家利益有机结合起来，成功探索出最先进的社会发展模式，在一定程度上反映了社会发展与进步的普遍规律性。久加诺夫指出，中国共产党始终享有高度威望的主要原因在于其始终以人民为中心，始终密切联系群众，不断满足人民群众的各项需求，鼓励实现人的全面发展，支持发展为了人民，发展依靠人民，中国也因此避开了困扰世界主要国家的那些问题，彻底消除极端贫困并在建党100周年之际成功实现了全面建成小康社会的目标。

The Essence of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Its Development Achievements

中国特色社会主义的本质及其发展成就

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental achievement obtained by the Party and the people through long-term practical exploration, after enduring countless hardships and paying a tremendous price. It is the only way to achieve great victories in revolution, construction, and reform, and to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. For a period, there were considerable differences in the understanding and evaluation of socialism with Chinese characteristics among scholars in Russia and other countries, with some scholars holding an ambiguous attitude. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era. An increasing number of scholars began to study and think about contemporary China from the perspective of the development of Marxism and world socialism. They engaged in in-depth reflection on issues such as the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the relationship between socialism with Chinese characteristics and the Chinese miracle. Representative scholars include Professor V. Shevchenko of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and renowned economist S. Glazyev, and Professor A. Vinogradov of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. They believe that the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, and that China is building a genuine socialist state.

中国特色社会主义是党和人民在长期的实践探索中，历尽千辛万苦、付出巨大代价取得的根本成就，是取得革命、建设、改革伟大胜利，实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路。一段时期内，俄罗斯等国的学者对中国特色社会主义的认识与评价存在相当大的分歧，一部分学者的态度模棱两可。党的十八大后，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，越来越多的学者开始从马克思主义与世界社会主义发展的视角来思考和研究当代中国，对中国特色社会主义的本质、中国特色社会主义与中国奇迹之间的关系等议题展开深入思考，其中以俄罗斯科学院哲学研究所教授弗·舍甫琴科,俄罗斯科学院院士、著名经济学家谢·格拉济耶夫,俄罗斯科学院东方研究所教授安·维诺格拉多夫等学者为代表。他们认为，中国特色社会主义的本质是社会主义，中国正在建设真正的社会主义国家。

Shevchenko focuses on the role of socialism with Chinese characteristics in combining the basic principles of Marxism with the strategic goals of a socialist state. He argues that socialism with Chinese characteristics effectively integrates the strategic goal of realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with the basic principles of Marxism, and that there is every reason to regard socialism with Chinese characteristics as scientific socialism for the 21st century. In his monograph *The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons for Russia and the World*, Glazyev systematically reviews the changes in China's economic system since reform and opening up and the major achievements obtained. He makes the judgment that socialism with Chinese characteristics has created the Chinese miracle. He points out that China put forward the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics at the beginning of reform and opening up, and that this theory, after continuous development, became the prerequisite for China's economic miracle. China has successfully established an effective economic management system, setting an example for other late-developing countries and serving as a leader in promoting the formation of a new world economic order. From the perspective of the development of human civilization, Vinogradov believes that socialism with Chinese characteristics can not only successfully solve internal development problems and fully respond to external challenges, but has also pioneered a new path of social development with worldwide significance, creating an entirely new form of human civilization.

舍甫琴科重点关注了中国特色社会主义在把马克思主义基本原理与社会主义国家战略目标相结合方面的作用，认为中国特色社会主义把实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦这一战略目标与马克思主义基本原理有效结合在一起，完全有理由把中国特色社会主义视为21世纪的科学社会主义。格拉济耶夫在其专著《中国经济奇迹：对俄罗斯及世界的启示》中系统梳理了改革开放以来中国经济制度的变迁及取得的重大成就，并作出中国特色社会主义造就中国奇迹的论断。他指出，中国在改革开放之初就提出了中国特色社会主义理论，该理论经过不断发展，成为中国取得经济奇迹的先决条件。中国成功建立了一套有效的经济管理体制，为其他后发国家树立了榜样，是促进新的世界经济秩序形成的领导者。维诺格拉多夫从人类文明发展的视角出发，认为中国特色社会主义不仅能够成功解决内部发展问题、充分应对外部挑战，而且还开创了具有世界意义的新的社会发展道路，创造了一种全新的人类文明形态。

A New Realm of Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context and the Needs of the Times

马克思主义中国化时代化新境界

Whether Marxism can play a role in practice depends on whether the basic principles of Marxism can be combined with China's actual conditions and the characteristics of the times. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, as socialism with Chinese characteristics has continuously achieved world-renowned accomplishments, Russia and other countries have increasingly paid attention to viewing China's issues from the perspective of the development and innovation of Marxism. A number of research results have emerged that deeply study the historical process and great significance of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. For example, Vinogradov points out that the Communist Party of China has always adhered to Marxism throughout its century-long development and has continuously developed Marxism in practice. When humanity entered the 21st century, the world underwent drastic changes. The Communist Party of China kept pace with the times, closely monitored the transformation of the world pattern, and used the basic principles of Marxism to scientifically explain all major changes occurring at home and abroad. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a major theoretical achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, effectively solving the problems facing China. It is precisely the Communist Party of China's ideological progress with the times that has led China and the Chinese people to the forefront of world historical development.

马克思主义能否在实践中发挥作用，关键在于能否把马克思主义基本原理同中国实际和时代特征结合起来。党的十八大以来，随着中国特色社会主义不断取得举世瞩目的成就，俄罗斯等国愈来愈重视从马克思主义发展与创新的视角看待中国问题，涌现出一批深入研究马克思主义中国化时代化历史进程及重大意义的成果。例如，维诺格拉多夫指出，中国共产党在百年发展历程中始终坚持马克思主义，并在实践中不断发展马克思主义。当人类进入21世纪时，世界发生了剧烈变化，中国共产党与时俱进，密切关注世界格局的转变，运用马克思主义基本原理科学阐释国内外发生的一切重大变化。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是马克思主义中国化时代化的重大理论成果，切实解决了中国面临的问题。正是中国共产党在意识形态上的与时俱进，带领中国和中国人民走在了世界历史发展的最前沿。

The fundamental path to advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is to persist in combining the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Before the convening of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, academic circles in Russia and other countries had already noticed the use of traditional Chinese philosophical concepts as examples and explanatory tools in important documents. With the 20th National Congress of the CPC explicitly proposing the "Second Integration," the combination of Marxism with excellent traditional Chinese culture became one of the hot topics in Chinese studies in Russia and other countries. At the academic seminar "'The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China' " held in Moscow in 2022, Vinogradov pointed out that the new development of the Communist Party of China's theory is mainly reflected in the increasingly widespread use of traditional Chinese philosophical concepts. This is an innovative development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in practice. The development of Marxism in China has transcended the boundaries of Sinicization, and the strengthening of the role of excellent traditional Chinese culture has consolidated its position as the "root vein" [6]6 "Root vein" (根脉) is a metaphor used in official CPC discourse to indicate that excellent traditional Chinese culture is the foundational source (root) and continuous lineage (vein) for the theoretical innovation of the Communist Party of China. of the theoretical innovation and development of the Communist Party of China. Goncharov, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pointed out that the ancient Chinese philosophical thought cited by Xi Jinping in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC is a model of applying excellent traditional Chinese culture to modern national governance. Balichinova of Buryat State University in Russia focused on exploring the ideological basis for the combination of Marxism and excellent traditional Chinese culture. She believes that, in epistemology, both Marxism and Confucianism emphasize the unity of knowledge and action. Confucianism emphasizes education and the acquisition of knowledge and skills, with the purpose of learning being to guide one's own behavior, while practice is the foundation of Marxist philosophy; without the viewpoint of practice, it is impossible to truly grasp the essence of Marxist philosophy. In judging the laws of the development of human society, both Marxism and Confucianism have put forward new concepts about the future social order, rejecting "metaphysics." In methodology, another common foundation of Marxism and Confucianism is dialectical materialism, such as the Confucian emphasis on the unity of opposites within things. In socio-political thought, both emphasize social solidarity and the spirit of collectivism.

推进马克思主义中国化时代化，根本途径就是坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合。在党的二十大召开之前，俄罗斯等国的学界已经注意到中国传统哲学概念作为例证、阐释工具在重要文件中的运用。随着党的二十大明确提出“第二个结合”,马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化相结合成为俄罗斯等国中国学研究的热点议题之一。维诺格拉多夫在2022年于莫斯科召开的“‘中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会’学术研讨会”上指出，中国共产党理论的新发展主要体现在中国传统哲学概念日益广泛的运用上，这是中国特色社会主义在实践中的创新发展，马克思主义在中国的发展超越了中国化的界限，而中华优秀传统文化作用的强化，巩固了其作为中国共产党理论创新发展“根脉”的地位。俄罗斯科学院东方研究所首席研究员冈察洛夫则指出，习近平在中共二十大报告中援引的中国古代哲学思想，是把中华优秀传统文化应用于现代国家治理的典范。俄罗斯布里亚特国立大学的巴利奇诺娃则重点探究了马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化相结合的思想基础。她认为，在认识论方面，马克思主义和儒家思想都强调知行合一，儒家思想注重教育和知识、技能的获得，学习的目的是指导自己的行为，而实践是马克思主义哲学的基础，没有实践的观点，就不可能真正把握马克思主义哲学的精髓；在对人类社会发展规律的判断上，马克思主义和儒家思想都提出了关于未来社会秩序的新观念，拒绝“形而上学”;在方法论上，马克思主义和儒家思想的另一个共同基础是唯物辩证法，如儒家思想强调事物内部的对立统一；在社会政治思想方面，二者都强调社会团结和集体主义精神。

The Reasons for the Major Achievements of Chinese-Path Modernization and Its World Significance

中国式现代化取得重大成就的原因及世界意义

Issues such as Chinese-path modernization and the Chinese path were already among the hot topics in Chinese studies in Russia and other countries before the convening of the 20th National Congress of the CPC. Concepts and terms such as "Chinese path," "Chinese model," and "Chinese miracle" were commonly used, with a focus on exploring the reasons for the success of the Chinese path in comparison with the Western path. After the 20th National Congress of the CPC, based on published literature, it can be seen that the research focus has shifted from comparing Chinese-path modernization with the Western capitalist development path to studying the connotation and characteristics of Chinese-path modernization and the feasibility of other developing countries learning from this modernization model.

中国式现代化、中国道路等问题在党的二十大召开之前已经是俄罗斯等国中国学研究的热点问题之一，并普遍使用“中国道路”“中国模式”“中国奇迹”等概念和术语，侧重于在与西方道路的对比中探究中国道路成功的原因。党的二十大后，根据已发表文献，可以看出研究重点从中国式现代化与西方资本主义发展道路的对比转向中国式现代化的内涵、特征以及其他发展中国家借鉴这一现代化模式的可行性研究。

Scholars and political figures from Russia and other countries have explained the great achievements of Chinese-path modernization and their causes from several aspects: leadership forces, the socialist system, scientific and technological progress, the role of traditional culture, and the implementation of the reform and opening up policy. In 2024, the Kazakhstan China Research Center, celebrating the 75th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, released data on China’s development and modernization achievements across various fields over the past 75 years, covering the results of reform and opening up, industrial development achievements, and social progress. Former Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov, in his article “Factors of China’s Success,” listed the reasons for China’s astonishing achievements over several decades under conditions of global economic crises, sharp oil price increases, and rampant epidemics: first, the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China in national development and social construction; second, China’s rapid establishment of an independent industrial base through the introduction of advanced technology, thereby laying its own scientific and technological foundation; third, after solving industrial and technological problems, China began to accelerate the development of its domestic market on the basis of improving citizens’ welfare, with the steady expansion of the domestic market and the construction of modern infrastructure becoming the locomotive of the entire economic development. Alexander Shevchenko of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Far Eastern Federal University of Russia believes that if previously Russian scholars attributed the success of Chinese-path modernization to factors such as demographic dividends, cheap labor, a favorable external environment, and China’s economic scale—factors they considered unreplicable by other developing countries—today Russian scholars focus more on factors such as institutions and mechanisms. They argue that the success of Chinese-path modernization is mainly due to, politically, the CPC’s well-established collective leadership mechanism and developed consultative system; economically, the socialist market economy system and consistent opening-up policy; and methodologically, the scientific nature of decision-making, large-scale reforms introduced in stages after repeated experimentation, continuous improvement in all social fields including law-based governance, the selection of talent through extensive quantitative indicators, and a unique mobilization mechanism, among others.

对于中国式现代化取得的巨大成就及其原因，俄罗斯等国学者及政界人士从领导力量、社会主义制度、科技进步、传统文化作用、改革开放政策的实施等几个方面进行了阐释。2024年，哈萨克斯坦中国研究中心在庆祝中华人民共和国成立75周年时，从改革开放成果、工业发展成就、社会进步表现几个方面发布了75年来中国在各领域的发展数据与现代化成就。乌 克兰前总理尼·阿扎罗夫在《中国成功的因素》一文中列举了中国几十年来在全球经济危机、油价大幅上涨、流行病肆虐的条件下仍取得惊人成就的原因：其一，中国共产党对国家发展和社会建设的坚强领导；其二，中国通过引进先进技术迅速建立起独立的工业基础，进而奠定了自己的科技基础；其三，在解决了工业和技术难题后，中国开始在提高公民福祉的基础上加速发展国内市场，国内市场的稳步扩大和现代基础设施的建设成为整个经济发展的火车 头。俄 罗斯远东联邦大学东方研究所亚·舍甫琴科认为，如果说之前俄罗斯学者把中国式现代化取得成功的因素归结为人口红利、廉价劳动力、有利的外部环境、中国的经济规模等，并认为这些是其他发展中国家所无法复制的，那么，今天俄罗斯学者更多地聚焦于制度和机制等因素，认为中国式现代化的成功主要归因于政治上中国共产党实行的完善的集体领导机制、发达的协商制度，经济上的社会主义市场经济体制和一贯的对外开放政策，方法上决策的科学性、经过反复实验分阶段引入的大规模变革、包括法治在内的社会各领域的不断完善、通过广泛量化指标对人才进行筛选以及独特的动员机制，等 等。

Chinese-path modernization is rooted in fine traditional Chinese culture, embodies the advanced nature of scientific socialism, and presents a new picture different from the Western modernization model, providing a reference for developing countries to independently explore their own modernization paths. Researchers generally believe that the path of Chinese-path modernization has broken the myth that modernization equals Westernization, offering a new choice for developing countries that wish to maintain their sovereignty and realize that copying the Western development model is unpromising. Tozik [7]7 Anatoly Tozik, a Belarusian diplomat and former ambassador to China, known for his positive assessments of China’s development model. believes that China’s experience has important practical significance not only for China itself but also for the future development of many other countries in Asia and the world. He even suggests that in the near future, it may be concluded that only China can dialectically unify and combine the interests of the state, society, and individuals, along with socialist justice and economic efficiency, in the most effective form.

中国式现代化根植于中华优秀传统文化，体现科学社会主义的先进本质，展现了不同于西方现代化模式的新图景，为广大发展中国家独立自主探索现代化道路提供了借鉴。研究者普遍认为，中国式现代化道路打破了现代化等同于西方化的神话，对于那些希望维护自身主权并意识到复制西方发展模式毫无前景的发展中国家来说，是一个新的选 择。托 济克认为，中国经验不仅对本国，还对亚洲及世界许多其他国家的未来发展具有重要实践意义，甚至在不久的未来可以得出结论，只有中国才有可能以最有效的形式把国家、社会、个人利益，把社会主义正义和经济效率辩证地统一结 合起来。

Whole-Process People’s Democracy Is a Transcendence of the Western Democratic Model

全过程人民民主是对西方民主模式的超越

Democracy is an essential requirement of socialism; without democracy, there is no socialism. Since General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the concept of “whole-process people’s democracy,” Russia and other countries have paid attention to this major theoretical innovation. After continuous follow-up research, they have concluded that China has embarked on a path of independently interpreting modern democratic models and their historical roots, and that whole-process people’s democracy is a transcendence of the Western democratic model.

民主是社会主义的本质要求，没有民主就没有社会主义。自习近平总书记提出“全过程人民民主”这一概念以来，俄罗斯等国即对这一重大理论创新给予关注，并在持续的跟踪研究后得出结论，中国已经走上了独立阐释现代民主模式及其历史根源的道路，全过程人民民主是对西方民主模式的超越。

Senior researcher I. Chubarov of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences points out that for a long time, the concept of “democracy” has been the core of the political concepts and ideology of Western elite states. The United States and other Western countries use the tool of “democracy” to legitimize their foreign policy lines, arbitrarily defining a country as “democratic” or “dictatorial,” and then making decisions to isolate, sanction, and, in extreme cases, use force. In recent decades, systemic political problems within the Western countries that lead the “free world” have been growing, raising doubts about the authenticity of Western democracy. Meanwhile, the improvement of living standards and the enhancement of subjective consciousness in major developing countries have created conditions for introducing political governance models adapted to local social psychology, culture, history, and ethnic beliefs. Furthermore, the transition to a multipolar world is accompanied by a discursive struggle by the “world majority” [8]8 “World majority” (мир большинства) is a term used in Russian political discourse to refer to developing and non-Western countries that constitute the demographic majority of the global population and seek greater influence in international affairs. for the diversity of social development paths. China has stood out in this process, and its political system has played a decisive role in the great success of its economy, changing the balance of power on the world stage.

俄罗斯科学院东方研究所高级研究员伊·丘巴罗夫指出，长期以来，“民主”这一概念一直是西方国家精英政治观念和意识形态的核心，美西方国家借助“民主”工具使其外交政策路线合法化，随意定义一个国家是“民主”还是“独裁”,进而作出孤立、制裁以及在极端情况下使用武力的决定。近几十年来，领导“自由世界”的西方国家内部的系统性政治问题不断增长，这让人们对西方民主的真实性提出了质疑，而主要发展中国家生活水平的提高和主体意识的增强为引入与当地社会心理、文化、历史和民族信仰特征相适应的政治治理模式创造了条件。此外，向多极世界的过渡伴随着“世界多数”为实现社会发展道路的多样性而进行的话语斗争，中国在这一过程中脱颖而出，其政治制度在经济取得巨大成功的进程中发挥了决定性作用，改变了世界舞台上的力量对比。

Chubarov emphasizes that, compared with Western democracy, which is discrete, awakened only at the time of voting, and then “falls into hibernation” after voting, China’s whole-process people’s democracy includes five chain links: election, consultation, decision-making, governance, and supervision. In addition to the right to vote, the people also have the right to know, the right to participate in the political process, the right to express different opinions, and the right to control the implementation of decisions. The core factor of whole-process people’s democracy is continuity, which stands in sharp contrast to the short-term and discrete Western democracy. Vinogradov [9]9 A.V. Vinogradov, a Russian sinologist and director of the Center for Political Studies and Prognosis at the Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. analyzes the major theoretical value and practical significance of whole-process people’s democracy. He points out that the category of whole-process people’s democracy is not limited to democratic elections, democratic consultation, democratic decision-making, democratic governance, and democratic supervision; it also involves the people’s participation in all stages of the implementation of national policies. This is manifested in the people’s ability to deal with all acts that violate the principles of social justice, are immoral, or involve abuse of power. This means introducing a set of supervision systems from the bottom up, which is not only a political expression of the principle of social justice but also reflects effective public supervision of officials. Romanov [10]10 A Russian scholar specializing in Chinese political philosophy and comparative political systems. discusses the transcendence of whole-process people’s democracy over the Western democratic model from the perspective of the relationship between fine traditional Chinese culture and whole-process people’s democracy. He points out that in the West, democratic participation is essentially procedural, lacking concern for the people and effective protection of their interests. China’s whole-process people’s democracy absorbs the “people-oriented thought” [11]11 “People-oriented thought” (民本思想, minben sixiang) is a traditional Chinese political philosophy emphasizing the ruler’s responsibility to prioritize the welfare of the people, dating back to classical texts such as the Mencius. from fine traditional Chinese culture, which imposes high political and moral demands on rulers, cultivates their sense of responsibility, and guides them to “work for the people.” However, traditional political ideals and moral requirements must be institutionalized, and this task is addressed through whole-process people’s democracy, which has become a natural continuation of fine traditional Chinese culture and its historical heritage. Western liberal democracy is based on individualism, whereas China’s democracy seeks to build a responsible society and a responsible state. Different from the dogmas and standards in mainstream Western academia, China has embarked on a path of independently interpreting modern democratic models and their historical roots.

丘巴罗夫强调，与西方离散的、只在投票时被唤醒，投票后就“陷入冬眠”的民主相比，中国提出的全过程人民民主包括选举、协商、决策、治理和监督五个链条环节，人民除了投票权，还具有知情权、政治进程参与权、表达不同意见权、控制决策执行权等，全过程人民民主的核心因素是连续性，这与短期的和离散的西方民主形成鲜明对比。维诺格拉多夫对全过程人民民主的重大理论价值与实践意义进行了分析。他指出，全过程人民民主的范畴不仅限于民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主治理、民主监督，还涉及人民参与国家政策实施的各个阶段，这表现为人民有能力应对所有违反社会正义原则、不道德和滥用职权的行为，这意味着自下而上引入一套监督系统，这不仅是社会正义原则的政治表现，而且还体现了对官员的有效公共监督。罗曼诺夫从中华优秀传统文化与全过程人民民主的关系视角，论述了全过程人民民主对西方民主模式的超越。他指出，在西方，民主参与在本质上是程序性的，缺乏对人民的关心和对其利益的有效保护。中国全过程人民民主吸收了中华优秀传统文化中的“民本思想”,后者对统治者提出了很高的政治和道德要求，培养了他们的责任感，并指导他们“为人民”工作。但传统的政治理想和道德要求必须制度化，这一任务通过全过程人民民主来解决，这已成为中华优秀传统文化及其历史遗产的自然延续。西方自由民主以个人主义为基础，而中国的民主则寻求建立一个负责任的社会和一个负责任的国家，与西方学术主流中的教条和标准不同，中国已经走上了独立阐释现代民主模式及其历史根源的道路。

The Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind and Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

构建人类命运共同体理念与新时代中国特色大国外交

The concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind is the result of the Communist Party of China’s deepening understanding of the laws governing the development of human society. It is a Chinese solution to the questions of what kind of world to build and how to build it. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Russia and other countries have conducted sustained and in-depth research on important aspects of Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy—the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, the Belt and Road Initiative, and other issues. They generally believe that the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind fundamentally represents the theme of China’s foreign policy in recent years, is one of China’s soft power resources, helps enhance China’s international image, and year by year plays an increasingly greater role, increasingly on a global scale. In their article “The Contribution of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind to the Innovative Development of Marxism in the 21st Century,” A. Boyarkina and V. Pecheritsa of the Far Eastern Federal University in Russia explain the theoretical basis of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. They point out that this concept is based on fine traditional Chinese culture, reflects basic human values, and is also an important contribution to the creative development of Marxism; the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind respects the right of each country to independently explore social systems and development paths suited to its national conditions, advocates that the world’s people jointly respond to global challenges, promotes exchanges and cooperation between countries, and explores cooperation methods consistent with the concept of sustainable development, in order to achieve mutual benefit and shared benefit for all humanity. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind aims to deepen China’s ties with the world and improve the global governance system.

构建人类命运共同体理念是中国共产党对人类社会发展规律认识不断深化的结果，是对建设一个什么样的世界、怎样建设世界给出的中国方案。党的十八大以来，俄罗斯等国对习近平外交思想的重要方面——构建人类命运共同体理念、“一带一路”倡议等问题进行了持续而深入的研究。他们普遍认为，构建人类命运共同体理念从根本上代表了近年来中国外交政策主题，是中国软实力的资源之一，有助于提升中国国际形象，并逐年发挥越来越大的作用，越来越具有全球规模。俄罗斯远东联邦大学的安·博亚尔金娜和弗·佩切里察在《人类命运共同体理念对21世纪马克思主义创新性发展的贡献》一文中对人类命运共同体理念的理论依据进行了阐释。他们指出，人类命运共同体这一概念以中华优秀传统文化为基础，反映了基本的人类价值观，同时也是对马克思主义创造性发展的重要贡献；人类命运共同体理念尊重各国独立探索适合本国国情的社会制度和发展道路的权利，倡导世界人民共同应对全球挑战，并促进国家之间的交流与合作，探索符合可持续发展理念的合作方式，以实现全人类的互惠互利。人类命运共同体理念旨在加深中国与世界的联系，改善全球治理体 系。

Since its proposal in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative quickly attracted high attention from Russian media and academia. In the early period after the initiative was proposed, various sectors in Russia showed multiple doubts; whether major media, academia, or think tanks, they focused on reporting and studying China’s motives and intentions in proposing this initiative. With the docking and cooperation between the Belt and Road and the Eurasian Economic Union, the doubts in various Russian sectors gradually decreased, and attitudes and evaluations of the Belt and Road Initiative also underwent a significant shift. A. Belov, chief researcher at St. Petersburg State University, when analyzing why academia generally positively evaluates China’s Belt and Road Initiative, pointed out that this is largely related to the general desire for regional integration. He noted that for a long time, the Pacific factor has dominated regional integration in countries outside that region; in this context, the Belt and Road Initiative has special significance. The enormous scale, state support, organizational design, financing mechanisms, extensive planning, rapidly expanding circle of participating countries, and real opportunities to improve infrastructure—these are the actual results achieved since the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. As the initiative advances, a new type of international division of labor is expanding, based on localized production technologies implemented in different countries rather than individual links in product manufacturing; correspondingly, production chains and trade flows in these regions have also changed. These are the foundations for establishing a new model of industrialization and regional integration. K. Voikov, a scholar at Moscow University, pointed out that against the backdrop of the global governance crisis, the Belt and Road Initiative, based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, provides strategic support for the development of participating countries and effectively promotes the formation of new mechanisms for international cooperation.

“一带一路”倡议自2013年被提出后，迅速引起俄罗斯媒体和学术界的高度关注。在“一带一路”倡议提出的初期，俄罗斯各界对这一倡议表现出多重疑虑，无论是各大媒体、学术界还是智库，着重报道和研究中国提出这一倡议的动机和意图。随着“一带一路”与欧亚经济联盟的对接合作，俄罗斯各界的疑虑逐步减少，对“一带一路”倡议的态度和评价也出现了显著转变。圣彼得堡国立大学首席研究员安·别洛夫在分析为何学术界总体上积极评价中国“一带一路”倡议时指出，这在很大程度上与区域一体化的普遍愿望有关。他指出，长期以来太平洋因素在该地区以外的国家区域一体化中占据主导地位，在这种情况下，“一带一路”倡议具有特殊意义。巨大的规模、国家的支持、组织的设计、融资机制、广泛的计划性、迅速扩大的参与国圈子、改善基础设施的现实机会——这些都是“一带一路”倡议实施以来所取得的实际成果。随着倡议的推进，一种新型国际劳动分工正在扩大，这种劳动分工基于在不同国家实施的局部生产技术，而非产品制造的单个环节，与之相应地，这些地区的生产链和贸易流也发生了改变。这些都是建立一种新的工业化和区域一体化模式的基础。莫斯科大学的学者康·沃伊基科夫指出，在全球治理危机的背景下，“一带一路”倡议基于和平共处五项原则，为参与国的发展提供战略支持，有力促进了新的国际合作机制的形成。

IV. Characteristics and Trends of Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and Other Countries

四、俄罗斯等国习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究之特征与趋势

Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and other countries, while continuing original topics, has strengthened holistic and systematic research, exhibiting the following distinct characteristics.

俄罗斯等国对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的研究，在延续原有议题的基础上加强了整体性、系统性研究，具有以下鲜明的特征。

Emphasis on Ideological and Theoretical Research

重视意识形态和思想理论研究

Compared with the past, one of the distinct characteristics of research on Chinese issues in Russia and other countries since the 18th National Congress of the CPC is the emphasis on ideological and theoretical research. The establishment of the Russian Contemporary Chinese Ideology Laboratory, hailed as the first overseas

与以往相比，党的十八大以来，俄罗斯等国对中国问题的研究呈现出的鲜明特征之一就是注重意识形态和思想理论研究。被誉为首个海外习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心的俄罗斯当代中国意识形态实验室的成立，旨在“加强对中国的经济发展、国内外政策和社会文化进程所依据的思想理论的认识”,并于2025年8月出版了关于习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的专著。该书主编巴巴耶夫在前言中阐述了今天研究习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想对俄罗斯及世界的重要意义。首先，中国的实践与意识形态联系非常密切，要想理解现代中国的发展道路和未来发展趋势，在很大程度上取决于对21世纪中国的思想基础——习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的深入研究。其次，新时代是中国社会发生深刻变革的时期，中国在内政、外交、经济和技术政策方面的现代化进程持续不停、创新不断。对俄罗斯而言，理解这一变革的发生方式以及未来的发展路径至关重要。最后，无论是在全球经济、政治领域，还是在科技、文化领域，中国的世界影响力与日俱增。在国际关系体系长期处于危机的状况下，中国提出的有关未来国际秩序的全球倡议受到世界各国的欢迎，并在中俄两国领导人的联合声明中得到确认，代表了广大全球南方国家、世界大多数国家的愿景。

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Marxism in the 21st Century Become Important Research Perspectives

中国特色社会主义与21世纪马克思主义发展成为重要研究视角

For a long period in the past, when studying contemporary Chinese issues, academic circles in Russia and other countries exhibited clear divergences in their understanding and evaluation of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and socialism with Chinese characteristics. Many scholarly works on China studied Chinese issues only from the perspectives of science and technology, innovation and progress, and economic growth, excluding factors such as social systems, social strategic objectives, value systems, and civilization from the analytical framework. Since the New Era, and especially after the 20th National Congress of the CPC, an increasing number of scholars have begun to think about and study contemporary China from the perspective of the development of Marxism and world socialism in the 21st century. Examples include sustained attention to the theoretical innovation of the Communist Party of China, theoretical tracing of the origins of the Second Integration, and in-depth exploration of the relationship between the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and the innovative development of Marxism. Affirmative understandings and voices are growing. As Goncharov stated: "Marked by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, over a century-long historical period, the main source of thought for China has been Marxism. Marxism is an epoch-making yardstick, and its relevance to globalization is as close as the relevance of time to space, directly echoing Xi Jinping's exposition on the historical experience of the CPC's century-long struggle." [12]12 The original Chinese heading uses the numeral "五" (five), indicating this is the fifth section of the article.

在过去的很长一段时间里，俄罗斯等国的学界在研究当代中国问题时，对马克思主义中国化、中国特色社会主义的认识与评价存在着明显的分歧，诸多有关中国的学术著作仅从科学技术、创新进步、经济实力增长等角度研究中国问题，并将社会制度、社会战略目标、价值体系、文明等因素排除在分析框架之外。新时代以来，尤其是党的二十大之后，越来越多的学者从马克思主义和世界社会主义在21世纪的发展视角来思考和研究当代中国，例如对中国共产党理论创新的持续关注，对“第二个结合”的理论溯源，以及对人类命运共同体理念与马克思主义创新发展关系的深入探究等，肯定性的认识与声音越来越多。正如冈察洛夫所说：“以中国共产党成立100周年为标志，在长达一个世纪的历史时期，中国的主要思想源泉是马克思主义。马克思主义是一个划时代的标尺，它与全球化的关联性就像时间与空间的关联性一样紧密，并直接与习近平关于中国共产党百年奋斗历史经验的论述遥相呼应。”

Formation of a Research Path Different from Western Value Orientations

形成不同于西方价值取向的研究路径

At the roundtable conference "Russian Contemporary Chinese Studies: Problems and Development Prospects" held in 2022, Russian scholars generally believed that Russian Chinese studies had formed a research path different from that of the West. "The West has always been unable to fully understand China, while Russia, with its unique ability to 'embrace' other civilizations and cultures, has formed the most powerful school of Sinology and has a relatively deep understanding and comprehension of contemporary China." Unlike Western scholars, who generally view China from the perspective of Western political theories and values, Russian scholars often study China as an alternative carrier to Western ideology and Western-centrism, thereby forming a unique Russian perspective on Chinese studies. Since the 20th National Congress of the CPC, Russian scholars' understanding of the important role and guiding status

在2022年召开的“俄罗斯当代中国学研究：问题与发展前景”圆桌会议上，俄罗斯学者普遍认为，俄罗斯的中国学已经形成了与西方不同的研究路径，“西方一直无法完全了解中国，俄罗斯则以其独特的‘拥抱’其他文明和文化的能力，形成了最强大的汉学流派，并对当代中国有着较为深刻的了解和理解”。与西方学者普遍从西方政治理论和价值观视角看待中国不同，俄罗斯学者对中国的研究往往将其作为西方意识形态、西方中心主义的可替代载体而进行，从而形成了独特的俄罗斯中国学视角。党的二十大以来，俄罗斯学者对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在中国社会发展中的重要作用和指导地位的认识，对中国政治、经济、社会、外交、国家安全等领域的政策及其发展趋势的分析，都呈现出不同于西方“自由”“民主”价值取向下的研究路径与思考。

V. Further Advancing the Depth and Breadth of Overseas Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

五、进一步推进海外习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究之深度与广度

Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one. [13] Regarding the series of views and propositions formed by research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and other countries since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we must discriminate, draw on, and rationally evaluate them. We should absorb their beneficial elements, pay attention to their reasonable demands, and study and analyze their misreadings and misunderstandings. On the basis of strengthening exchange and cooperation, we should form consensus and jointly promote the international

他山之石，可以攻玉。对于党的十八大以来俄罗斯等国有关习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的研究所形成的一系列观点与主张，我们要甄别借鉴、理性评估，既要吸收其中有益的成分，也要重视其合理诉求，对其误读误解之处进行研究与分析，在加强交流与合作的基础上形成共识，共同促进习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的国际传播。

First, listen to reasonable suggestions and respond to objective demands.

第一，听取合理建议、回应客观诉求。

Research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in Russia and other countries is conducted primarily through dynamic tracking, analytical interpretation, and research-based exposition. Some scholars, proceeding from the inspiration and reference significance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era for the social development of other countries, have put forward relatively reasonable demands and suggestions: for example, the demand for further explanation of the large number of vocabulary items, terms, and theories with contemporary characteristics and profound connotations that have emerged in the theoretical innovation of the Communist Party of China; the demand to extract the general content and features of Chinese-path modernization that developing countries can draw upon; and the demand to summarize specific pathways for utilizing excellent traditional culture to promote the development of modern society. The Chinese academic community should promptly understand and respond to these demands and suggestions, and encourage and affirm their research enthusiasm and exploratory spirit.

俄罗斯等国对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的研究整体上是以动态跟踪、分析解读、研究阐释为主要方式进行的。有的学者从习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想对其他国家社会发展的启示和借鉴意义出发，提出了较为合理的诉求和建议：如对中国共产党理论创新中出现的大量具有时代特色和深刻内涵的词汇、术语和理论进行进一步阐释的诉求，提炼发展中国家可资借鉴的关于中国式现代化的一般性内容与特征的诉求，总结利用优秀传统文化促进现代社会发展的具体路径的诉求等。我国学界应及时了解和回应这些诉求和建议，鼓励并肯定他们的研究热情和探索精神。

Second, strengthen communication and exchange, and promptly correct misinterpretations and misunderstandings.

第二，加强沟通与交流，及时校正误读误解之处。

Most researchers in Russia and other countries evaluate and interpret the theoretical innovation and development of the Communist Party of China since the New Era from a positive standpoint. However, one-sided understandings or even misinterpretations and misunderstandings cannot be ruled out, and the reasons for this are multifaceted and complex. Subjectively, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Sinological research in Russia and other countries experienced a generational gap and a shortage of successors. The vast majority of the new generation of young scholars lack basic theoretical literacy in Marxism, are easily influenced by the West, and some young scholars even consciously or unconsciously gravitate toward the so-called "Western consensus," lacking objective understanding and judgment of China's development status and prospects. Objectively, since the New Era, the theoretical innovation of the Communist Party of China has continuously advanced with the times, giving rise to a series of terminological concepts and theoretical systems that reflect the development of the era and changes in national conditions. This is a high-level theoretical condensation of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. However, as foreign researchers of Chinese issues, limited by their knowledge reserves and channels for obtaining information, they often can only capture a single point from a vast amount of information to interpret. Their systematic and holistic research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era still needs improvement, which further illustrates the importance and urgency of strengthening international exchange and cooperation.

俄罗斯等国的大部分研究者都能从正面的立场评价、解读新时代以来中国共产党的理论创新与发展，但也不排除有片面理解甚至误读误解之处，其中的原因是多面且复杂的。从主观上讲，苏联解体后，俄罗斯等国的汉学研究出现断代和青黄不接的问题，新一代的年轻学者绝大多数不具备马克思主义基本理论素养，容易受西方影响，甚至有的年轻学者有意无意地向所谓“西方共识”靠拢，缺乏对中国发展现状的考察和前景的客观认识与判断。从客观上讲，新时代以来，中国共产党的理论创新不断与时俱进，涌现出系列体现时代发展与国情变化的术语概念和理论体系，这是马克思主义中国化时代化在理论上的高度凝练。但是，作为国外的中国问题研究者，他们受限于自己的知识储备和信息获取渠道，往往只能在海量信息中捕捉到某一点加以阐释，对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的系统性、整体性研究仍有待提高，这也进一步说明加强国际交流合作的重要性和紧迫性。

Third, create favorable conditions for telling China's story well.

第三，为讲好中国故事创造有利条件。

On the one hand, exchange and cooperation with academic circles and news media in Russia and other countries should be strengthened. News propaganda should be organically integrated with international communication, and the opportunity presented by the integrated development of new media should be fully utilized to vigorously publicize the theoretical innovations and practical achievements of the Communist Party of China. Targeting different groups, especially the younger generation, China's development achievements should be showcased at multiple levels and from multiple dimensions, telling China's story well and spreading China's voice. On the other hand, rigorous theoretical exposition needs to be supported by vivid perceptual understanding and practical investigation. By creating various mechanisms and building platforms at different levels, influential foreign scholars and young scholars can be "invited in" to personally experience the latest practical achievements of Chinese-path modernization. They can then use vivid, real examples and methods that are recognized and easily accepted by foreign audiences to demonstrate to the international community the actual achievements of China's socialist construction under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thereby further advancing the depth and breadth of overseas research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

一方面，应加强与俄罗斯等国的学界和新闻媒体之间的交流与合作，将新闻宣传与国际传播有机结合，充分利用新媒体融合发展的契机，大力宣传中国共产党的理论创新和实践成果。针对不同群体尤其是青年一代，多层次多维度展示中国发展成果，讲好中国故事，传播中国声音。另一方面，严谨的理论阐释需要以生动的感性认识和实践考察为依托，可通过创建多种机制、搭建各层次平台的方式，将国外有影响力的学者和青年学者“请进来”,使其切身感受到中国式现代化的最新实践成果，让他们用生动真实的事例和外国受众认同且易于接受的方式，向国际社会展示在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指导下中国社会主义建设取得的实际成果，进一步推进海外习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究的深度和广度。