The Dialectics of Culture and Economy in Xi Jinping’s Cultural Thought and Its Original Contributions

Every cultural thought contains basic positions, fundamental principles, laws of development, and practical pathways concerning cultural development and construction, and thereby constitutes its methodology for cultural development and construction. According to the Marxist viewpoint, the investigation of this methodology must necessarily unfold first in the dialectical interaction between culture and economy, because culture has its own inherent laws of development and relative independence, yet it can only be grasped on the basis of economic development; economic factors play a decisive role in socio-historical development, but economic development and transformation also necessarily include the influence and effect of culture upon them. As Engels pointed out: “We regard economic conditions as the factor that ultimately conditions historical development… The development of politics, law, philosophy, religion, literature, art, etc., proceeds on the basis of economic development. But they all react upon one another and also upon the economic base. It is not that the economic situation is the sole active cause and everything else is merely a passive effect. Rather, there is interaction on the basis of economic necessity, which ultimately always asserts itself.” The dialectical principle of the economic base and superstructure in historical materialism is the theoretical foundation for grasping the laws of cultural development and construction. In the cultural construction and economic construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, the logic and methodology of their interconnection can be clearly discerned. Taking the scientific method of Xi Jinping’s cultural thought as its theme, this article proceeds from the practice of cultural construction and economic construction in the New Era, attempts to provide a scholarly explanation of the dialectics of culture and economy in Xi Jinping’s cultural thought, analyzes its implications for the New Era and its enrichment and development of Marxist cultural theory, and demonstrates its original contributions.

任何一种文化思想，都包含关于文化发展和建设的基本立场、基本原则、发展规律、实践路径等，并以此构成其关于文化发展和建设的方法论。按照马克思主义的观点，对这一方法论的探究，必然首先在文化与经济的辩证互动中展开，因为文化有其自身发展的内在规律和相对独立性，但一定是在以经济发展为基础中被把握到的；经济因素在社会历史发展中起着决定性作用，但经济的发展和变革也一定包含着文化对它的影响和作用。正如恩格斯所指出的：“我们把经济条件看做归根到底制约着历史发展的东西……政治、法、哲学、宗教、文学、艺术等等的发展是以经济发展为基础的。但是，它们又都互相作用并对经济基础发生作用。这并不是说，只有经济状况才是原因，才是积极的，其余一切都不过是消极的结果，而是说，这是在归根到底不断为自己开辟道路的经济必然性的基础上的相互作用。”历史唯物主义的经济基础与上层建筑辩证关系原理，是把握文化发展和建设规律的理论基础。在新时代中国特色社会主义文化建设和经济建设中，可以清晰地把握到二者相互关联的逻辑和方法论。本文以习近平文化思想的科学方法为主题，从新时代文化建设与经济建设的实践出发，试图对习近平文化思想中文化与经济的辩证法进行学理化阐释，分析其新时代意蕴及其对马克思主义文化理论的丰富发展，展现其原创性贡献。

I. The Blending and Interaction of Cultural Construction and Economic Construction in the New Era

一、 新时代文化建设与经济建设的交融互动

Against the backdrop of changes unseen in a century and the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era, the development of world culture, the evolution of Chinese civilization, and the construction of a socialist cultural power have all entered a new stage. The blending and interaction of culture and economy are stronger than in any previous era, even exhibiting a more pronounced trend toward the integration of economy and culture. As the American scholar Fredric Jameson stated: “The economization of culture and the culturalization of the economy are often considered one of the well-known features of postmodernity today.” The theoretical and practical relationship between culture and economy has gradually become a prominent theme in human existence and the development of human civilization.

在世界百年未有之大变局和中国特色社会主义进入新时代的背景下，无论是世界文化的发展，还是中华文明的演进、社会主义文化强国建设都进入了新的阶段。文化与经济的交融互动较以往任何一个时代都更强烈，甚至呈现出更加鲜明的经济文化一体化发展趋势。正如美国学者弗雷德里克·杰姆逊所说：“经济的文化化与文化的经济化常常被认为是如今众所皆知的后现代的特征之一。”文化与经济之间的理论与实践关系，在人类存在与人类文明发展中逐渐成为一个“显题”。

First, in the development of world history, the relationship between culture and economy has become increasingly complex and deep-seated. Economic globalization has brought about cultural pluralization, making the diversity, differences, and comparability of cultures among various countries and nations increasingly prominent. This inevitably raises new issues for cultural and economic development, such as cultural modernization, cultural subjectivity and cultural identity, the relationship between cultural soft power and economic hard power, and the deep integration of cultural and economic factors. There is an inherent connection between economic globalization and cultural pluralization, which especially contains a tension and conflict of cultural values, impacting the self-consistency of economy and culture in various countries and nations. In the process of economic globalization, the cultures of countries and nations blend and collide with one another. How to properly handle cultural conflicts and contradictions to adapt to economic globalization, and how to embody a civilizational dimension in the improvement of economic growth models, have become core issues for cultural development and economic development. It is particularly necessary to point out that the spiritual and cultural poverty of economic development that once plagued humanity is gradually being alleviated. Culture is becoming a powerful spiritual driving force for economic development, and cultural soft power—based on culture and encompassing national cohesion, vitality, appeal, and influence—is increasingly becoming an important component of a country’s comprehensive national power.

首先，在世界历史的发展中，文化与经济的关系变得日益复杂且深层次。经济全球化带来了文化的多元化，使得各个国家和民族间文化的多样性、差异性和可比较性愈发凸显。这就必然会对文化和经济发展提出新课题，例如文化现代化、文化主体性与文化认同，以及文化软实力与经济硬实力的关系、文化因素与经济因素的深度融合等。经济的全球化与文化的多元化之间存在一种内在的关联，尤其内含着一种文化价值的紧张与冲突，冲击着各个国家、各个民族的经济与文化的自洽性。在经济全球化进程中，国家和民族间的文化交融在一起且相互碰撞，如何合理处理文化的冲突与矛盾以适应经济全球化、如何在经济增长方式改善中体现文明向度，成为文化发展与经济发展的核心议题。尤其需要指出的是，今天一度困扰人类的经济发展的精神文化贫困逐渐缓解，文化正在成为经济发展的强大精神动力因素，并且基于文化而具有的国家凝聚力、生命力、吸引力、影响力，即文化软实力，日益成为一国综合国力的重要组成部分。

Correctly viewing and responding to economic globalization and cultural pluralization, and the high degree of integration between culture and economy, are new situations and new problems encountered by China in the context of the New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “To meet common challenges and move toward a better future, we need both economic and technological strength and cultural and civilizational strength.” The close interaction between economy and culture, the “ensemble” of economic and cultural forces, is an important cornerstone for the development of a country and a nation. Xi Jinping’s cultural thought deeply grasps the new characteristics and new positioning of cultural construction in the New Era, vigorously promotes the cultural construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, both “solves problems” in the context of world history and economic globalization, and adheres to the guidance of the new development concepts of socialism with Chinese characteristics to build a new development pattern, closely integrating the construction of a cultural power with high-quality economic development: on the one hand, it emphasizes cultural factors in economic construction, such as value orientation, spiritual support, and social ethos, providing a completely new interpretation of the economic construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics; on the other hand, it emphasizes economic factors in cultural construction, such as industrial attributes and economic benefits, putting forward entirely new propositions in the innovation and creation of culture in the New Era.

正确看待和应对经济全球化与文化的多元化、文化与经济的高度融合，是我国在新时代背景下遇到的新情况、新问题。习近平总书记指出：“应对共同挑战、迈向美好未来，既需要经济科技力量，也需要文化文明力量。”经济与文化的紧密互动，经济力量和文化力量的“合奏”,是国家和民族发展的重要基石。习近平文化思想深刻把握新时代文化建设的新特点新定位，着力推进中国特色社会主义文化建设，既在世界历史和经济全球化的语境中“解题”,又坚持以中国特色社会主义的新发展理念为引领，构建新发展格局，将文化强国建设与经济高质量发展紧密结合：一方面强调经济建设中的文化因素，如价值导向、精神支撑、社会风气等，对中国特色社会主义经济建设作出了全新阐释；另一方面，强调文化建设中的经济因素，如产业属性、经济效益等，在新时代文化创新创造方面提出了全新论断。

Second, the blending and interaction of culture and economy are deeply coupled with the development of productive forces. This new trend in contemporary social development profoundly reshapes the relationship between culture and economy in the process of social reproduction, driving a qualitative leap in productive forces. As early as the 1990s, phenomena such as the culturalization of the economy, the economization of culture, and the integration of economy and culture had already emerged in China’s economic and social development. Today, these phenomena continue to expand and have acquired new characteristics of the era of intelligence. The formation and development of Xi Jinping’s cultural thought have further advanced the scientific study of the economic function of culture and the cultural factors of the economy, revealing the profound impact of the high integration of culture and economy on productive forces. Especially in the current era of rapid development of artificial intelligence, the pace of development of productive forces is accelerating daily. Whether it is material productive forces or cultural productive forces, both require renewed understanding and recognition. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “In coordinating the advancement of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, culture is an important component; in promoting high-quality development, culture is an important fulcrum; in meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, culture is an important factor; in overcoming various risks and challenges on the path forward, culture is an important source of strength.” Within the three-dimensional structure of culture, economy, and productive forces, culture demonstrates a unique function and power, thereby endowing the relationship among the three with new characteristics.

其次，文化和经济的交融互动与生产力发展深度耦合。这一当代社会发展的新趋势，深刻重塑了社会再生产过程中文化与经济的关系，推动着生产力的质态跃升。在20世纪90年代，中国的经济社会发展中就已经显露出的经济文化化、文化经济化、经济文化一体化等现象，在今天则不断扩展，并具有了智能化时代的新特征。习近平文化思想的形成与发展，进一步推进了对文化的经济功能和经济的文化因素的科学研究，揭示了文化与经济的高度融合对生产力发展的深刻影响。尤其是在人工智能迅猛发展的今天，生产力发展步伐日益加快，无论是物质生产力，还是文化生产力，都需要重新把握和认识。习近平总书记强调：“统筹推进‘五位一体’总体布局、协调推进‘四个全面’战略布局，文化是重要内容；推动高质量发展，文化是重要支点；满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，文化是重要因素；战胜前进道路上各种风险挑战，文化是重要力量源泉。”在文化、经济与生产力的三维结构中，文化展现出一种独特的功能和力量，也因而使得三者关系具有了新的特点。

On the new journey of the New Era, the relationship among culture, economy, and productive forces is manifested as a systemic upgrade of culture, economy, and productive forces in high-quality development. Social productive forces have achieved tremendous development in the deep integration of culture and economy. On the one hand, the blending and interaction of culture and economy gradually intensify due to the qualitative improvement of productive forces. Under the influence of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, the development of new quality productive forces reshapes the transformation model of the integrated development of culture and economy and reconstructs their relationship. On the other hand, the uncoordinated development of culture and economy—such as economic development neglecting cultural factors or cultural development lacking innovation and creative vitality—inevitably becomes the greatest constraint on the development of productive forces. Therefore, the innovation of spiritual production and material production methods and their isomorphic effect will inevitably promote a qualitative leap in productive forces. Entering the New Era, the relationship between culture and economy presents many new features, such as the high integration of the cultural industry with economic development and the significant effectiveness of cultural productive forces in economic construction, giving rise to new theories of productive forces. Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes cultural innovation and creation, pursues the humanistic value orientation of high-quality development, and insists on empowering development through culture and revitalizing industries through culture.

新时代新征程上，文化、经济与生产力的关系，体现为高质量发展的文化、经济与生产力的系统升级，社会生产力在文化与经济深度融合中实现了巨大发展。一方面，文化与经济的交融互动因生产力质态的提升而逐渐增强。在新一轮科技革命和产业变革的影响下，新质生产力的发展重塑着文化与经济融合发展的转型模式，并重构着二者的关系。另一方面，文化与经济的不协调发展，如经济发展忽视文化因素、文化发展缺乏创新创造活力，必然成为生产力发展的最大掣肘。因此，精神生产与物质生产方式的革新及其同构效应，势必推动生产力实现质态的跃升。进入新时代，文化与经济的关系呈现出诸多新特征，诸如文化产业与经济发展高度融合、文化生产力在经济建设中发挥显著效能等，催生出新的生产力理论。习近平文化思想注重文化的创新创造，追求高质量发展的人文价值取向，坚持文化赋能、以文兴业。

Third, the coordinated development and sound interaction of culture and economy have become an important development goal for the modernization path of every country and nation. “In today’s world, culture intermingles with economy and politics, and its status and role in the competition of comprehensive national power are becoming increasingly prominent. The power of culture is deeply forged into the vitality, creativity, and cohesion of a nation.” Therefore, whether the issue is cultural or economic, the interactive relationship between culture and economy must be considered within a holistic framework. On the one hand, high-quality economic development requires the guidance of advanced culture. For example, the cultural industry injects momentum into economic transformation, and through the integration of technology and culture, it significantly enhances product added value, promoting high-quality economic development. Changes in economic modes not only embody the crystallization of advanced culture but also urgently call for the transformation, renewal, and creation of cultural structures. On the other hand, cultural development must proceed within the context of high-quality economic development. Theoretical issues concerning the essence of culture, its functions, its position in the social organism, and cultural construction must comprehensively consider the new changes brought about by developments in the economy, science and technology, and other fields. Starting from consolidating the cultural foundation for building a strong country and national rejuvenation, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought follows the trend of information technology development and emphasizes strengthening the effective mechanism for integrating culture with the economy, science, and technology.

再次，文化与经济的协调发展、良好互动已成为各个国家和民族现代化道路的重要发展目标。“当今世界，文化与经济和政治相互交融，在综合国力竞争中的地位和作用越来越突出。文化的力量，深深熔铸在民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中。”因此，不论是文化的问题，还是经济的问题，都需要在整体性思维中考量文化与经济的互动关系。一方面，经济的高质量发展需要先进文化的引导。例如，文化产业为经济转型注入动能，并通过科技和文化的融合，显著提升产品附加值，促进经济的高质量发展。经济方式的变革不仅凝聚着先进文化的结晶，也迫切呼唤着文化结构的变革、更新与创造。另一方面，文化的发展必须要在经济高质量发展中进行。关于文化本质、文化的功能及其在社会有机体中的地位、文化建设等理论问题，必须综合考量经济、科技等方面的发展带来的新变化。习近平文化思想从铸牢强国建设、民族复兴的文化根基出发，顺应信息技术发展潮流，强调要加强文化与经济、科技融合的有效机制。

In the practice of Chinese-path modernization, the relationships between people’s material needs and spiritual needs, between material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, between economic construction and cultural construction, as well as consolidating the subjectivity of Chinese culture and shouldering the new cultural mission of the New Era, have also become major issues urgently needing resolution due to the new historical juncture and new conditions of the times in China’s development. The hierarchical structure and interrelationship of people’s material and spiritual needs in the historical process must be dialectically examined and grasped within the coordinates of the times. For example, in the context of the New Era, people pursue the comprehensive satisfaction of both material and spiritual needs and hold new expectations for spiritual and cultural life, reflecting new trends and characteristics in the development of human needs. Another example is how culture can assist economic development and better maximize its efficacy as a spiritual driving force—these are new demands that economic and social development place on cultural construction.

在中国式现代化实践中，人的物质需求与精神需求、物质文明与精神文明、经济建设与文化建设的关系，以及巩固中华文化主体性、担负起新时代新的文化使命等，也由于我国发展的新的历史方位、新的时代条件而成为亟待解决的重大问题。人的物质需求与精神需求在历史进程中的层次结构及相互关系，需置于时代坐标中进行辩证审视和把握。例如，新时代背景下，人们追求物质需求与精神需求的全面满足，对精神文化生活抱有新的期待，这体现了人的需求发展的新趋势和新特点。再如，文化如何助力经济发展，如何更好且最大程度地发挥其精神动力的效能，是经济社会发展对文化建设提出的新要求。

Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes that the development of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics should actively recognize, respond to, and seek change. On the basis of inheriting, enriching, and developing Marxist cultural theory, it provides a profound answer to the phenomenon of intermingling and interaction between culture and economy in the New Era, offering a “cultural prescription” for the sustained and healthy development of China’s economy. First, it enriches and develops the dialectical relationship between the economic base and the superstructure in Marxist cultural theory, proposing iconic concepts, judgments, and viewpoints, such as “culture is the ‘booster’ of economic development” and “promoting the coordinated development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress.” Second, it provides creative interpretations of phenomena in the intermingling of culture and economy, such as the culturalization of the economy, the economization of culture, and the cultural industry. Within the concept of “new quality productive forces,” it highlights cultural factors and culture’s enabling effects, clearly demonstrating culture’s important functions and positive role in promoting economic and social development, thereby creating more possibilities and space for the integration of culture and economy. Third, based on the concept of the Second Integration[n], it creatively proposes a framework for constructing a new cultural life form. Building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation are grounded in the deep integration of culture and economy. The “culture” here refers to a vibrant new cultural form—a new form that integrates the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s excellent traditional culture—thereby emphasizing, on the basis of ideological emancipation, the promotion of high-quality economic development through cultural innovation and creation.

习近平文化思想强调中国特色社会主义文化发展主动识变应变求变，在继承、丰富和发展马克思主义文化理论的基础上，对新时代文化与经济交融互动现象作出深刻解答，为我国经济持续健康发展开出了“文化良方”。其一，丰富发展了马克思主义文化理论中经济基础与上层建筑的辩证关系，提出了标识性概念、论断和观点，如“文化是经济发展的‘助推器’”“推动物质文明和精神文明协调发展”等。其二，对文化与经济交融现象中的经济文化化、文化经济化、文化产业等进行了富有创造性的阐释，在“新质生产力”概念中突出了文化因素及文化的赋能效应，清晰展现了文化在推动经济社会发展中的重要功能和积极作用，因而使文化与经济的结合有了更多的可能性和发展空间。其三，基于“第二个结合”的理念，创造性提出新的文化生命体建构思路。强国建设、民族复兴建立在文化与经济的深度融合上，这里的“文化”指的是充满活力的新的文化形态，是将马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合的新形态，从而强调在思想解放的基础上以文化的创新创造促进经济的高质量发展。

II. Concrete Manifestations of the Dialectics of Culture and Economy

二、 文化与经济辩证法的具体展现

Xi Jinping’s cultural thought, grounded in the concrete reality of the high degree of intermingling and interaction between culture and economy in the New Era, enriches and develops the Marxist dialectics of culture and economy in three aspects: the dialectical unity of material abundance and spiritual enrichment, the dialectical unity of economic hard power and cultural soft power, and the dialectical unity of economic cooperation and people-to-people and cultural exchange.

习近平文化思想立足新时代文化与经济高度交融互动的具体实际，在三个方面丰富发展了马克思主义关于文化与经济的辩证法，即物质富足和精神富有的辩证统一、经济硬实力和文化软实力的辩证统一、经济合作和人文交流的辩证统一。

(I) The Dialectical Unity of Material Abundance and Spiritual Enrichment

(一)物质富足和精神富有的辩证统一

The coordinated development of culture and economy is essentially rooted in the structure of human existence, manifesting the unity of humanity’s material productive activities and spiritual activities, and profoundly reflecting the comprehensiveness and wholeness of human social activity. Humans are a unity of material existence and spiritual existence; the two are interconnected, interpenetrating, and interact with each other, constituting important factors in the development of human history. The most basic and important needs of humans are material needs, because these needs are the foundation of human survival and historical development: “The first premise of all human history is, of course, the existence of living human individuals. Thus the first fact to be confirmed is the physical organization of these individuals and their consequent relation to the rest of nature.” Engels clearly pointed out: “The mode of material existence… is the primum agens.” In human material productive activities, spiritual needs are inevitably always embodied, and the two develop proportionally. The degree and sense of satisfaction of material needs are consistent with the degree and sense of satisfaction of spiritual needs. When material needs are greatly satisfied, it is inevitably accompanied by higher expectations for spiritual needs. The great enrichment of humanity’s spiritual world is an important marker of national prosperity and development, the enhancement of national spiritual strength, and the elevation of the level of cultural-ethical progress of the times.

文化与经济的协调发展，本质上植根于人的存在结构，展现了人的物质生产活动与精神活动的统一，深刻反映了人类社会活动的全面性、整体性。人是物质存在与精神存在的统一体，二者相互联结、相互渗透、相互作用，构成了人类历史发展的重要因素。人的最基本、最重要的需要是物质需要，因为这些需要是人类生存及历史发展的基础，“全部人类历史的第一个前提无疑是有生命的个人的存在。因此，第一个需要确认的事实就是这些个人的肉体组织以及由此产生的个人对其他自然的关系。”恩格斯明确指出：“物质存在方式……是始因。”在人的物质生产活动中，必然始终体现着人的精神需求，并且二者是成比例发展的，物质需求满足的程度和获得感与精神需求满足的程度和获得感是一致的，当人的物质需求得到极大满足时，也必然伴随着人对精神需求的更高期待。人的精神世界的极大丰富，是国家繁荣发展、民族精神力量增强、时代精神文明水平提升的重要标识。

It is in this sense that Xi Jinping’s cultural thought, standing at the height of the development of human civilization and proceeding from the concrete reality of China’s development, emphasizes that material abundance and spiritual enrichment are the fundamental requirements of socialist modernization. This is an innovative judgment based on the new stage of development of socialist modernization. Socialist modernization is fundamentally different from Western modernization centered on capital; in essence, it is the modernization of people. Chinese-path modernization constantly responds to the multifaceted and multi-level needs of human development, demonstrating the overall development and overall enhancement of the material and spiritual forces in building a great modern socialist country. In this new formulation, the concepts of “abundance” and “enrichment” not only embody the new value orientation of human material and spiritual existence in the New Era but also highlight the leap in the levels of human material and spiritual needs based on the development of social productive forces. Xi Jinping’s cultural thought specifically elaborates on the levels, degrees, and dialectical relationship of people’s material and spiritual needs in the New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that “material needs are primary,” and that

正是在此意义上，习近平文化思想站在人类文明发展的高度，从中国发展的具体实际出发，强调物质富足、精神富有是社会主义现代化的根本要求。这是基于社会主义现代化新的发展阶段作出的创新性论断。社会主义现代化，与以资本为中心的西方现代化有着根本上的不同，它在本质上是人的现代化。中国式现代化时刻回应着人的发展的多方面、多层次的需求，展现着社会主义现代化强国建设之物质力量和精神力量的整体发展和整体增强。在这一新提法中，“富足”和“富有”的概念既体现了新时代人的物质存在和精神存在的新价值取向，又彰显出在社会生产力发展基础上的人的物质和精神需要层次的跃迁。习近平文化思想具体阐释了新时代人的物质需求和精神需求的层次、程度及其辩证关系。习近平总书记指出，“物质需求是第一位的”,人有精神需求是人类社会与动物界最大的区别，二者分属于不同的领域，有各自的发展规律，“物质层面的问题要靠增强物质力量来解决，精神层面的问题要靠增强精神力量来解决”。但是，在中国特色社会主义发展过程中，“一个时期以来，我们物质力量的运用强一些，精神力量的运用弱一些”。正因如此，新时代新征程上，要同时解决好精神层面的问题与物质层面的问题，让精神力量和物质力量协同增强。

On the one hand, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought attaches great importance to the power of spirit, and innovatively develops the Marxist dialectical view that “matter becomes spirit, spirit becomes matter,” thereby providing the most fundamental theoretical basis for the dialectical unity of material abundance and spiritual enrichment in socialist modernization. According to this dialectical view, in meeting people’s needs, both material wealth and spiritual wealth must be greatly enriched; this process is not a simple mechanical combination but an integrated and synergistic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The people’s needs are multifaceted. To meet the people’s growing material needs, we must do a good job of economic and social construction and increase society’s material wealth. To meet the people’s growing spiritual and cultural needs, we must do a good job of cultural construction and increase society’s spiritual and cultural wealth.” Through economic construction, we continuously create more material and cultural products to meet people’s needs, steadily raise people’s material and cultural living standards, enhance their material abundance, and lay a solid foundation for spiritual enrichment; through cultural construction, we constantly enrich people’s spiritual world, meet their growing spiritual and cultural needs, thereby elevating their spiritual enrichment and providing spiritual impetus for enhancing material abundance. “Material abundance” and “spiritual enrichment” are not sequential, nor are they advanced separately; rather, they develop synergistically in close connection, mutual penetration, and mutual interaction. In this sense, the cultural advantage of a society with Chinese characteristics is necessarily a cultural strength and cultural influence based on economic advantage; at the same time, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes that “revolutionary ideals are higher than heaven,”[2]2 The Global Civilization Initiative, proposed by Xi Jinping in March 2023, calls for respecting the diversity of civilizations, promoting common values for humanity, and enhancing international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation. Its “Four Advocates” are: advocating respect for the diversity of civilizations, advocating the common values of humanity, advocating the importance of the inheritance and innovation of civilizations, and advocating robust international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation. and the economic advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristics is precisely due to the advanced and stable nature of its spiritual core, its nourishment and fullness.

一方面，习近平文化思想高度重视精神的力量，创新性发展了“物质变精神、精神变物质”的马克思主义辩证法观点，从而为社会主义现代化是物质富足和精神富有的辩证统一提供了最根本的理论基础。根据这一辩证法观点，在人的需求的满足上，要物质财富和精神财富都极大丰富，这一过程不是简单的机械组合，而是整体性、协同性的发展。习近平总书记指出：“人民的需求是多方面的。满足人民日益增长的物质需求，必须抓好经济社会建设，增加社会的物质财富。满足人民日益增长的精神文化需求，必须抓好文化建设，增加社会的精神文化财富。”通过经济建设，持续创造更多满足人们需要的物质文化产品，不断提高人们的物质文化生活水平，增强人们的物质富足，为精神上的富有打下坚实的基础；通过文化建设，不断丰富人们的精神世界，满足人们日益增长的精神文化需要，从而提升人们的精神富有，为增强物质富足提供精神动力。“物质富足”与“精神富有”不是一前一后，也不是截然分开来推进，而是在紧密联系、相互贯通、相互作用中协同发展。在此意义上，中国特色社会主义社会的文化优势，必然是基于经济优势基础上的文化实力和文化影响力；同时，习近平文化思想强调“革命理想高于天”,中国特色社会主义社会的经济优势，也正是因为其精神内核的先进和稳定、滋养和充盈。

On the other hand, from the height of developing advanced socialist culture and promoting the progress of human civilization, and based on the dialectical unity of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought profoundly elucidates the value orientation of the dialectical unity of material abundance and spiritual enrichment. Raising the people’s material and cultural living standards and improving their spiritual and cultural living standards are a tightly linked unity, driving the coordinated development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress in Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “We must adhere to ‘grasping with both hands, both hands must be firm,’[3]3 The second centenary goal refers to the goal of building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. and correctly handle the relationship between material civilization and cultural-ethical progress with a dialectical, comprehensive, and balanced perspective.” In the stage where material productive forces are underdeveloped, vigorously raising people’s material and cultural living standards to adapt to more advanced social productive forces is the center of social development and construction. In the stage where material living standards have been greatly improved, the people’s spiritual and cultural needs become more urgent; at this time, spiritual and cultural construction must be made an important task of social development and construction.

另一方面，习近平文化思想从发展社会主义先进文化、推动人类文明进步的高度，基于物质文明和精神文明的辩证统一关系，深刻阐明了物质富足和精神富有辩证统一的价值旨归。提升人民的物质文化生活水平和提高人的精神文化生活水平是紧密联结的统一体，推动着中国式现代化的物质文明和精神文明的协调发展。习近平总书记指出，“要坚持‘两手抓、两手都要硬’,以辩证的、全面的、平衡的观点正确处理物质文明和精神文明的关系”。在物质生产力不发达的阶段，大力提高人的物质文化生活水平，使之与更先进的社会生产力相适应，是社会发展和建设的中心。在物质生活水平得到极大提高的阶段，人民的精神文化需要就会更加迫切，此时需要将精神文化建设作为社会发展和建设的重要任务。

Adhering to the dialectical unity of material abundance and spiritual enrichment is the foundation for correctly handling the relationship between material civilization and cultural-ethical progress and for manifesting the essential characteristics of Chinese-path modernization. From the perspective of historical materialism, “culture and civilization are the basic indicators of historical progress. Therefore, developing society’s culture, more specifically, developing society’s material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, becomes the basic way and means of promoting historical progress.” The material abundance and spiritual enrichment of socialist modernization is precisely the process of building socialist material civilization and cultural-ethical progress. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “In a socialist country, a true Marxist political party, after taking power, must devote itself to developing productive forces, and on this basis gradually raise the people’s living standards. This is building material civilization. For a long time in the past, we neglected the development of productive forces, so now we must pay special attention to building material civilization. At the same time, we must also build socialist cultural-ethical progress; the most fundamental thing is to enable the broad masses of the people to have communist ideals, morality, culture, and discipline.” Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes that one of the important goals of Chinese-path modernization is, on the basis of enhancing the country’s economic strength, to continuously enrich the people’s spiritual world and raise the level of civilization across society. “Only when both material civilization construction and cultural-ethical progress construction are done well… can the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics advance smoothly.” In the practice of Chinese-path modernization, while firmly grasping material civilization construction, cultural-ethical progress construction is also placed in a more prominent position. This is because “the development of material civilization will place higher demands on the development of cultural-ethical progress, while at the same time the development of cultural-ethical progress will become the driving force for material civilization construction; especially, economic diversification will bring about the diversification of cultural life. Only by building cultural-ethical progress well can we meet the diverse spiritual and cultural life needs of the people.” Xi Jinping’s cultural thought regards the development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress as a staged and hierarchical process, advocating meeting people’s material and spiritual needs according to changes in the level of people’s needs at different periods; at the same time, it also places the development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress under the overall perspective of the need for people’s all-round development. Only through the balanced development and mutual promotion of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress can people’s multiple needs and various abilities be satisfied and realized.

坚持物质富足和精神富有的辩证统一，是正确处理物质文明和精神文明关系、彰显中国式现代化本质特征的基础所在。在历史唯物主义看来，“文化、文明是历史进步的基本标志。因此，发展社会的文化，更具体些说，发展社会的物质文明和精神文明，也就成为推动历史进步的基本方式和途径”。社会主义现代化的物质富足、精神富有，就是社会主义物质文明和精神文明的建设过程。邓小平指出：“在社会主义国家，一个真正的马克思主义政党在执政以后，一定要致力于发展生产力，并在这个基础上逐步提高人民的生活水平。这就是建设物质文明。过去很长一段时间，我们忽视了发展生产力，所以现在我们要特别注意建设物质文明。与此同时，还要建设社会主义的精神文明，最根本的是要使广大人民有共产主义的理想，有道德，有文化，守纪律。”习近平文化思想强调，中国式现代化的重要目标之一，就是在提高国家经济实力的基础上，不断丰富人民的精神世界，提高全社会文明程度。“只有物质文明建设和精神文明建设都搞好……中国特色社会主义事业才能顺利向前推进。”在中国式现代化实践中，在紧抓物质文明建设的同时，也将精神文明建设摆在更加突出的位置。这是因为，“物质文明的发展会对精神文明的发展提出更高的要求，同时精神文明的发展又会成为物质文明建设的动力，尤其是经济的多元化会带来文化生活的多样化，只有把精神文明建设好，才能满足人民群众多样化的精神文化生活需求”。习近平文化思想将物质文明和精神文明的发展看作阶段性的、分层次的过程，主张根据不同时期人的需求层次的变化满足人的物质需求和精神需求，同时，也将物质文明和精神文明的发展置于人的全面发展需要的整体视角之下。只有物质文明和精神文明的均衡发展、相互促进，才能使得人的多方面需求、多种能力得到满足和实现。

(II) The Dialectical Unity of Economic Hard Power and Cultural Soft Power

(二)经济硬实力和文化软实力的辩证统一

Economic hard power and cultural soft power are important components of a country’s comprehensive national strength and comprehensive competitiveness. Only when both are enhanced holistically does it mark a country’s true strength and prosperous development. Their interrelationship essentially embodies the dialectical unity of the economic base and the superstructure within the social structure: economic hard power is the foundation of a nation’s and a people’s development, building a solid material and technological base; cultural soft power is the spiritual support for a nation’s and a people’s development, located within the superstructure, and as a non-material form of national power, it has its own uniqueness. If a country has only economic strength but lacks cultural influence and cohesion, and lacks progress in cultural-ethical progress, then material civilization construction will lack spiritual guidance and development momentum, and economic construction will be greatly compromised; such a country cannot be said to have strong comprehensive national strength and competitiveness internationally. In the early modernization process of the West, the accumulation of material wealth coexisted with cultural and belief crises; even today, it still suffers from the spiritual poverty of modernization. Historical experience proves that no country promoting social modernization can take economic hard power as the sole development indicator; it must simultaneously take cultural soft power as an important evaluation indicator.

经济硬实力和文化软实力是一个国家综合国力和综合竞争力的重要组成部分，只有二者整体性的提升，才标志着一个国家的真正强盛和繁荣发展。它们之间的相互关联本质上体现了社会结构中经济基础和上层建筑的辩证统一：经济硬实力是国家和民族发展的根基，构筑起坚实的物质技术基础；文化软实力则是国家和民族发展的精神支撑，位于上层建筑之列，并且作为非物质性力量的国家实力，有其自身的独特性。如果一个国家只有经济上的实力，没有文化上的影响力和凝聚力，没有精神文明的进步，物质文明建设就会缺乏精神上的引领力和发展动力，经济建设的发展就会大打折扣，那么它在国际上还称不上综合国力和竞争力的强大。在西方早期现代化进程中，就曾出现物质财富积累的同时文化和信仰危机并存，在今天，它仍然深受现代化精神贫乏之困扰。历史经验证明，任何国家推进社会现代化，都不能把经济硬实力作为唯一的发展指标，而必须同时把文化软实力作为重要评价指标。

Xi Jinping’s cultural thought enriches and develops the Marxist view on the dialectical unity of the economic base and the superstructure, systematically elaborates for the first time the status and role of cultural soft power in a country’s comprehensive national strength, and, starting from the reality of China’s significantly enhanced economic hard power, makes innovative explanations of the laws and specific paths for building cultural soft power.

习近平文化思想丰富发展了马克思主义关于经济基础与上层建筑辩证统一的观点，首次系统阐述了文化软实力在国家综合实力中的地位和作用，并从中国经济硬实力显著增强的实际出发，对文化软实力的建设规律及具体路径作出了创新性的阐释。

First, it profoundly reveals the powerful “combined force” of economic hard power and cultural soft power based on the enhancement of comprehensive national strength. The progress and development of a country’s culture and civilization must be based on economic hard power, and the effective enhancement of the endogenous vitality and driving force of economic hard power inevitably includes the strong boost of cultural factors, ultimately manifesting as the simultaneous improvement of both. It is in this sense that General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes paying attention to both economic hard power and

其一，深刻揭示了基于国家综合实力提升的经济硬实力和文化软实力的强大“合力”。一个国家文化和文明的进步和发展，一定是以经济硬实力为基础的，而经济硬实力的内生活力和动力的有效提升，必然包含着文化因素的强劲助推，因而最终体现为二者的同步提升。正是在此意义上，习近平总书记强调，要既关注经济硬实力，又关注文化软实力，因为“古往今来，任何一个大国的发展进程，既是经济总量、军事力量等硬实力提高的进程，也是价值观念、思想文化等软实力提高的进程”。一方面，经济硬实力是新时代的硬道理，但推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长也离不开文化文明的力量，因此，提高经济硬实力，必须以文化为重要支点。另一方面，文化软实力是新时代的强支撑，文化赋能经济，或者说“文化+经济”模式，是新时代经济力量和文化力量互相助推、融合互动的突出展现，因此，提高文化软实力，也需要“经济搭台”。

Rooted in the new stage of development of Chinese-path modernization, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought places the development of cultural soft power in an important position for enhancing the country’s comprehensive national strength, emphasizing that cultural soft power concerns the “cohesion of the nation’s spirit and vitality” [2]2 The Global Civilization Initiative, proposed by Xi Jinping in March 2023, calls for respecting the diversity of civilizations, promoting common values for humanity, and enhancing international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation. Its “Four Advocates” are: advocating respect for the diversity of civilizations, advocating the common values of humanity, advocating the importance of the inheritance and innovation of civilizations, and advocating robust international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation. and is related to the realization of the “Two Centenary Goals” [3]3 The second centenary goal refers to the goal of building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. and the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Mao Zedong once stressed the “great influence” of culture on economy and politics: “A given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the given politics and economy of a given society, and it in turn exerts a great influence and effect upon that given politics and economy.” In the course of world modernization, this “great influence” has demonstrated an immeasurable practical power: the spiritual guidance and driving role of culture on economy and politics is growing ever stronger, and cultural soft power, as a core element of a country’s comprehensive national power, is becoming increasingly prominent, centrally embodying a country’s powerful cohesion and vitality based on its culture. Therefore, cultural soft power and its competitiveness are important indicators of national prosperity and rejuvenation. The strength of cultural soft power directly concerns a country’s influence, appeal, and credibility, and also profoundly influences and drives the country’s economic and social development; together with economic hard power, it constitutes and characterizes the country’s comprehensive development strength.

立足中国式现代化的新发展阶段，习近平文化思想将文化软实力的发展置于增强国家综合实力的重要位置，强调文化软实力关乎国家“精气神的凝聚”,关系“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的实现。毛泽东曾强调文化对经济和政治的“伟大影响”:“一定的文化(当作观念形态的文化)是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济。”在世界现代化进程中，这一“伟大影响”展现出不可估量的实践伟力：文化对经济和政治的精神引领和推动作用日益强劲，而且文化软实力作为一个国家综合国力的核心要素越来越凸显，集中体现了一个国家基于文化而具有的强大的凝聚力和生命力。因此，文化软实力及其竞争力，是国家富强和民族振兴的重要标志。文化软实力的强盛，直接关乎着国家的影响力、吸引力和公信力，也深刻影响和推动着国家的经济社会发展，它与经济硬实力共同构成和表征着国家的综合发展实力。

Second, based on the existence of a “gap between soft power and hard power” in international communication, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes the “balance” and “coordination” between cultural soft power construction and economic hard power construction. Enhancing national cultural soft power and building a culturally strong country are major strategic tasks proposed by Xi Jinping’s cultural thought in light of the current development realities of Chinese-path modernization. Starting from this, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought, for the first time, systematically constructs the basic content system for building national cultural soft power, which includes telling China’s economic development philosophy well. On the basis of a profound explanation of the essence and direction of soft power construction, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought clearly defines the construction of national cultural soft power into the following four aspects: striving to consolidate the foundation of national cultural soft power, striving to spread contemporary Chinese values, striving to showcase the unique charm of Chinese culture, and striving to enhance international discourse power. These aspects essentially mean, on the basis of truly building China’s culture well, “pushing our standards, rules, and concepts outward,” which is what General Secretary Xi Jinping calls “forming them within” and “issuing them forth.”

其二，基于在国际传播中存在“软实力和硬实力的‘落差’”,习近平文化思想强调文化软实力建设和经济硬实力建设的“均衡”与“协调”。提升国家文化软实力，建设文化强国，是习近平文化思想根据当前中国式现代化的发展实际提出的重大战略任务。由此出发，习近平文化思想首次系统构建了国家文化软实力建设的基本内容体系，其中就包括讲好我国的经济发展观。在深刻阐释软实力建设本质和方向的基础上，习近平文化思想将国家文化软实力建设明确为以下四个方面：努力夯实国家文化软实力的根基、努力传播当代中国价值观念、努力展示中华文化独特魅力、努力提高国际话语权。这些方面本质上是在切实把我国文化建设好的基础上，“把我国标准、规则、理念推出去”,即习近平总书记所说的“形于中”而“发于外”。这些标准、规则和理念，就是中国特色社会主义道路、理论、制度等层面的集中体现。提升国家文化软实力，旨在将我国的发展优势和综合实力转化为话语优势，提升中华文化的影响力。其中，重要战略任务之一，就是要讲好中国故事，这既包括中华文化“走出去”,也涵盖向世界讲述我国经济持续健康发展的新时代故事。

Here, it must be pointed out that values are the core of culture, and within the structure and hierarchy of values, core values are the most profound and enduring force in the development of a nation and its people. Therefore, the focus of building cultural soft power must necessarily revolve closely around core values. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Core values are the soul of cultural soft power and the focus of building cultural soft power. They are the deepest-level elements that determine the nature and direction of culture. The cultural soft power of a country, fundamentally, depends on the vitality, cohesion, and appeal of its core values.” This indicates that the key lever for building a country’s cultural soft power is core values, and core values are the markers that distinguish different cultural forms. Thus, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture emphasizes that, based on the higher demands of economic and social development for cultural construction, the higher expectations of the people for cultural-ethical life, and the new circumstances and tasks facing the building of a socialist cultural power, it is necessary to deepen the reform of the cultural system, establish the cultivation and practice of core socialist values as an important aspect of the national governance system and governance capacity, and take it as the fundamental requirement and key pathway for enhancing the soft power of Chinese culture.

在这里，必须指出的是，价值观是文化的核心，而在价值观结构和层次中，核心价值观是国家和民族发展中最深沉、最持久的力量，因此，文化软实力建设的重点必然是紧紧围绕核心价值观来展开的。习近平总书记指出：“核心价值观是文化软实力的灵魂、文化软实力建设的重点。这是决定文化性质和方向的最深层次要素。一个国家的文化软实力，从根本上说，取决于其核心价值观的生命力、凝聚力、感召力。”这表明，国家文化软实力建设的重要抓手是核心价值观，核心价值观是区分不同文化形态的标识。由此，习近平文化思想强调，基于经济社会发展对文化建设的更高要求、人民群众对精神文化生活的更高期待、社会主义文化强国建设面临的新形势新任务，必须深化文化体制改革，将培育和践行社会主义核心价值观确立为国家治理体系和治理能力的重要方面，作为提升中华文化软实力的根本要求和重点路径。

From the above, it can be seen that Xi Jinping Thought on Culture innovatively expands the Marxist dialectical unity of economic hard power and cultural soft power, emphasizing the mutual transformation between the two: “The power of culture can ultimately be transformed into material power, and the soft power of culture can ultimately be transformed into the hard power of the economy.” This is not merely an explanation of economic hard power and cultural soft power from the dialectical relationship between economy and culture; rather, it extends both to the level of cultural and material forces, and to the level of their discourse and narrative systems, ideological theories and values, and story carriers and communication concepts. Therefore, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture emphasizes that, in the economic construction and cultural construction of the New Era, we must deeply understand the determining role of the economic base on the superstructure and the counteractive effect of the superstructure on the economic base, and we must possess both hard power and soft power.

由上可见，习近平文化思想创新性地拓展了马克思主义关于经济硬实力与文化软实力的辩证统一，强调二者之间的相互转化，“文化的力量最终可以转化为物质的力量，文化的软实力最终可以转化为经济的硬实力”。这不是单单从经济与文化的辩证关系阐释经济硬实力和文化软实力，而是既延展到文化与物质的力量层面，又拓展到其话语和叙事体系、思想理论和价值观念、故事载体和传播理念层面。因此，习近平文化思想强调，在新时代经济建设和文化建设中，我们要深刻认识经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用、上层建筑对经济基础的反作用，既要有硬实力，也要有软实力。

(3) The Dialectical Unity of Economic Cooperation and People-to-People and Cultural Exchanges

(三)经济合作和人文交流的辩证统一

The flourishing of culture is always closely integrated with economic development. Examining cultural exchange and mutual learning from the perspective of economic development strategy, linking the two and systematically investigating them, is an important development of Marxist cultural theory in the contemporary Chinese context. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “At present, we have put more effort into economic cooperation, but the cultural leg is generally not strong enough.” This is a key issue that urgently needs to be resolved in current economic construction and cultural construction. Therefore, strengthening people-to-people and cultural exchanges, so that culture can play a greater role in economic and social development, appears particularly important. General Secretary Xi Jinping highly emphasizes that people-to-people and cultural exchanges are equally important as economic cooperation, clearly stating: “We must promote economic cooperation and people-to-people and cultural exchanges together, and focus on intensive cultivation in the field of people-to-people and cultural exchanges.” Paying attention to cultural carriers and cultural factors in economic cooperation, and achieving their practical integration, is also an important manifestation of enhancing cultural soft power and building a new pattern of opening up in the New Era.

文化的繁荣一定是与经济的发展紧密结合的。从经济发展战略的角度审视文化的交流互鉴，将二者关联起来并系统考察，是马克思主义文化理论在当代中国语境中的重要发展。习近平总书记指出：“目前看，我们在经济合作上用力多，文化这条腿总体上还不够有力。”这是当前经济建设与文化建设亟待解决的一个关键问题，因此，加强人文交流，使文化在经济社会发展中发挥更大的效能显得尤为重要。习近平总书记高度强调人文交流与经济合作具有同等重要性，明确指出：“要坚持经济合作和人文交流共同推进，注重在人文领域精耕细作。”在经济合作中注重文化载体和文化因素，实现二者的切实融合，这也是新时代提升文化软实力和构建开放新格局的重要体现。

First, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture innovatively elevates people-to-people and cultural exchanges to the level of soft power, profoundly explaining their boosting effect on economic activities. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “People-to-people and cultural exchanges

第一，习近平文化思想创新性地将人文交流提升至软实力的高度，深刻阐释其对经济活动的助推作用。习近平总书记指出：“人文交流是软实力的体现，软实力强大了，开展政治、外交、经济活动的阻力就会小。人文合作投入小、影响大、管长远，关键是要重视起来，用‘随风潜入夜，润物细无声’的方式去做，推进民心相通，发挥文化影响力。”人文交流突出“人”的因素，侧重的是人与人之间的相互了解、相互信任和相互沟通。加强人文交流，旨在促进“民心相通”。人文交流是讲好中国故事、积极向国际宣传介绍中国特色社会主义道路、理论、制度及其优势的重要方式，是向国际积极发声、展现中华文化独特魅力的重要路径，既有助于提升国家软实力，又为开展经济活动创造良好的社会环境和民意基础。

Second, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture elevates people-to-people and cultural exchanges to the height of the open pattern, scientifically elucidating its important impact on an open economy. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out, “The policy of opening up to the outside world economically is correct and must be adhered to for a long time. External cultural exchanges must also develop over the long term.” This profoundly reveals that cultural openness is the inevitable result and historical trend of economic openness. Deepening people-to-people and cultural exchanges is not only an important component of the basic state policy of opening up, but also a key lever for strengthening the coordination of China’s macroeconomic policies, thus becoming an important pathway for improving the quality and level of opening up. For example, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture emphasizes that the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative is a major strategic measure for expanding opening up and a top-level design for economic diplomacy, in which people-to-people and cultural exchanges and cooperation are an important part of the Belt and Road construction. To truly build the Belt and Road, it is necessary to create a people-to-people pattern of mutual appreciation, mutual understanding, and mutual respect among the people of countries along the route. Therefore, constructing a pattern of people-to-people and cultural exchanges and cooperation that is deeply integrated with and mutually reinforcing with opening up is an important prerequisite for adapting to new changes in international economic cooperation. In this sense, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture regards people-to-people and cultural exchanges as a bridge for mutual learning among civilizations, opening up a new situation for cultural integration and people-to-people connectivity among countries around the world, and promoting the breadth and depth of opening up.

第二，习近平文化思想将人文交流提升至开放格局的高度，科学阐释其对开放性经济的重要影响。邓小平曾指出，“经济上实行对外开放的方针，是正确的，要长期坚持。对外文化交流也要长期发展”。这深刻揭示了文化的开放是经济开放的必然结果和历史趋势。深化人文交流既是对外开放基本国策的重要内容，又是加强我国宏观经济政策协调的重要抓手，因而成为提高对外开放质量和水平的重要途径。比如，习近平文化思想强调，“一带一路”建设是扩大开放的重大战略举措和经济外交的顶层设计，其中，人文交流合作是“一带一路”建设的重要内容，而要真正建成“一带一路”,必须在沿线国家民众中形成一个相互欣赏、相互理解、相互尊重的人文格局。因此，建构与对外开放深度融合、相互促进的人文交流合作格局，是适应国际经济合作新变化的重要前提。在此意义上，习近平文化思想将人文交流视为文明互学互鉴的桥梁，为开创世界各国间的文化交融和民心相通打开了新局面，推动了开放的广度和深度。

From the above, it can be seen that Xi Jinping Thought on Culture innovatively elaborates the dialectical unity of economic cooperation and people-to-people and cultural exchanges. On the one hand, economic cooperation is the material prerequisite for people-to-people and cultural exchanges and cooperation, and expanding the space for economic cooperation is an important foundation for forming common interests. Actively carrying out economic cooperation and exchanges, and promoting the formation of a “mutually beneficial symbiosis” community with a shared future for mankind among countries, is an inevitable trend in the development of world history under the background of economic globalization. With the deepening of economic cooperation, people-to-people and cultural exchanges among countries around the world will continue to strengthen, and the space for development will become increasingly broad. On the other hand, deepening people-to-people and cultural exchanges helps to create a favorable social foundation and social atmosphere for economic cooperation. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “The situation of international economic cooperation and competition is undergoing profound changes, the global economic governance system and rules are facing major adjustments, and the depth, breadth, and pace of ‘bringing in’ and ‘going global’ are incomparable to the past. The pressure to respond to external economic risks and maintain national economic security is also incomparable to the past.” Whether it is the new changes in economic cooperation or responding to external economic risks, attention should be paid to the power of people-to-people and cultural factors, deepening people-to-people and cultural exchanges and cooperation, and making them an important content and strong support for the economic development strategy. This is because people-to-people and cultural exchanges are fundamentally exchanges between cultures and values. Mutual understanding and mutual recognition of cultures and values are the spiritual support for the smooth progress of economic cooperation.

由上可见，习近平文化思想创新性地阐述了经济合作和人文交流的辩证统一。一方面，经济合作是人文交流合作的物质前提，而拓展经济合作的空间，是形成共同利益的重要基础。积极开展经济上的合作交流，推动各国形成一个“互利共生”的命运共同体，是经济全球化背景下世界历史发展的必然趋势。随着经济合作的深化，世界各国的人文交流持续增强，发展空间会越来越广阔。另一方面，深化人文交流，有助于为经济合作创造良好的社会基础和社会氛围。习近平总书记深刻指出：“国际经济合作和竞争局面正在发生深刻变化，全球经济治理体系和规则正在面临重大调整，引进来、走出去在深度、广度、节奏上都是过去所不可比拟的，应对外部经济风险、维护国家经济安全的压力也是过去所不能比拟的。”无论是经济合作的新变化，还是应对外部经济风险，都应重视人文的力量，深化人文交流合作，使其成为经济发展战略的重要内容和有力支撑。这是因为，人文交流根本上是文化、价值观之间的交流，文化、价值观上的相互理解和相互认同，是经济合作顺利开展的精神支持。

Xi Jinping Thought on Culture has carried out innovative explorations in creating a win-win cooperation model between China and countries around the world, promoting the formation of a new pattern of comprehensive opening up in China, and also contributing Chinese wisdom to solving international problems. On the one hand, it advocates the establishment of multi-level and diversified people-to-people cooperation mechanisms. “We must establish multi-level people-to-people cooperation mechanisms, build more cooperation platforms, and open up more cooperation channels.” These mechanisms and channels cover dimensions such as educational cooperation, the role of think tanks, innovation in cooperation models in the fields of culture, sports, and health, as well as the utilization of historical and cultural heritage, and the creation of tourism products and heritage protection with Silk Road characteristics. On the other hand, it incorporates “jointly advocating international people-to-people and cultural exchanges and cooperation” into the “Four Advocates” of the Global Civilization Initiative [2]2 The Global Civilization Initiative, proposed by Xi Jinping in March 2023, calls for respecting the diversity of civilizations, promoting common values for humanity, and enhancing international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation. Its “Four Advocates” are: advocating respect for the diversity of civilizations, advocating the common values of humanity, advocating the importance of the inheritance and innovation of civilizations, and advocating robust international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation., promoting mutual support, mutual understanding, and mutual affinity among the people of all countries, and strengthening the concept of common development. General Secretary Xi Jinping said: “I proposed the Global Civilization Initiative precisely to promote the international community to address the imbalance between the material and the spiritual, and jointly promote the continuous progress of human civilization.” In terms of practical pathways, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture advocates building a global civilization dialogue and cooperation network, enriching the content of exchanges, expanding cooperation channels, thereby promoting the facilitation of management for “going global” and “bringing in,” and expanding international people-to-people and cultural exchanges and cooperation.

习近平文化思想在中国与世界各国开创合作共赢模式上进行了创新性探索，推动我国形成了全新开放的新格局，也为解决国际问题贡献了中国智慧。一方面，倡导建立多层次、多样化的人文合作机制。“我们要建立多层次人文合作机制，搭建更多合作平台，开辟更多合作渠道。”这些机制和渠道涵盖教育合作、智库作用发挥，文化、体育、卫生领域合作模式创新，以及利用好历史文化遗产，打造具有丝绸之路特色的旅游产品和遗产保护等维度。另一方面，将“共同倡导国际人文交流合作”纳入全球文明倡议“四个倡导”,促进各国人民出入相友、相知相亲，坚定共同发展理念。习近平总书记说：“我提出全球文明倡议，就是要推动国际社会解决物质和精神失衡问题，共同推动人类文明不断进步。”在实践路径上，习近平文化思想倡导通过构建全球文明对话合作网络，丰富交流内容，拓展合作渠道，从而推动走出去、请进来管理便利化，扩大国际人文交流合作。

III. Theoretical Characteristics of the Dialectics of Culture and Economy

三、 文化与经济辩证法的理论特质

Xi Jinping Thought on Culture attaches importance to the foundation of cultural development and construction, placing it within the coordinate system of China’s economic development for overall planning, while also focusing on the counter-effect of culture on the economy, fully considering the enormous driving force of culture on the economy. Thus, within the systemic structure of the social organism, it demonstrates a work layout linking culture and economy, and on the basis of combining theory and practice, it enriches and develops the methodological system of Marxist cultural theory.

习近平文化思想重视文化发展和建设的基础，既将其放在中国经济发展的坐标系中进行整体谋划，同时也注重文化对经济的反作用，充分考量文化对经济的巨大推动力，因而在社会有机体的系统结构中展现了文化与经济联动的工作布局，并在理论与实践相结合的基础上丰富和发展了马克思主义文化理论的方法论体系。

(I) Emphasizing the Holistic Nature of Economy and Culture in the Social Organism

(一)注重社会有机体中经济与文化的整体性

Adhering to the dialectical unity of culture and economy is the core essence of the Marxist thought on the social organism. Marx compared society to an “organism”: “Society is not a solid crystal, but an organism capable of change and constantly in the process of change.” Starting from the reality that socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new stage of development, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture emphasizes the holistic characteristics of cultural construction and economic construction in the New Era: “Correctly handle major relationships in development, and continuously enhance the holistic nature of development.” From the situation in the early stages of China’s modernization where both the economy and culture were in a backward state, to today’s critical stage of embarking on a new journey to comprehensively build a modern socialist country and marching toward the second centenary goal [3]3 The second centenary goal refers to the goal of building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China., China has always faced the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development in economic and social development. Therefore, the coordinated development of economy and culture as a whole is the value orientation of Chinese-path modernization. It is precisely from the concrete reality of the current disharmony and imbalance between the economic and cultural fields that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core profoundly grasps the laws of the development of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics and the laws of the development of human civilization, overall coordinating economic construction and cultural construction, emphasizing cultural factors and cultural forces in economic construction, and taking into account economic and social benefits in cultural construction. Economic construction is the foundation and center, constituting the “skeletal system” of the social organism; culture, as the ideological superstructure, is the “soul” of the social organism, and its laws of development and construction are inevitably inseparable from the primary consideration of the laws of economic development.

坚持文化与经济的辩证统一，是马克思主义社会有机体思想的核心要义。马克思将社会比喻为“有机体”:“社会不是坚实的结晶体，而是一个能够变化并且经常处于变化过程中的有机体。”从中国特色社会主义进入新的发展阶段的实际出发，习近平文化思想强调新时代文化建设与经济建设的整体性特质：“正确处理发展中的重大关系，不断增强发展整体性。”从我国现代化建设初期经济文化均处于落后状态的局面，到今天迈入全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的关键阶段，我国始终都存在经济社会发展中的不平衡不充分问题。因此，经济与文化整体上的协调发展是中国式现代化的价值旨归。正是从当前经济与文化领域的不协调、不均衡的具体实际出发，以习近平同志为核心的党中央深刻把握中国特色社会主义文化发展规律和人类文明发展规律，整体统筹经济建设和文化建设，在经济建设中重视文化因素和文化力量，在文化建设中兼顾经济社会效益。经济建设是基础和中心，构成社会有机体的“骨骼系统”;文化作为观念的上层建筑，是社会有机体的“灵魂”,其发展和建设规律必然离不开对经济发展规律的首要考量。

Overall, the holistic nature of economy and culture contained in Xi Jinping Thought on Culture is mainly reflected in two aspects.

总体而言，习近平文化思想中蕴含的经济与文化的整体性主要体现在两个方面。

First, grasping the holistic consideration of the laws of social and economic development and the laws of social and cultural development.

第一，把握社会经济发展规律与社会文化发展规律的整体性考量。

The laws of social and economic development reflect the laws of people’s economic activities, run through people’s internal standards, are the product of interaction and integration with cultural and other social elements, and constitute the foundation and core of social laws. Starting from this, grasping the inherent laws of economic construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics must focus on innovative development in the cultural field. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “To meet the people’s growing needs for a better life, culture is an important factor; to overcome various risks and challenges on the road ahead, culture is an important source of strength.” While the foundational status of the economy is beyond doubt, the forces driving social historical development and progress must also include the synergy of various superstructural factors and their interactions. As the book *Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress* points out, “The paradox of economic development is that economic values alone are insufficient to guarantee economic development… What values a country’s people accept or reject belongs to the realm of culture. So we can also say that economic development is a cultural process.” China’s economy has shifted from a “stage of high-speed growth” to a “stage of high-quality development,” and the latter is necessarily an economic model that interacts and integrates with culture. “High-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s growing needs for a better life, development that embodies the new development concept, development where innovation is the first driving force, coordination is an inherent characteristic, green is a universal form, openness is the only path, and sharing is the fundamental goal.” The economic construction of the New Era embodies the people-centered value orientation, and the unique values, views on civilization, and views on ecology contained in Chinese-path modernization are its important guiding concepts.

社会经济发展规律反映了人们的经济活动的规律，贯穿着人的内在尺度，是与文化等社会要素交融互动的产物，构成社会规律的基础和核心。由此出发，把握中国特色社会主义经济建设的内在规律，必须注重文化领域的创新发展。习近平总书记指出：“满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，文化是重要因素，战胜前进道路上各种风险挑战，文化是重要力量源泉。”经济的基础地位固然毋庸置疑，但推动社会历史发展和进步的力量一定还有上层建筑诸因素及其互动的协同。正如《文化的重要作用——价值观如何影响人类进步》一书所指出的，“经济发展的自相矛盾之处在于，经济价值观不足以保证经济发展……一国人民接受什么价值观或不接受什么价值观，这属于文化领域的事情。所以我们也可以说经济发展是一个文化过程”。我国经济由“高速增长阶段”转向“高质量发展阶段”,后者必然是与文化交融互动的经济模式。“高质量发展，就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展。”新时代经济建设体现了以人民为中心的价值导向，中国式现代化蕴含的独特价值观、文明观、生态观等，是其重要的指导理念。

Therefore, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that economic development has never been abstract or isolated, but rather concrete and interconnected. In this sense, economic development has never been a development that is separated, stratified, or mechanical from culture, but rather manifests an organic wholeness. For example, the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative is not only economic cooperation but also inherently contains a pattern of people-to-people and cultural exchange. Further speaking, economic development has never been a matter of a single stage receiving emphasis alone, nor a model of "economy first, culture later," but rather a holistic advancement based on the needs of human existence and development. Once major changes occur in the economic base and its development, the superstructure of ideas, with culture as an important representation, will inevitably undergo gradual reform.

因此，习近平总书记强调，经济发展从来都不是抽象的、孤立的，而是具体的、联系的。在此意义上，经济发展从来不是与文化割裂的、分层的、机械的发展，而是表现出一种有机的整体性。例如，共建“一带一路”不仅是经济合作，还内蕴着一种人文交流格局。进一步来说，经济发展从来都不是哪一个阶段单一受重视，也非“先经济后文化”的发展模式，而是一种基于人的存在与发展需要的整体推进。经济基础及其发展一旦出现重大变革，以文化等为重要表征的观念上层建筑也必然发生渐进式改革。

In the sense of values, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture emphasizes adhering to the dialectical unity of economic value and cultural value. For instance, the "green" value of economic development has become a "distinctive business card" of China's economic development. In the field of cultural products and the development of the cultural industry, attention must also be paid to their commodity attributes, in order to create more economic value, thereby better integrating with economic and social development. For another example, in the practice of rural revitalization, the unity of economic value and cultural value is becoming increasingly prominent: "beautiful rural environments, lucid waters and lush mountains, and a good ecology have become scarce resources; the economic value, ecological value, social value, and cultural value of rural areas are increasingly highlighted." It can be said that economy and culture often appear as a combined concept in the practice of Chinese-path modernization, such as modern economic culture, modern cultural economy, etc., manifesting a holistic consideration of the cultural value orientation in the operation of the socialist economy and the economic value orientation in the development of socialist culture.

在价值观意义上，习近平文化思想强调坚持经济价值与文化价值的辩证统一。比如，经济发展的“绿色”价值观，成为我国经济发展的“特色名片”。在文化产品和文化产业的发展领域，也要注重其商品属性，以创造更多的经济价值，从而更好地与经济社会发展相结合。再如，在乡村振兴实践中，经济价值与文化价值相统一表现得越来越突出：“乡村优美环境、绿水青山、良好生态成为稀缺资源，乡村的经济价值、生态价值、社会价值、文化价值日益凸显。”可以说，经济和文化在中国式现代化实践中往往也会作为一个组合概念出现，如现代经济文化、现代文化经济等，彰显出社会主义经济运行中的文化价值取向和社会主义文化发展中的经济价值取向的整体性考量。

Second, the holistic efficacy of constructing a modern economic system and cultivating a new cultural life form.

第二，构建现代化经济体系与培育新的文化生命体的整体性效能。

Any civilization and social cultural form must be rooted in a certain socio-economic form, which continuously evolves with historical development. Socio-economic forms at different historical stages produce different social cultural forms. In the process of Chinese-path modernization, the new economy gives birth to new culture; the modern economic system is based on the new cultural life form, and at the same time requires the new cultural life form to provide spiritual motivation and intellectual support. Together, they represent the theoretical and practical characteristics of Chinese-path modernization as a whole. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, "Only by observing the contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production together with the contradictory movement of the economic base and the superstructure, and by observing the basic contradictions of society as a whole, can we comprehensively grasp the basic features and development direction of the entire society."

任何文明和社会文化形态都必须植根于一定的社会经济形态，社会经济形态随历史的发展而不断演变。不同历史阶段的社会经济形态会产生不同的社会文化形态。在中国式现代化进程中，新经济孕育出新文化，现代化经济体系以新的文化生命体为基础，同时也需要新的文化生命体提供精神动力和智力支持，它们作为一个整体表征着中国式现代化的理论和实践特色。正如习近平总书记所强调的，“只有把生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动同经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾运动结合起来观察，把社会基本矛盾作为一个整体来观察，才能全面把握整个社会的基本面貌和发展方向”。

On the one hand, efforts are made to leverage the guiding role of economic system reform, creating more endogenous impetus and vitality for the construction of the new cultural life form. Promoting the qualitative improvement of economic development means meeting the people's needs for a better life, shifting from "having or not having" to "good or not good." The criteria for evaluating and judging this "good or not good" concern the cultural value orientation of economic construction. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "From the perspective of political economy, the fundamental of supply-side structural reform is to enable our country's supply capacity to better meet the people's growing, upgrading, and personalized material, cultural, and ecological environment needs, thereby realizing the purpose of socialist production." This statement profoundly reflects the emphasis on people's material and spiritual cultural needs in economic construction. Whether promoting the development of material civilization or cultural-ethical progress, it always manifests the value orientation of putting the people first.

一方面，着力发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用，为新的文化生命体的构建创造更多内生动力和活力。推进经济发展质的提升，意味着满足人民美好生活的需要从“有没有”到“好不好”。这种“好不好”的评价判断标准，关涉的就是经济建设的文化价值取向。习近平总书记指出：“从政治经济学的角度看，供给侧结构性改革的根本，是使我国供给能力更好满足广大人民日益增长、不断升级和个性化的物质文化和生态环境需要，从而实现社会主义生产目的。”这一论述深刻体现了经济建设中对人的物质和精神文化需求的重视，无论是推动物质文明的发展还是精神文明的发展，都始终彰显人民至上的价值取向。

On the other hand, in the process of constructing a modern economic system, great importance is attached to cultural care. The construction of a modern economic system requires cultural support and must be combined with the construction of a new cultural life form, because "culture endows economic development with profound humanistic value, making human economic activities qualitatively different from the subsistence behaviors of animals; culture endows economic development with extremely high organizational efficiency, promoting communication among social subjects and the formation of social cohesion; culture endows economic development with stronger competitiveness. Once advanced culture combines with the most active human factor in productive forces, the quality of the labor force will be greatly improved, the breadth and depth of labor objects will be greatly expanded, and human ability to transform nature and acquire wealth will increase geometrically." Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, based on this profound insight into culture empowering economic modernization, closely integrates the development of the new culture of our era with the construction of a modern economic system, manifesting the economic function of culture, thereby placing culture in a more prominent position. The new cultural life form is rooted in the practical needs of building a strong country and the rejuvenation of the nation, full of creative and innovative vitality, and is the cultural foundation for the construction of a modern economic system. This prominently displays the holistic landscape of the interaction and integration of culture and economy.

另一方面，在构建现代经济体系过程中，高度重视文化的关怀。现代经济体系的构建，需要文化的支撑，并与构建新的文化生命体相结合，因为“文化赋予经济发展以深厚的人文价值，使人的经济活动与动物的谋生行为有质的区别；文化赋予经济发展以极高的组织效能，促进社会主体间的相互沟通和社会凝聚力的形成；文化赋予经济发展以更强的竞争力，先进文化与生产力中的最活跃的人的因素一旦结合，劳动力素质会得到极大地提高，劳动对象的广度和深度会得到极大的拓展，人类改造自然、取得财富的能力与数量会成几何级数增加”。习近平文化思想正是基于对文化赋能经济现代化的深刻洞见，将我们这个时代的新文化的发展与现代经济体系的建设紧密结合，彰显了文化的经济功能，从而将文化摆在更加突出的位置。新的文化生命体植根于强国建设、民族复兴的现实需求，充满创造创新活力，是现代经济体系构建的文化根基。这突出展现了文化与经济交融互动的整体性景观。

(2) For the first time, the concept of "cultural economy" is elucidated within humanistic economics.

(二)首次在人文经济学中阐释“文化经济”概念

On the path of building socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, the contribution of culture to the economy has gradually become prominent, continuously enriching the connotation of the cultural economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "In places where culture is very developed, the economy still leads the way. One can study the humanistic economics within this." [4]4 This is a direct quote from General Secretary Xi Jinping, suggesting that the relationship between cultural prosperity and economic development in certain regions merits academic study under the rubric of "humanistic economics." This innovative thesis reveals the inherent law of development in the interaction and integration of culture and economy. Comrade Xi Jinping, during his work in local areas, once pointed out: "The so-called cultural economy is a collective term for the economization of culture and the culturalization of the economy. Its essence is the interaction, integration, and integrated development of culture and economy." The essence of the cultural economy lies in the dialectical unity of culture and economy. Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, for the first time, provides a profound elaboration of the concept of the cultural economy on the basis of historical materialism. In the process of Chinese-path modernization, the economization of culture and the culturalization of the economy are both results of historical development and emerging trends in the fields of economy and culture. Both fully reflect the important role of culture in promoting high-quality economic development, manifesting that culture has become an important factor in the development of productive forces, and even "productive forces themselves." Therefore, the new coordinate composed of culture and economy contains new development concepts in the context of the New Era. For instance, the proposal of new quality productive forces inherently contains the profound insight that culture, as an important fulcrum for high-quality development, brings about changes in productive forces.

在中国特色社会主义文化建设的道路上，文化对经济的助力逐步凸显，不断丰富着文化经济的内涵。习近平总书记指出：“文化很发达的地方，经济照样走在前面，可以研究一下这里面的人文经济学。”这一创新性论断揭示了文化与经济交融互动的内在发展规律。习近平同志在地方工作期间就曾指出：“所谓文化经济是对文化经济化和经济文化化的统称，其实质是文化与经济的交融互动、融合发展。”文化经济的本质就在于文化与经济的辩证统一。习近平文化思想首次对文化经济概念作了历史唯物主义基础上的深刻阐述。在中国式现代化进程中，文化经济化和经济文化化既是历史发展的结果，也是经济与文化领域的新兴发展趋势。二者都充分体现了文化在促进经济高质量发展中的重要作用，彰显了文化已成为生产力发展的重要因素，甚至成为“生产力本身”。因此，由文化与经济组成的新坐标，在新时代背景下蕴含着新的发展理念，如新质生产力的提出，正蕴含着文化作为高质量发展的重要支点带来生产力变革的深刻洞察。

The economization of culture means that the function of culture extends beyond people's spiritual and cultural needs and begins to have an economic function. The prominent feature of culture with a strong economic function is that it enhances the productive force characteristics of culture, further elevating the role of culture in promoting social progress. The law of cultural development has added new content and presented new features due to the more direct intervention of culture in economic life. Precisely for this reason, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to "improve cultural and economic policies and cultivate new types of cultural business formats." As a direct product of the economization of culture, the development of the cultural industry can create enormous economic value. In this sense, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture emphasizes optimizing the supply of cultural products and services, empowering economic and social development with culture. The culturalization of the economy means that commodities have acquired cultural characteristics, and economic development is increasingly closely linked to a certain lifestyle. The intervention of culture has caused profound changes in economic development. The factors of production no longer contain only natural resources but also add elements such as technology, information, and culture. Xi Jinping Thought on Economics creatively proposes establishing and adhering to the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. This provides a completely new interpretation of the cultural value orientation of socialist economic development and also manifests its interconnection with Xi Jinping Thought on Culture.

文化经济化是指文化的功能超出了人的精神文化需要，开始具有经济功能。具有强大经济功能的文化，其显著特征就是增强了文化的生产力特性，使得文化在推动社会进步的作用方面进一步提升。文化的发展规律由于文化对经济生活的更为直接的介入而增添了新的内容，呈现出新的特征。正因如此，习近平总书记强调要“完善文化经济政策，培育新型文化业态”。作为文化经济化的直接产物，文化产业的发展能够创造巨大的经济价值。在此意义上，习近平文化思想强调要优化文化产品和服务供给，以文化赋能经济社会发展。经济文化化是指商品具有了文化的特征，经济发展越来越和某种生活方式紧密相连。文化的介入引起了经济发展的深刻变革。生产要素中不再仅仅包含自然资源，还增添了科技、信息、文化等元素。习近平经济思想创造性提出树立和坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，这对社会主义经济发展的文化价值导向作出了全新的阐释，也彰显了与习近平文化思想的相互贯通。

Xi Jinping’s cultural thought profoundly reveals that what the dialectics of culture and economy ultimately highlights is the factor of “the human.” “The essence of the ‘cultural economy’ lies in the integrated development of culture and economy; in the final analysis, it must highlight the word ‘human.’ Therefore, in advancing the development of the ‘cultural economy,’ we must always adhere to a people-centered approach and fully embody the requirements of the Scientific Outlook on Development.” [5]5 The Scientific Outlook on Development (科学发展观) was a guiding socio-economic principle put forward by Hu Jintao, emphasizing balanced, people-centered, and sustainable development. Fundamentally, both culture and economy originate from human practical activity, and both take the comprehensive and free development of the human person as their ultimate purpose. Hence, within the dialectics of culture and economy, the human being constructs a “three-dimensional space” in which the two are integrated. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The development we pursue is development that benefits the people; the prosperity we pursue is common prosperity for all the people. The ultimate criterion for judging whether reform and opening up have been successful is whether the people have jointly enjoyed the fruits of reform and development.” [6]6 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on poverty alleviation, December 2015. The coordinated development of cultural construction and economic construction in the New Era fully respects the principal position of the people; its starting point and end point are both people-centered, aiming to make the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security more substantial and more guaranteed.

习近平文化思想深刻揭示了文化与经济的辩证法最终突出的其实是“人”这一因素。“‘文化经济’的本质在于文化与经济的融合发展，说到底要突出一个‘人’字。因此，我们在推进‘文化经济’的发展中，要始终坚持以人为本，充分体现科学发展观的要求。”从根本上说，文化与经济都源于人的实践活动，皆以人的全面而自由的发展为旨归。因此，人在文化与经济的辩证法中建构起了二者融通的“立体空间”。习近平总书记指出：“我们追求的发展是造福人民的发展，我们追求的富裕是全体人民共同富裕。改革发展搞得成功不成功，最终的判断标准是人民是不是共同享受到了改革发展成果。”新时代文化建设与经济建设的协调性发展，充分尊重人民主体地位，其出发点和落脚点都是以人民为中心，旨在让广大人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感更加充实、更加有保障。

Therefore, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes the primary position of social benefit in the cultural economy. Adhering to the unity of economic benefit and social benefit is a common principle for cultural construction and economic construction in the New Era. This is determined by the special attributes and functions of the cultural industry. The essence of culture is “humanization,” and it is even more about “transforming people”; it profoundly affects human existence and development. Hence, cultural products and cultural achievements must satisfy the people’s needs for healthy and sound development. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Properly handle the relationship between ideological attributes and industrial attributes, and between social benefit and economic benefit; always adhere to the forward direction of socialist advanced culture, and always place social benefit in the first position.” [7]7 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on literature and art work, October 2014. That is to say, a prerequisite for better leveraging the economic value of culture is to attach great importance to the social benefit of cultural economic development, which profoundly reflects the grasp of culture’s ideological attributes and the characteristics of spiritual production. In this sense, Xi Jinping’s cultural thought emphasizes deepening the reform of the cultural system to ensure the forward direction of socialist advanced culture in the development of the cultural economy, and to effectively stimulate the vitality of cultural innovation and creation.

因此，习近平文化思想强调社会效益在文化经济中的首要地位。坚持经济效益和社会效益相统一，是新时代文化建设和经济建设的共同原则。这是由文化产业的特殊属性和功能所决定的。文化的本质是“人化”,更在于“化人”,它深刻影响着人的存在与发展，因而文化产品、文化成果必须满足人的健康、良好的发展需求。正如习近平总书记所强调的，“把握好意识形态属性和产业属性、社会效益和经济效益的关系，始终坚持社会主义先进文化前进方向，始终把社会效益放在首位”。也就是说，更好地发挥文化的经济价值的前提是，高度重视文化经济发展的社会效益，这深刻体现出对文化的意识形态属性和精神生产特性的把握。在此意义上，习近平文化思想强调深化文化体制改革，以保证文化经济发展的社会主义先进文化方向，有效激发文化创新创造活力。

Author’s bio: Zhang Yongzhi, Associate Senior Editor at the Center for Values and Culture and the School of Philosophy, Beijing Normal University.

作者简介：张永芝，北京师范大学价值与文化研究中心、哲学学院副编审。