The Generative Logic, Core Essence, and Practical Path of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourse on Data Development and Security

As China’s digital economy advances in depth, the value of data as a new type of productive factor is becoming increasingly prominent. Data is playing an ever more important role in all aspects of social production, distribution, circulation, and consumption, and has become a key factor driving high-quality development. However, along with the widespread penetration of data applications, the security challenges brought by data development have also become more complex and urgent. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly stated the need to “accelerate the establishment of systems for the determination of data property rights, market transactions, rights distribution, and interest protection, enhance the capacity for data security governance and supervision, and establish an efficient, convenient, and secure mechanism for cross-border data flow.” [n1] This strategic deployment points the way for coordinating data development and security and promoting the high-quality development of the digital economy, pushing China’s digital economy development from partial breakthroughs toward systemic integration, and from scale expansion toward quality improvement. Since entering the New Era, Xi Jinping has consistently attached great importance to data development and security, delivering many important speeches and instructions, and presiding over the 26th meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening Overall Reform, which specifically studied the construction of a basic system for data. From the early proposal of “using data to advance all work,” to emphasizing “breaking through core big data technologies,” to clearly stating “building a digital economy with data as the key factor,” a series of forward-looking and systematic strategic thoughts have been formed, providing fundamental guidance for our work on data development and security. Systematically sorting out Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security, and deeply understanding its generative logic, core essence, and practical path, is not only an urgent need for theoretical research but also a practical requirement for solidly advancing the modernization of data governance, building a strong national data security shield, and fully releasing the value of data factors.

随着我国数字经济向纵深发展，数据作为新型生产要素的价值日益凸显，其在社会生产、分配、流通和消费等各个环节中发挥着越来越重要的作用，已成为推动经济高质量发展的重要因素。然而，伴随着数据应用的广泛渗透，数据发展带来的安全挑战也愈加复杂和紧迫。党的二十届三中全会明确指出，要“加快建立数据产权归属认定、市场交易、权益分配、利益保护制度，提升数据安全治理监管能力，建立高效便利安全的数据跨境流动机制” 。这一战略部署为统筹数据发展与安全、促进数字经济高质量发展指明了方向，推动我国数字经济发展从局部突破走向系统整合、从规模扩张转向质量提升的新阶段。进入新时代以来，习近平始终高度重视数据发展和安全工作，多次发表重要讲话、作出重要指示，并主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议，专题研究数据基础制度建设。从早期提出“利用数据推进各项工作” ,到强调“突破大数据核心技术” ,再到明确“构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济” ,形成了一系列具有前瞻性、系统性的战略思想，为我们做好数据发展与安全工作提供了根本遵循。系统梳理习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，深入理解其生成逻辑、核心要义与实践路径，不仅是理论研究的迫切需要，也是扎实推进数据治理现代化、筑牢国家数据安全屏障、充分释放数据要素价值的现实要求。

I. The Generative Logic of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourse on Data Development and Security

一、习近平关于数据发展和安全重要论述的生成逻辑

Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security is a scientific theoretical system formed by conforming to the general trend of the evolution of digital civilization and based on the new historical juncture of China’s development. It systematically answers the fundamental reasons, path choices, and institutional guarantees for promoting data development and safeguarding data security. It is a major theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times in combination with China’s digital practice. It is rooted in the faithful innovation of Marxist theory, deeply embedded in the grand background of the interweaving and stirring of the “two overall situations,” [n2] focuses on solving practical difficulties in the process of modernizing national governance and responding to the complex situation of global digital competition, and systematically explains the key role of data as a new type of productive factor, as well as the dialectical relationship of coordinating development and security. It provides the basic guidance and action guide for developing the digital economy and building a Digital China.

习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，是顺应数字文明演进大势、立足我国发展新的历史方位所形成的科学理论体系，系统回答了促进数据发展、维护数据安全的根本原因、路径选择与制度保障等问题，是马克思主义同中国数字化实践相结合的重大理论成果。其立足于马克思主义理论的守正创新，深嵌于“两个大局”交织激荡的宏阔背景，着眼于破解国家治理现代化进程中的现实难题与应对全球数字竞争的复杂态势，系统阐释了数据这一新型生产要素的关键作用，以及统筹发展和安全的辩证关系，为发展数字经济、建设数字中国提供了基本遵循和行动指南。

1. Theoretical Logic: Rooted in the Fertile Soil of Thought and Theory of the Basic Principles of Marxism

1.理论逻辑：植根于马克思主义基本原理的思想理论沃土

Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security has a profound theoretical foundation, reflected in the creative application of the basic principles of Marxism. Its core lies in incorporating the new factor of “data” into the analytical perspective of Marxist theory, systematically responding to a series of major epochal issues triggered by data, such as the leap in productive forces, the adjustment of relations of production, and the transformation of the superstructure, and putting forward many original theoretical judgments.

习近平关于数据发展与安全的重要论述，具有深厚的理论根基，体现为对马克思主义基本原理的创造性运用。其核心在于，将“数据”这一新型要素纳入马克思主义理论的分析视域，系统回应由数据引发的生产力跃升、生产关系调适与上层建筑变革等一系列重大时代课题，提出了诸多具有原创性的理论判断。

First, this important discourse achieves a major innovation in the Marxist theory of productive factors, clarifying the strategic positioning of data as a new type of productive factor. Marxist political economy emphasizes that labor, land, and capital are the basic factors of social production. With the development of practice, our Party has successively incorporated technology, management, and others into the category of factors. Entering the New Era, data has been integrated into the entire process of economic activities such as production, distribution, circulation, and consumption on an unprecedented scale and depth, gradually becoming the core force driving economic and social development. Xi Jinping, with great foresight, proposed to “build a digital economy with data as the key factor,” emphasizing that “data is a new productive factor, a basic and strategic resource, and also an important productive force.” This judgment is not merely a simple expansion of the traditional system of productive factors, but a strategic assessment based on a deep grasp of the inherent characteristics of data. Data has characteristics such as non-rivalry, replicability, infinite derivability, and high synergy, which can significantly improve the allocation efficiency of other factors, give rise to new business forms and models, and even restructure the entire national economic system. Establishing data as a key productive factor greatly expands the epochal connotation and practical extension of the Marxist theory of productive forces, providing solid theoretical support for us to scientifically understand and effectively lead the development of the digital economy.

首先，这一重要论述实现了对马克思主义生产要素理论的重大创新，明确了数据作为新型生产要素的战略定位。马克思主义政治经济学强调劳动、土地、资本等是社会生产的基本要素，随着实践发展，我们党相继将技术、管理等纳入要素范畴。进入新时代，数据以空前规模和深度融入生产、分配、流通、消费等经济活动全过程，逐渐成为驱动经济社会发展的核心力量。习近平高瞻远瞩地提出，要“构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济” ,强调“数据是新的生产要素，是基础性和战略性资源，也是重要生产力” 。这一论断不仅是对传统生产要素体系的简单扩展，而且是建立在对数据内在特性深刻把握基础之上的战略研判。数据具有非竞争性、可复制性、无限衍生性和高度协同性等特征，能够显著提升其他要素的配置效率，催生新业态、新模式，乃至重构整个国民经济体系。将数据确立为关键生产要素，极大地拓展了马克思主义生产力理论的时代内涵与实践外延，为我们科学认识和有效引领数字经济发展提供了坚实的理论支撑。

Second, this important discourse profoundly embodies the basic law of the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production in Marxism, and elucidates the dialectical thinking of coordinating development and security. In the Marxist view, the development of productive forces inevitably requires corresponding changes in relations of production, and the contradiction between the two constitutes the fundamental driving force of social progress. Data, as one of the most representative new types of productive factors in the current era, is profoundly impacting existing relations of production, social structures, and governance systems through its explosive growth. On the one hand, the free flow and open sharing of data greatly liberate and develop social productive forces; this is the core essence of its “development.” Xi Jinping accurately grasps this contradiction, emphasizing the need to “promote the efficient circulation and use of data, empowering the real economy.” On the other hand, the concentration, monopolization, and abuse of data may lead to the uncontrolled expansion of capital, exacerbate the gap between rich and poor, infringe on personal privacy, harm social fairness, and even endanger national sovereignty and security. These are concrete manifestations of relations of production not adapting to the development of productive forces, and they also highlight the severity of security issues. Xi Jinping has repeatedly pointed out the need to “properly handle the relationship between security and development,” and to “use security to ensure development, and use development to promote security.” This view of coordination is a vivid embodiment of Marxist dialectics in the digital age. It transcends the one-sided thinking of “technological determinism” and “security-onlyism,” demonstrating a dialectical approach that actively adjusts relations of production while releasing the productive forces of data.

其次，这一重要论述深刻体现了马克思主义关于生产力与生产关系矛盾运动的基本规律，阐明了统筹发展和安全的辩证法思想。在马克思主义看来，生产力的发展必然要求生产关系发生相应变革，二者的矛盾构成了社会进步的根本动力。数据作为当今时代最具代表性的新型生产要素之一，其爆发式增长，正深刻冲击着现有生产关系、社会结构与治理体系。一方面，数据的自由流动与开放共享极大地解放和发展了社会生产力，这是其“发展”的核心要义。习近平准确把握这一矛盾，强调要“促进数据高效流通使用、赋能实体经济” 。另一方面，数据的集中、垄断与滥用可能引发资本无序扩张、加剧贫富分化、侵犯个人隐私、损害社会公平，甚至危及国家主权与安全，这些正是生产关系不适应生产力发展的具体体现，也凸显出安全问题的严峻性。习近平多次指出，要“处理好安全和发展的关系”,“以安全保发展、以发展促安全” 。这一统筹观是马克思主义辩证法在数字时代的生动体现，它超越了“唯技术论”和“唯安全论”的片面思维，展现了在释放数据生产力的同时主动调整生产关系的辩证思维。

Finally, this important discourse innovatively applies the Marxist dialectical principle of the interaction between the economic base and the superstructure, outlining a grand blueprint for advancing the modernization of national governance in the digital age. Marxism holds that the economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure reacts upon the economic base. The digital economy, with data at its core, profoundly changes social structures and operational mechanisms, which requires corresponding changes in the national governance system and governance capacity. Xi Jinping points out, “We must make good use of technology, accelerate the construction of smart cities, and use big data and other information technologies to promote innovation in government management and social governance models.” This essentially applies Marxist state theory to respond to the epochal question of “what kind of socialist modernized power to build and how to build it” in the digital age. At the same time, he also emphasizes the need to “effectively ensure national data security,” “strengthen the capacity to protect key national data resources,” and “improve the system for protecting data property rights,” clarifying that the legal and institutional system, as part of the superstructure, must actively adapt to the practical needs of digital economy development. It can be said that from the grassroots exploration of “Digital Fujian,” to the top-level planning of “Digital China,” and then to the strategic deployment of “Cyberpower,” Xi Jinping’s series of important discourses on data empowering national governance have enriched and developed the Marxist dialectical principle of the relationship between the economic base and the superstructure, opening up new practical paths for the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

最后，这一重要论述创新应用了马克思主义关于经济基础与上层建筑相互作用的辩证关系原理，擘画了数字时代推进国家治理现代化的宏伟蓝图。马克思主义认为，经济基础决定上层建筑，上层建筑反作用于经济基础。以数据为核心的数字经济深刻改变着社会结构与运行机制，这就要求国家治理体系与治理能力也必须相应地发生系列变革。习近平指出，“要善用科技，加快建设智慧城市，以大数据等信息化技术推进政府管理和社会治理模式创新” 。这实质上是运用马克思主义国家理论，回应数字时代“建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国”的时代课题。同时，他还强调要“切实保障国家数据安全”“强化国家关键数据资源保护能力”“完善数据产权保护制度” ,明确了法律与制度体系作为上层建筑，必须主动适应数字经济发展需求的现实需要。可以说，从“数字福建”的基层探索，到“数字中国”的顶层规划，再到“网络强国”的战略部署，习近平围绕数据赋能国家治理所作出的系列重要论述，丰富和发展了马克思主义关于经济基础与上层建筑的辩证关系原理，为国家治理体系和治理能力现代化开辟了新的实践进路。

2. Historical Logic: Focusing on the Inevitable Requirement of the Times for Cultivating and Developing New Quality Productive Forces

2.历史逻辑：聚焦新质生产力培育与发展的时代必然要求

The birth of any major theory is inseparable from the grand historical background in which it is situated. The historical logic of Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security is embedded within the triple historical coordinates of the global wave of technological revolution, the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and our Party’s deepening understanding of the laws of modernization. It precisely responds to the urgent and major epochal issue of cultivating and developing new quality productive forces.

任何重大理论的诞生，都离不开其所处的宏大历史背景。习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，其历史逻辑的生成，内嵌于全球科技革命浪潮、中华民族伟大复兴征程以及我们党对现代化建设规律认识深化这三重历史坐标之中，精准呼应了培育和发展新质生产力这一紧迫而又重大的时代课题。

First, this is a historical self-awareness of actively seizing the commanding heights of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in the face of changes unseen in a century. Looking back at history, every industrial revolution has reshaped the mode of production and life of human society and redefined the pattern of international competition. This is true from the improvement of the steam engine to the use of electricity and information technology. In modern times, China has repeatedly missed opportunities for development brought by scientific, technological, and industrial revolutions, leaving painful historical lessons. Today, we are at the forefront of the fourth industrial revolution, represented by artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things, and data has become the key core element driving this transformation. Xi Jinping pointed out, “The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is restructuring the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure,” and stressed, “We must not fall behind in this great competition of scientific and technological innovation; we must catch up, strive hard, and aim to surpass.” This major judgment demonstrates his profound insight and strong sense of opportunity. Xi Jinping elevated data to the level of a national strategic resource and deployed the implementation of the national big data strategy, precisely based on a deep summary of historical laws and a scientific prediction of future trends. In short, by seizing data as the “key variable,” China is expected to form an asymmetric competitive advantage in emerging tracks and achieve a historic leap from following and running alongside to leading.

首先，这是面对世界百年未有之大变局，主动抢占新一轮科技革命和产业变革制高点的历史自觉。回顾历史，每一次工业革命都重塑了人类社会的生产生活方式，并重新定义了国际竞争格局。从蒸汽机的改进，到电力和信息技术的使用，莫不如是。近代以来，我国曾多次与科技和产业革命的发展机遇擦肩而过，留下了惨痛的历史教训。如今，我们正处在以人工智能、大数据、物联网为代表的第四次工业革命前沿，数据已成为驱动这一变革的关键核心要素。习近平指出，“新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重构全球创新版图、重塑全球经济结构” ,强调“我们不能在这场科技创新的大赛场上落伍，必须迎头赶上、奋起直追、力争超越” 。这一重大判断，彰显了他深邃的洞察能力和强烈的机遇意识。习近平将数据提升到国家战略资源的高度，部署实施国家大数据战略，正是基于对历史规律的深刻总结和对未来趋势的科学预判。简言之，抓住数据这一“关键变量”,我国就有望在新兴赛道形成非对称竞争优势，实现从跟跑、并跑到领跑的历史性跨越。

Second, this is a historical necessity for China to embark on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and to promote high-quality development. Over more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s economic and social development has achieved remarkable accomplishments that have attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, however, the momentum of the traditional development model has gradually weakened, resource and environmental constraints have continued to tighten, and key core technologies face a series of “bottleneck” risks. Transforming the driving force of the economic development model has become the main theme and main line of China’s economic and social development for the current and future period, and developing new quality productive forces has become “the inherent requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development.” The core connotation of the new quality productive forces proposed by Xi Jinping is reflected in revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries. In this process, data plays a crucial role as a “binder” and “accelerator.” Through the innovative allocation of data, it is possible to unblock the flow bottlenecks of traditional factors and improve total factor productivity; through the deep integration of data with traditional industries, a series of new business forms such as intelligent manufacturing, smart agriculture, and modern service industries can be spawned, promoting the digital transformation of industries and the leap to the high end of the value chain; and based on large-scale data accumulation and innovative breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology, new quality productive forces gain an extremely powerful core driving force. Xi Jinping further pointed out that it is necessary to “promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy” and “accelerate the digital and intelligent transformation of industries.” These important expositions, while providing guidance for China’s economy to achieve high-quality development in the new development stage through “transforming the mode, adjusting the structure, and increasing momentum,” also point out the correct direction for how to cultivate and develop new quality productive forces.

其次，这是我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，推动高质量发展的历史必然。改革开放40多年来，我国经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就，但同时，传统发展模式动能渐趋减弱，资源环境约束持续收紧，关键核心技术面临一系列“卡脖子”风险问题。推动经济发展方式动能转化，已成为当前和今后一个时期我国经济社会发展的主题主线，发展新质生产力已成为“推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点” 。习近平所提出的新质生产力，其核心内涵体现为技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置和产业深度转型升级。在这一进程中，数据扮演了至关重要的“黏合剂”与“加速器”角色。通过数据的创新性配置，能够打通传统要素流动堵点，提高全要素生产率；借助数据与传统产业的深度融合，可催生智能制造、智慧农业、现代服务业等一系列新业态，推动产业数字化转型与价值链高端跃升；而基于大规模的数据积累与人工智能技术的创新突破，更使得新质生产力拥有极大的核心驱动力量。习近平进一步指出，要“推动数字经济和实体经济深度融合” ,“加快产业数字化、智能化转型” 。这些重要论述在为我国经济在新发展阶段通过“转方式、调结构、增动能” 实现高质量发展的同时，也为如何培育和发展新质生产力指明了正确前进方向。

Finally, this is a systematic summary of our Party’s experience in governing the country and a deepening of the understanding of the laws governing the governance of a communist party. In the great practice of leading revolution, construction, and reform, our Party has always regarded liberating and developing productive forces as a major political task and an important cornerstone for governing and rejuvenating the country. From the scientific thesis that “science and technology are the primary productive forces,” to the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, and then to the current clear proposal to cultivate and develop new quality productive forces, this process clearly reflects that our Party’s understanding of the laws governing the development of productive forces is both consistent and advancing with the times. Xi Jinping’s important expositions on data development and security are precisely the latest theoretical achievement of this historical process. Particularly important is that Xi Jinping does

最后，这是对我们党治国理政经验的系统总结和对共产党执政规律认识深化的升华。在领导革命、建设与改革的伟大实践中，我们党始终将解放和发展生产力作为重大政治任务和执政兴国的重要基石。从“科学技术是第一生产力”的科学论断，到实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，再到当前明确提出培育和发展新质生产力，这一历程清晰体现了我们党对生产力发展规律的认识既一脉相承，又与时俱进。习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，正是这一历史进程的最新理论成果。尤其重要的是，习近平并非仅从技术维度单纯讨论数据，而是将数据发展同国家安全、人民幸福、制度优势紧密结合起来，强调“没有网络安全就没有国家安全” ,个人信息保护与社会稳定维护必须得到充分保障，倡导充分发挥社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，“坚决打赢关键核心技术攻坚战” 。这表明，我们党在引领数字化发展的进程中，不仅注重“器物”层面的技术跃进，同样也注重“制度”层面的安全构建和“价值”层面的人民立场。这种统筹发展与安全、技术与人文、效率与公平的治理理念，是对马克思主义执政党建设理论的创新拓展，也标志着我们党对信息化时代执政规律的认识达到一个新的高度。

3. Realistic Logic: A Great Strategic Choice Made in Response to the Modernization of National Governance and New Trends in Global Competition

3.现实逻辑：因应国家治理现代化与全球竞争新态势作出的伟大战略抉择

The vitality of theory lies in its ability to explain reality and guide practice. The third dimension of the generative logic of Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security is precisely the realistic logic that is grounded in the present and directly confronts problems. This logic deeply grasps the complex domestic and international situation facing China in the New Era, [n] devotes itself to breaking through development bottlenecks, preventing and defusing major risks, and winning the strategic initiative for the future, thereby manifesting a distinct problem orientation and practical character.

理论的生命力在于解释现实、引领实践。习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，其生成逻辑的第三个维度，正是立足于当下、直面问题的现实逻辑。这一逻辑深刻把握新时代我国所面临的复杂国内国际形势，致力于破解发展瓶颈、防范化解重大风险、赢得未来战略主动，体现出鲜明的问题导向和实践品格。

First, this is an urgent need for raising the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Along with the profound transformation of China’s economic and social structure, the traditional experience-based governance model can no longer adapt to the new normal of large-scale population mobility, the pluralistic differentiation of interest patterns, and the overlapping and compounding of risk types. How to enhance the efficiency of public service management, achieve precise social governance, and effectively respond to major emergencies has become a practical issue that China must confront seriously. Data resources and their technological applications provide unprecedented and powerful support for solving the above difficulties. Xi Jinping clearly pointed out, “We must use big data to raise the level of modernization of national governance.” [n] In recent years, China has significantly improved administrative efficiency by building digital government, breaking down data silos, and optimizing approval procedures; by constructing smart cities and digital villages, it has forcefully promoted the precision, universal accessibility, and equalization of public services; through big data monitoring and analysis, it has continuously strengthened ecological and environmental governance, achieving the intelligent protection of “lucid waters and lush mountains.” [n] All this indicates that Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security is committed to comprehensively enhancing the Party’s governing capacity and the effectiveness of national governance through digital technology, ensuring that the great ship of Chinese-path modernization [n] sails steadily and far through wind and waves. This fully demonstrates our Party’s deepening understanding of the laws of governance by the Communist Party, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of the development of human society.

首先，这是提升国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平的迫切需要。伴随我国经济社会结构的深刻转型，传统经验型治理模式已难以适应大规模人口流动、利益格局多元分化、风险类型交叉叠加的新常态。如何提升公共服务管理效能、实现社会精准治理、有效应对重大突发事件，已成为我国必须严肃面对的现实课题。数据资源及其技术应用，为我们破解上述难题提供了前所未有的强大支撑。习近平明确指出，“要运用大数据提升国家治理现代化水平” 。近年来，我国通过建设数字政府、打破数据壁垒、优化审批流程，显著提升了行政效能；通过构建智慧城市和数字乡村，有力推动了民生服务的精准化、普惠化、均等化；通过大数据监测分析，不断强化生态环境治理，实现了“绿水青山”的智能化守护。这一切表明，习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，致力于以数字技术全面增强党的执政能力与国家治理效能，确保中国式现代化巨轮在风浪中行稳致远，这充分彰显了我们党对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律和人类社会发展规律认识的不断深化。

Second, this is an inevitable requirement for consolidating the overall national security shield and preventing and defusing major risks and challenges. In the New Era, the security threats and risk patterns facing our country have become more complex and diverse. Xi Jinping creatively put forward the holistic approach to national security, emphasizing the necessity to “realize the coordinated governance of traditional and non-traditional security.” In the wave of digitalization, data security has become the core hub of national security, deeply integrated into political, economic, military, cultural, social, and other fields. For example, in safeguarding national sovereignty and political security, he has repeatedly stressed the need to “build a strong national cybersecurity shield” and resolutely uphold data sovereignty and discursive power in cyberspace. He pointed out that “the internet is increasingly becoming the main battlefield, the main front, and the forefront of ideological struggle,” and that critical information infrastructure is like the national nerve center; once damaged, it will bring incalculable consequences. In ensuring economic and financial stability, he regards industrial data, financial data, and supply chain data as the lifeblood of economic operations, believing that their security directly concerns national industrial security and the economic lifeline. He explicitly requires preventing data monopolies and “curbing the disorderly expansion of capital,” and severely cracking down on the black data industry chain. In protecting citizens’ personal information rights and interests, he personally planned, deployed, and promoted the introduction and implementation of laws and regulations such as the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, laying a solid legal foundation for data development, utilization, and security protection. In summary, Xi Jinping’s important expositions on data development and security, based on the broad vision of the holistic approach to national security, are a strategic combination systematically deployed to address the new risks of the digital era, aiming to build a solid “digital Great Wall” for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

其次，这是筑牢国家总体安全屏障，防范化解重大风险挑战的必然要求。进入新时代，我国所面临的安全威胁与风险形态更趋复杂多元。习近平创造性地提出了总体国家安全观，强调必须“实现传统安全与非传统安全的统筹治理” 。在数字化浪潮中，数据安全已成为国家安全的核心枢纽，深度融入政治、经济、军事、文化、社会等领域。例如，在维护国家主权与政治安全方面，他多次强调要“筑牢国家网络安全屏障” ,坚决维护数据主权与网络空间话语权。他指出，“互联网日益成为意识形态斗争的主阵地、主战场、最前沿” ,关键信息基础设施犹如国家神经中枢，一旦遭受破坏，将带来难以估量的后果。在保障经济和金融稳定方面，他把工业数据、金融数据、供应链数据视为经济运行的血液，认为其安全直接关乎国家产业安全和经济命脉，明确要求防止数据垄断和“遏制资本无序扩张” ,严厉打击数据黑色产业链。在保护公民个人信息权益方面，他亲自谋划、部署推动《中华人民共和国网络安全法》《中华人民共和国数据安全法》《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》等法律法规的出台与实施，为数据开发利用与安全保护奠定坚实的法治基础。总之，习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述，立足于总体国家安全观的宏阔视野，是为应对数字时代新型风险而系统部署的战略组合，旨在为实现中华民族伟大复兴构筑起一道坚固的“数字长城”。

Finally, this is a strategic blueprint for deeply participating in global data governance and shaping new competitive advantages favorable to us internationally. Currently, global competition in key areas such as data rules, technical standards, and data sovereignty is increasingly fierce. Western countries, relying on their technological first-mover advantages, attempt to construct exclusive digital barriers and promote so-called “data hegemonism.” As a responsible new-type digital power, China must not only firmly safeguard its own development rights and interests but also contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the future development of global digital space. First, we must firmly grasp the initiative in development. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that “key core technologies cannot be obtained, bought, or begged for,” and we must accelerate independent innovation in core technologies. Only by achieving genuine self-reliance and self-strengthening in key areas such as high-end chips, operating systems, and databases can we remain invincible in fierce international competition. Second, we must continuously enhance international discursive power and rule-making power. Our country possesses the advantages of a super-large market and rich data application scenarios, which lay a solid foundation for participating in and leading global data governance. The Global Data Security Initiative advocated and initiated by our country explicitly proposes building a community with a shared future in cyberspace and promoting the establishment of a fairer, more reasonable, inclusive, and universally beneficial global data governance system. Third, we must actively serve the new development paradigm. By advancing the construction of the “Digital Silk Road” and promoting the “going global” of data resources and digital technologies, our country not only promotes the export of related industries and technologies but also deepens digital cooperation with countries co-building the Belt and Road Initiative. This drives the interconnection of technology, capital, and talent through data flow, injecting strong momentum into smoothing the domestic and international dual circulation.

最后，这是深入参与全球数据治理，塑造于我有利国际竞争新优势的战略擘画。当前，全球在数据规则、技术标准、数据主权等关键领域的竞争日益激烈。西方国家凭借其技术先发优势，试图构建具有排他性的数字壁垒，推行所谓“数据霸权主义”。作为负责任的新型数字大国，中国既要坚定维护自身发展权益，也应为全球数字空间的未来发展贡献中国智慧与中国方案。一是要牢牢掌握发展主动权。习近平深刻指出，“关键核心技术是要不来、买不来、讨不来的” ,必须加快推进核心技术自主创新。只有在高端芯片、操作系统、数据库等关键领域实现真正意义上的自立自强，才能在激烈的国际竞争中立于不败之地。二是要不断提升国际话语权与规则制定权。我国具备超大规模市场优势和丰富的数据应用场景，这为参与并引领全球数据治理打下了坚实基础。由我国倡导发起的《全球数据安全倡议》,明确提出构建网络空间命运共同体，推动建立更加公平、合理、包容、普惠的全球数据治理体系。三是要积极服务新发展格局。通过推进“数字丝绸之路”建设，推动数据资源与数字技术“走出去”,我国不仅促进了相关产业与技术的出口，也深化了与“一带一路”共建国家的数字合作，以数据流动带动技术、资金与人才的互联互通，为畅通国内国际双循环注入了强劲动力。

II. The Core Essence of Xi Jinping’s Important Expositions on Data Development and Security

二、习近平关于数据发展和安全重要论述的核心要义

As an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Xi Jinping’s important expositions on data development and security are rich in theoretical connotation, forward-looking in strategic vision, and far-reaching in guiding significance. They profoundly answer the major proposition of “why and how to strengthen data development and security.” The entire set of expositions unfolds from clarifying the functional positioning, goal orientation, main content, and international propositions of data development and security. It not only places the maintenance of data development and security in an important position but also points out the development principle of adhering to data for the people. It emphasizes both the dialectical nature of the coordinated progress of data development and security and highlights the necessity of international and domestic exchange and cooperation.

作为习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述理论内涵丰富、战略视野超前、指导意义深远，深刻回答了“为什么要加强数据发展和安全、怎样加强数据发展和安全”这一重大命题。整个重要论述从明确数据发展和安全的功能定位、目标导向、主旨内容和国际主张铺陈展开，既将维护数据发展和安全放在重要位置，又指明了坚持数据为民的发展原则，既强调数据发展与安全协同共进的辩证性，又突出了国际与国内交流协作的必要性。

1. Functional Positioning: Coordinating Data Development and Security as an Innovation Engine for Advancing Economic and Social Development

1.功能定位：统筹数据发展和安全是推进经济社会发展的创新引擎

In today’s era of rapid development in informatization, digitalization, and intelligent technologies, data has become a core strategic resource driving economic and social development. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that we must “leverage the basic resource role and innovation engine role of data to accelerate the formation of a digital economy mainly led and supported by innovation.”

在信息化、数字化和智能化技术飞速发展的今天，数据已经成为推动经济社会发展的核心战略资源。习近平深刻指出，要“发挥数据的基础资源作用和创新引擎作用，加快形成以创新为主要引领和支撑的数字经济” 。

From the perspective of data development ensuring sustained economic improvement, as a key factor of production, data can not only promote the innovation and dissemination of knowledge, generate new knowledge, and nurture new technologies, but also optimize the intensive allocation of scientific and technological innovation resources, effectively reduce information exchange barriers and factor flow costs, and drive various innovation factors to gather in high-tech, high-efficiency, and high-quality fields. At the same time, data significantly enhances the comprehensive innovation capacity of industries, accelerates the two-way integration of digital industrialization and industrial digitalization, strengthens the synergistic development efficiency of traditional industries and high-tech industries, and injects strong momentum into building a modern economic system and cultivating new quality productive forces. Entering the New Era, our country’s economy is shifting from extensive growth to high-quality development. Industrial structural adjustment has entered a deep-water zone, and economic structural transformation is facing a period of growing pains. At this critical stage, the digital economy, driven by data as a key driver, with its characteristics of strong innovation vitality, deep integration, and wide coverage, provides important support for stabilizing the overall economic development, reshaping the momentum of traditional industries, and laying out new industrial formats. The “National Data Resource Survey Report (2024)” released by the National Data Administration shows that “in 2024, the national data production volume reached 41.06 zettabytes (ZB), a year-on-year increase of 25%.” In terms of data storage, “the national total data storage volume was 2.09 zettabytes (ZB), a year-on-year increase of 20.81%. The storage space utilization rate was 61%.” The two-way increase in data production and storage volume has formed a positive cycle of “data circulation promoting production increase—production increase driving data storage—data storage facilitating data circulation,” laying the foundation for the integrated development of the digital economy and the real economy.

从数据发展保障经济持续回升向好的角度来看，作为关键生产要素，数据不仅能够促进知识的创新与传播，催生新知识、孕育新技术，而且能够优化科技创新资源的集约配置，有效降低信息交互壁垒与要素流动成本，推动各类创新要素向高科技、高效能、高质量领域集聚。与此同时，数据还显著提升产业综合创新能力，加速数字产业化与产业数字化双向融合，增强传统产业与高新技术产业的协同发展效能，为构建现代化经济体系、培育新质生产力注入强劲动力。进入新时代，我国经济正由粗放型增长转向高质量发展，产业结构调整步入深水区，经济结构转型面临阵痛期。在这一关键阶段，以数据为关键驱动力的数字经济，凭借其创新活力强、融合程度深、覆盖范围广的特点，为稳定经济发展大盘、重塑传统产业动能、布局新兴产业业态提供了重要支撑。国家数据局发布的《全国数据资源调查报告(2024年)》显示，“2024年全国数据生产量达41.06泽字节(ZB),同比增长25%”。在数据存储方面，“全国数据总存储量为2.09泽字节(ZB),同比增长20.81%。存储空间利用率为61%” 。数据生产量和存储量的双向提升，形成了“数据流通促进生产提升—生产提升带动数据存储—数据存储助力数据流通”的正向循环，为数字经济与实体经济融合发展奠定了基础。

From the perspective of data security ensuring the sustained vitality of the economy, the current global economy faces multiple challenges. Complex factors such as insufficient consumption capacity, Sino-US trade frictions, and a persistently declining birth rate have led to weak effective demand in traditional industries, severely impacting the stability of supply and industrial chains, and making the internal and external environment for the real economy increasingly severe. Against the backdrop of sustained downward pressure on the economy, the digital economy, by leveraging the efficient integration and comprehensive analytical capabilities of data resources, can rapidly identify gaps between market supply and demand, achieve comprehensive adjustments and optimized layout of market structures, and inject new development momentum into stimulating consumption potential and stabilizing economic growth. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out, “Information resources are increasingly becoming important factors of production and social wealth, and the amount of information one possesses has become an important indicator of a country’s soft power and competitiveness.” [12]12 A classic formulation from Xi Jinping, emphasizing the Party’s overarching leadership across all sectors and regions of Chinese society. This important exposition not only clarifies the significant role of data resources in promoting high-quality economic development but also profoundly elucidates that mastering data advantages and building a solid data security barrier have become key indicators for measuring a country’s comprehensive national strength. On April 15, 2014, at the first meeting of the Central National Security Commission, Xi Jinping first proposed the holistic approach to national security and incorporated data security into its systematic elaboration. [13]13 A principle asserting the Party’s direct authority and control over data governance, analogous to earlier principles such as “the Party managing the media” or “the Party managing cadres.” On June 22, 2022, when presiding over the 26th meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, Xi Jinping emphasized, “The construction of a basic data system concerns the overall situation of national development and security; it is necessary to safeguard national data security.” [14]14 Shanghai Data Exchange, National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Circulation and Trading Technology, et al., *2024 China Data Trading Market Research and Analysis Report*. This requires that while promoting data development and utilization, great importance must be attached to the significance of data security. Currently, China’s economy is in an important stage of shifting growth rates and optimizing structure. Traditional industries face the dual pressures of resource constraints and overcapacity, urgently requiring forward-looking布局 of strategic emerging industries and future industries to achieve a sequential transformation of development momentum. To this end, it is necessary to effectively build a solid data security defense line, promote the deep integration of data with other factors of production, fully unleash the powerful momentum of data in promoting high-quality economic development, and continuously expand the digital space for the development of new quality productive forces.

从数据安全保障经济长期活力存续的角度来看，当前全球经济正面临多重挑战，消费能力不足、中美贸易摩擦以及人口出生率持续走低等复杂因素，导致传统产业有效需求疲软，供应链产业链稳定性受到严重冲击，实体经济内外部环境更趋严峻。在经济下行压力持续加大的背景下，数字经济凭借数据资源的高效整合与综合分析能力，能够快速识别市场供需缺口，实现市场结构的综合调整与布局优化，为激发消费潜力、稳定经济增长注入了新的发展动能。习近平深刻指出，“信息资源日益成为重要生产要素和社会财富，信息掌握的多寡成为国家软实力和竞争力的重要标志” 。这一重要论述，不仅明确了数据资源对推动经济高质量发展的重要作用，也深刻阐明了掌握数据优势、筑牢数据安全屏障已成为衡量国家综合国力的关键指标。2014年4月15日，在中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上，习近平首次提出总体国家安全观，并将数据安全纳入其中进行了体系化阐述。2022年6月22日，习近平在主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第二十六次会议时强调，“数据基础制度建设事关国家发展和安全大局，要维护国家数据安全” 。这要求在推进数据开发利用的同时，必须高度重视数据安全的重大意义。目前，我国经济正处于增速换挡与结构优化的重要阶段，传统产业面临资源约束与产能过剩的双重压力，亟须通过前瞻布局战略性新兴产业和未来产业，实现发展动能的接续转换。为此，要切实筑牢数据安全防线，推动数据与其他生产要素深度融合，充分释放数据在促进经济高质量发展中的强大动能，不断拓展新质生产力发展的数字空间。

2. Value Stance: Coordinating Data Development and Security Must Be Guided by the Goal of Enhancing People’s Well-being

2.价值立场：统筹数据发展和安全必须以增进民生福祉为目标导向

While the widespread application of data brings great convenience to people’s lives, it is also accompanied by a series of new challenges arising from data abuse and leakage. How to harness data depends crucially on what development stance and security concept we uphold. Xi Jinping’s series of important expositions on data development and security profoundly clarify the fundamental and directional question of “development for whom and security for whom.”

数据的广泛应用在为人民生活带来极大便利的同时，也伴随着数据滥用和泄露等带来的一系列新型挑战。如何驾驭数据，关键在于我们秉持何种发展立场与安全理念。习近平围绕数据发展和安全所作的一系列重要论述，深刻阐明了“发展为了谁、安全为了谁”这一根本性、方向性问题。

Adhering to a people-centered stance on data is an essential requirement of the socialist system. The original aspiration and founding mission of the Communist Party of China lies in “seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.” The people-centered development thought is the core value orientation and essential pursuit of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. The fundamental goal of promoting data development and building a solid security barrier is by no means mere technological evolution or economic growth; rather, it is to leverage data’s powerful enabling role in enhancing the modernization level of social governance, facilitating people’s daily lives, optimizing grassroots grid management, and driving smart urban operations, ultimately benefiting all the people. Whether data can truly be transformed into a tool for improving people’s well-being ultimately depends on who controls the data and whom it serves. Under the capitalist system, the dominant power over data technology is in the hands of the bourgeoisie. The primary goal of data development and application is to pursue surplus value and consolidate capital power, rather than enhancing overall social welfare or promoting comprehensive human development. This monopolistic control over data resources exacerbates the concentration of social wealth in the hands of a few, erodes social fairness, and even becomes a structural barrier to common prosperity. In stark contrast, in socialist China, the starting point and ultimate goal of developing big data, artificial intelligence, and other science and technologies are always to maximize the satisfaction of the people’s needs for a better life and to provide solid support for the realization of people’s free and comprehensive development. This institutional advantage ensures that data resources can truly be used by and benefit the people.

坚持数据为民立场是社会主义制度的本质要求。中国共产党的初心使命就在于“为中国人民谋幸福，为中华民族谋复兴”,以人民为中心的发展思想是中国特色社会主义制度的核心价值取向和本质追求。推动数据发展、筑牢安全屏障的根本目标，绝非单纯的技术演进或经济增长，而是要发挥数据在提升社会治理现代化水平、便利民众日常生活、优化基层网格管理、驱动城市智慧运行等方面的强大赋能作用，最终惠及全体人民。数据能否真正转化为提升人民福祉的工具，归根结底取决于数据由谁掌握、为谁服务。在资本主义制度下，数据技术的主导权掌握在资产阶级手中，数据开发与应用的首要目标是追逐超额剩余价值和巩固资本权力，而非提升社会整体福利或促进人的全面发展。这种对数据资源的垄断性控制，加剧了社会财富向少数人集中，侵蚀了社会公平，甚至成为阻碍共同富裕的结构性壁垒。与之形成鲜明对比的是，在社会主义中国，发展大数据、人工智能等科学技术的出发点和落脚点始终是最大限度地满足人民群众的美好生活需要，为实现人的自由全面发展提供坚实支撑。这一制度优势确保了数据资源能够真正为民所用、为民造福。

Promoting data development and security must take meeting the people’s needs for a better life as the starting point and ultimate goal. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC clearly pointed out that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into “the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.” [15]15 Ibid. This major judgment profoundly reveals that the level of the people’s needs has shifted from solving the basic guarantee of “whether there is something” to pursuing the high-quality experience of “whether it is good.” To meet the urgent needs of high-quality development, activating the potential of data elements is imperative. The advantages of data, such as high connectivity, rapid dissemination, and strong integration, are profoundly changing the way society operates, providing a strong guarantee for improving the quality of people’s lives. Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized: “We must adhere to the people-centered development thought, promote ‘Internet + education,’ ‘Internet + healthcare,’ ‘Internet + culture,’ etc., so that the people run fewer errands and data runs more, continuously improving the equalization, universalization, and convenience of public services.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 36th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (October 9, 2016), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 2, Foreign Languages Press, 2017, p. 268. This requires Party committees (Party groups), governments, and social organizations at all levels to always place the people in the highest position in their hearts when promoting data development and security work.

推动数据发展和安全要以满足人民的美好生活需要为出发点和落脚点。党的十九大报告明确指出，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾” 。这一重大判断深刻揭示，人民群众的需求层次已从解决“有没有”的基础性保障，转向追求“好不好”的高质量体验。满足高质量发展的迫切需求，激活数据要素潜能势在必行。数据所具有的高度连通性、快速传播性、强大集成性等优势，正深刻改变着社会运行方式，为提升人民群众的生活品质提供了有力保障。习近平多次强调：“要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，推进‘互联网+教育’、‘互联网+医疗’、‘互联网+文化’等，让百姓少跑腿、数据多跑路，不断提升公共服务均等化、普惠化、便捷化水平。” 这要求各级党委(党组)、政府和社会组织在推进数据发展和安全工作时，要始终将人民放在心中最高位置。

At the same time, Xi Jinping also attaches great importance to fairness and justice

同时，习近平还高度重视数字时代的公平正义，将破除“数字鸿沟”作为保障民生福祉、促进社会均衡发展的重要举措。他明确指出，要“加快信息基础设施建设和信息化服务普及，将重点放在贫困地区、边疆民族地区” 。通过倾斜资源配置、补齐数字基建短板，让这些地区的群众也能平等享有数据发展红利。这不仅彰显了习近平对数据发展不平衡、不充分的深刻把握，也体现了他对困难地区、特殊地区群众的深切关怀。质言之，无论是发挥数据优势提升日常生活的便利性，还是保障特定区域的发展权益，都彰显了鲜明的人民立场。

3. Core Content: Coordinating Data Development and Security Must Adhere to the Basic Principle of Synergistic Advancement

3.主旨内容：统筹数据发展和安全必须恪守协同推进的基本原则

Data development is an important foundation for data security. Only by achieving the full development of data can solid technical support and resource backing be provided for maintaining data security, thereby promoting the continuous innovation and application of data security protection technologies. At the same time, data security is a fundamental prerequisite for data development. Only under conditions where security is comprehensively guaranteed can data effectively resist various threats and disruptions in the course of development, achieving healthy and sustainable development.

数据发展是数据安全的重要基础，唯有实现数据的充分发展，才能为维护数据安全提供坚实的技术支持与资源支撑，推动数据安全防护技术持续创新与应用。同时，数据安全又是数据发展的根本性前提，只有在安全得到全面保障的条件下，数据才能在发展过程中有效抵御各类威胁与破坏，实现健康、可持续的发展。

On the one hand, data development must be safeguarded by maintaining data security. Xi Jinping pointed out, “We must properly handle the relationship between security and development, ensuring they are coordinated and advance in tandem, using security to protect development and development to promote security.”[n] Data security concerns not only the collection, utilization, and protection of data itself, but is also closely linked to national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and must be given high priority. From a strategic perspective, building a solid barrier for data security helps us seize the initiative in the global digital competition landscape and advance the construction of Digital China, while also better serving economic and social development and the improvement of people’s livelihoods, effectively enhancing the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security. The risks and challenges currently faced in the field of data security do not originate from data technology itself, but rather stem more from the disorderly expansion of capital. Marx profoundly pointed out in *Capital* that capital has an inherent impulse to continuously seek valorization and break through boundaries: “With the extension of capitalist production, scientific factors are for the first time consciously and widely developed, applied, and embodied in life, on a scale utterly unimaginable in previous eras.”[n] In the real-world environment, whether it is the theft of personal private information or the leakage of national sensitive data, the root cause is inseparable from the profit-seeking nature of capital. Therefore, the core of maintaining data security lies in achieving comprehensive protection and scientific governance throughout its entire lifecycle. Based on this, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has focused on perfecting the institutional system for data security, issuing a series of laws and regulations related to data security. This has not only strengthened the rule-of-law guarantees and government supervision of data processing procedures but also laid a solid legal foundation for the efficient circulation and innovative use of data.

一方面，要以维护数据安全来保障数据发展。习近平指出，“要处理好安全和发展的关系，做到协调一致、齐头并进，以安全保发展、以发展促安全” 。数据安全不仅关乎数据本身的采集、利用与保护，更与国家主权、安全和发展利益紧密相连，必须予以高度重视。从战略层面看，筑牢数据安全屏障，既有助于我们在全球数字竞争格局中把握先机、推进数字中国建设，也能更好服务经济社会发展和民生改善，切实提升人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感。当前数据安全领域面临的风险和挑战，其根源不在于数据技术本身，而更多源于资本的无序扩张。马克思在《资本论》中早已深刻指出，资本具有不断追求增殖、突破边界的内在冲动，“随着资本主义生产的扩展，科学因素第一次被有意识地和广泛地加以发展、应用并体现在生活中，其规模是以往的时代根本想象不到的” 。现实环境中，无论是个人私密信息被窃取，还是国家敏感数据被泄露，其根源都同资本的逐利性脱不开关系。因此，维护数据安全的核心在于实现对其整个生命周期的全面保护与科学治理。基于此，以习近平同志为核心的党中央着力完善数据安全的制度体系，出台了系列数据安全相关法规制度，既强化了数据处理流程的法治保障和政府监管，又为数据的高效流通与创新运用奠定了坚实的法治基础。

On the other hand, data security must be better maintained in the process of promoting data development. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out, “Security is the prerequisite for development, and development is the guarantee of security.”[n] In all our work to promote the development and utilization of data resources, we must always place security assurance in a prominent position, correctly grasp and properly handle key issues such as the definition of data property rights, circulation and trading, income distribution, and security governance. We must “adhere to the path of internet governance with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the overall planning of development and security,”[n] and accelerate the construction of a basic institutional system for data development and security that conforms to China’s national conditions. Only by placing the assurance of data security and the promotion of data development on an equally important strategic footing can we fully leverage the supporting role of data elements in building a solid security barrier and driving high-quality economic development.

另一方面，要在推动数据发展中更好维护数据安全。习近平深刻指出，“安全是发展的前提，发展是安全的保障” 。我们在推进数据资源开发利用的各项工作中，必须始终将安全保障置于突出位置，正确把握并妥善处理数据产权界定、流通交易、收益分配以及安全治理等关键问题。要“坚持走中国特色治网之道，坚持统筹发展和安全” ,加快构建符合我国国情的数据发展和安全基础制度体系。唯有将确保数据安全与促进数据发展摆在同等重要的战略位置，才能充分发挥数据要素对筑牢安全屏障和驱动经济高质量发展的支撑作用。

4. International Proposition: Coordinating Data Development and Security to Jointly Build a Digital Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

4.国际主张：统筹数据发展和安全携手共建数字命运共同体

In today’s era of surging global digitalization, data flows ever more rapidly through networks and platforms, profoundly changing the organizational forms and rule systems of international economic development and bringing new opportunities for the development of economic globalization. At the same time, influenced by factors such as technological monopoly, the development gap, and the generalization of security concepts, global data governance also faces severe risks and challenges, with practical concerns such as “North-South imbalance” and governance fragmentation. In response to this situation, Xi Jinping clearly stated: “We must follow the trend of digitalization, networking, and intelligent development, and work together to eliminate the ‘digital divide’ and boost the digitalization of service trade.”[n]

在全球数字化浪潮不断奔涌的今天，数据通过网络和平台不断加速流动，深刻改变了国际经济发展的组织形式和规则体系，为经济全球化发展带来了全新的机遇。与此同时，受技术垄断、发展鸿沟和安全概念泛化等因素影响，全球数据治理亦面临着严峻的风险挑战，存在“南北失衡”和治理碎片化等现实隐忧。针对这一现状，习近平鲜明提出：“我们要顺应数字化、网络化、智能化发展趋势，共同致力于消除‘数字鸿沟’,助推服务贸易数字化进程。”

On the one hand, the digital divide must be bridged on the basis of respecting the data sovereignty of different countries and regions. With the rapid development of network information technology, countries around the world have increasingly become a community of shared future, interdependent on each other. Data, with its characteristics of efficient flow and deep interconnection, is continuously strengthening the bonding role of countries in areas such as economic and trade cooperation, mutual learning in governance, and people-to-people and cultural exchanges, promoting international collaboration to break through traditional boundaries and expand towards deeper levels of coordination and broader fields of integration. Win-win cooperation has become an irreversible mainstream trend of the era in economic globalization. However, Western countries, represented by the United States, are vigorously promoting digital colonialism and digital hegemonism on a global scale through means such as “digital technology assistance,” implementing unilateral control over the key data resources and digital spaces of many countries.[n] Large US multinational digital technology enterprises such as Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Amazon currently occupy over 90% of the global internet market share, forming a highly concentrated market structure. In contrast, developing countries, due to weak digital technology foundations and insufficient innovation capacity, are significantly lagging in the digital transformation of their economies and industries, facing a severe risk of “data marginalization.” Moreover, the “winner-takes-all” logic pursued by Western digital capitalism further exacerbates the structural contradiction of unbalanced digital development and uneven technological resources among countries. Facing the practical difficulties of global data governance, Xi Jinping clearly stated that China is willing to work with the international community to jointly build data security and promote common development, “using ‘data governance’ to help implement the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and jointly build an open and win-win international cooperation pattern in the data field, promoting the common development and progress of all countries.”[n] He emphasized that we should uphold the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, and on the premise of fully respecting the data sovereignty of all countries, promote data development and security governance through open cooperation, strengthen mutual trust, mutual understanding, extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits on a global scale, and jointly build a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable new order of global data governance, so that data elements can truly benefit the people of all countries.

一方面，要在尊重不同国家和地区数据主权的基础上弥合数字鸿沟。随着网络信息技术的迅猛发展，世界各国已日益成为休戚与共、相互依存的命运共同体。数据凭借其高效流动与深度互联特性，正持续强化各国在经贸合作、治理互鉴、人文交流等领域的纽带作用，推动国际协作突破传统边界，向更深层次的协同、更广领域的融合方向拓展。协作共赢已成为经济全球化不可逆转的时代主流。然而，以美国为代表的西方国家，正通过“数字技术援助”等手段，在全球范围内大力推行数字殖民主义与数字霸权主义，对许多国家的关键数据资源和数字空间实施单边控制 。苹果、谷歌、微软、亚马逊等美国大型跨国数字技术企业，目前占据了全球互联网市场超过90%的份额，形成了高度集中的市场结构。相比之下，广大发展中国家由于数字技术基础薄弱、创新能力不足，在经济数字化和产业数字化转型方面明显滞后，面临着严峻的“数据边缘化”风险。而且，西方数字资本主义所奉行的“赢者通吃”逻辑，进一步加剧了国家间数字发展不平衡、技术资源不均衡的结构性矛盾。面对全球数据治理的现实困境，习近平明确指出，中国愿与国际社会一道，共建数据安全、促进共同发展，“以‘数据之治’助力落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，携手构建开放共赢的数据领域国际合作格局，促进各国共同发展进步” 。他强调，应秉持人类命运共同体理念，在充分尊重各国数据主权的前提下，通过开放合作推动数据发展与安全治理，强化全球范围内的互信互通与共商共建共享，共同构建更加包容、公平、可持续的全球数据治理新秩序，使数据要素真正惠及世界各国人民。

On the other hand, the co-consultation and co-determination of rules in the data field must be promoted by strengthening international exchanges and cooperation. In his congratulatory letter to the Fourth United Nations World Data Forum, Xi Jinping pointed out that China, as a firm supporter of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, will “continuously improve digital infrastructure, establish and improve the basic data institutional system, strengthen data and statistical capacity building, and actively share China’s monitoring practices and experiences in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.”[n] From proposing the *Global Data Security Initiative* to conducting transnational cooperation in network communication technology with Gulf countries; from launching the *Global Cross-Border Data Flow Cooperation Initiative* to building a global platform for scientific and technological literature and data; from signing the *Belt and Road Digital Economy International Cooperation Initiative* and the *G20 Digital Innovation Cooperation Action Plan* to organizing the 2025 China International Big Data Industry Expo, Xi Jinping has always stood at the height of “

另一方面，要在加强国际交流合作中促进数据领域规则共商共定。习近平在致第四届联合国世界数据论坛的贺信中指出，作为联合国2030年可持续发展议程的坚定支持者，中国将“不断完善数字基础设施，建立健全数据基础制度体系，加强数据和统计能力建设，积极分享中国可持续发展目标监测实践和经验” 。从提出《全球数据安全倡议》,到与海湾国家开展网络通信技术跨国合作；从推出《全球数据跨境流动合作倡议》,到搭建全球科技文献数据平台；从签署《“一带一路”数字经济国际合作倡议》和《二十国集团数字创新合作行动计划》,到组织召开2025中国国际大数据产业博览会，习近平始终站在“为人类谋未来，为世界谋大同”的高度，提倡积极参与国际数据议题交流合作，为破解全球数据发展和安全问题贡献中国智慧，为弥合数字鸿沟、构建公平包容的全球数据治理体系提供中国方案。

III. The Practical Path of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourse on Data Development and Security

三、习近平关于数据发展和安全重要论述的实践进路

Doing a good job in data development and security is a major issue of the times that must be properly addressed in advancing the construction of Digital China. This is directly related to the construction of national security barriers, profoundly linked to the release of economic development momentum, and closely tied to the vital interests of the people. Xi Jinping’s important discourse on data development and security has a distinct problem awareness and practical orientation. On the basis of fully and accurately grasping its generative logic and core essence, efforts must be focused on improving the institutional mechanisms for the market-based allocation of data elements, perfecting the data security governance system, promoting the efficient allocation and safe use of data elements, and better serving the overall situation of economic and social development.

做好数据发展与安全工作，是推进数字中国建设必须回答好的重大时代课题，这既直接关系国家安全的屏障构建，又深刻关联经济发展的动能释放，更紧密牵动人民群众的切身利益。习近平关于数据发展和安全的重要论述具有鲜明的问题意识和实践导向，在完整准确把握其生成逻辑和核心要义的基础上，要着力健全数据要素市场化配置体制机制，完善数据安全治理体系，推动数据要素高效配置和安全使用，更好服务经济社会发展大局。

1. Adhere to the Comprehensive Leadership of the Party to Ensure the Synchronous Progress of Data Development and Security

1.坚持党的全面领导，确保数据发展与安全同步共进

Promoting data development and safeguarding data security fundamentally depends on adhering to the comprehensive leadership of the Party. The comprehensive leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for ensuring that data development and security work always proceeds in the correct direction and upholds the value concept of benefiting the people. Handling China’s affairs well hinges on the Party; “whether it is the Party, government, military, civilian, or academic spheres, whether it is the East, West, South, or North, the Party exercises leadership over everything.”[n] Only by adhering to the principle of “the Party managing data”[n] and integrating the Party’s leadership into all aspects of data development and security work can correct strategic decisions be made in grasping the general trend of the times, complete implementation plans be formed, and efficient operational mechanisms be established.

推动数据发展、维护数据安全，根本在于坚持党的全面领导。党的全面领导是确保数据发展和安全工作始终沿着正确方向行进、践行为民造福价值理念的根本保证。办好中国的事情关键在党，“党政军民学，东西南北中，党是领导一切的” 。只有坚持“党管数据”原则，将党的领导贯穿于数据发展和安全工作的方方面面，才能在把握时代发展大势上作出正确的战略抉择，形成完备的实施方案和高效的运行机制。

First, we must firmly grasp the Party’s leading power over data development and security work. As a new type of productive force, data not only gives rise to new forms of the digital economy in the process of deep integration with various social resources, but also, through extensive integration with the real economy, “empowers the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, giving birth to new industries, new business forms, and new models,” profoundly reshaping the mode of social production and its operational mechanisms, and driving a historic leap in total factor productivity. At the same time, we must clearly recognize that China still faces multiple risks and challenges in the data field, such as data leakage, abuse, and illegal transactions. It is necessary to uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over data development and security work, effectively transform institutional advantages into governance effectiveness, and provide a strong political guarantee for advancing the building of a cyber power.

首先，要牢牢把握党对数据发展和安全工作的主导权。作为新型生产要素，数据不仅在与各类社会资源深度融合过程中催生了数字经济新形态，更在与实体经济广泛结合中“赋能传统产业转型升级，催生新产业新业态新模式” ,深刻重塑了社会生产方式和运行机制，推动全要素生产率实现历史性跨越。与此同时，我们必须清醒认识到，我国在数据领域仍面临数据泄露、滥用和非法交易等多重风险挑战。必须坚持党对数据发展和安全工作的集中统一领导，切实把制度优势转化为治理效能，为推进网络强国建设提供坚强的政治保障。

Second, we must firmly grasp the Party’s initiative in data development and security work. With the in-depth development of information technology, laying out future digital industries in advance and seizing the first opportunity for economic development has become the focus of a new round of international competition. A report titled “2024 China Data Trading Market Research and Analysis Report,” jointly released by the Shanghai Data Exchange and the National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Circulation and Trading Technology, shows that “China’s data trading market is expected to grow from 153.69 billion RMB in 2023 to 715.9 billion RMB by 2030, demonstrating strong growth momentum and huge market potential.” [14]14 Shanghai Data Exchange, National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Circulation and Trading Technology, et al., *2024 China Data Trading Market Research and Analysis Report*. However, the situation in which China’s digital economy is “big but not strong, fast but not excellent” remains prominent. From a global perspective, in 2023, the scale of data trading in North America had already reached 56.1 billion US dollars; although Europe is in a catch-up phase in terms of market size growth rate, its data infrastructure and institutional system have formed a globally leading advantage, with the market size expected to increase to 29.3 billion US dollars by 2025. [15]15 Ibid. Compared with the world’s major economies, China still has obvious shortcomings in areas such as effective data supply, advanced layout of computing power, smooth circulation channels, and full release of value. Facing the new situation and new challenges, we must give full play to the greatest institutional advantage of Party leadership, enhance strategic initiative, seize the first-mover advantage in development, continuously promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, improve the efficiency of data factor resource allocation, strengthen the empowering role of digital industry clusters on new quality productive forces, and accelerate the construction of a benign development pattern in which Party building leads the transformation and upgrading of the data industry.

其次，要牢牢把握党对数据发展和安全工作的主动权。随着信息技术的深入发展，超前布局未来数字产业、抢占经济发展先机，已经成为新一轮国际竞争的重点。上海数据交易所联合大数据流通与交易技术国家工程实验室等单位发布的《2024年中国数据交易市场研究分析报告》显示，“中国数据交易市场预计从2023年的1,536.9亿元人民币增长至2030年的7,159亿元，展现出强劲的增长势头和巨大的市场潜力” 。然而，我国数字经济“大而不强、快而不优” 的情况依然突出。从全球范围看，2023年，北美洲数据交易规模已达561亿美元；欧洲虽在市场规模增速上处于追赶阶段，但其数据基础设施和制度体系已形成全球领先优势，预计2025年市场规模将增至293亿美元 。对比世界主要经济体，我国在数据有效供给、算力超前布局、流通渠道畅通、价值充分释放等方面仍存在明显短板。面对新形势新挑战，必须充分发挥党的领导这一最大制度优势，增强战略主动性，下好发展先手棋，持续推动数字经济与实体经济深度融合，提升数据要素资源配置效率，强化数字产业集群对新质生产力的赋能作用，加快构建以党建引领数据产业转型升级的良性发展格局。

Finally, we must firmly grasp the Party’s international discursive power over data development and security work. With the in-depth advancement of the building of a cyber power and a digital China, various new business forms and models that boost high-quality development are emerging vigorously. While data factors profoundly reshape the economic and social landscape, they also impose more urgent demands on China’s enhancement of its international discursive power in data governance. To seize the initiative in global data governance, we must actively participate in the formulation of international rules, strive to break through the monopoly pattern of Western countries in the field of digital technology, and further enhance China’s right to expression, bargaining power, and rule-making power in data governance, thereby creating a more favorable international environment and external space for promoting China’s data development and security. To this end, in the process of deepening the integration of data and the real economy, it is necessary to innovate the discourse system and communication mechanisms for data development and security, comprehensively enhance China’s international communication power and governance influence in the field of data governance, and gradually build an international discursive advantage commensurate with China’s status as a digital power.

最后，要牢牢把握党对数据发展和安全工作的国际话语权。随着网络强国、数字中国建设的深入推进，各类助推经济高质量发展的新业态、新模式蓬勃涌现。数据要素在深刻重塑经济社会格局的同时，也对我国提升数据治理国际话语权提出了更为紧迫的要求。要在全球数据治理中把握主动权，就必须积极参与国际规则制定，着力突破西方在数字技术领域的垄断格局，进一步增强我国在数据治理中的表述权、议价权和规则制定权，为推动我国数据发展和安全营造更为有利的国际环境和外部空间。为此，在深化数据与实体经济融合进程中，必须创新数据发展和安全的话语体系与传播机制，全面提升我国在数据治理领域的国际传播力和治理影响力，逐步构建起与我国数字大国地位相匹配的国际话语优势。

2. Adhere to a people-centered approach, and promote data empowerment for common prosperity for all people

2.坚持以人民为中心，推动数据赋能全体人民共同富裕

Xi Jinping pointed out, “Big data has great potential in safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 36th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (October 9, 2016), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 2, Foreign Languages Press, 2017, p. 268. From the “every stroke and every painting” in the cave dwellings of Yan’an to today’s “east data, west computing,” [17]17 “East data, west computing” (东数西算) is a major national project in China that aims to channel computing power resources from the eastern regions to the western regions, leveraging the latter’s advantages in energy and land to support the digital economy. our Party has always adhered to the principle and purpose of development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people. In the practice of advancing the building of a digital China, we must adhere to the fundamental position of putting the people first, and fully unleash the immense value of data in improving people’s well-being and creating a high-quality life.

习近平指出，“大数据在保障和改善民生方面大有作为” 。从延安窑洞里的“一笔一画”到今天的“东数西算”,我们党始终恪守发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享的原则和宗旨。在推进数字中国建设实践中，必须坚持人民至上的根本立场，充分释放数据在提升民生福祉、创造高品质生活中的巨大价值。

First, we must promote data empowerment of new quality productive forces, and consolidate the material foundation for common prosperity for all people. We should deeply recognize that “science and technology have never before so profoundly affected the future and destiny of a nation, and never before so profoundly affected the well-being of the people’s lives.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 19th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the 14th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Engineering” (May 28, 2018), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 3, Foreign Languages Press, 2020, p. 248. To promote the coordinated progress of data development and security, we must actively explore effective pathways for integrating digital technology into the entire process of enhancing productive forces, empower industrial transformation and upgrading with data, optimize public employment services, assist high-quality economic development, and lay a solid material foundation for building a great modern socialist country. We should use data resources to empower technological innovation, continuously give rise to new business forms and models, constantly strengthen, improve, and expand the digital economy, and inject new momentum into high-quality development. At the same time, we must give full play to the prominent role of data in breaking down information barriers and optimizing resource allocation, promote coordinated development between urban and rural areas and among regions, broaden employment channels, and increase residents’ disposable income. We must not only use data empowerment to make the economic “cake” bigger, but also distribute the “cake” well, so that the fruits of development benefit all people more broadly, more fairly, and more sustainably, thereby boosting common prosperity for all people.

首先，要推动数据赋能新质生产力，夯实全体人民共同富裕的物质基础。我们应深刻认识到，“科学技术从来没有像今天这样深刻影响着国家前途命运，从来没有像今天这样深刻影响着人民生活福祉” 。推动数据发展和安全协同共进，必须积极探索将数字技术融入生产力提升全过程的有效路径，以数据赋能产业转型升级，优化公共就业服务，助力经济高质量发展，为社会主义现代化强国建设筑牢物质根基。要利用数据资源赋能技术创新，持续催生新业态、新模式，不断做强做优做大数字经济，为高质量发展注入新动能。同时，要充分发挥数据在打破信息壁垒、优化资源配置中的突出作用，促进城乡区域协调发展，拓宽就业渠道，增加居民可支配收入。我们既要利用数据赋能做大经济发展“蛋糕”,也要分好“蛋糕”,让发展成果更广泛、更公平、更可持续地惠及全体人民，助推全体人民共同富裕。

Second, we must establish and improve the mechanism for data participation in income distribution, and promote the sharing of development achievements by the people. The fair and equal participation of data factors in the distribution of national income not only helps protect data rights and the legitimate rights and interests of individuals, but also promotes the healthy and orderly development of the data industry chain and cultivates new growth points for fiscal revenue. It is necessary to improve the income distribution incentive mechanism based on the value creation of data, and while further making the social wealth “cake” bigger, optimize the income distribution pattern, and build a data factor income distribution system that unifies efficiency and fairness. We must continuously improve the existing data property rights system, clarify the ownership of data, and safeguard the legitimate and lawful income of data owners. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of data security and privacy protection systems, effectively safeguard the security of data circulation throughout its entire lifecycle, and promote the standardization, rationalization, and legalization of data trading. By giving play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation to reasonably price data value, we can activate the inherent vitality of data factors and assist the high-quality development of the digital economy.

其次，要建立健全数据参与收入分配机制，推动发展成果由人民共享。数据要素公正、平等地参与国民收入分配，不仅有助于保障数据权利和人的合法权益，更能促进数据产业链健康有序发展，培育新的财政收入增长点。要完善基于数据价值创造的收入分配激励机制，在进一步做大社会财富“蛋糕”的同时，优化收入分配格局，构建起以效率与公平相统一的数据要素收益分配制度。要不断完善现有数据产权制度，明确数据所有权归属问题，保障数据所有者的正当合法收益。此外，还要强化数据安全与隐私保护制度建设，切实维护数据全生命周期的流通安全，推动数据交易规范化、合理化和合法化。通过发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用为数据价值合理定价，以此激活数据要素内在活力，助力数字经济高质量发展。

Finally, we must implement a development strategy for data-empowered livelihood projects, and promote the free and comprehensive development of people. Liberating people from heavy labor and promoting their free and comprehensive development is the value pursuit of scientific socialism and a basic feature of the future communist society. Embedding data, this new type of production factor, into the systematic reconstruction of relations of production requires not only promoting the transformation of the form of labor from “the separation of simple labor and complex labor” to “the deep integration of mental labor and physical labor,” but also, taking technological innovation as the starting point, injecting new vitality of precise services and efficient supply into the construction of people’s livelihoods. Data should be applied to online education, assisted medical care, and employment services. Through the precise matching of big data, we must continuously enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security, create favorable conditions for the free and comprehensive development of people, enabling them to “do one thing today and another tomorrow according to their own interests,” [19]19 This is a paraphrase of a passage from *The German Ideology* by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, describing a communist society where individuals can freely choose their activities. truly freeing them from the pressure of survival and the shackles of alienated labor, allowing the inner potential of every life to blossom freely.

最后，要实施数据赋能民生工程发展战略，促进人的自由全面发展。将人民从繁重的劳动中解放出来，促进人自由而全面发展，是科学社会主义的价值追求，同时也是未来共产主义社会的基本特征。将数据这一新型生产要素嵌入生产关系的系统性重构，既要推动劳动形态从“简单劳动与复杂劳动分离”向“脑力劳动与体力劳动深度融合”的转变，更要以技术创新为抓手，为民生建设注入精准服务、高效供给的新活力。要将数据应用于在线教育、辅助医疗以及就业服务中去，通过大数据的精准匹配不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感和安全感，为人的自由而全面的发展创造有利条件，使得他们能够“随自己的兴趣今天干这事，明天干那事” ,真正摆脱生存压力和异化劳动的束缚，让每个生命的内在潜能都能得到自由绽放。

3. Improve the data governance system to ensure that data security risks are preventable and controllable

3.健全数据治理制度体系，确保数据安全风险可防可控

In today’s era of explosive growth in information data, big data has increasingly become a key factor affecting people’s modes of production, lifestyles, and ways of thinking. Open data sharing has become an inevitable choice in line with the trend of historical development, but the accompanying data security issues have also become practical problems that urgently need to be solved. It is necessary to “establish and improve the basic data system, accelerate the cultivation of the data factor market, and promote the efficient and compliant circulation and use of data factors.” [20]20 “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Building a Data Base System to Better Play the Role of Data Factors” (December 19, 2022). Only by organically combining the three aspects of ensuring data security, improving institutional construction, and clarifying income distribution can we build a safe and efficient protection system for data development and escort the full realization of the value of data factors and their efficient circulation.

在信息数据爆发式增长的今天，大数据越来越成为影响人们生产方式、生活方式和思维方式的关键因素。数据开放共享已成为顺应历史发展潮流的必然选择，但随之而来的数据安全问题也成为亟须解决的现实难题，要“建立健全数据基础制度，加快培育数据要素市场，促进数据要素高效合规流通使用” 。只有将保障数据安全、完善制度建设以及明确收益分配三者有机结合起来，才能为数据发展构筑起安全高效的防护体系，为数据要素价值的充分发挥和高效流通保驾护航。

First, it is necessary to improve the institutional system for data governance and ensure that responsibilities for data development and security are implemented. Data security encompasses multiple dimensions, including technology, institutions, and rights and interests. It is necessary both to strengthen technical protection capabilities and to improve institutional norms and rights protection mechanisms. We must focus on core issues such as the definition of data ownership and the distribution of benefits, clarify the principle of rights and responsibilities that “whoever uses it is responsible” and “whoever collects it protects it,” and promote the formation of a data governance structure with clear rights and responsibilities, compatible incentives, and effective supervision. By formulating a negative list for data collection and use, we can advance systematic and law-based governance in the data field, clearly stipulating through legislation the types of data that are prohibited from collection or restricted in use. In particular, strict red lines must be drawn for core data involving state secrets. At the same time, the management of personal information should be standardized, the scope of collection and use strictly limited, and the boundaries of data use in the application of new technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, and generative artificial intelligence clarified, so as to effectively prevent various risks and losses caused by the misuse of personal information.

首先，要健全数据治理制度体系，推动数据发展和安全责任落实到位。数据安全涵盖技术、制度、权益等多重维度，既要强化技术防护能力，也要完善制度规范与权益保障机制。要聚焦数据权属界定、收益分配等核心问题，明确“谁使用、谁负责”“谁收集、谁保护”的权责原则，推动形成权责清晰、激励相容、监管有效的数据治理结构。通过制定数据采集使用负面清单，推进数据领域系统治理、依法治理，以立法形式明确禁止采集和限制使用的数据类型，特别是对涉及国家秘密的核心数据要划定严格的使用红线。同时要规范个人信息管理，严格限定采集和使用范围，厘清云计算、区块链、生成式人工智能等新技术应用中的数据使用边界，切实防范因个人信息滥用导致的各类风险与损失。

Second, it is necessary to improve the ownership system for data resources and delineate the boundaries of data ownership and the right to use and custody among different subjects. Xi Jinping pointed out that we must “promote the accelerated transformation of manufacturing toward digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and enhance the stability and modernization level of the industrial chain and supply chain.” To implement this requirement, it is necessary to coordinate data development and security, regulate the data control and use behaviors of subjects such as government departments, enterprises and institutions, and individual organizations, clarify the rights and responsibilities of various types of data in the process of use, and prevent risks such as data abuse and data leakage caused by management absence or overstepping. Based on China’s specific realities, we must explore the establishment of a comprehensive data security governance system compatible with the socialist market economy. We must both fully leverage the value of data as a new factor of production and firmly uphold the bottom line of security in the course of development, achieving a positive interaction between data utilization and security assurance. In response to the prominent problems currently existing in the field of data security, attention should be paid to the factor-of-production attributes of data. Through special legislation and other means, the ownership of data factors should be clarified, and the permissions and obligations of various subjects in the storage, use, circulation, and transfer of data should be refined, so as to prevent disputes and risks arising from unclear rights and responsibilities at the source, and to provide a strong institutional guarantee for building a standardized, efficient, and trustworthy data circulation environment.

其次，要完善数据资源所有制，划分好不同主体的数据所有权和使用保管边界。习近平指出，要“推动制造业加速向数字化、网络化、智能化发展，提高产业链供应链稳定性和现代化水平” 。落实这一要求，必须统筹数据发展和安全，规范政府部门、企事业单位及个人组织等主体的数据支配与使用行为，明确各类数据在使用过程中的权利与责任，防止因管理缺位或越界引发的数据滥用、数据泄露等风险。要立足我国具体实际，探索建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的数据安全综合治理体系，既要充分发挥数据作为新型生产要素的价值，也要在发展中筑牢安全底线，实现数据利用与安全保障的良性互动。针对当前数据安全领域存在的突出问题，要重视数据的生产要素属性，通过专项立法等方式，厘清数据要素的所有权归属，细化数据在存储、使用、流通、中转等环节中各主体的权限与义务，从源头上防范因权责不清导致的纠纷与风险，为构建规范、高效、可信的数据流通环境提供有力的制度保障。

Finally, it is necessary to continuously deepen the distribution of benefits from data resources and establish a rights and interests distribution mechanism based on “security first, development as the key, and fairness as the foundation.” Xi Jinping emphasized that “we must strengthen the security protection of critical information infrastructure, enhance the protection capability of national key data resources, and improve data security early warning and traceability capabilities.” To implement this directive, the following tasks need to be advanced: First, it is necessary to strengthen the awareness that data security is the fundamental prerequisite for realizing the distribution of benefits, ensuring the security of the entire data lifecycle through precise technical protection and standardized social operations, and avoiding interest disputes caused by data leakage. Second, it is necessary to explore the establishment of rules for the distribution of benefits based on the degree of contribution to data value, clarifying the legitimate and compliant economic benefits of individuals, enterprises, organizations, governments, and social groups, and using both national taxation and market supervision to prevent imbalances in the distribution of rights and interests caused by data monopolies. Third, it is necessary to improve the existing mechanism for the distribution of data rights and interests, ensuring that the legitimate rights and interests of all parties in the process of value creation are effectively protected. It is necessary both to prevent imbalances in benefits caused by data monopolies and to construct a distribution mechanism in which primary distribution emphasizes efficiency, secondary distribution emphasizes fairness, and tertiary distribution emphasizes coordination, so as to fundamentally stimulate the endogenous motivation of data subjects.

最后，要持续深化数据资源效益分配，建立“安全第一、发展为要、公平为本”的权益分配机制。习近平强调，“要加强关键信息基础设施安全保护，强化国家关键数据资源保护能力，增强数据安全预警和溯源能力” 。落实这一指示精神，需重点推进以下工作：一是要强化数据安全是实现收益分配根本前提的意识，通过精密的技术防护和规范的社会运作确保数据全生命周期安全，避免数据泄露导致利益纠纷。二是要探索设立基于数据价值贡献度的收益分配规则，明确个人、企业、组织、政府、社会团体在经济收益层面的合法合规收益，并通过国家税收和市场监管双管齐下的方式，防治数据垄断引发权益分配失衡问题。三是要完善现有数据权益分配机制，确保各方数据在价值创造过程中的合法权益得到有效保障。既要防范因数据垄断而造成收益失衡问题，也要构建初次分配注重效益、再次分配注重公平、三次分配注重协调的分配机制，从根本上激发数据主体内生动力。

4. Deepening International Exchange and Cooperation, Building a Global Community for Data Development and Security

4.深化国际交流协作，构建全球数据发展和安全共同体

In Marx’s view, exchange and cooperation can not only enhance individual productive forces but also create a new kind of productive force, and “this productive force is itself necessarily a collective force.” [n21] Whether in material production practice, socio-political practice, or scientific and cultural practice, all require exchange and cooperation between individuals and between organizations to be completed. To advance international exchange and cooperation in the data field in the New Era, we must start from building a diversified and integrated data exchange platform, promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation and exchange, construct regional data circulation hubs, promote the sharing of data resources and the release of their value, and jointly build a community with a shared future for global data governance.

在马克思看来，交流协作不仅能够提升个人生产力，而且能够创造出一种新的生产力，而“这种生产力本身必然是集体力” 。无论是物质生产实践、社会政治实践还是科学文化实践，都需要通过人与人、组织与组织的交往协作来完成。新时代推进数据领域国际交流合作，要从搭建多元一体的数据交流平台出发，推动双边、多边合作交流，建设区域性数据流通高地，促进数据资源共享与价值释放，共同构建全球数据治理命运共同体。

First, it is necessary to respect the differences in data management systems of different countries and enhance the tolerance and understanding of all parties. Respecting institutional differences is the ideological foundation for deepening international data exchange and cooperation. Due to differences in economic development conditions and historical and cultural backgrounds, different countries and regions will inevitably have different data development and security policies, systems, laws, and regulations. Acknowledging and respecting these explicit differences in the field of data governance is not only an important manifestation of adhering to the norms of international relations based on the Charter of the United Nations but also an inevitable requirement for ensuring data development and security, promoting international cooperation, and achieving mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. Strengthening international data cooperation, empowering the digital transformation of the global economy and society, and enhancing the common well-being of all humanity are the common missions of all countries in the world; no country can stand alone. All parties should build consensus in advancing international data exchange and cooperation, work together to formulate international rules and standards for data development and security that take into account the interests of all parties, jointly create an open, inclusive, fair, and just environment, and provide a strong institutional guarantee for the sustainable prosperity of the global digital economy.

首先，要尊重不同国家数据管理制度差异，增进各方包容度和理解力。尊重制度差异是深化国际数据交流合作的思想基础。不同国家、地区由于经济发展状况和历史文化背景不同，所制定的数据发展和安全政策制度、法律法规也必然会有所差异。承认并尊重这些数据治理领域显性差异，不仅是恪守以《联合国宪章》为基础的国际交往准则的重要体现，更是保障数据发展与安全、推动国际合作、实现互利共赢的必然要求。加强国际数据合作，赋能全球经济社会数字化转型，提升全人类共同福祉，是世界各国的共同使命，任何国家都无法独善其身。各方应在推进国际数据交流合作中凝聚共识，协力制定兼顾各方利益的数据发展与安全国际规则与标准，共同营造开放包容、公平正义的良好环境，为全球数字经济可持续繁荣提供有力的制度保障。

Second, it is necessary to improve dialogue mechanisms for data governance among all parties and promote consensus on collaborative data governance among different countries and regions. Relying on international organization platforms such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the World Bank, we should actively build multi-level and institutionalized bilateral and multilateral dialogue channels, and deepen communication and collaboration between all parties in the fields of data development and data security. On the basis of fully respecting the opinions and suggestions of all parties, we should promote the formation of global cooperation initiatives for data governance that align with the interests of all countries. Specialized institutions should be established to formulate and amend international rules for data governance cooperation, mediate international disputes, and guide countries, especially developing countries, in adjusting and optimizing their domestic data governance policies and systems, ensuring the orderly alignment of cross-border data circulation rules among countries. With the deepening and development of global data governance practices, it is also necessary to establish normalized and long-term data exchange and dialogue mechanisms. On the basis of adhering to the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, we should promote the formation of a standardized and orderly new pattern of data governance.

其次，要健全各方数据治理对话机制，推动不同国家和地区间达成数据协同治理共识。要依托联合国、世界贸易组织、世界银行等国际组织平台，积极构建多层次、机制化的双边及多边对话渠道，深化各方在数据发展与数据安全领域的沟通与协作。在充分尊重各方意见建议的基础上，推动形成符合各国利益的数据治理全球合作倡议。要设立专门机构，负责制定和修改国际数据治理合作规则，调节国际争端，指导各国特别是广大发展中国家调整优化本国数据治理政策制度，确保各国数据跨境流通规则有序衔接。随着全球数据治理实践的深化和发展，还要建立常态化长效化数据交流对话机制，在坚持共商共建共享原则的基础上，推动形成规范有序的数据治理新格局。

Finally, it is necessary to explore the establishment of a negative list for the cross-border circulation of key data to promote safe and reliable data circulation. Data security is an important cornerstone of international cooperative data governance. Exploring the establishment of a negative list for cross-border data circulation based on national realities is an important measure to ensure the safe and efficient flow of data across regions. Establishing a negative list that clearly defines the types of data prohibited from cross-border transmission can not only effectively safeguard national data sovereignty and development security but also improve the efficiency of data flow and the level of cooperative governance, promoting deep cooperation and sustainable development of the digital economy among countries. In practice, it is necessary to formulate scientific and reasonable data security classification and grading standards to ensure that the content of the list is accurate, comprehensive, and operable. It is necessary to explore the construction of a dynamic optimization mechanism for the negative list, conducting regular assessments and timely updates of the list’s content, so that negative list management always aligns with the laws of data technology development and trends in data governance, achieving the coordination and unity of data development and security.

最后，要探索建立关键数据跨境流通负面清单，促进数据流通安全可靠。数据安全是国际数据合作治理的重要基石，结合本国实际探索设立数据跨境流通负面清单，是保障数据跨区域安全、高效流动的重要举措。建立负面清单，清晰界定禁止跨境传输的数据类型，既能有力维护国家数据主权与发展安全，又能提升数据流动效率与合作治理水平，推动各国数字经济深度合作与可持续发展。实践中，要制定科学合理的数据安全分级分类标准，确保清单内容准确、全面、可操作。要探索构建负面清单动态优化机制，对清单内容进行定期评估和及时更新，使负面清单管理始终契合数据技术发展规律与数据治理趋势，实现数据发展与安全的协调统一。

Conclusion

结 语

Xi Jinping’s series of important expositions on data development and security profoundly grasp the epochal trend of the world’s new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. They represent a scientific inheritance and innovative development of the fundamental principles of Marxism, and also constitute a scientific plan for systematically responding to the new global dynamics of data development and mitigating new risks to data security. These important expositions, centered on major issues such as the functional positioning, value stance, and basic principles of data development and security work, as well as the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind in the digital domain, form a theoretical system that is rich in content, rigorous in logic, and complete in structure. On the theoretical dimension, this system of expositions, through a series of original theoretical achievements, enriches and develops the Marxist theory of productive forces, demonstrating the contemporary value of scientific truth. On the practical dimension, these expositions point the way forward and provide a fundamental basis for promoting the sustained and healthy development of China’s digital economy and for leading global data governance and data cooperation. Deeply studying, implementing, and carrying out the spirit of these important expositions will powerfully drive the modernization of China’s data governance system, assist in the upgrading of the digital industrial structure, and enhance the new momentum for the development of the digital economy. Looking to the future, we must uphold and improve the fundamental principle of “the Party managing data” [22]22 The principle of “the Party managing data” (党管数据) is an extension of the long-standing principle of “the Party managing the media” (党管媒体), asserting the Party’s leadership and oversight over data resources, governance, and security., firmly establish a people-centered development philosophy, continuously improve the data security risk prevention and control system, and constantly deepen international exchanges and cooperation in data governance. Only in this way can we comprehensively advance data development and safeguard data security amidst the waves of the digital era, boost high-quality economic and social development, and lay a solid foundation for the great cause of building a strong country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

习近平关于数据发展和安全所作的系列重要论述，深刻把握世界新一轮科技革命与产业变革的时代大势，是对马克思主义基本原理的科学继承与创新发展，也是系统应对全球数据发展新态势、化解数据安全新风险的科学方案。这些重要论述围绕数据发展和安全工作的功能定位、价值立场、基本原则及构建人类数字命运共同体等重大课题，形成了内涵丰富、逻辑严密、系统完整的理论体系。在理论维度上，该论述以一系列原创性理论成果，丰富和发展了马克思主义生产力理论，彰显了科学真理的当代价值。在实践维度上，这些论述为促进我国数字经济持续健康发展、引领全球数据治理与数据合作指明了前进方向、提供了根本依据。深入学习和贯彻落实这一重要论述精神，将有力推动我国数据治理体系现代化，助力数字产业结构升级，增强数字经济发展新动能。面向未来，我们必须坚持和完善“党管数据”的根本原则，牢固树立以人民为中心的发展思想，持续完善数据安全风险防控体系，不断深化国际数据治理交流合作，如此才能在数字时代浪潮中全面推进数据发展、维护数据安全，助推经济社会高质量发展，为强国建设、民族复兴伟业奠定坚实基础。

Author’s Brief Introduction: Mi Huaquan is an Associate Professor at the School of Marxism, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.

作者简介:米华全，电子科技大学马克思主义学院副教授。