On the Core Essence of the Global Governance Initiative

The establishment of the United Nations opened a new chapter in global governance. Over the past 80-plus years, the international system centered on the United Nations, the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and the international order based on international law have laid the framework and institutional foundation of the current global governance system. At present, the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation; unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemonism are on the rise, and global governance faces many new threats and challenges. The current global governance system is beset by dilemmas such as insufficient representation, impaired authority, and declining effectiveness; global deficits are constantly worsening, and global governance has reached a new crossroads. “History tells us that the more difficult the times, the more we must uphold the original aspiration of peaceful coexistence, strengthen the confidence in win-win cooperation, and persist in advancing in the logic of historical progress and developing in the trend of the times.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the United Nations Office at Geneva, January 18, 2017. As a responsible major country, China has always upheld the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, profoundly grasped the trend of the times, and put forward the Global Governance Initiative, advocating the observance of sovereign equality, compliance with international rule of law, practice of multilateralism, adherence to a people-centered approach, and emphasis on action orientation, so as to work with all countries to promote the building of a more just and equitable global governance system.

联合国的建立开启了全球治理的新篇章。80多年来，以联合国为核心的国际体系、以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则、以国际法为基础的国际秩序，奠定了现行全球治理体系的框架和制度基石。当前，世界进入新的动荡变革期，单边主义、保护主义、霸权主义抬头，全球治理面临许多新威胁新挑战。现行全球治理体系面临代表性不足、权威性受损、有效性下降等困境，全球性赤字不断加重，全球治理走到新的十字路口。“历史告诉我们，越是困难时刻，越要秉持和平共处的初心，坚定合作共赢的信心，坚持在历史前进的逻辑中前进、在时代发展的潮流中发展。”中国作为负责任大国，始终秉承联合国宪章宗旨和原则，深刻把握时代发展潮流，提出全球治理倡议，倡导奉行主权平等、遵守国际法治、践行多边主义、坚持以人为本、注重行动导向，携手各国推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系。

I. Adhering to Sovereign Equality as the Primary Premise

一、坚持以主权平等为首要前提

Sovereign equality is an important basis for the development of modern international relations. Since the establishment of the Westphalian system, although the international order has undergone several changes, international norms centered on sovereign equality have ultimately been established. After World War II, all international organizations and institutions have followed the principle of sovereign equality. The UN Charter regards “the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members” as the primary principle for realizing the purposes of the United Nations. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence advocated by China have been accepted by the vast majority of countries in the world. “The essence of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence is that all countries are equal in sovereignty, and on this basis, we should promote equal rights, equal opportunities, and equal rules for all countries, and not allow the big to bully the small, the strong to oppress the weak, or the rich to exploit the poor.” [2]2 This is a common Chinese criticism of U.S. foreign policy, paraphrasing the idea that the U.S. selectively follows international rules. To promote the building of a more just and equitable global governance system, it is necessary to ensure that all countries, regardless of size, strength, or wealth, can participate equally, make decisions equally, and benefit equally in global governance.

主权平等是近现代国际关系发展的重要依据。威斯特伐利亚体系建立以来，虽然国际秩序几经变化，但以主权平等为核心的国际规范仍得以最终确立。二战后，所有国际组织和国际机构都遵循主权平等原则。联合国宪章将“各会员国主权平等之原则”视为实现联合国宗旨的首要原则。中国倡导的和平共处五项原则已被世界上绝大多数国家接受。“和平共处五项原则的精髓，就是所有国家一律主权平等，在此基础上推动各国权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，不能以大压小、以强凌弱、以富欺贫。”推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系，必须确保各国无论大小、强弱、贫富，都能在全球治理中平等参与、平等决策、平等受益。

First, respect the sovereignty and dignity of all countries.

第一，尊重各国主权和尊严。

From the Peace of Westphalia establishing the principle of sovereign equality, to the Geneva Conventions establishing the spirit of international humanitarianism, from the purposes of the UN Charter to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, the respect for national sovereignty has become an important guideline for the current international order and global governance system. History shows that ignoring sovereign equality and pursuing power politics ultimately leads to conflict and war; respecting sovereignty is the ballast stone for alleviating geopolitical tensions and preventing the escalation of major-power conflicts. World War II originated from the fascist countries’ trampling on the sovereignty and dignity of other countries and ended with the anti-fascist countries’ bloody struggle to defend sovereign independence and national dignity. This demonstrates that any attempt by a country to deprive another country of its sovereignty and national dignity by force will inevitably meet with the common opposition of the international community and ultimately end in failure. The international system centered on the United Nations established after World War II was precisely to defend the inviolable principle of national sovereignty and dignity. Since the 21st century, the deepening of interdependence among countries, especially the global expansion of interdependence in fields such as economy and technology, calls for strengthening global governance, but the effectiveness of global governance is deeply limited and affected by the transfer of national sovereignty.

从《威斯特伐利亚和约》确立主权平等原则，到《日内瓦公约》确立国际人道主义精神，从联合国宪章宗旨到和平共处五项原则，国家主权必须得到尊重，已经成为现行国际秩序和全球治理体系的重要遵循。历史表明，忽视主权平等、奉行强权政治最终会导致冲突与战争；尊重主权是缓解地缘政治紧张、防止大国冲突升级的压舱石。二战源于法西斯国家对其他国家主权和尊严的践踏，止于反法西斯国家为捍卫主权独立和民族尊严的浴血抗争。这昭示了，任何国家企图通过武力剥夺他国主权和民族尊严的行为，必将遭到国际社会的共同反对并最终走向失败。二战后建立的以联合国为核心的国际体系，正是为了捍卫国家主权和尊严不可侵犯原则。21世纪以来，国家间相互依赖关系的深化，特别是经济、科技等领域相互依赖关系的全球扩展呼唤加强全球治理，但全球治理的有效性深受国家主权让渡的限制和影响。

Respect for sovereignty and global governance are not opposed. First, respecting the sovereign integrity of all countries is the premise and foundation for realizing global governance. Nation-states are the most important components of contemporary international society and the main actors participating in global governance. Sovereignty, as the most important symbol of a modern nation-state, represents a country’s supreme power internally and independent power externally, clearly defining the boundary between national governance and global governance. Second, global governance is also an extension of the domestic governance and development of sovereign states. Countries have different historical traditions, cultural backgrounds, and stages of development; “there is no one-size-fits-all specific development model in the world, nor is there an immutable development path.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Work Related to the Rule of Law,” October 2020. Only by respecting the sovereignty of all countries can we ensure that each country explores a suitable development path according to its own national conditions and contributes different solutions and wisdom to global governance. Finally, only by fully considering the interests and demands of all countries, especially developing countries, can the global governance system ensure the equal right of all countries to participate in the formulation of international rules and truly realize global governance justice. At present, global risks and challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and terrorism are spreading, urgently requiring cooperative responses from all countries. Respect for the sovereignty of all countries and its legal recognition are prerequisites for the realization of effective global governance, which not only helps promote multilateral participation in global governance but also enhances the representativeness, inclusiveness, and universality of the global governance system.

尊重主权与全球治理不是对立的。首先，尊重各国主权完整是实现全球治理的前提和基础。民族国家是当代国际社会最主要的组成部分，也是参与全球治理的主角。主权作为现代民族国家最重要的标志，代表着一国对内至高无上、对外独立自主的权力，明确界定了国家治理与全球治理的界限。其次，全球治理也是主权国家国内治理与发展的延伸。各国历史传统、文化背景、发展阶段不同，“世界上没有放之四海而皆准的具体发展模式，也没有一成不变的发展道路”。只有尊重各国主权，才能保证各国根据自身国情探索适合的发展道路，为全球治理贡献不同方案和智慧。最后，全球治理体系只有充分考虑各国特别是发展中国家的利益和诉求，才能确保各国在国际规则制定中的平等参与权，真正实现全球治理正义。当前，气候变化、公共卫生危机、恐怖主义等全球风险挑战蔓延，亟需各国合作应对。对各国主权的尊重和法理承认是全球有效治理得以实现的前提条件，不仅有助于促进全球治理的多边参与，更能提升全球治理体系的代表性、包容性、普惠性。

Second, accommodate differences in culture and institutions.

第二，包容不同文化和制度差异。

The history of human social development is a history of the coexistence and progress of diverse civilizations. Global governance also needs to advance through mutual learning among civilizations and cultural exchanges. The principle of sovereign equality, widely recognized in modern international relations, has its intellectual origins in the European Renaissance and Enlightenment’s rediscovery of individual reason and the value of equality. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, which has been included in UN documents, also draws theoretically from the essence of traditional Chinese culture, such as “all under heaven as one family,” “harmonious coexistence,” “harmony in diversity,” and “balancing righteousness and benefit.” The principle of “Shura” (consultation) in Islamic civilization also shares common ground with the consultative spirit of global governance. Through mutual learning and integration, the intellectual resources of diverse civilizations can form a more inclusive and comprehensive concept of global governance. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights brings together ideas about human dignity from various cultural traditions, including Christian civilization, Islamic civilization, and Confucian civilization, thus gaining broad international recognition, laying the value norms for human rights in global governance, and becoming the basis for human rights laws at the global and regional levels.

人类社会发展史就是多元文明共生并进的历史。全球治理同样需要在文明互鉴、文化交流中向前发展。现代国际关系中普遍认可的主权平等原则，其思想源自欧洲文艺复兴和启蒙运动对个体理性和平等价值的重新发现。已被载入联合国文件的人类命运共同体理念，其理论体系同样汲取了中国古代天下一家、和合共生、和而不同、义利兼顾等传统文化精华。伊斯兰文明中的“舒拉”(协商)原则也与全球治理的协商精神有着相通之处。多元文明的思想资源通过互鉴融合，能够形成更加包容全面的全球治理理念。《世界人权宣言》汇集了基督教文明、伊斯兰教文明、儒家文明等多种文化传统中关于人类尊严的思想，因此得到了广泛的国际认可，奠定了全球治理中的人权价值规范，成为全球和区域层面有关人权法律的基础。

Equal cultural exchanges and institutional dialogue are an inevitable requirement for enhancing the effectiveness of global governance mechanisms. Global governance relies on commonly recognized rules and norms, and the formation of these rules and norms is often the result of the exchange, collision, and seeking common ground while reserving differences among different cultural values and political systems. “The history, culture, and social systems of each country are unique, with no inherent superiority or inferiority. The key lies in whether they suit the country’s national conditions, whether they can gain the support and endorsement of the people, whether they can bring political stability, social progress, and improvement in people’s livelihoods, and whether they can contribute to the cause of human progress.” [4]4 The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence) were jointly initiated by China, India, and Myanmar in 1954. The Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference were adopted at the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia. Cultural factors such as the environmental protection awareness of Western countries, the Chinese thought of “unity of heaven and man,” the land ethics of African civilizations, and the nature worship of Latin American indigenous peoples have jointly promoted the formation and development of the global environmental governance mechanism. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” proposed at the Rio Earth Summit is the result of the integration and innovation of different development concepts and cultural perspectives of Northern and Southern countries. At present, global governance faces many dilemmas such as insufficient supply of public goods and value conflicts. The characteristics of each member of the international community, as a large system, will remain considerably heterogeneous for a long time. In this context, respecting sovereign equality lays the legal foundation for the equal participation of all countries in the reform process of global governance. Transnational cultural exchanges and equal dialogue between different systems can not only enrich the theoretical connotation of global governance but are also the necessary path for global governance to develop in a more inclusive and just direction.

平等进行文化交流和制度对话，是提升全球治理机制有效性的必然要求。全球治理有赖于共同认可的规则规范，而这些规则规范的形成往往是不同文化价值观和政治制度交流碰撞、求同存异的结果。“各国历史文化和社会制度各有千秋，没有高低优劣之分，关键在于是否符合本国国情，能否获得人民拥护和支持，能否带来政治稳定、社会进步、民生改善，能否为人类进步事业作出贡献。”西方国家的环境保护意识、中国“天人合一”的思想、非洲文明中的土地伦理、拉美原住民的自然崇拜等文化因子，共同推动了全球环境治理机制的形成和发展。里约地球峰会上提出的“共同但有区别的责任”原则，就是南北国家不同发展理念和文化视角融合创新的结果。当前，全球治理面临公共产品供给不足、价值观冲突等诸多困境，国际社会这个大系统中各个成员的特征在很长一段时间内仍将具有相当大的异质性。在这种情况下，尊重主权平等为世界各国平等参与全球治理改革进程奠定了法理基础。跨国文化交流和不同制度平等对话不仅能够丰富全球治理的理论内涵，同时也是全球治理向着更加包容、公正方向发展的必由之路。

Third, advance the democratization of international relations.

第三，推进国际关系民主化进程。

After World War II, the international system centered on the United Nations followed the principles of consultation, consensus, and multilateral co-governance, reflecting the institutional prototype of the trend toward democratization of international relations. After the end of the Cold War, developing countries grew stronger in the process of economic globalization, demanding not only a higher share in the distribution of the fruits of world economic development but also greater representation and voice in the global governance system. “Although hegemonism and power politics still exist in today’s world, the call for promoting the international order toward a more just and reasonable direction cannot be ignored, and the democratization of international relations has become an unstoppable trend of the times.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the United Nations Office at Geneva, January 18, 2017. However, there is still a large democratic deficit in the current global governance system. The distribution of voting rights in major global economic governance institutions is still dominated by a few developed countries. The United States, pursuing unilateralism, “uses international mechanisms when they suit it and discards them when they do not,” [2]2 This is a common Chinese criticism of U.S. foreign policy, paraphrasing the idea that the U.S. selectively follows international rules. seriously damaging the authority and seriousness of international institutions. In today’s era of deepening globalization, advancing the democratization of international relations is not only an adherence to the purposes and principles of the UN Charter but also a practical need for building a community with a shared future for mankind. The Global Governance Initiative clearly opposes the law of the jungle where “might makes right,” rejects the outdated logic of “winner takes all,” transcends the narrow concept of bloc politics, and replaces the erroneous practice of drawing lines based on ideology. It actively advocates that global affairs be discussed by all together, that the fruits of governance be shared by all, that common interests be safeguarded by all countries, and that challenges be addressed jointly by the international community, providing ideological guidance for promoting the building of a more just and reasonable global governance system.

二战后，以联合国为核心的国际体系遵循协商、共识与多边共治原则，反映了国际关系民主化趋势的制度雏形。冷战结束后，发展中国家在经济全球化进程中实力不断壮大，不仅要求在世界经济发展成果分配中占据更高份额，更希望在全球治理体系中拥有更大代表性和发言权。“尽管当今世界霸权主义和强权政治依然存在，但推动国际秩序朝着更加公正合理方向发展的呼声不容忽视，国际关系民主化已成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。”然而，当前全球治理体系中还存在大量民主赤字。全球主要经济治理机构的投票权分配仍由少数发达国家主导。美国奉行单边主义，对国际机制“合则用，不合则弃”，严重损害国际制度的权威性与严肃性。在全球化深入发展的今天，推进国际关系民主化进程，既是对联合国宪章宗旨和原则的坚守，也是构建人类命运共同体的现实需要。全球治理倡议明确反对“强权即公理”的丛林法则、摒弃“赢者通吃”的陈旧逻辑、超越集团政治的狭隘观念、取代以意识形态划线的错误做法，积极倡导全球事务由大家一起商量、治理成果由大家一起分享、共同利益由各国共同维护、挑战由国际社会共同应对，为推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系提供了思想引领。

The key to advancing the democratization of international relations is to enhance the representation and voice of developing countries. As a major developing country, China has always been a firm advocate and active practitioner of the democratization of international relations. The democratization of international relations advocated by China focuses on seeking the value core of communication and interaction, reflecting the pursuit of democracy and freedom based on the philosophical foundation of the common values of all humanity, fundamentally transcending the Western logic of opposition and conflict in democracy. In practice, China respects the right of all countries to independently choose their social systems and development paths, opposes any form of hegemonism and power politics, and is committed to building a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and other new multilateral financial institutions initiated by China adhere to the principles of openness, inclusiveness, and transparency, fully respecting the concerns and demands of all prospective founding members, forming a unique “AIIB phenomenon” in global economic governance and providing a useful reference for the reform of the international financial system. The Belt and Road Initiative is an important international public good provided by China. China and the co-building countries along the route have achieved the docking and mutual recognition of strategies, plans, and mechanisms, taking into account the interests and concerns of all parties in cooperation without attaching any political conditions, making it a model for practicing the democratization of international relations.

推进国际关系民主化，关键是提升发展中国家的代表性和发言权。作为发展中大国，中国始终是国际关系民主化的坚定倡导者和积极实践者。中国倡导的国际关系民主化进程重点是寻求交往沟通的价值内核，反映了以全人类共同价值为哲学基底的民主自由追求，从根本上超越了西方对立冲突的民主逻辑。在实践中，中国尊重各国自主选择社会制度和发展道路的权利，反对任何形式的霸权主义和强权政治，致力于构建相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系。中国发起成立的亚洲基础设施投资银行等新型多边金融机构，秉持开放、包容、透明的原则，充分尊重各意向创始成员国的关切和诉求，在全球经济治理中形成独树一帜的“亚投行现象”，为国际金融体系改革提供了有益借鉴。“一带一路”倡议是中国提供的重要国际公共产品，中国与沿线共建国家实现战略、规划、机制的对接与互认，在合作中兼顾各方利益和关切且不附加任何政治条件，成为实践国际关系民主化的典范。

II. Adhering to International Rule of Law as the Fundamental Guarantee

二、坚持以国际法治为根本保障

“The rule of law is an important achievement of human political civilization and a basic means of modern social governance.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Work Related to the Rule of Law,” October 2020. International law is an inevitable requirement for the stability of the international order and an important way of global governance. In the international community, international law and the international institutions, rules, and norms generally recognized by all countries play a coordinating and constraining role in international exchanges. In the era of globalization, the international rule of law has become an important yardstick for measuring the civilization and effectiveness of global governance. Facing the intertwined and turbulent international situation, the institutional framework and principled norms established in legal form are conducive to improving the certainty of international cooperation and the effectiveness of countries in responding to global challenges. The international rule of law is the key to promoting the transformation of the global governance system. Building a more just and reasonable global governance system requires both upholding and improving the existing international legal system, using good international laws to promote good global governance, and ensuring that international law and its institutional principles are observed by all countries, without engaging in exceptionalism or double standards.

“法治是人类政治文明的重要成果，是现代社会治理的基本手段。”国际法是国际秩序稳定的必然要求，也是全球治理的重要方式。在国际社会中，国际法以及各国普遍认可的国际制度、规则和规范在国际交往中发挥着协调和约束作用。在全球化时代，国际法治已经成为衡量全球治理文明和全球治理效能的重要标尺。面对变乱交织的国际局势，以法律形式确定的制度框架和原则规范有利于提高国际合作的确定性、提升各国应对全球挑战的有效性。国际法治是推动全球治理体系变革的关键。构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系，既需要坚持和完善现有国际法体系，以国际良法促进全球善治；又需要确保国际法及其制度原则由各国共同遵守，不搞例外主义和双重标准。

First, upholding the existing international law and basic norms of international relations.

第一，维护现行国际法和国际关系基本准则。

The basic norms of international relations are an important part of international law. The Charter of the United Nations is the founding international document of the United Nations, establishing the purposes, principles, and institutional structure of the UN, stipulating the responsibilities, rights, and obligations of member states, laying the cornerstone of the modern international order, and establishing the basic norms of contemporary international relations. In addition, the international community has gradually accepted the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, the Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference, and others as basic norms of international relations. [4]4 The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence) were jointly initiated by China, India, and Myanmar in 1954. The Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference were adopted at the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia. To date, the currently recognized basic norms of international relations have shaped the operational mode of the contemporary international order and play the role of “soft law” in global governance. Currently, regional conflicts and contradictions occur frequently, the threats of unilateralism, hegemonism, and power politics are rising, the basic norms of international relations are severely impacted, and the international rule of law is undermined. The United States and other Western countries attempt to build an international order based on confrontation of alliances, exclusion, and closure on the basis of absolute superiority in strength, increasing the doubts of some countries about the prospects of the existing international order. “The existing international order is not perfect, but as long as it is based on rules, oriented toward fairness, and aimed at win-win results, it cannot be arbitrarily discarded, let alone overturned and started anew.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the United Nations Office at Geneva, January 18, 2017. China has always been a participant and builder of the existing international system and order, committed to enhancing mutual trust through dialogue and resolving disputes through consultation, actively using multilateral platforms to unite all parties, and abiding by jointly formulated international laws and international rules.

国际关系基本准则是国际法的重要组成部分。《联合国宪章》是联合国的创始性国际文件，确立了联合国的宗旨、原则和机构设置，规定了成员国的责任、权利和义务，奠定了现代国际秩序的基石，确立了当代国际关系的基本准则。此外，国际社会还逐步接受和平共处五项原则、万隆会议十项原则等为国际关系基本准则。迄今为止，现行公认的国际关系基本准则塑造了当代国际秩序的运作方式，在全球治理中发挥着“软法”的作用。当前，地区矛盾冲突频发，单边主义、霸权主义、强权政治的威胁上升，国际关系基本准则受到严重冲击，国际法治遭到破坏。美国等西方国家试图以实力方面的绝对优势为基础，打造结盟对抗、封闭排他的国际秩序，一些国家对现行国际秩序前景的疑虑增加。“现行国际秩序并不完美，但只要它以规则为基础，以公平为导向，以共赢为目标，就不能随意被舍弃，更容不得推倒重来。”中国始终是现行国际体系和国际秩序的参与者和建设者，致力于对话增进互信、协商解决争端，积极利用多边平台团结各方，遵守共同制定的国际法和国际规则。

The deepening development of globalization has given rise to new fields of global governance and new risks to international security, and the scope of application of existing international law is constantly being breached. The profound changes in the subjects and objects of global governance require innovation in the construction of the international rule of law to ensure that the international rule of law matches the coordination and compatibility of global governance. Coordination emphasizes the dynamic balance and harmonious operation of various elements within the system; compatibility focuses on static matching and consistency, emphasizing the compatibility of results rather than dynamic balance. Emerging issues such as global climate change, biodiversity protection, and polar governance are constantly expanding the boundaries of global governance, problems such as cybersecurity, digital sovereignty, and the digital divide are becoming increasingly prominent, and artificial intelligence is also profoundly affecting human social relations and governance structures. In response to the new issues and new demands facing the construction of the international rule of law, China emphasizes that “we must firmly uphold the international order based on international law, actively participate in the formulation of international rules, and promote the rule of law in international relations.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Work Related to the Rule of Law,” October 2020. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has been written into UN General Assembly resolutions and documents of multilateral mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS countries for many consecutive years; the Global Data Security Initiative and the Global AI Governance Initiative have been welcomed and recognized by the international community, especially Global South countries, as soon as they were proposed; China continues to promote the UN to formulate the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime and participates in international judicial bodies hearing important international and regional issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and climate change. China’s participation in the construction of the international rule of law and international judicial cooperation represents the interests of the vast number of developing countries, effectively safeguarding the authority of international law and international fairness and justice.

全球化的深化发展催生全球治理新领域和国际安全新风险，现行国际法的适用范围被不断突破。全球治理主体和对象的深刻变化，要求创新国际法治建设，保障国际法治匹配全球治理的协调性与相合性。协调性强调系统内部各要素的动态平衡与和谐运作；相合性侧重于静态的匹配和一致性，强调结果的兼容性，而非动态平衡。全球气候变化、生物多样性保护、极地治理等新兴议题不断拓展全球治理边界，网络安全、数字主权、数字鸿沟等问题日益突出，人工智能也深刻影响着人类社会关系和治理结构。针对国际法治建设面临的新议题和新需求，中国强调“要坚定维护以国际法为基础的国际秩序，主动参与国际规则制定，推进国际关系法治化”。人类命运共同体理念连续多年被写入联合国大会决议以及上海合作组织、金砖国家等多边机制文件；《全球数据安全倡议》《全球人工智能治理倡议》一经提出就得到国际社会尤其是全球南方国家的欢迎和认可；中国持续推动联合国制定《联合国打击网络犯罪公约》，参与国际司法机构审理巴以冲突、气候变化等重要国际地区问题。中国参与国际法治建设和国际司法合作代表了广大发展中国家的利益，有效维护了国际法权威和国际公平正义。

Second, ensuring the equal and unified application of international law and international rules.

第二，确保国际法和国际规则平等统一适用。

International law and international rules in various fields together constitute the institutional foundation of international rule of law. Whether public international law or private international law, whether explicit international mechanisms or implicit principles and norms, the key to transforming abstract legal norms into effective institutional constraints lies in legal practice. “The life of law lies in its implementation; all states have the responsibility to uphold the authority of international rule of law, exercise their rights in accordance with law, and fulfill their obligations in good faith. The life of law also lies in fairness and justice; all states and international judicial bodies should ensure the equal and uniform application of international law, refrain from double standards, and avoid the practice of ‘using it when it suits and discarding it when it does not,’ truly achieving ‘impartial and without partisanship, the kingly way is broad and smooth.’”[7]7 “Impartial and without partisanship, the kingly way is broad and smooth” (无偏无党，王道荡荡): A classical Chinese allusion from the *Book of Documents* (《尚书》), meaning that governance should be fair and impartial, without favoritism or factionalism, so that the path of righteous rule is open and unobstructed. Currently, various international disorders frequently emerge, not because there are no laws to rely on, nor because the purposes and principles of the UN Charter are outdated, but precisely because existing laws are not followed—the purposes and principles of the UN Charter have not been universally observed and fully implemented, and international fairness and justice have not been effectively upheld. Some Western countries often put their own interests first, cling to hegemonic thinking, believe in the logic of power, selectively apply international law, and adopt different rules and standards for allies and non-allies. For example, the United States, disregarding World Trade Organization rules, places domestic law above international law and launches tariff wars globally; it ignores the humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza, sanctions the International Criminal Court, and openly tramples on international law and principles of justice; and so on. This pragmatic attitude toward international law and double standards severely erodes the authority and effectiveness of international law, exacerbating the trust deficit and legal predicament facing global governance.

国际法和各领域国际规则共同构成了国际法治的制度基础。无论是国际公法还是国际私法，无论是明确的国际机制抑或隐含的原则规范，将抽象的法律规范转化为有效的制度约束，关键在于法律实践。“法律的生命在于付诸实施，各国有责任维护国际法治权威，依法行使权利，善意履行义务。法律的生命也在于公平正义，各国和国际司法机构应该确保国际法平等统一适用，不能搞双重标准，不能‘合则用、不合则弃’，真正做到‘无偏无党，王道荡荡’。”当前，各种国际乱象频现，不是因为无法可依，也不是因为联合国宪章宗旨和原则过时了，恰恰是因为有法不依——联合国宪章宗旨和原则没有得到普遍遵守和充分履行，国际公平正义没有得到有效维护。西方一些国家常常以自身利益为先，固守霸权思维、信奉实力逻辑，选择性适用国际法，对盟友和非盟友采取不同规则标准。例如，美国无视世界贸易组织规则，将国内法凌驾于国际法之上，在全球范围内发动关税战；无视加沙地区人道主义灾难，制裁国际刑事法院，公然践踏国际法和正义原则；等等。这种对国际法的实用主义态度和双重标准，严重侵蚀了国际法的权威性和有效性，加剧了全球治理面临的信任难题和法律困境。

“In the international community, law should be a common yardstick; there is no law that applies only to others and not to oneself, nor any law that applies only to oneself and not to others.” The formulation and implementation of international law and international rules and norms should adhere to multilateralism and promote the spirit of consultation; it cannot be decided by a very small number of countries. China adheres to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits and actively participates in the formulation of international rules. From the signing and implementation of the Paris Agreement at the United Nations Climate Change Conference to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework reached at the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, China has always played a responsible role in the process of international rule-making, extensively soliciting opinions from all parties while safeguarding negotiation bottom lines, and upholding the development rights of developing countries while effectively advancing the global environmental governance process. At the same time, international law is not domestic law but a common international standard. China consistently adheres to the principle of unifying rights and obligations, promotes the equal, universal, and good-faith interpretation and application of international law, opposes double standards, respects the right of the parties concerned to independently choose dispute settlement methods, and opposes using the name of “rule of law” to infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of other countries or undermine peace and stability. On the South China Sea issue, China maintains a responsible attitude, advocating for the proper management of differences through dialogue and consultation with the directly concerned parties; it works with ASEAN countries to implement the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, accelerates negotiations on a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea, and is committed to establishing regional common rules that are more effective, substantive, and consistent with international law.

“在国际社会中，法律应该是共同的准绳，没有只适用他人、不适用自己的法律，也没有只适用自己、不适用他人的法律。”制定、推行国际法和国际规则规范应坚持多边主义、发扬协商精神，不能由极少数国家说了算。中国坚持共商共建共享原则，积极参与国际规则制定。从联合国气候变化大会《巴黎协定》的签订与落实，到《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会达成“昆明—蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架”，中国在国际规则制定过程中始终扮演负责任角色，既广泛征询各方意见，又捍卫谈判底线，既维护发展中国家发展权利，也切实推动全球环境治理进程。同时，国际法并非国内法，而是国际共同准则。中国始终坚持权利和义务相统一的原则，促进国际法的平等普遍善意解释和适用，反对双重标准，尊重当事方自主选择争端解决方式的权利，反对以“法治”之名行侵害他国正当权益、破坏和平稳定之实。中国在南海问题上坚持负责任态度，倡导与直接当事国通过对话协商妥善管控分歧；携手东盟国家一道落实《南海各方行为宣言》，加快推进“南海行为准则”的商谈，致力于设立更加富有效力和实质内容、符合国际法的地区共同规则。

Third, major countries should play an exemplary role in upholding international rule of law.

第三，大国应发挥维护国际法治的表率作用。

According to the UN Charter, the UN Security Council bears the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, which determines that the five permanent members play a key role in practicing international rule of law and upholding international fairness and justice. Truly upholding international rule of law requires the joint efforts of the international community; major countries, in particular, should take the lead in abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, take the lead in being advocates and defenders of international rule of law, keep their commitments, refrain from exceptionalism and double standards, and avoid distorting international law or using the name of rule of law to infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of other countries or undermine international peace and stability. For a long time, some major Western countries have clung to double standards in advancing the construction of international rule of law, repeatedly undermining it, instrumentalizing and bloc-izing international law, and using the name of rule of law to infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of other countries, thereby disrupting the stability of the international order and weakening the effectiveness of global governance.

根据《联合国宪章》，联合国安理会负有维护国际和平与安全的首要责任，这决定了五大常任理事国在践行国际法治、维护国际公平正义方面发挥着关键作用。真正维护国际法治，需要国际社会共同努力，大国尤其要带头恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，带头做国际法治的倡导者和维护者，遵信守诺，不搞例外主义、双重标准，也不歪曲国际法，以法治之名侵害他国正当权益、破坏国际和平稳定。长期以来，一些西方大国在推进国际法治建设中固守双重标准，屡屡破坏国际法治，将国际法工具化、集团化，以法治之名侵害他国正当权益，破坏了国际秩序稳定，削弱了全球治理效能。

China is a participant and leader in global governance and an active promoter of international rule of law. It continuously transforms Chinese solutions and initiatives for solving global problems into international rule-of-law discourse, defends the spirit of international rule of law, and promotes the improvement and development of international law. In response to the negative attitude of the West in the process of legalizing global governance in recent years, China actively participates in international legislation and international judicial cooperation, integrates the excellent traditional culture of China into governance rules, advocates “valuing harmony” in international dispute resolution, and peacefully resolves disputes through political dialogue. China advocates for the establishment of an international mediation organization to promote consultation and collaboration among countries; this represents an innovation and development of international rule of law, a vivid manifestation of multilateralism, and a demonstration of China’s responsibility in implementing the Global Governance Initiative.

中国是全球治理的参与者、引领者和国际法治的积极推进者，不断将解决全球问题的中国方案和中国倡议转化为国际法治话语，捍卫国际法治精神，促进国际法完善与发展。面对近年来西方在全球治理法治化进程中的消极态度，中国积极参与国际立法和国际司法合作，将中华优秀传统文化融入治理规则中，在国际争端解决中倡导“以和为贵”，通过政治对话和平解决争端。中国倡导建立国际调解院，促进各国协商协作，是国际法治的创新和发展，是多边主义的生动体现，也是中国落实全球治理倡议的责任担当。

III. Adhering to Multilateralism as the Basic Path

三、坚持以多边主义为基本路径

Multilateralism is the core concept of the post-World War II international system and international order. An important reason for the successful operation of the post-war international system lies in the practice of multilateralism. Numerous international organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, adhere to the principle of multilateralism and have become important platforms for building lasting world peace and promoting common human prosperity. From power games based on strength to global governance centered on multilateralism, changes in the mode of cooperation among states reflect the unstoppable trend of the times toward peace, development, cooperation, and win-win outcomes, and also demonstrate the progressive direction of human society. Facing various issues in both traditional and emerging fields, multilateralism is the only way to unite the international community to form a governance synergy. Adhering to multilateralism requires正视 the objective fact of interdependence in contemporary international relations, formulating action rules based on collective interests rather than the interests of individual or a few members, respecting the equal rights of all countries, opposing hierarchical concepts and subordinate relationships, and committing to formulating universally applicable codes of conduct through collective consultation. Only by adhering to true multilateralism, conducting equal consultation, and continuously expanding multilateral cooperation can the goals of pluralistic governance, co-governance, and cooperative governance be achieved.

多边主义是二战后国际体系和国际秩序的核心理念。战后国际体系成功运行的重要原因就在于实行多边主义。联合国、世界贸易组织等众多国际组织都秉持多边主义原则，成为建设世界持久和平、推进人类共同繁荣的重要平台。从以实力为基础的权力博弈到以多边主义为核心的全球治理，国家间合作方式的变化体现了和平、发展、合作、共赢的时代潮流不可阻挡，也反映了人类社会的进步趋势。面对传统领域和新兴领域的各种问题，多边主义是团结国际社会形成治理合力的唯一出路。坚持多边主义，必须正视当今国际关系相互依赖的客观事实，从集体利益而非个别或少数成员利益出发制定行动规则，尊重各国平等权利、反对等级观念和从属关系，致力于通过集体协商制定普遍通用的行为准则。只有坚持真正的多边主义，进行平等协商，不断拓展多边合作，才能实现多元治理、共同治理、合作治理的目标。

First, firmly uphold the status and authority of the United Nations.

第一，坚定维护联合国地位和权威。

The United Nations is the core of the post-war international order and the most authoritative and representative international organization in human history, as well as an important platform for practicing multilateralism. Facing the intertwined and turbulent international situation, the role of the United Nations can only be strengthened, not weakened. For over 80 years, resolutions of the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council have adhered to procedural rules centered on multilateralism and have been generally accepted by all countries. The UN system has consistently upheld the principle of multilateralism in its actions, focusing on strengthening cooperation among countries in areas such as human rights protection and international poverty reduction. The authority and legitimacy of the United Nations derive from multilateralism; the advancement and implementation of resolutions, cooperation, and reforms within the UN system are even more inseparable from multilateralism; and promoting the construction of a more just and reasonable global governance system must rely on the United Nations.

联合国是战后国际秩序的核心，也是人类历史上最具权威性、代表性的国际组织和实践多边主义的重要平台。面对变乱交织的国际形势，联合国的作用只能加强，不能削弱。80多年来，联合国大会决议和安理会决议坚持以多边主义为核心的议事规则，为各国所普遍接受。联合国系统始终坚持多边主义的行动原则，着力加强各国在人权保障和国际减贫等领域的合作。联合国的权威与合法性来源于多边主义，联合国系统内决议、合作和改革的推进落实更离不开多边主义，推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系必须依靠联合国。

As the first country to sign the United Nations Charter, China has always upheld the status and authority of the United Nations, safeguarded the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and fulfilled its responsibilities and mission as a permanent member of the UN Security Council. As of April 2025, China has carried out 25 peacekeeping operations, dispatched over 50,000 peacekeeping troops, and deeply participated in UN peacekeeping operations, becoming a key force in UN peacekeeping. In the economic and development fields, China has participated in all UN subordinate economic committees and specialized economic agencies, supporting the actions of developing countries to establish a new international economic order. In the field of sustainable development, China supports the UN in implementing the *Pact for the Future*[8]8 The *Pact for the Future* is a UN summit outcome document adopted in September 2024, outlining commitments on sustainable development, peace and security, science and technology, and global governance reform., conducts tripartite cooperation with African countries and UN agencies, established the “China-Africa (Ethiopia)-UN (Industrial Development Organization) Cooperation Demonstration Center,” continuously deepens the alignment of the Belt and Road Initiative with the UN 2030 Agenda, and provides assistance to other developing countries in poverty reduction, agricultural cooperation, and other areas within the UN South-South Cooperation framework. Guided by the implementation of the Global Development Initiative, China actively promotes synergy between the initiative and the UN development agenda. As of October 2024, China has signed 53 memoranda of understanding on South-South climate change cooperation with 42 developing countries. At the same time, China supports UN reform, proposing that UN reform should effectively increase the representation and voice of developing countries, and promote the UN to better uphold justice, enforce the rule of law, promote cooperation, and focus on action.

中国作为第一个在联合国宪章上签字的国家，始终维护联合国的地位和权威，维护联合国宪章宗旨和原则，履行联合国安理会常任理事国职责和使命。截至2025年4月，中国已累计执行25项维和行动，派出维和官兵5万余人次，深度参与联合国维和行动，成为联合国维和的关键力量。在经济与发展领域，中国参加了联合国所有下属经济委员会和经济类专门机构，支持广大发展中国家建立国际经济新秩序的行动。在可持续发展领域，中国支持联合国落实《未来契约》，与非洲国家及联合国机构开展三方合作，建立“中国—非洲(埃塞俄比亚)—联合国(工业发展组织)合作示范中心”，不断深化“一带一路”倡议与联合国2030年议程对接，在联合国南南合作框架内为其他发展中国家减贫、农业合作等提供帮助。中国以落实全球发展倡议为引领，积极推动倡议同联合国发展领域进程形成合力。截至2024年10月，中国已同42个发展中国家签署53份气候变化南南合作谅解备忘录。同时，中国也支持联合国进行改革，提出联合国改革应切实增加发展中国家的代表性和发言权，推动联合国更好主持公道、厉行法治、促进合作、聚焦行动。

Second, practice the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits.

第二，践行共商共建共享的全球治理观。

“In today’s world, the future and destiny of all countries are closely linked, and their interests are intertwined as never before. We must practice the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, pool wisdom and strength, mobilize global resources, address global challenges, and promote global development.” Global governance requires listening to the voices of all parties, especially the demands of developing countries that have long been marginalized. The formulation of global governance rules and the handling of global affairs should be conducted through equal dialogue, consultation, and communication, opposing any form of hegemonism and power politics. Global governance is not the exclusive preserve of one or a few countries, but the common responsibility of all countries. All countries need to participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system according to their own capabilities and responsibilities, each contributing their strengths and doing their best. The fruits of global governance should also benefit all parties, with attention to fairness and justice in distribution, rather than being monopolized by a few countries or groups. The global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits maximizes the equality of governance subjects, the openness of governance processes, and the win-win nature of governance goals, which is conducive to building governance consensus and promoting international cooperation.

“当今世界，各国前途命运紧密相连，利益交融前所未有。要践行共商共建共享的全球治理观，集众智、汇众力，动员全球资源，应对全球挑战，促进全球发展。”全球治理需要听取各方声音，尤其是长期被边缘化的发展中国家的诉求。全球治理规则的制定和全球事务的处理应该通过平等对话、协商沟通的方式进行，反对任何形式的霸权主义和强权政治。全球治理不是一个或几个国家的专利，而是世界各国的共同责任，需要各国根据自身能力和责任共同参与全球治理体系改革和建设，各施所长，各尽所能。全球治理成果也应该惠及各方，注重分配的公平正义，而不是由少数国家或群体所垄断。共商共建共享的全球治理观最大程度体现了治理主体的平等性、治理过程的开放性和治理目标的共赢性，有利于凝聚治理共识、促进国际合作。

China is an advocate and practitioner of the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. Through a series of major initiatives and practical measures, China promotes better consultation with an attitude of equality and respect, better joint contribution through solidarity and cooperation, and better shared benefits with a mindset of mutual achievement, injecting new impetus into the transformation of the global governance system. The Belt and Road Initiative is a vivid practice of China’s implementation of the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. Since the initiative was launched over a decade ago, China has upheld the Silk Road spirit of peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit. Through policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds, it has promoted the common development of partner countries. In 2024, China’s direct investment in Belt and Road partner countries reached USD 50.99 billion, an increase of 22.9% over the previous year, accounting for 26.5% of total outward investment that year, achieving a favorable situation of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. The global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits breaks the Western-centered model of global governance, transforming the “center-periphery” binary governance structure into a networked multilateral governance framework, providing conceptual support and ideological guidance for reforming the unjust and unreasonable international order.

中国是共商共建共享全球治理观的倡导者和实践者。中国通过一系列重大倡议和务实举措，以平等尊重的态度更好共商、以团结协作的行动更好共建、以相互成就的胸怀更好共享，为全球治理体系变革注入新动力。“一带一路”倡议是中国践行共商共建共享全球治理观的生动实践。倡议实施十多年来，中国秉持和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的丝路精神，通过政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通，推动共建国家共同发展。2024年，中国对“一带一路”共建国家直接投资509.9亿美元，较上年增长22.9%，占当年对外投资总量的26.5%，实现了共商、共建、共享的良好局面。共商共建共享的全球治理观打破了以西方为中心的全球治理模式，推动“中心—边缘”式的二元治理结构变为网络式的多边治理架构，为改革不公正不合理的国际秩序提供理念支撑和思想引领。

Third, uphold the spirit of openness and inclusiveness to strengthen solidarity and cooperation.

第三，秉持开放包容精神加强团结协作。

With the collective rise of Global South countries, their willingness and capacity to participate in and lead global governance have been continuously strengthened, and developing countries have also put forward many proposals concerning the development of the global governance system. Although there are obvious differences in governance concepts between developed and developing countries, these differences cannot become a reason to reject multilateral cooperation and reform of the global governance system. Whether for Western developed countries or developing countries, problem-oriented guidance in global governance cooperation should take precedence over value-oriented guidance. The transformation of the global governance system should advocate and reflect tolerance for different values. The West once advocated liberalism and championed international free trade; the principle of trade liberalization was deeply rooted in people’s minds and widely recognized by the international community. Regarding the issue of sustainable human development, the G20 proposed joint efforts to address major global challenges and crises, promote strong, sustainable, balanced, and inclusive economic growth, and committed to building a just world and a sustainable planet. In response to new security challenges, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states oppose resolving international and regional issues through bloc politics, ideologization, and confrontational thinking, and have put forward practical measures to effectively address non-traditional security challenges. In response to the unjust and unreasonable issues in the international economic system, the BRICS countries emphasize multilateralism, advocate enhancing the inclusiveness and fairness of the international financial architecture, and increasing the representation and voice of emerging countries in the global economic and financial fields.

随着全球南方国家群体性崛起，参与引领全球治理的意愿和能力不断增强，发展中国家也提出了许多有关全球治理体系发展的主张。虽然发达国家与发展中国家的治理观念具有明显差异，但这种差异不能成为拒绝多边合作与全球治理体系改革的理由。无论是西方发达国家还是发展中国家，全球治理合作中的问题意识导向应该优先于价值观念导向，全球治理体系变革应当倡导和体现对不同价值理念的包容。西方也曾倡导自由主义，主张国际自由贸易，贸易自由化原则深入人心，得到国际社会普遍认同。针对人类可持续发展问题，二十国集团提出合力应对全球重大挑战和危机，促进强劲、可持续、平衡和包容的经济增长，承诺构建公正的世界和可持续的星球。针对新安全挑战，上海合作组织成员国反对通过集团化、意识形态化和对抗性思维解决国际和地区问题，提出了有效应对非传统安全挑战的务实举措。针对国际经济体系中的不公正不合理问题，金砖国家强调多边主义，主张增强国际金融架构的包容性与公正性，增加新兴国家在全球经济金融领域的代表性和话语权。

“The transformation of the global governance system cannot do without the guidance of concepts; the embodiment of more just and reasonable requirements in global governance rules cannot do without the absorption of various outstanding achievements of human civilization.” Facing the impact of the changes unseen in a century on the global governance system, the international community needs to strengthen exchanges and mutual learning, draw wisdom from civilizations to solve global problems through dialogue, and steer the century-old changes in a direction conducive to the progress of human civilization. For a long time, the West has clung to the narrow perception of “Western-centrism,” ignoring the contributions of non-Western civilizations to global governance innovation, leading to crises such as declining authority and collective action dilemmas in the Western-dominated global governance system. China has proposed the Global Civilization Initiative, advocating guidance by the common values of all humanity, upholding equal exchange, discarding arrogance and prejudice, respecting the exploration and practice of national governance and global governance by the people of different countries, and thickening the civilizational foundation for the transformation of the global governance system. The Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations, the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting, and the Ministerial Conference on Global Civilization Dialogue have been successfully held. Various initiatives such as the Global South Think Tanks Cooperation Alliance have been implemented and achieved results, jointly building an effective platform for China to exchange governance experience with other countries and political parties and deepen mutual learning among civilizations.

“全球治理体制变革离不开理念的引领，全球治理规则体现更加公正合理的要求离不开对人类各种优秀文明成果的吸收。”面对世界百年未有之大变局给全球治理体系带来的冲击，国际社会需要加强交流互鉴，通过文明对话汲取破解全球难题的智慧，推动百年变局向着有利于人类文明进步的方向发展。长期以来，西方固守“西方中心论”的狭隘认知，无视非西方文明对全球治理创新的贡献，导致西方主导的全球治理体系出现权威下降、集体行动困境等危机。中国提出全球文明倡议，倡导以全人类共同价值为引领，秉持平等交流、摒弃傲慢偏见，尊重不同国家人民对国家治理和全球治理的探索实践，厚植全球治理体系转型的文明根基。亚洲文明对话大会、中国共产党与世界政党高层对话会、全球文明对话部长级会议成功举办，全球南方智库合作联盟等各类举措落地见效，共同搭建起中国同其他国家及政党治国理政经验交流、深化文明互鉴的有效平台。

Fourth, promote an equal and orderly multipolar world.

第四，推动平等有序的世界多极化。

Multipolarity in the world is a major trend in human history and a major direction of historical progress. Compared with unipolar and bipolar patterns, a multipolar world can better reflect the international community’s common pursuit of justice, fairness, and win-win cooperation, better meet the practical needs of maintaining world peace and development, and better contribute to the reform and improvement of the global governance system. Multipolarity is also a necessary condition for practicing multilateralism. However, the trend toward multipolarity does not automatically lead to the strengthening of multilateralism. Currently, the international situation is turbulent, the trend toward bloc politics and securitization is strengthening, and some countries still have doubts about multipolarity and international multilateral cooperation. China is committed to promoting equal multipolarity, insisting on the equality of all countries regardless of size, and advocating that every country or group of countries can find its place in global governance, without engaging in “great power co-governance” or “peace under great power rule.” China also continuously advances orderly multipolarity, advocating that all countries should act within the international system centered on the United Nations, should achieve cooperation in the process of global governance, and ensure that the multipolar process is generally stable and constructive.

世界多极化是人类历史发展大势，也是历史进步大方向。相比于单极格局和两极格局，多极化世界更能反映国际社会对公道正义和合作共赢的共同追求，更契合维护世界和平发展的现实需要，更有助于全球治理体系的改革完善。多极化也是实践多边主义的必要条件。但是，多极化趋势并不会自动导致多边主义加强。当前，国际局势动荡不安、世界阵营化和安全化趋势加强，一些国家对多极化和国际多边合作仍然存在疑虑。中国致力于推动平等的多极化，坚持大小国家一律平等，主张每个国家或国家集团都能在全球治理中找到自己的位置，不搞“大国共治”或“大国治下的和平”。中国也不断推进有序的多极化，倡导各国都要在以联合国为核心的国际体系内行事，都应该在全球治理进程中实现合作，确保多极化进程总体稳定和具有建设性。

A more just and equitable global governance system must be built on the foundation of an equal and orderly multipolarity. On the one hand, equal and orderly multipolarity requires that all countries respect each other and participate equally and orderly, not allowing individual or a few major powers to monopolize international affairs, and advocates for the realization of equal rights and equal opportunities for all countries. Only in this way can all countries truly possess a subject status and play their due role in global governance. On the other hand, only by forming a balanced configuration of forces can a better world order be achieved. If multipolarity degenerates into a disorderly power game, global governance will be impossible to advance. "Equal and orderly" implies that there is a basic strategic stability and consensus on rules among all parties, providing the necessary peaceful environment and foundation of trust for global governance cooperation.

更加公正合理的全球治理体系必须建立在平等有序的多极化基础之上。一方面，平等有序的多极化要求各国相互尊重、平等有序参与，不允许个别或少数大国垄断国际事务，主张实现各国权利平等、机会平等。唯有如此，各国在全球治理中才会真正拥有主体地位、发挥应有作用。另一方面，只有形成一种平衡的力量格局，才能实现一个更好的世界秩序。如果多极化陷入无序的权力博弈，全球治理将寸步难行。“平等有序”意味着各方存在基本的战略稳定和规则共识，为全球治理合作提供必要的和平环境与信任基础。

IV. Adhering to a People-Centered Value Orientation

四、坚持以以人为本为价值取向

Since the 21st century, the forces of globalization and anti-globalization have collided fiercely, with challenges such as climate change, public health crises, poverty, and inequality intertwining and overlapping, and global problems threatening human survival and sustainable development have increased rather than decreased. "Where is global governance heading?" has become a question of the times facing the people of all countries. To achieve effective global governance, it is necessary to retrieve the value of human beings and realize the comprehensive development of human beings. Fundamentally, this means turning the people's aspiration for a better life into reality and jointly building a world where everyone is prosperous and well-being.

21世纪以来，全球化与逆全球化力量激烈碰撞，气候变化、公共卫生危机、贫困与不平等诸多挑战交织叠加，威胁人类生存和可持续发展的全球问题有增无减。“全球治理向何处去”成为摆在各国人民面前的时代课题。实现有效的全球治理必须找回人的价值、实现人的全面发展，从根本上就是要把各国人民对美好生活的向往变成现实，共同建设一个让人人富足安康的世界。

First, uphold the people-centered development philosophy.

第一，秉持以人民为中心的发展理念。

Global governance is a practical activity that relies on people, serves people, and benefits people. Only by taking the people's gains as the goal and continuously providing confidence and stable expectations for the populace can the global governance system gain broad support and operate effectively. Faced with endless global risks and challenges, achieving common global development is the master key to solving all problems confronting humanity. Currently, the world is experiencing new opportunities and challenges brought about by a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Differences in development concepts, transformation paths, and responsibility sharing between developed countries and Global South countries are widening. Some countries pursue "small yard, high fence" and "decoupling and severing supply chains," politicizing and securitizing development issues, which severely hinders the industrialization and economic development process of developing countries and seriously affects the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The imbalance of development within countries is intensifying, and seeking development and promoting growth has become the common expectation of people around the world for the future of global governance.

全球治理是依靠人、服务人、造福人的实践活动，只有以人民的获得为目标，不断为民众提供信心和稳定预期，全球治理体系才能得到广泛支持并实现有效运作。面对层出不穷的全球性风险和挑战，实现全球共同发展是解决人类面临的一切问题的总钥匙。当前，世界正经历新一轮科技革命和产业变革带来的新机遇和新挑战，发达国家与全球南方国家在发展理念、转型路径和责任分担上的意见分歧不断加大。一些国家奉行“小院高墙”“脱钩断链”，将发展议题政治化、安全化，严重阻碍发展中国家工业化和经济发展进程，严重影响联合国2030年可持续发展议程的落实。各国内部发展的不平衡性加剧，谋发展、促增长成为世界各国人民对全球治理未来发展的普遍期待。

China advocates a new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, and is committed to integrating it into the reform process of the global governance system. This new development philosophy advocates fully respecting the historical and cultural traditions, actual development stages, and unique development aspirations of all countries in the world, opening up a new development path with both Chinese characteristics and global significance, and providing Chinese concepts and Chinese solutions for empowering the new transformation of the global governance system with new development. China insists on enhancing global governance capacity through scientific and technological innovation, promoting technology sharing and capacity building in developing countries through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) science and technology innovation cooperation, the BRICS science and technology innovation work plan, and international mega-science projects; insists on providing new global governance public goods through institutional innovation, participating in the formulation of governance rules, actively promoting the upgrading of international investment rules and international trade rules, and improving the investment dispute settlement mechanism. In the process of achieving sustainable human development, China is committed to resolving the unfair distribution of the fruits of economic globalization, establishing the "Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative," creating more opportunities, and making the process of economic globalization more efficient and the distribution of its fruits more equitable.

中国倡导创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，致力于将之融入全球治理体系改革过程。这种新发展理念主张充分尊重世界各国的历史文化传统、现实发展阶段和独特发展诉求，开辟出一条兼具中国特色与世界意义的发展新路，为新发展赋能全球治理体系新变革提供了中国理念和中国方案。中国坚持以科技创新增强全球治理能力，通过“一带一路”科技创新合作、金砖国家科技创新工作计划及国际大科学工程，促进技术共享和发展中国家能力建设；坚持以制度创新提供全球治理新公共产品，参与治理规则制定，积极推动国际投资规则和国际贸易规则升级，完善投资争端解决机制。在实现人类可持续发展过程中，中国致力于化解经济全球化成果分配不公平的难题，组建“全球发展倡议之友小组”，创造更多机遇，实现经济全球化进程更有效率、经济全球化成果分配更为公平。

Second, promote global development towards a new stage of balanced, coordinated, and inclusive development.

第二，推动全球发展迈向平衡协调包容新阶段。

"Only when the people of all countries live a good life can prosperity be lasting, security be guaranteed, and human rights have a foundation." Faced with severe development deficits and governance deficits, China, guided by the Global Development Initiative, builds a new type of global development partnership, improves the global public goods supply system, and innovates the global development governance model; firmly stands on the side of Global South countries, continuously expands development partnerships with Global South countries, and assists Global South countries in achieving the modernization goals of independent development, governance fairness, and inclusive and win-win outcomes; advocates placing development in a prominent position within the global macro policy framework, increasing attention and investment in the development agenda, and providing practical and feasible path references for Global South countries through technical assistance and sharing of modernization experience. After long-term exploration, China has put forward the value concepts of "development first" and "people-centered," emphasizing an innovation-driven development model and the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, committed to promoting balanced, inclusive, and sustainable development, which is fundamentally different from the Western development model.

“只有各国人民都过上好日子，繁荣才能持久，安全才有保障，人权才有基础。”面对严峻的发展赤字和治理赤字，中国以全球发展倡议为引领，构建新型全球发展伙伴关系、完善全球公共产品供给体系、创新全球发展治理模式；坚定站在全球南方国家一边，不断扩展与全球南方国家的发展伙伴关系，助力全球南方国家实现自主发展、治理公平和普惠共赢的现代化目标；提倡将发展置于全球宏观政策框架的突出位置，加大对发展议程的关注和投入，通过技术援助、现代化经验分享等途径，为全球南方国家提供切实可行的路径借鉴。经过长期探索，中国提出“发展优先”和“以人民为中心”的价值理念，强调创新驱动和人与自然和谐共生的发展模式，致力于推动平衡包容和可持续发展，从根本上有别于西方发展模式。

Development and security are two wings of one body. The realization of global development goals requires the support of universal international security. An important purpose of reforming and improving global governance is also to address the common challenges facing human society and bring more security to the people of all countries. In recent years, the global security situation and security governance have shown new trends. The Ukraine crisis and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict have brought traditional security back into people's view, while non-traditional security issues such as global food security, transnational terrorism, and cyberspace security hinder global development. China advocates a vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security, coordinating the two major issues of development and security, promoting development through cooperation, resolving disputes through dialogue, and replacing zero-sum with win-win outcomes, playing an important role in ceasefire, peace talks, and resolving humanitarian crises in international and regional conflicts. China's people-centered global governance concept and its international practice embody the organic unity of development and security, promote the global development cause, and realize the transformation from a single-model unbalanced "development" to a "global development" with diverse paths and comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable connotations.

发展与安全是一体之两翼，全球发展目标的实现需要国际普遍安全的支撑。改革完善全球治理的重要目的，也在于应对人类社会面临的共同挑战，为各国人民带来更多安全感。近年来，全球安全形势和安全治理出现新动向。乌克兰危机、巴以冲突使传统安全重归人们视野，全球粮食安全、跨国恐怖主义、网络空间安全等非传统安全问题阻碍全球发展。中国倡导共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，统筹兼顾发展与安全两件大事，以合作促进发展、以对话解决争端、以共赢代替零和，在国际和地区冲突的停火止战、劝和促谈、解决人道主义危机方面发挥了重要作用。中国以人为本的全球治理理念及其国际实践体现了发展与安全的有机统一，促进了全球发展事业，实现了从模式单一的不平衡“发展”到路径多样、蕴含全面性协调性可持续性的“全球发展”的转变。

Third, advocate for inclusive and beneficial economic globalization.

第三，倡导普惠包容的经济全球化。

Economic globalization is an inevitable law of world historical evolution and an irreversible trend of the times. Since its development, although accompanied by Western colonial plunder and expansion, it has objectively created enormous material wealth for human society. Currently, unilateralism and trade protectionism are on the rise, the uncertainty and instability of global economic growth are increasing, and the original global economic governance system is increasingly unable to adapt to the new trends of economic globalization, nor can it solve the new problems emerging in the process of economic globalization. The free trade system is under attack, and insufficient and unbalanced development brings poverty, conflict, and inequality, causing negative impacts such as global development imbalance, worsening distribution injustice, and widening wealth gap. Improving global economic governance is the foundation for reforming the global governance system. Promoting the construction of a more just and equitable global governance system must advocate for inclusive and beneficial economic globalization.

经济全球化是世界历史演进的必然规律，也是不可逆转的时代潮流。经济全球化发展至今，虽然伴随着西方的殖民掠夺扩张，但是客观上为人类社会创造了巨大的物质财富。当前，单边主义和贸易保护主义抬头，全球经济增长的不确定性和不稳定性增强，原有的全球经济治理体系越来越不能适应经济全球化的新趋势，也无法解决经济全球化进程中不断涌现的新问题。自由贸易制度遭受冲击，不充分不平衡发展带来贫困、冲突和不平等现象，造成全球发展失衡、分配不公加剧和贫富差距扩大等负面影响。完善全球经济治理是改革全球治理体系的基础，推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系必须倡导普惠包容的经济全球化。

Economic globalization should be more beneficial, conforming to the needs of all countries, especially the vast number of developing countries, solving the problems of resource misallocation and unbalanced development among countries caused by capital's pursuit of profit, and making economic globalization better benefit humanity. At the same time, beneficial economic globalization places higher demands on high-quality economic growth and fair distribution of results, requiring the establishment of a more just and equitable world financial system and trade system, expanding the representation and voice of developing countries, abandoning the "small circle" mindset, building a big platform for economic cooperation, jointly making and fairly distributing the "cake" of economic globalization, and allowing the people of all countries to share the fruits of economic globalization and world economic growth. Economic globalization should also be more inclusive, acknowledging the differences in the degree of economic development and the diversity of modernization paths among countries, respecting each other's core interests and major concerns, and taking into account the reasonable concerns and interest demands of other stakeholders. China stands on the right side of history, unswervingly advances the process of economic globalization, unequivocally opposes unilateralism and protectionism, and promotes the construction of an open world economy; led by high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, it took the lead in establishing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the New Development Bank of BRICS, and proposed the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Development Bank, committed to enabling Global South countries to participate fairly in international cooperation and share development results.

经济全球化应该更加普惠，要顺应各国尤其是广大发展中国家的需求，解决好资本逐利所导致的资源错配和各国发展不均衡问题，让经济全球化更好地造福人类。同时，普惠的经济全球化对经济高质量增长和成果的公平分配提出更高要求，需要建立更加公正合理的世界金融体系和贸易体制，扩大发展中国家的代表性和发言权，摒弃“小圈子”思维，建设经济合作大平台，共同做大并公平分配好经济全球化的“蛋糕”，让各国人民共享经济全球化和世界经济增长成果。经济全球化也应该更加包容，要承认各国经济发展程度的差异性和现代化道路的多样性，尊重彼此核心利益和重大关切，兼顾其他利益相关方的合理关切与利益诉求。中国站在历史正确一边，坚定不移推进经济全球化进程，旗帜鲜明地反对单边主义、保护主义，推动构建开放型世界经济；以高质量共建“一带一路”为引领，牵头成立亚洲基础设施投资银行和金砖国家新开发银行，倡议建立上海合作组织开发银行，致力于让全球南方国家公平参与国际合作、共享发展成果。

V. Adhering to an Action-Oriented Approach as an Important Principle

五、坚持以行动导向为重要原则

The essence of global governance is to turn the people’s aspiration for a better life into reality, to jointly build a world where everyone enjoys prosperity and well-being, and to continuously enhance the sense of gain, happiness, and security of people in all countries. Therefore, the vitality of global governance stems from practice, the key lies in action, and the fundamental measure is results. Promoting the building of a more just and equitable global governance system cannot be achieved through empty talk; it must be put into action. China has always been a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, a defender of the international order, and a provider of public goods. Facing new problems, new trends, and new demands in global governance, China adheres to a problem-oriented approach, grasps the trend of the times, and proposes the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Governance Initiative, providing conceptual guidance for the transformation of the global governance system,凝聚 international consensus, and contributing wisdom and strength.

全球治理的本质就是把各国人民对美好生活的向往变成现实，共同建设一个让人人享有富足安康的世界，不断增强各国人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感。因此，全球治理的活力源于实践，关键在于行动，根本要看成效。推动构建更加公平合理的全球治理体系不能坐而论道，要起而行之。中国始终是世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者、公共产品的提供者。面对全球治理出现的新问题、新趋势和新要求，中国坚持问题导向、把握时代大势，提出全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议和全球治理倡议，为全球治理体系变革提供理念引领、凝聚国际共识、贡献智慧和力量。

First, build broadly participatory international cooperation platforms.

第一，搭建广泛参与的国际合作平台。

Practice has proven that reforming and improving global governance can only effectively meet the challenges of the times and share development opportunities if a foundation is laid in institutions and mechanisms. With the expansion of the fields and boundaries of global governance, increasingly complex governance issues require the establishment of corresponding international cooperation platforms, as well as cooperation mechanisms that ensure broad participation by all countries. Against the backdrop of deepening interdependence and the linkage of multiple risks, representativeness and participation will become important criteria for testing the legitimacy and effectiveness of global governance mechanisms. In response to various deficits in global governance, the Global Governance Initiative emphasizes inclusive solutions to global challenges, abandons the exclusive governance model of a few countries that draw lines based on ideology and replace dialogue with confrontation, and advocates a new path of global governance oriented toward mutual benefit and win-win outcomes, demonstrating China’s sense of responsibility in leading global governance development in the New Era. China has always upheld the spirit of unity and inclusiveness, deepening governance cooperation with countries and regions around the world, and establishing and improving cooperation mechanisms in various fields. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the important international organizations in which China has participated in founding, and has developed into a “big family” covering 26 countries across Asia, Europe, and Africa. Since its establishment, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has always adhered to the development path of jointly discussing regional affairs, jointly building platform mechanisms, and sharing cooperation outcomes, proposing and practicing many new concepts of global governance, becoming a positive driving force for the construction and reform of the global governance system. In their interactions, the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization uphold the “Shanghai Spirit,” [12]12 Xi Jinping, "Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind," *Qiushi Journal*, No. 2, 2021. creating a new model of regional cooperation for solidarity and collaboration among countries with different social systems, and building a constructive partnership of non-alignment, non-confrontation, and not targeting any third party, becoming a model for a new type of international relations. In the field of global economic governance, the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative has been deepened and substantiated, setting a new model for international multilateral cooperation; the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has continued to grow and strengthen, expanding new models for global financial governance. In the field of global security governance, China, together with Brazil and other countries, initiated the establishment of the “Group of Friends for Peace” on the Ukraine crisis, promoting the political settlement process of the Ukraine crisis. In the field of emerging technologies, China initiated the establishment of the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization, helping to bridge the digital and智能 divide and promoting the beneficial and inclusive development of artificial intelligence.

实践证明，改革完善全球治理，只有在制度和机制上打下基础，才能更有效应对时代挑战，共享发展机遇。随着全球治理领域及边界的扩展，日趋复杂的治理议题要求建立与之相对应的国际合作平台，同时也需要建立确保各国能够广泛参与的合作机制。在相互依赖加深和多元风险联动的背景下，代表性和参与度将成为检验全球治理机制合法性及有效性的重要标准。针对全球治理出现的各种赤字，全球治理倡议强调应对全球挑战的包容性解决方案，摒弃了少数国家以意识形态划线、以对抗取代对话的排他性治理模式，倡导以互利共赢为导向的全球治理新路径，展现出新时代中国引领全球治理发展的责任担当。中国始终秉持团结包容精神与世界各国、各区域深化治理合作，建立健全各领域合作机制。上海合作组织是中国参与创建的重要国际组织之一，已经发展成为覆盖亚欧非三大洲26个国家的“大家庭”。成立至今，上海合作组织始终秉持地区事务共商、平台机制共建、合作成果共享的发展路径，提出并践行了许多全球治理新理念，成为全球治理体系建设和改革的积极推动力量。上海合作组织成员国在交往中秉持“上海精神”，开创了不同社会制度国家团结协作的区域合作新模式，构建起不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的建设性伙伴关系，成为新型国际关系的典范。在全球经济治理领域，高质量共建“一带一路”走深走实，为国际多边合作树立了新典范；亚洲基础设施投资银行不断发展壮大，为全球金融治理拓展了新模式。在全球安全治理领域，中国与巴西等国倡议成立乌克兰危机“和平之友”小组，推动乌克兰危机政治解决进程。在新兴技术领域，中国倡议成立世界人工智能合作组织，助力弥合数字和智能鸿沟、促进人工智能向善普惠发展。

Second, strengthen the overall coordination of various global governance agendas.

第二，加强全球治理各项议程的统筹协调。

Currently, competitive multilateralism is on the rise, and the trend of fragmentation in global governance is evident. From the Biden administration to the Trump administration, the United States and other countries have gradually formed alternative small multilateral mechanisms. In the security field, the upgrade of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue between the US, Japan, India, and Australia, the establishment of the AUKUS security alliance, and the bilateral and multilateral security cooperation frameworks involving the US and the Philippines, the US, Japan, and South Korea, and the US, Japan, and Australia have impacted the regional security landscape. In the economic field, overlapping regional trade mechanisms such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership are being restarted or undergoing negotiations. In the cooperation processes of some regions, the cooperation mechanisms established by various parties are crisscrossed, and the complex intertwining effects are becoming increasingly prominent. Taking the Central Asian region as an example, the US, UK, Germany, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and the EU have established cooperation frameworks with the five Central Asian countries. The mechanism congestion caused by the “C5+N” mechanism [13]13 United Nations, *The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition*, July 2023, p. 6. has reduced the efficiency of regional cooperation and intensified international concerns about the outbreak of a “New Great Game” [14]14 The "four security centers" refer to the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) and other institutional mechanisms for security cooperation among SCO member states. in Central Asia.

当前，竞争性多边主义兴起，全球治理碎片化趋势明显。从拜登政府到特朗普政府，美国与其他国家逐渐形成了替代性的小多边机制。在安全领域，美日印澳四方安全机制升级、美英澳安全联盟建立，美菲、美日韩、美日澳等双多边安全合作架构对地区安全格局造成冲击。在经济领域，全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定、区域全面经济伙伴关系协定、跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定等相互重叠的区域贸易机制正在重启或展开谈判。在一些地区的合作进程中，各方建立的合作机制纵横交错，复杂交织效应日渐凸显。以中亚地区为例，美、英、德、俄、日、韩及欧盟与中亚五国建立合作框架，“C5+N”机制所引发的机制拥堵降低了地区合作效率，加剧了国际社会对中亚地区爆发“新大博弈”的疑虑。

Faced with the competition among countries for the discourse power of global governance, China adheres to the great power responsibility of embracing the world with a broad mind, strengthening the overall coordination and strategic alignment of various global governance agendas. The Belt and Road Initiative has achieved effective strategic alignment with Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union, ASEAN’s Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025, the African Union’s Agenda 2063, and the EU’s Strategy on Connecting Europe and Asia; as of September 2025, China has jointly built the Belt and Road with more than 150 countries, signed South-South cooperation memoranda of understanding on addressing climate change with more than 40 developing countries, and worked with various countries to promote more inclusive, more universally beneficial, and more resilient global development. China actively participates in the work of the

面对各国对全球治理话语权的争夺，中国坚持胸怀天下的大国担当，加强全球治理各项议程的统筹协调与战略对接。“一带一路”倡议已经与俄罗斯“欧亚经济联盟”、东盟《东盟互联互通总体规划2025》、非盟《2063年议程》、欧盟欧亚互联互通战略达成有效战略对接；截至2025年9月，中国已经同150多个国家携手共建“一带一路”，与40多个发展中国家签署应对气候变化南南合作谅解备忘录，携手各国推动更加包容、更加普惠、更有韧性的全球发展。中国积极参与联合国及其下属各机构的工作，支持联合国在和平与发展事业中发挥核心作用，推动联合国与二十国集团、金砖国家、上海合作组织等多边平台对接合作，形成全球治理合力。“全球发展倡议之友小组”同联合国系统倡议推进工作顺利开展，有利于调动发展资源，分享解决方案，助力各国落实可持续发展目标。“上合组织大家庭”不断壮大，同独联体、东盟、阿盟等众多国际组织的合作持续加强，上海合作组织已经成为践行多边主义的中流砥柱。

Third, create more visible results in global governance.

第三，创造更多可视的全球治理成果。

To strengthen and improve global governance, we must adhere to a problem-oriented approach and form effective governance outcomes. "Adhere to systematic planning and holistic advancement, coordinate and harmonize global actions, fully mobilize resources from all sides, create more visible results, and avoid governance lag and fragmentation through pragmatic cooperation." [12]12 Xi Jinping, "Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind," *Qiushi Journal*, No. 2, 2021. Currently, among the 169 specific targets under the 17 Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, only 35% are progressing well, 47% are progressing slowly, and 18% are regressing. [13]13 United Nations, *The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition*, July 2023, p. 6. Faced with the resurgence of anti-globalization and increasingly severe global governance challenges, developed and developing countries must join hands, earnestly fulfill their responsibilities, solve practical problems in a targeted manner, and provide more governance resources and public goods. Only by enabling the people of all countries to truly feel the inclusive value brought by globalization and global governance can we strengthen the confidence of the people of all countries in the global governance system and enhance the effectiveness of global governance.

加强和改善全球治理，要坚持问题导向，形成富有成效的治理成果。“坚持系统谋划、整体推进，统筹协调全球行动，充分调动各方资源，打造更多可视成果，以务实合作避免治理滞后和碎片化。”目前，联合国2030年可持续发展议程中所设定的17个可持续发展目标共计169个细项中，仅有35%进展顺利，47%进展缓慢，还有18%的项目正在倒退。面对逆全球化的回潮和日趋严峻的全球治理挑战，发达国家和发展中国家必须携起手来，切实履行责任，有针对性地解决实际问题，提供更多的治理资源和公共产品。只有让各国人民真正感受到全球化和全球治理带来的普惠价值，才能增强各国人民对全球治理体系的信心，提升全球治理效能。

Through multilateral platforms such as the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, China has promoted the implementation of a series of visible cooperation projects with demonstrative effects. China has joined hands with more than 40 countries to establish the "Group of Friends of Global Governance," jointly upholding fairness and justice and reforming and improving global governance on the UN platform. Since the Belt and Road Initiative was proposed, China and partner countries have achieved notable results in cooperation in areas such as infrastructure construction, trade, investment and financing, and education and culture. By 2030, the Belt and Road Initiative is expected to generate US$1.6 trillion in annual global revenue, potentially lifting 7.6 million people in partner countries out of extreme poverty and 32 million people out of moderate poverty. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established for security cooperation and has flourished through diversified cooperation in economy, trade, and culture. Since its founding, the achievements of cooperation within the SCO framework have benefited the peoples of all member states. In the security field, the establishment of the "four security centers" [14]14 The "four security centers" refer to the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) and other institutional mechanisms for security cooperation among SCO member states. has safeguarded regional prosperity and stability, making the security barriers of member states more solid and their people more secure. In the economic and trade field, regional connectivity among member states has become closer, the transit procedures for member states' goods have become smoother, and enterprises and people of all countries have gained more benefits and convenience. In the medical and health field, China has joined hands with member states to create the "Health Express International Sight-Saving Campaign," improving the health and well-being of the people in member states. In the cultural field, educational cooperation has achieved remarkable results, with "Lu Ban Workshops" [15]15 Lu Ban Workshops are Chinese vocational education and training programs named after the ancient Chinese craftsman Lu Ban, established abroad to provide technical skills training. providing skill-upgrading opportunities for young people in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and other countries. An "SCO Education Family" with more complete institutions, richer content, and more innovative development is taking shape.

中国通过联合国、上海合作组织等多边平台，推动实施一系列具有示范效应的可视化合作项目。中国与世界40多个国家携手建立“全球治理之友小组”，在联合国平台共同维护公平正义、改革完善全球治理。“一带一路”倡议提出以来，中国与共建国家围绕基础设施建设、贸易投融资、教育人文等领域合作取得显著成效。到2030年，共建“一带一路”预计每年将为全球产生1.6万亿美元收益，有望使共建国家760万人摆脱极端贫困、3200万人摆脱中度贫困。上海合作组织为安全合作而建，因经贸人文等多元合作而兴。成立以来，上海合作组织框架下的合作成就惠及各成员国人民。在安全领域，“四个安全中心”的建立为地区繁荣稳定护航，让成员国安全屏障更加坚实、人民更加安心。在经贸领域，成员国间区域联通更加密切，成员国商品过境流程更加畅通，各国企业和民众获得更多实惠与便利。在医疗卫生领域，中国携手成员国打造“健康快车国际光明行”活动，提升成员国民众的健康福祉。在人文领域，教育合作成效显著，“鲁班工坊”为哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦等国青年提供技能提升机会，一个制度更加完备、内涵更加丰富、发展更加创新的“上合教育大家庭”正在形成。

VI. Conclusion

六、结语

Against the backdrop of the accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century, strengthening and improving global governance is the correct choice for the international community to share development opportunities and jointly address global challenges. China insists on promoting global governance cooperation through the four major global initiatives and advancing the global governance process through practical cooperation. The Global Development Initiative aims to enhance the momentum of global development, the Global Security Initiative focuses on the long-term peace and stability of the international community, the Global Civilization Initiative strives to strengthen exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, and the Global Governance Initiative provides Chinese solutions and Chinese wisdom for the reform and construction of the global governance system. The four major global initiatives, respectively from the dimensions of development, security, civilization, and governance, propose fundamental solutions to the "four deficits" [16]16 The "four deficits" refer to deficits in peace, development, governance, and trust, as identified in Chinese official discourse on global challenges..

世界百年未有之大变局加速演进背景下，加强和改善全球治理是国际社会共享发展机遇、共同应对全球挑战的正确选择。中国坚持以四大全球倡议推动全球治理合作，以务实合作助力全球治理进程。全球发展倡议旨在增强全球发展动能，全球安全倡议聚焦国际社会长治久安，全球文明倡议着力加强文明交流互鉴，全球治理倡议则为全球治理体系改革和建设提供中国方案和中国智慧。四大全球倡议分别从发展、安全、文明、治理维度，为破解“四大赤字”提出治本之策。

At present, the world situation is intertwined with turbulence and change, the global governance deficit is worsening, the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is lagging behind, and global governance has come to a crossroads. China's proposal of the Global Governance Initiative profoundly reflects China's historical experience and practical logic in participating in global governance, systematically answering the proposition of "who governs, how to govern, and for whom to govern" in global governance. The five core concepts of the Global Governance Initiative are closely linked and interconnected, condensing experience and guiding direction. As a responsible major country, China always stands on the right side of history and on the side of human progress, adhering to sovereign equality, upholding international rule of law, upholding multilateralism, adhering to a people-centered approach, and adhering to an action-oriented approach. It actively participates in and leads the reform of the global governance system, promoting the results of building a community with a shared future for mankind to better benefit all countries and all of humanity.

当前，世界局势变乱交织，全球治理赤字加重，联合国2030年可持续发展议程的推进落实滞后，全球治理走到十字路口。中国提出全球治理倡议深刻反映了中国参与全球治理的历史经验和实践逻辑，系统回答了全球治理“由谁治理、如何治理、为谁治理”的命题。全球治理倡议的五大核心理念紧密联系、相互衔接，凝结经验、引领方向。中国作为负责任大国，始终站在历史正确一边，站在人类进步一边，坚持主权平等、坚持国际法治、坚持多边主义、坚持以人为本、坚持行动导向，积极参与引领全球治理体系变革，推动构建人类命运共同体成果更好惠及各国、造福全人类。