The Core Essence and Original Contributions of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on Development Planning

Using development planning to guide economic and social development is an important method of governance for the Communist Party of China, and it is also an institutional arrangement that unifies conformity with objective laws and conformity with purposes, advancing Chinese-path modernization. Since the founding of New China, the CPC has led the formulation and implementation of fourteen five-year plans (programs), transforming the Party’s medium- and long-term deployments and strategic propositions for modernization into the will of the state and the common action of the whole society. This has powerfully driven economic and social development, the enhancement of comprehensive national strength, and the improvement of the people’s living standards, creating the “two major miracles” [n1] of rapid economic development and long-term social stability rarely seen in the world.

用发展规划 指导经济社会发展，是中国共产党治国理政的重要方式，也是合规律性与合目的性相统一、推进中国式现代化建设的制度性安排。新中国成立以来，中国共产党先后领导编制和实施了十四个五年规划（计划），将党关于现代化建设的中长期部署和战略性主张转化为国家意志和全社会的共同行动，有力推动了经济社会发展、综合国力提升、人民生活改善，创造了世所罕见的经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”。

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [n2] put forward the major measure of “improving the institutional system for national economic and social development planning,” making systematic deployments and arrangements to better leverage the strategic guiding role of national development planning. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [n3] deliberated and adopted the *Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development*, making top-level design and strategic planning for development over the next five years. It pointed out that “the 15th Five-Year Plan period is a critical period for consolidating the foundation and exerting full effort to basically realize socialist modernization.” [n4] Systematically studying and deeply comprehending Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning, and fully, completely, and accurately grasping their theoretical and practical essence, as well as the positions, viewpoints, and methods running through them, is of great theoretical significance and practical value for improving the institutional system for national economic and social development planning, implementing the 15th Five-Year Plan with high quality, and ensuring the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035.

党的二十届三中全会提出“健全国家经济社会发展规划制度体系”的重大举措，对更好发挥国家发展规划的战略导向作用作出系统性部署安排。党的二十届四中全会审议通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》，对未来五年发展作出顶层设计和战略擘画，指出“‘十五五’时期是基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期” 。系统研究、学深悟透习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述，全面完整准确把握其理论和实践要义以及贯穿其中的立场观点方法，对于健全国家经济社会发展规划制度体系、高质量实施“十五五”规划、确保2035年基本实现社会主义现代化目标，具有重大的理论意义和现实价值。

I. The Institutional Implications of Development Planning

一、发展规划的制度意涵

The development planning system is an important component of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is of great and far-reaching significance for scientifically promoting China’s economic and social development and steadily advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning profoundly reveal the institutional implications of development planning. Development planning is an important institutional design for the CPC’s governance, an important method for the Party to effectively lead economic work, a phased deployment and institutional arrangement for Chinese-path modernization, an important means of macroeconomic governance under the conditions of the socialist market economy, and it manifests the significant advantages of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

发展规划制度是中国特色社会主义制度的重要组成部分，对于科学推动我国经济社会发展、接续推进中国式现代化具有重大而深远的意义。习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述深刻揭示了发展规划的制度意涵。发展规划是中国共产党治国理政的重要制度设计，是党有效领导经济工作的重要方式，是中国式现代化的阶段性部署和制度性安排，是社会主义市场经济条件下宏观经济治理的重要手段，彰显了中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势。

1. Development Planning Is an Important Institutional Design for the CPC’s Governance

1.发展规划是中国共产党治国理政的重要制度设计

From a historical perspective, development planning is an important institutional design through which the CPC integrates the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities, centrally embodying the strategic leadership of a Marxist political party and the superiority of the socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Using medium- and long-term planning to guide economic and social development is an important method of governance for our Party.” [n5] After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, except for the period of national economic recovery from 1949 to 1952 and the period of national economic adjustment from 1963 to 1965, the CPC has consistently used the five-year plan as an important method of governance, creating a development planning system with Chinese characteristics that conforms to national conditions.

从历史渊源来看，发展规划是中国共产党将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合的重要制度设计，集中体现了马克思主义政党的战略领导力和社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优越性。习近平总书记指出：“用中长期规划指导经济社会发展，是我们党治国理政的一种重要方式。” 中华人民共和国成立以后，除了1949年到1952年国民经济恢复时期以及1963年到1965年国民经济调整时期，中国共产党始终将五年规划作为治国理政的重要方式，创造了符合国情的中国特色发展规划制度。

In 1955, Mao Zedong pointed out: “Human development has spanned hundreds of thousands of years, but it is only now, in this place called China, that conditions have been obtained for developing one’s own economy and culture according to plan. Since obtaining these conditions, the face of our country will change year by year. Each five-year plan will bring about a relatively large change; accumulating several five-year plans will bring about an even greater change.” [n6] This assertion profoundly reveals the historic leap of China from passive development to active planning. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the Party united and led the people to complete the socialist revolution and establish the basic system of socialism. On the basis of in-depth study of the Soviet Union’s five-year plans, the Party adhered to proceeding from China’s specific realities, led the formulation and implementation of five five-year plans, from the First Five-Year Plan to the Fifth Five-Year Plan, continuously advanced socialist construction, and established an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system. However, due to a lack of experience, the five-year plans of this period were generally at a stage of development through exploration, accumulating both positive and negative historical experience.

1955年，毛泽东指出：“人类的发展有了几十万年，在中国这个地方，直到现在方才取得了按照计划发展自己的经济和文化的条件。自从取得了这个条件，我国的面目就将一年一年地起变化。每一个五年将有一个较大的变化，积几个五年将有一个更大的变化。” 这一论断深刻揭示了中国从被动发展到主动规划的历史性跨越。社会主义革命和建设时期，党团结带领人民完成社会主义革命，确立社会主义基本制度。党在深入研究苏联五年计划的基础上，坚持从中国具体实际出发，领导编制和实施了“一五”到“五五”的五个五年规划，不断推进社会主义建设，建立了独立的、比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系。不过，这一时期的五年规划由于经验不足，总体处于在探索中发展的阶段，积累了正反两方面的历史经验。

During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party united and led the people to liberate and develop social productive forces, creatively broke down the rigid notion that simply equated planning and markets with the nature of the social system, and led the formulation and implementation of seven five-year plans, from the Sixth Five-Year Plan to the 12th Five-Year Plan. This realized a historic leap in the people’s living standards from inadequate food and clothing to a moderate standard of living in general, and then to striving for a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The five-year plans of this period underwent the great historical turning point of reform and opening up, as well as the historic transformation from a socialist planned economy system to a socialist market economy system. The five-year plan system transformed from mandatory management to macroeconomic management combining guidance and forecasting. Along with the reform and improvement of the socialist market economy system, it further developed into a comprehensive development plan combining anticipated and binding targets.

改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党团结带领人民解放和发展社会生产力，创造性地破除了将计划与市场同社会制度性质简单挂钩的僵化观念，领导编制和实施了“六五”到“十二五”的七个五年规划，实现了人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、奔向全面小康的历史性跨越。这一时期的五年规划经历了改革开放的伟大历史转折，以及从社会主义计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的历史性转变，五年规划制度从指令性管理转变为指导性和预测性相结合的宏观经济管理，并伴随着社会主义市场经济体制的改革完善，进而发展形成了预期性和约束性相结合的综合发展规划。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era. On the new journey of successively realizing the First Centenary Goal [n7] and embarking on the realization of the Second Centenary Goal [n8], the Party’s understanding of the laws governing development planning has risen to a new height. The Party led the formulation and implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan and the 14th Five-Year Plan. The goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects was achieved on schedule, and the cause of the Party and the state achieved historic accomplishments and underwent historic transformations. The five-year plans of this period deeply implemented the new development philosophy, comprehensively promoted high-quality development, and continuously promoted the planning system to keep pace with the times in response to profound changes in the domestic and international environment. The level of scientific, democratic, law-based, and standardized development planning was comprehensively improved, forming a modern development plan that is simultaneously strategic, forward-looking, anticipated, binding, guiding, and scientific. History fully demonstrates that the development planning system is an important institution of socialism with Chinese characteristics and also contains important experience of the CPC’s long-term governance.

党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。在接续实现第一个百年奋斗目标，开启实现第二个百年奋斗目标的新征程上，党对发展规划的规律性认识上升到崭新高度，领导编制和实施“十三五”“十四五”规划，全面建成小康社会目标如期实现，党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。这一时期的五年规划深入贯彻新发展理念，全面推进高质量发展，并在应对国内外环境深刻变革中持续推动规划体系与时俱进，发展规划的科学化、民主化、法治化、规范化水平全面提升，形成了兼具战略性、前瞻性、预期性、约束性、指导性、科学性的现代化发展规划。历史充分表明，发展规划制度是中国特色社会主义的重要制度，也蕴含着中国共产党长期治国理政的重要经验。

2. Development Planning Is an Important Method for the CPC to Effectively Lead Economic and Social Work

2.发展规划是中国共产党有效领导经济社会工作的重要方式

The most essential characteristic of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC. The Party’s leadership over economic and social work is mainly manifested as “grasping the direction, planning the overall situation, proposing strategies, formulating policies, promoting legislation, and creating a favorable environment.” [n9] Scientifically formulating and successively implementing development planning is precisely an important practical method and institutional carrier for the Party to lead economic and social work. In the *Explanation on the Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development*, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that the significance of development planning lies in “clarifying the strategic intentions of the Party and the state, defining the guiding ideology, basic principles, goals and requirements, basic concepts, and major measures for development, and painting a good blueprint for the country’s development over the next five years.” [n10] This important assertion profoundly reveals the institutional function of development planning and embodies the Party’s core leadership function of “deliberating on major matters and grasping major tasks” in economic and social development.

中国特色社会主义最本质的特征和中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势是中国共产党领导。党对经济社会工作的领导主要体现为“把握方向，谋划全局，提出战略，制定政策，推动立法，营造良好环境” 。科学制定和接续实施发展规划，正是党领导经济社会工作的重要实践方式和制度载体。在《关于〈中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议〉的说明》中，习近平总书记明确指出，发展规划的重要意义在于“阐明党和国家战略意图，明确发展的指导思想、基本原则、目标要求、基本理念、重大举措，描绘好未来五年国家发展蓝图” 。这一重要论断，深刻揭示了发展规划的制度功能，体现了党在经济社会发展中发挥“议大事、抓大事”的核心领导职能。

Specifically, the development planning system contains the key mechanism by which the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates all parties, organically unifying political leadership, strategic guidance, and institutional construction. At the level of political leadership, the Party, by formulating development plans, practices its original aspiration and founding mission, clarifies the political direction of development, and ensures that our country’s economy and society develop towards the correct goals. At the level of strategic guidance, on the basis of analyzing and grasping the overall situation and trends of development, the Party, through scientifically formulating development plans, clarifies the Party’s strategic intentions and propositions, defines major policies and major strategies for economic and social development, makes major decisions, and deploys major work. At the level of institutional construction, the Party, through a series of systems and mechanisms, leads the implementation of development plans, transforming the Party’s strategic intentions and propositions into the will of the state and the common action of the whole society, and promoting the steady development of the economy and society along the strategic blueprint of the plan.

具体而言，发展规划制度蕴含着党总揽全局、协调各方，将政治领导、战略引领和制度建设有机统一的关键机制。在政治领导层面，党通过制定发展规划践行党的初心使命，明确发展的政治方向，确保我国经济社会朝着正确目标发展。在战略引领层面，党在对发展大局大势分析和把握的基础上，通过科学制定发展规划阐明党的战略意图和主张，明确经济社会发展的重大方针、重大战略，作出重大决策，部署重大工作。在制度建设层面，党通过一系列体制机制领导实施发展规划，将党的战略意图和主张转化为国家意志和全社会共同行动，推动经济社会沿着规划的战略蓝图稳步发展。

After long-term practical exploration, China’s development planning system has established a mature and stable operational framework, forming an institutional arrangement under the unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, whereby the Party’s Central Plenum proposes recommendations for the national development plan, the State Council drafts the outline of the national development plan, and the National People’s Congress reviews and approves it before it is published and implemented by society. Within this institutional framework, the recommendations proposed by the Party Central Committee focus on elucidating development concepts, anchoring strategic directions, planning the overall layout, deploying key tasks, and clarifying major measures; the outline drafted by the State Council emphasizes refining policy design, coordinating implementation pathways, breaking down specific tasks, and implementing work arrangements. The two complement each other, with a rational division of labor and mutual support, jointly forming an organic and unified complete system for national development planning. The review and approval by the National People’s Congress, the highest state authority, in accordance with the law, endows the national development plan with legal effect. This institutional arrangement effectively transforms the Party’s strategic propositions on economic and social development into the will of the state, the focus of government administration, and the collective action of the whole society through a law-based process, achieving the organic unity of the Party’s propositions, the will of the state, the people’s wishes, and law-based governance.

经过长期实践探索，中国的发展规划制度已建立了成熟稳定的运行框架，形成了在党中央集中统一领导下，由党的中央全会提出国家发展规划建议、国务院编制国家发展规划纲要、全国人大审查批准后向社会公布实施的制度安排 。在这一制度框架中，党中央提出的建议重在阐明发展理念、锚定战略方向、规划总体布局、部署重点任务、明确重大举措；国务院编制的纲要侧重细化政策设计、统筹实施路径、分解具体任务、落实工作安排，二者相辅相成、合理分工、互为支撑，共同构成国家发展规划有机统一的完整体系。由最高国家权力机关全国人民代表大会依法审查批准，赋予国家发展规划以法律效力。这一制度安排，将党对经济社会发展的战略主张，通过法治化程序有效转化为国家意志、政府施政重点和全社会共同行动，实现了党的主张、国家意志、人民意愿、依法治国的有机统一。

Thus it can be seen that development planning has transcended the attribute of a single policy text; it is an important institutional carrier that bears the function of strategic guidance, embodies the role of political integration, integrates the process of democratic consultation, runs through the principle of rule-of-law guarantees, and realizes the coordinated governance of objectives. It successfully integrates the Party’s leadership into the entire process of national governance and economic and social development, becoming a model of institutional practice under socialism with Chinese characteristics that ensures economic and social development always advances in the correct direction and transforms the Party’s political advantages into powerful development effectiveness.

由此可见，发展规划已经超越了单一的政策文本属性，而是一种承载战略引领功能、体现政治整合作用、融合民主协商过程、贯穿法治保障原则、实现目标协同治理的重要制度载体。它成功地将党的领导融入国家治理和经济社会发展全过程，成为中国特色社会主义制度下，确保经济社会发展始终沿着正确方向前进、将党的政治优势转化为强大发展效能的制度实践典范。

3. Development planning is the phased deployment and institutional arrangement of Chinese-path modernization.

3.发展规划是中国式现代化的阶段性部署和制度性安排

General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out, “Chinese-path modernization has goals, plans, and strategies”; “From the First Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan, the consistent theme is to build our country into a modern socialist country.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar on the Study and Implementation of the Spirit of the 19th National Congress of the CPC at the Provincial and Ministerial Level,” January 5, 2018, in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Volume 1 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 115; Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035,’” November 3, 2020, in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Volume 2 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 345. These important judgments deeply reveal the fundamental positioning of development planning in the process of Chinese-path modernization construction, and also profoundly embody the basic principles of the Marxist theory of historical stages of development. “Realizing socialist modernization is a historical process of stepwise progression and continuous development and progress,” which requires advancement in stages and fields. Realizing the development goals of each stage and implementing the development strategies of each field all require the use of development planning for pathway design. Development planning is the phased deployment and institutional arrangement of the socialist modernization strategy within the planning period. By establishing the guiding ideology, goals and tasks, and major measures within the planning period, it constructs a systematic action plan guiding modernization construction, providing clear route guidance and operational practical adherence for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

习近平总书记深刻指出，“中国式现代化有目标、有规划、有战略” ；“从第一个五年计划到第十四个五年规划，一以贯之的主题是把我国建设成为社会主义现代化国家” 。这些重要论断深入揭示了发展规划在中国式现代化建设进程中的根本定位，也深刻体现了马克思主义关于历史发展阶段论的基本原理。“实现社会主义现代化是一个阶梯式递进、不断发展进步的历史过程” ，需要分阶段、分领域推进，而实现各个阶段的发展目标、落实各个领域的发展战略都要运用发展规划来进行路径设计。发展规划是社会主义现代化战略在规划期内的阶段性部署和制度性安排，通过确立规划期内的指导思想、目标任务和重大举措，构建起指导现代化建设的系统性行动方案，为推进中国式现代化提供了清晰的路线指引和具有操作性的实践遵循。

The historical thread of Chinese-path modernization also fully proves the institutional strategic support role of development planning for Chinese-path modernization. In the early period after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the First Five-Year Plan focused on the strategic goal of modernization to establish an independent industrial system. In 1964, the “Government Work Report” at the First Session of the Third National People’s Congress proposed the “two-step” strategic conception, namely, “Starting from the Third Five-Year Plan, the development of our national economy can be considered in two steps: the first step, to establish an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system; the second step, to comprehensively realize the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology, so that our economy ranks among the forefront of the world,” and used the five-year plan as a time node to carry out pathway design. [12]12 Zhou Enlai, “Report on the Work of the Government,” December 21–22, 1964, in *Selected Works of Zhou Enlai*, Volume 2 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1984), p. 439. After reform and opening up, the Party successively proposed strategic development arrangements such as the “three-step” and the new “three-step,” continuing to rely on five-year plans for phased implementation. The 19th National Congress of the CPC, standing at a new and higher historical starting point, made a strategic arrangement for achieving the second centenary goal, advancing it in two stages. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “By 2035, using three five-year planning periods, we will basically realize socialist modernization. Then, using another three five-year planning periods, by the middle of this century, we will build our country into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035,’” November 3, 2020, in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Volume 2 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 346. This fully demonstrates that in the process of successively advancing the development strategy of Chinese-path modernization, the Party has always used development planning as a key node and important institutional lever for strategy implementation.

中国式现代化的历史脉络也充分证明发展规划对中国式现代化的制度性战略支撑作用。中华人民共和国成立初期，“一五”计划就聚焦建立独立工业体系的现代化战略目标。1964年第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上的《政府工作报告》提出“两步走”战略构想，即“从第三个五年计划开始，我国的国民经济发展，可以按两步来考虑：第一步，建立一个独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系；第二步，全面实现农业、工业、国防和科学技术的现代化，使我国经济走在世界的前列” ，并运用五年规划作为时间节点开展路径设计 。改革开放后，党先后提出“三步走”、新“三步走”等发展战略安排，继续依托五年规划分阶段实施。党的十九大站在新的更高的历史起点上，对实现第二个百年奋斗目标作出分两个阶段推进的战略安排。习近平总书记指出，“到2035年，用3个五年规划期，基本实现社会主义现代化。然后，再用3个五年规划期，到本世纪中叶，把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国” 。这充分说明，在接续推进中国式现代化发展战略的过程中，党始终运用发展规划作为战略实施的关键节点和重要制度抓手。

Thus it can be seen that each five-year plan not only bears the historical mission of implementing the strategic goals of Chinese-path modernization and ensuring the stability and continuity of the development strategy, but also, by setting phased goals for step-by-step implementation, rolling implementation, gradual progress, and sustained effort, leads the whole society to strive continuously for the realization of Chinese-path modernization. This institutional characteristic of organic connection and high compatibility between strategic goals and development planning is conducive both to maintaining the strategic focus of “carrying out a blueprint to the end” and to dynamically optimizing the implementation pathway according to the characteristics of each stage, manifesting the dialectical unity of historical inevitability and stage-based development.

由此可见，每个五年规划既承载着落实中国式现代化战略目标、保障发展战略稳定性和连续性的历史使命，又通过设定阶段性目标分步实施、滚动落实、循序渐进、久久为功，引领全社会为实现中国式现代化接续奋斗。这种战略目标与发展规划有机衔接、高度契合的制度特性，既有利于保持“一张蓝图绘到底”的战略定力，又能根据阶段性特点动态优化实施路径，彰显了历史必然性和发展阶段性的辩证统一。

4. Development planning is an important means of macroeconomic governance under the conditions of the socialist market economy.

4.发展规划是社会主义市场经济条件下宏观经济治理的重要手段

Scientific and effective macroeconomic governance is an inherent requirement for leveraging the advantages of the socialist market economy system. As a strategic and guiding institution within the socialist market economy system, development planning serves as the strategic orientation for economic and social development, playing a key role in clarifying the focus of government work, optimizing the direction of public resource allocation, and guiding the behavior of market entities. It is an effective means of macroeconomic governance under the conditions of the socialist market economy. [14]14 See Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035,’” November 3, 2020, in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Volume 2 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 345. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Practice has proven that medium- and long-term development planning can both give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and better play the role of the government.” [15]15 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” February 28, 2018, in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Volume 2 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 152. This important judgment profoundly elucidates the institutional hub position of development planning in coordinating an effective market and a competent government within macroeconomic governance—it not only provides governance guidance for the government to perform functions such as economic regulation, market supervision, social management, public services, and ecological and environmental protection, but also, through the institutional framework, guides the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation, achieving an organic combination of an effective market and a competent government at a higher level, and providing sustained impetus for high-quality economic and social development.

科学有效的宏观经济治理是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求。发展规划作为社会主义市场经济体制中具有战略性、引领性的制度，是经济社会发展的战略导向，发挥着明确政府工作重点、优化公共资源配置方向、引导经营主体行为的关键作用，是社会主义市场经济条件下宏观经济治理的有效手段 。习近平总书记指出，“实践证明，中长期发展规划既能充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，又能更好发挥政府作用” 。这一重要论断深刻阐明了发展规划在宏观经济治理中统筹有效市场和有为政府的制度枢纽地位——既为政府履行经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务、生态环境保护等职能提供施政遵循，又通过制度框架引导市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用，在更高水平上实现有效市场与有为政府的有机结合，为经济社会高质量发展提供持续动力。

Compared with Western macroeconomic regulation models oriented toward a single economic goal, China’s macroeconomic governance system needs to scientifically coordinate multiple governance objectives: it must both regulate economic operations and promote economic growth, while also taking into account social equity, the ecological environment, and sustainable development; it must both solve the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development and focus on preventing and defusing major risks, reflecting the inherent requirements of the socialist system. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Improve the macroeconomic governance system, give play to the strategic guiding role of national development planning, and strengthen the coordination and cooperation between fiscal policy and monetary policy.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects,” Report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, October 16, 2022 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2022), p. 30. This important discourse profoundly elucidates the strategic position and coordination function of development planning within the macroeconomic governance system. Through systematic and forward-looking macro-deployment arrangements, development planning can effectively play an important role in coordinating the present and the long term, the comprehensive and the key, and the whole and the part, leading and promoting the systematic integration and coordinated efficiency of various macroeconomic regulation means, promoting the mutual combination of cross-cycle design and counter-cyclical regulation, the mutual promotion of aggregate enhancement and structural optimization, and the mutual complementarity of supply-side reform and demand-side management, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of macroeconomic governance, realizing multiple governance objectives, and promoting sustainable and healthy economic and social development. [17]17 See Xi Jinping, “

相较于西方单一经济目标导向的宏观经济调控模式，中国的宏观经济治理体系需要科学统筹多重治理目标：既调节经济运行、促进经济增长，又兼顾社会公平、生态环境与可持续发展；既解决发展不平衡不充分问题，又着力防范化解重大风险，体现社会主义制度的内在要求。习近平总书记强调，“健全宏观经济治理体系，发挥国家发展规划的战略导向作用，加强财政政策和货币政策协调配合” 。这一重要论述深刻阐明了发展规划在宏观经济治理体系中的战略地位和协调功能。通过系统性和前瞻性的宏观部署安排，发展规划可以有效发挥统筹当前和长远、全面和重点、整体和局部的重要作用，引领推动各类宏观经济调节手段系统集成、协同高效，推动跨周期设计和逆周期调节相互结合、总量提升和结构优化相互促进、供给侧改革和需求侧管理相辅相成，提升宏观经济治理效能，实现多重治理目标，推动经济社会可持续健康发展 。

II. The Institutional Characteristics of Development Planning

二、发展规划的制度特质

In long-term practice, the Communist Party of China has deepened its understanding of the laws governing planning work and created a development planning system with distinctive characteristics. Marxism holds that specific institutional arrangements essentially embody the essential characteristics and value pursuits of the social mode of production from which they arise. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning scientifically elucidate the inherent laws and institutional characteristics of development planning, profoundly responding to fundamental questions such as “for whom does development planning develop,” “goal setting,” “operational system,” “decision-making process,” and “innovation impetus.”

中国共产党在长期实践中，深化了对规划工作的规律性认识，创造了具有鲜明特质的发展规划制度。马克思主义认为，特定的制度安排本质上体现着其赖以产生的社会生产方式的本质特征和价值追求。习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述科学阐明了发展规划的内在规律和制度特质，深刻回应了发展规划“为谁发展”“目标设定”“运行体制”“决策过程”“创新动力”等根本问题。

1. Adhering to the value stance of people-centeredness

1.坚守人民性的价值立场

Development planning has a distinct value orientation, clearly responding to the question of “development for whom.” General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out, “The people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal. Good policies and development plans should conform to the people’s will, meet their expectations and needs, and come from the masses and go to the masses.”[18]18 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Symposium of Experts and Scholars on Economic and Social (Work) and a Symposium of Education, Culture, Health, and Sports Experts,” *People’s Daily*, August 25, 2020. [The original Chinese phrase “政之所兴在顺民心” is a classical allusion from the *Guanzi* (管子), meaning that the flourishing of governance lies in following the people’s will.] The rise of a government lies in following the people’s hearts; the people-centered nature is the essential attribute and distinctive character of Marxism, and it has always been the most fundamental political attribute of China’s development planning. From the First Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan, China has consistently adhered to integrating the people-centered development philosophy throughout all aspects of development planning, taking benefiting the people as the fundamental value orientation,[19]19 The phrase “根本价值取向” (fundamental value orientation) is a standard term in Chinese political discourse referring to the ultimate guiding principle of policy. achieving development for the people, development relying on the people, and development outcomes shared by the people.

发展规划具有鲜明的价值指向，明确回应“为谁发展”的问题。习近平总书记深刻指出，“人民对美好生活的向往就是我们的奋斗目标。好的方针政策和发展规划都应该顺应人民意愿、符合人民所思所盼，从群众中来、到群众中去” 。政之所兴在顺民心，人民性是马克思主义的本质属性和鲜明品格，也始终是我国发展规划最根本的政治属性。从“一五”到“十四五”，我国始终坚持将以人民为中心的发展思想贯穿于发展规划的各个方面，把造福人民作为根本价值取向 ，实现发展为了人民，发展依靠人民，发展成果由人民共享。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “The formulation of the Five-Year Plan involves all aspects of economic and social development and is closely related to the production and daily life of the people. It is necessary to unify strengthening top-level design and adhering to seeking advice from the people, encouraging the broad masses of the people and all sectors of society to offer suggestions in various ways.”[20]20 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Symposium of Experts and Scholars on Economic and Social (Work) and a Symposium of Education, Culture, Health, and Sports Experts,” *People’s Daily*, August 25, 2020. This important thesis profoundly elucidates the people-centered nature and requirements of development planning. In the process of formulating and implementing development plans, on the one hand, we always start from the comprehensive progress of society and the all-round development of people, focus on the needs of the people, ensure and improve people’s livelihood during development, solve the most direct and realistic interests of the people that concern them most, continuously meet the people’s aspiration for a better life, and promote common prosperity for all people. On the other hand, we fully leverage the people’s subjectivity and initiative in participating in development planning, mobilize the people of all ethnic groups across the country, arouse the enthusiasm of all parties, form the greatest consensus, and draw the largest concentric circle for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

习近平总书记强调，“五年规划编制涉及经济社会发展方方面面，同人民群众生产生活息息相关，需要把加强顶层设计和坚持问计于民统一起来，鼓励广大人民群众和社会各界以各种方式建言献策” 。这一重要论断深刻阐明了发展规划的人民性特质和要求。在编制和实施发展规划的过程中，一方面，始终坚持从社会全面进步和人的全面发展出发，聚焦人民群众的需求，在发展中保障和改善民生，解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，不断满足人民对美好生活的向往，推动全体人民共同富裕。另一方面，充分发挥人民参与发展规划的主体性和主动性，动员全国各族人民，调动各方面积极性，形成最大共识，绘就全面建设社会主义现代化国家的最大同心圆。

2. Manifesting a Strategic Overall Orientation

2.彰显战略性的全局导向

In terms of goal setting, the development planning system embodies the organic unity of long-term strategic nature, overarching macro-level comprehensiveness, and flexibility in practical strategies. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Strategy involves making judgments and decisions based on the overall situation, long-term perspective, and general trend. We are a large party leading a large country engaged in a great cause; we must be adept at strategic thinking and at seeing and thinking about problems from a strategic perspective”;[21]21 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar for Provincial and Ministerial-Level Leading Cadres on the Study and Implementation of the Spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *People’s Daily*, January 12, 2022. “Proposing a strategy means studying and formulating long-term plans for economic and social development, determining the strategic goals, strategic steps, strategic priorities, and strategic measures for economic and social development.”[22]22 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC,” *People’s Daily*, November 13, 2013. Correctly applying strategy and tactics is the secret to the Communist Party of China’s success in creating a glorious history, achieving great undertakings, overcoming various risks and challenges, and continuously advancing from victory to victory. From the First Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan, China’s development planning has always anchored on the grand goal of Chinese-path modernization, focusing on formulating a series of strategic arrangements and practical strategies that are vital to the overall economic and social development, conform to reality, and are effective, providing strong strategic support for Chinese-path modernization.

在目标设定方面，发展规划制度体现为立足长远的战略性、统摄全局的宏观性、实践策略的灵活性的有机统一。习近平总书记指出，“战略是从全局、长远、大势上作出判断和决策。我们是一个大党，领导的是一个大国，进行的是伟大的事业，要善于进行战略思维，善于从战略上看问题、想问题” ；“提出战略，就是要研究制定经济社会发展长远规划，确定经济社会发展的战略目标、战略步骤、战略重点和战略举措” 。正确运用战略和策略，是中国共产党创造辉煌历史、成就千秋伟业、战胜各种风险挑战，不断从胜利走向胜利的成功秘诀。从“一五”到“十四五”，我国发展规划始终锚定中国式现代化的宏伟目标，着眼于制定一系列事关经济社会发展全局、符合实际、行之有效的战略安排和实践策略，为中国式现代化提供强大的战略支撑。

The strategic nature of development planning requires that, in the process of formulating and implementing development plans, on the one hand, we adhere to “grasping the major and letting go of the minor,” guide future development with strategy, grasp the correct direction of economic and social development and reform and opening up, adhere to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, scientifically construct a strategic system with clear goals, orderly steps, prominent priorities, and powerful measures, clarify key areas and priority tasks concerning the overall situation, focus on solving key problems that “affect the whole body when one part is touched,” and propose major policies to achieve goals and main tasks. On the other hand, we adhere to the organic unity of strategic principle and tactical flexibility, maintaining both the strategic resolve and historical patience to “carry out the blueprint to the end,” while promptly adjusting specific strategies according to practical development, firmly grasping the strategic initiative in the practice of adapting to local conditions and changing circumstances, so that development planning embodies both macro-level guidance and practical operability, highlighting the governance advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.

发展规划的战略性特质，要求在编制和实施发展规划的过程中，一方面，坚持“抓大放小”，以战略引领未来发展，把握经济社会发展和改革开放的正确方向，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，科学构建目标清晰、步骤有序、重点突出、举措有力的战略体系，明确事关全局的重点领域和优先工作，聚焦解决“牵一发而动全身”的关键问题，提出实现目标和主要任务的重大政策。另一方面，坚持战略原则性与策略灵活性有机统一，既保持“一张蓝图绘到底”的战略定力和历史耐心，又根据实践发展及时调整具体策略，在因地制宜、因势而新的实践中牢牢把握战略主动，使发展规划既体现宏观指导性又具备实践操作性，彰显中国特色社会主义制度的治理优势。

3. Embodying a Systematic Holistic Concept

3.体现系统性的整体观念

The systematic nature of development planning is rooted in Marxist dialectical materialism and is an inevitable requirement for the effective operation of the planning system. In the “Explanation of the Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “First, adhere to both goal orientation and problem orientation, based on the basic positioning of consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts, with the aim of laying a more solid foundation for basically realizing socialist modernization as the focus for systematic planning, and with the focus on effectively and orderly responding to the new situation of the world’s changes unseen in a century and prominent problems in development as the focus to shore up weaknesses and strengthen areas of weakness. Second, adhere to systematic thinking, in accordance with the requirements of comprehensively advancing the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and coordinating the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, comprehensively deploy work in all aspects of economic and social development and Party building.”[23]23 Xi Jinping, “Explanation of the ‘Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035’,” *People’s Daily*, November 4, 2020. General Secretary Xi Jinping also emphasized, “Formulating plans should be connected with existing plans to maintain work continuity, and we cannot ‘flip the pancake.’”[24]24 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on the Formulation of the 13th Five-Year Plan,” *People’s Daily*, May 5, 2015. [“翻烧饼” (flip the pancake) is a Chinese idiom meaning to repeatedly change policies or plans, causing waste and confusion.] These important theses profoundly reveal the systematic requirements of development planning. From the First Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan, China’s development planning has continuously improved, gradually evolving from initially focusing on the comprehensive balance of economic construction into a systematic logical system that plans comprehensively across various dimensions such as content, methods, time, and fields. In terms of content, development planning coordinates domestic development and the international environment, both leading domestic economic transformation and upgrading and enhancing global resource allocation capabilities; in terms of methods, development planning adheres to the combination of goal guidance and problem-driven approaches, both setting phased task goals and breaking through development bottlenecks; in terms of time, development planning connects history, the present, and the future, maintaining the unity of continuity and phasing of strategic deployments; in terms of fields, development planning comprehensively covers all areas including economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, opening up, national defense, and Party building, while focusing on key areas for concentrated breakthroughs.

发展规划的系统性特质根植于马克思主义唯物辩证法，是规划体制运行有效的必然要求。在《关于〈中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议〉的说明》中，习近平总书记强调，“一是坚持目标导向和问题导向，立足于夯实基础、全面发力的基本定位，以为基本实现社会主义现代化目标奠定更加坚实的基础为着眼点进行系统谋划，以有力有序有效应对世界百年变局的新形势和发展中突出问题为着力点补短板、强弱项。二是坚持系统思维，按照统筹推进‘五位一体’总体布局、协调推进‘四个全面’战略布局的要求，全面部署经济社会发展和党的建设各方面工作” 。习近平总书记还强调，“制定规划要同现有规划相衔接，保持工作连续性，不能‘翻烧饼’” 。这些重要论断深刻昭示了发展规划的系统性要求。从“一五”到“十四五”，我国的发展规划不断完善，从最初重点关注经济建设的综合平衡，逐步发展成为在内容、方法、时间、领域等各个维度统筹谋划的系统性的逻辑体系。在内容上，发展规划统筹国内发展与国际环境，既引领国内经济转型升级又提升全球资源配置能力；在方法上，发展规划坚持目标引领与问题倒逼相结合，既设定阶段性任务目标又破解发展瓶颈；在时间上，发展规划贯通历史、当下与未来，保持战略部署的连续性与阶段性统一；在领域上，发展规划全面覆盖经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、对外开放、国防和党的建设等各个领域，同时聚焦关键领域集中攻关。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Systematic thinking is a foundational thought and working method”;[25]25 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” *People’s Daily*, October 30, 2020. “We must plan comprehensively, grasp key and decisive factors, manage the pace and progress well, focus on consolidating and expanding advantages, breaking through bottlenecks and blockages, strengthening weaknesses and shortcomings, improving quality and efficiency, and maintaining consistency with the overall goal orientation.”[26]26 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 11, 2020. The systematic nature of development planning runs through the entire cycle of the planning operation system: in the process of formulating development plans, it embodies systematic thinking, adheres to goal orientation and problem orientation, adheres to the “theory of two points” and the “theory of priorities,” achieving a combination of near and far, top-down coherence, content coordination, and equal emphasis on quality, handling the relationship between inheritance and innovation, strategy and tactics; in the process of implementing development plans, it embodies an inclusive, collaborative, and continuous goal governance approach, balancing domestic and international, coordinating central and local, coordinating government and market, connecting short-term and long-term, balancing development and security, and achieving coordination and integration of development plans with macro policies, annual plans, and reform measures.

习近平总书记强调，“系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法” ；“要统筹谋划，抓住关键性、决定性因素，把握好节奏和进度，注重巩固拓展优势、突破瓶颈堵点、补强短板弱项、提高质量效益，与整体目标保持取向一致性” 。发展规划的系统性特质，贯穿于规划运行体制的全周期过程：在编制发展规划的过程中体现系统思维，坚持目标导向、问题导向，坚持“两点论”“重点论”，做到远近结合、上下贯通、内容协调、质量并重，处理好继承和创新、战略和战术的关系；在实施发展规划的过程中体现包容性、协同性、连续性的目标治理方式，兼顾国内和国际、协同中央和地方、统筹政府和市场、接续短期和长期、平衡发展和安全，并实现发展规划与宏观政策、年度计划、改革措施相统筹协调。

4. Following a Scientific Decision-Making Process

4.遵循科学性的决策过程

The effectiveness of development planning is premised on “planning quality,” embodied in a scientific decision-making process that deeply grasps the principal contradiction in society and comprehensively follows the laws of nature, economic laws, and laws of social development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Scientific planning yields the greatest benefits, planning mistakes are the greatest waste, and planning flip-flopping is the greatest taboo.”[27]27 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Urban Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 23, 2015. This important thesis reveals the decisive significance of following scientific laws for development planning. The Party’s innovative theories centrally embody the scientific laws of economic and social development and are the fundamental guidance for formulating and implementing development plans. Guiding economic and social development with the Party’s innovative theories is an important guarantee for maintaining the scientific nature of China’s development planning. Under the scientific guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, in the historical process of transitioning from a socialist planned economy system to a socialist market economy system and leaping from high-speed economic growth to high-quality development, China’s development planning has always been able to base itself on the development characteristics of different stages, scientifically grasp the changes in the principal contradiction in society and the laws of economic operation.

发展规划的有效性以“规划质量”为前提，体现为深入把握社会主要矛盾，全面遵循自然规律、经济规律和社会发展规律的科学决策。习近平总书记指出，“规划科学是最大效益，规划失误是最大浪费，规划折腾是最大忌讳” 。这一重要论断揭示了遵循科学规律对于发展规划的决定性意义。党的创新理论集中体现了经济社会发展的科学规律，是制定实施发展规划的根本指引。以党的创新理论指引经济社会发展是我国发展规划保持科学性的重要保障。在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的科学指导下，在从社会主义计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转型、从经济高速增长向高质量发展跃升的历史进程中，我国的发展规划始终能够立足不同阶段发展特征，科学把握社会主要矛盾和经济运行规律变化。

The scientific nature of development planning is also embodied in the consistent adherence to the principle of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that “the objectives and tasks in various areas must be subjected to in-depth analysis and verification to ensure they are scientifically precise and achievable within the set timeframe”; “when formulating their own development plans, all regions must proceed from actual conditions, seek truth from facts, and leave room for flexibility, without imposing higher targets layer by layer.” [n] This requires that, during the planning formulation stage, the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee be implemented comprehensively and accurately, that the principle of seeking truth from facts be upheld, that in-depth investigation and research be used to precisely analyze and judge the general trend of development, that the people’s developmental aspirations be accurately grasped, and that development goals, strategic priorities, and implementation pathways be scientifically set; during the planning implementation stage, scientific evaluation of the plan be conducted in light of objective realities and changes in economic and social development, that planning measures be promptly optimized and adjusted, that a dynamic monitoring and evaluation mechanism be established, and that the flexibility and scientific nature of plan implementation be enhanced. Through the closed-loop scientific decision-making mechanism of “formulation—implementation—feedback—adjustment,” this approach both consciously follows the laws of development and maintains the practical character of being brave in recognizing, seeking, and responding to change, ensuring that the plan’s objectives and tasks are implemented scientifically and efficiently.

发展规划的科学性，还体现为始终坚持解放思想、实事求是的原则。习近平总书记强调，“对各方面的目标任务，要深入分析论证，确保科学精准、能够如期实现”；“各地区编制本地区发展规划，要结合实际，实事求是，留有余地，不能搞层层加码” 。这就要求在规划编制阶段，要全面准确贯彻落实党中央决策部署，坚持求真务实，通过深度调查研究精准分析研判发展大势，准确把握人民的发展愿望，科学设定发展目标、战略重点、实施路径；在规划实施阶段，能够根据客观实际和经济社会发展的变化对规划进行科学评估，及时优化调整规划举措，建立动态监测评估机制，提升规划实施的弹性和科学性。通过“编制—实施—反馈—调整”的科学决策闭环机制，既自觉遵循发展规律，又保持勇于识变求变应变的实践品格，确保规划目标任务科学高效地落实。

5. Forever Maintaining the Era Character of Innovativeness

5.永葆创新性的时代品格

The vitality of development planning originates from the innovative self-awareness of “how planning itself should reform and develop” and the innovative character of keeping pace with the times. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that “we must continuously innovate in planning concepts and methods to enhance the scientific nature and guiding role of planning.” This important exposition profoundly reveals that reform and innovation are the driving force for the self-improvement of development planning. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China’s development planning has always been continuously explored, reformed, and innovated in practice. For example, in terms of content innovation, from the First Five-Year Plan to the Fifth Five-Year Plan, the focus was on special plans for economic construction; from the Sixth Five-Year Plan onward, it gradually developed into a comprehensive blueprint for national governance covering the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, national defense, security, and other fields. In terms of conceptual innovation, from the First Five-Year Plan to the Fifth Five-Year Plan, priority was given to the development of heavy industry; from the Sixth Five-Year Plan to the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the focus shifted to economic construction as the central task while also attending to coordinated and sustainable development across various fields; from the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan onward, it was elevated to high-quality development led by the new development philosophy. In terms of methodological innovation, from the First Five-Year Plan to the Fifth Five-Year Plan, mandatory targets were predominant; from the Sixth Five-Year Plan to the Tenth Five-Year Plan, it gradually shifted to an indicator system combining guidance and forecasting; from the Eleventh Five-Year Plan onward, it developed into a more complete and diversified indicator system combining anticipated and binding targets, as well as qualitative and quantitative indicators. In terms of innovation in participation mechanisms, China’s development planning has continuously expanded the scope of participation by social institutions and the public, and has continuously innovated new forms and mechanisms of democratic participation.

发展规划的生命力源于对“规划自身如何改革发展”的创新自觉和与时俱进的创新品格。习近平总书记指出，“要在规划理念和方法上不断创新，增强规划科学性、指导性” 。这一重要论述深刻揭示了改革创新是发展规划自我完善的动力源泉。中华人民共和国成立以后，我国的发展规划始终在实践中不断探索、改革和创新。比如，在内容创新上，“一五”到“五五”是聚焦经济建设的专项计划，“六五”后逐步发展成为覆盖经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国防、安全等各领域的国家治理全景蓝图；在理念创新上，“一五”到“五五”关注重工业优先发展，“六五”到“十二五”转为以经济建设为中心、同时关注各领域的协调和可持续发展，“十三五”以后升华至新发展理念引领的高质量发展；在方法创新上，“一五”到“五五”以指令性指标为主，“六五”到“十五”逐步转变为指导性和预测性相结合的指标体系，“十一五”以后发展成为预期性和约束性、定性与定量相结合的更为完善的多元化指标体系；在参与机制创新方面，我国的发展规划持续扩大社会各界机构和公众参与的范围，不断创新民主参与的新形式新机制。

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a great cause without precedent; there are no ready-made plans to follow, and it must be continuously innovated and developed as the times, practice, and science advance. The innovative character of development planning requires the construction of a modern planning system suited to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This necessitates adhering to the dialectical unity of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground [n] — that is, both steadfastly upholding the socialist essence and the goals of Chinese-path modernization without wavering, and, based on the deepening understanding of the laws of Communist Party governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human social development, continuously advancing the adaptive reform, innovation, development, and improvement of the planning system. This involves both continuously enhancing the scientific, democratic, and adaptive nature of planning formulation, strengthening source innovation, and continuously increasing the inclusiveness, incentive, and flexibility of plan implementation, optimizing institutional effectiveness, thereby providing important support for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

中国特色社会主义是前无古人的伟大事业，没有现成的方案可以遵循，必须随着时代、实践、科学的发展而不断创新发展。发展规划的创新性特质，要求构建与中国特色社会主义发展相适应的现代化规划体系，这就必须坚持守正与创新的辩证统一，既坚守社会主义本质和中国式现代化建设目标不动摇，又根据共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律认识的深化，持续推进规划制度的适应性改革和创新发展完善，既不断提升规划编制的科学性、民主性、适应性，强化源头创新，又持续增强规划实施的包容性、激励性、灵活性，优化制度效能，为中国特色社会主义发展提供重要支撑。

III. Practical Requirements for Development Planning

三、发展规划的实践要求

Marxism holds that the active leap from cognition to practice is the key link in conscious human action, and the value of scientific theory lies in its ability to be transformed into the material force for changing the world. The institutional advantage of development planning is rooted in its practical effectiveness. Xi Jinping’s important expositions on development planning systematically elaborate the practical requirements of development planning, profoundly answering a series of major practical questions concerning the formulation and implementation of development plans. These include adhering to the Party’s overall leadership over development planning work, integrating the new development philosophy throughout the entire process of development planning, continuously raising the scientific, democratic, law-based, and standardized level of development planning formulation, strengthening full-cycle management of development planning implementation, and improving the institutional mechanisms for the overall coordination of development planning. This provides a guide to action for formulating and implementing development plans in the New Era and for continuously enhancing the practical effectiveness of development planning.

马克思主义认为，从认识到实践的能动飞跃是人类自觉行动的关键环节，科学理论的价值在于其可以转化为改造世界的物质力量。发展规划的制度优势根植于其实践效能。习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述系统阐发了发展规划的实践要求，深刻回答了发展规划编制和实施的一系列重大实践问题，包括坚持党对发展规划工作的全面领导、将新发展理念贯穿发展规划全过程、不断提升发展规划编制的科学化、民主化、法治化、规范化水平、强化发展规划实施的全周期管理、健全发展规划统筹协调的体制机制，为新时代编制和实施发展规划、持续提升发展规划的实践效能提供了行动指南。

1. Fundamental Guarantee: Adhering to the Party’s Overall Leadership over Development Planning Work

1.根本保证：坚持党对发展规划工作的全面领导

The Party’s overall leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the scientific formulation and successive implementation of development planning. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that “the Party takes command of the overall situation and coordinates all parties; economic work is the central task, and Party leadership must naturally be fully reflected in this central task. By grasping the ‘ox nose’ [n] of the central task, other work can be better carried out. Strengthening Party leadership over economic work is conducive to pooling wisdom, building consensus, mobilizing all parties, and forming a joint force.” Adhering to the Party’s overall leadership over development planning work must not only be reflected in controlling the political direction of development planning but must also run through the entire process of planning formulation, implementation, and evaluation. This is concretely manifested in: first, establishing and improving a leadership mechanism in which the main leaders of Party committees personally take charge of planning, ensuring that top-level design reflects the Party’s will; second, establishing and improving a working mechanism of unified leadership by Party committees, coordination among government departments, vertical integration across all levels, leveraging the role of the market, and broad social participation, forming a strong joint force for work; third, establishing and improving a theoretical arming mechanism that takes the Party’s innovative theory as the fundamental guideline for planning formulation, solidifying the ideological foundation of development planning; fourth, establishing and improving a responsibility transmission mechanism that deeply couples the policy of “the Party managing cadres” with the implementation of planning tasks, making planning execution effectiveness an important basis for cadre assessment; fifth, establishing and improving a law-based and standardized mechanism for planning alignment, policy coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and multi-faceted supervision under the leadership of Party committees.

党的全面领导是科学编制和接续实施发展规划的根本保证。习近平总书记指出，“党是总揽全局、协调各方的，经济工作是中心工作，党的领导当然要在中心工作中得到充分体现，抓住了中心工作这个‘牛鼻子’，其他工作就可以更好展开。加强党对经济工作的领导，有利于集思广益、凝聚共识，有利于调动各方、形成合力” 。坚持党对发展规划工作的全面领导，不仅要体现在对发展规划政治方向的把控，还要贯穿于发展规划编制、实施、评估的全流程。具体体现在：第一，建立健全党委主要领导亲自抓规划的领导机制，确保顶层设计体现党的意志；第二，建立健全党委统一领导、政府部门协同、各级机构上下贯通、发挥市场作用、社会广泛参与的工作机制，形成强大工作合力；第三，建立健全以党的创新理论为规划编制根本遵循的理论武装机制，筑牢发展规划的思想根基；第四，建立健全“党管干部”政策与规划任务落实深度耦合的责任传导机制，将规划执行成效作为干部考核重要依据；第五，建立健全党委领导下的规划衔接、政策协同、监测评估、多元监督的法治化和规范化机制。

Through the above comprehensive institutional arrangements, it is ensured that the Party’s will is implemented without compromise in every link of development planning, providing the most fundamental political guarantee and organizational guarantee for transforming the planning blueprint into developmental achievements, eliminating disconnections and deviations in plan execution, and ensuring the effective implementation of development planning.

通过以上全方位的制度化安排，确保党的意志在发展规划各环节得到不折不扣的贯彻，为规划蓝图转化为发展实绩提供最根本的政治保证和组织保障，杜绝规划执行中的脱节和偏差，保障发展规划的有效实施。

2. Guiding Concept: Integrating the New Development Philosophy Throughout the Entire Process of Development Planning

2.指导理念：将新发展理念贯穿发展规划全过程

The development philosophy is the soul of formulating and implementing development planning. At the very beginning of drafting the “CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development,” General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “first of all, we must clarify what kind of development philosophy should be established. The development philosophy is strategic, programmatic, and guiding; it is the concentrated expression of development thinking, development direction, and development priorities. Once the development philosophy is correct, the objectives and tasks will be easy to set, and the policy measures will follow accordingly.” The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [n] put forward the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing, which answers a series of theoretical and practical questions concerning the purpose, driving force, mode, and pathway of development. It is the concentrated expression of China’s development thinking, development direction, and development priorities for the 13th Five-Year Plan period and beyond.

发展理念是编制和实施发展规划的灵魂。在《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》开始起草时，习近平总书记就强调，“首先要把应该树立什么样的发展理念搞清楚，发展理念是战略性、纲领性、引领性的东西，是发展思路、发展方向、发展着力点的集中体现。发展理念搞对了，目标任务就好定了，政策举措跟着也就好定了” 。党的十八届五中全会提出创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，回答了关于发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列理论和实践问题，是“十三五”和更长时期我国发展思路、发展方向、发展着力点的集中体现。

The new development philosophy possesses a powerful practical guiding force. During the 13th Five-Year Plan and the 14th Five-Year Plan periods, China has adhered to an innovation-driven development strategy to shape new development advantages; new quality productive forces have accelerated their development; the modern industrial system has taken shape more quickly; high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology have been accelerated; major scientific and technological projects such as manned spaceflight, lunar and Mars exploration, and deep-sea and deep-earth探测 have achieved breakthrough progress; and “great national heavy equipment” such as the domestically produced large cruise ship, large aircraft, and heavy-duty gas turbine have attracted widespread attention. China has adhered to coordinated development to accelerate the formation of a new development pattern; major regional strategies have been deeply implemented; regional development vitality has been continuously enhanced; the coordination of urban and rural regional development has been significantly strengthened; new-type urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization have been promoted in a coordinated manner; the construction of a unified national market has been advanced in depth; and the linkage effect of both domestic and international markets and resources has been further enhanced. Adherence to green development has brought about historic, transformative, and comprehensive changes in ecological civilization construction; the battle against pollution has achieved decisive results; and the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development has been realized. Adherence to open development has promoted the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative; high-level opening up has been continuously expanded; and the construction of pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port has been steadily advanced. Adherence to shared development has enabled nearly 100 million rural poor to be lifted out of poverty; residents’ income growth has been basically synchronized with economic growth; the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security has been continuously enhanced; and solid steps have been taken toward common prosperity for all the people.

新发展理念具有强大的实践引领力。在“十三五”和“十四五”时期，我国坚持以创新驱动发展战略塑造发展新优势，新质生产力加快发展，现代化产业体系加快形成，高水平科技自立自强加快推进，载人航天、探月探火、深海深地探测等重大科技工程取得突破性进展，国产大邮轮、大飞机、重型燃气轮机等“大国重器”备受瞩目；坚持以协调发展推动新发展格局加快形成，区域重大战略深入实施，区域发展活力不断增强，城乡区域发展协调性显著增强，新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴统筹推进，全国统一大市场建设纵深推进，国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应进一步增强；坚持绿色发展使生态文明建设发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化，污染防治攻坚战取得决定性成效，经济社会发展全面绿色转型；坚持开放发展推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，高水平对外开放持续扩大，自由贸易试验区和自由贸易港建设稳步推进；坚持共享发展推动近一亿农村贫困人口实现脱贫，居民收入增长与经济增长基本实现同步，人民群众获得感幸福感安全感持续提升，全体人民共同富裕迈出坚实步伐。

Regarding the formulation of the 15th Five-Year Plan, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, comprehensively promote high-quality development… we must place the development of new quality productive forces according to local conditions in a more prominent strategic position, take scientific and technological innovation as the guide and the real economy as the foundation, adhere to the simultaneous promotion of the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, the active development of emerging industries, and the forward-looking布局 of future industries, and accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system.” [32]32 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan,” May 2025. [n] These important discourses profoundly embody the specific deepening and practical requirements of the new development philosophy in the new stage of the 15th Five-Year Plan. On the new journey, it is necessary to continue to integrate the new development philosophy into every link of development planning formulation, implementation, and evaluation; deeply embed it into all aspects such as the value orientation, goal setting, and path selection of the plan; and through planning evaluation and dynamic adjustment mechanisms, promote the organic unity of development philosophy and development practice, forming a benign interactive pattern where changes in development philosophy lead development practice, and the effectiveness of development practice tests and enriches the development philosophy.

针对“十五五”规划编制工作，习近平总书记强调，“加快构建新发展格局，全面推动高质量发展……必须把因地制宜发展新质生产力摆在更加突出的战略位置，以科技创新为引领、以实体经济为根基，坚持全面推进传统产业转型升级、积极发展新兴产业、超前布局未来产业并举，加快建设现代化产业体系” 。这些重要论述都深刻体现了新发展理念在“十五五”规划新阶段的具体深化与实践要求。新征程上，必须继续将新发展理念贯穿发展规划编制、实施、评估的每一个环节，深度融入规划价值导向、目标设定和路径选择等各个方面，并通过规划评估和动态调整机制推动发展理念与发展实践的有机统一，形成发展理念变革引领发展实践、发展实践成效检验并丰富发展理念的良性互动格局。

3. The Formulation Link: Continuously Improve the Scientific, Democratic, Law-Based, and Standardized Level of Development Planning Formulation

3.编制环节：不断提升发展规划编制的科学化、民主化、法治化、规范化水平

The formulation of development plans is both a process of scientific decision-making and a process of building consensus. General Secretary Xi Jinping issued important instructions on the formulation of the 15th Five-Year Plan and emphasized, “We must adhere to scientific decision-making, democratic decision-making, and law-based decision-making, unify top-level design with seeking advice from the people, strengthen research and argumentation, broadly build consensus, listen to opinions and suggestions from the people and all sectors of society through multiple channels, fully absorb the fresh experiences created by cadres and the masses in practice, pay attention to the systematicity, holism, and synergy of goals, tasks, policy measures, and complete the planning formulation work with high quality.” [33]33 Xi Jinping, “Instructions on the Formulation of the 15th Five-Year Plan,” 2025. [n] This important discourse profoundly points out the core direction and basic path for improving the level of planning formulation.

发展规划编制既是科学决策的过程，也是凝聚共识的过程。习近平总书记对“十五五”规划编制工作作出重要指示并强调，“要坚持科学决策、民主决策、依法决策，把顶层设计和问计于民统一起来，加强调研论证，广泛凝聚共识，以多种方式听取人民群众和社会各界的意见建议，充分吸收干部群众在实践中创造的新鲜经验，注重目标任务和政策举措的系统性整体性协同性，高质量完成规划编制工作” 。这一重要论述深刻指明了提升规划编制水平的核心方向与基本路径。

Improving the level of scientific rigor is the foundational support for planning formulation, and its key lies in making good use of investigation and research, the Party’s heirloom. It is necessary to deeply洞察 national conditions and public sentiment, accurately assess the international and domestic development environment and long-term trends, give full play to the professional auxiliary functions and forward-looking judgment capabilities of scientific research institutions and high-end think tanks, and actively use modern technical means such as big data and artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy of situation analysis and model deduction. Through scientific methods, accurately grasp the main characteristics, key contradictions, and strategic directions of different development stages, ensure the unity of the strategic nature and feasibility of planning goals, and the balance between the systematicity and targeting of policy measures, truly achieving the formulation of planning ideas, goals, and tasks for promoting high-quality development that are tailored to local conditions and seek truth from facts.

提升科学化水平是规划编制的基础支撑，其关键在于用好调查研究这一党的传家宝。要深刻洞察国情民情，精准研判国际国内发展环境与长期趋势，充分发挥科研机构、高端智库的专业辅助作用和前瞻研判功能，积极运用大数据、人工智能等现代技术手段提升形势分析与模型推演的精度。通过科学方法准确把握不同发展阶段的主要特征、关键矛盾和战略方向，确保规划目标的战略性与可行性统一，政策举措的系统性与针对性兼顾，真正实现因地制宜、实事求是地制定推动高质量发展的规划思路和目标任务。

Improving the level of democratization is an inevitable requirement for pooling wisdom and building consensus in planning formulation, and its key lies in deeply implementing the important concept of whole-process people’s democracy, building diversified, institutionalized, and normalized platforms for seeking advice and policies, and broadly absorbing the insightful opinions of all sectors of society. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Fully absorb social expectations, the wisdom of the masses, expert opinions, and grassroots experience into the planning formulation.” [34]34 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Experts in the Economic and Social Fields,” August 2020. [n] This requirement was vividly practiced in the formulation of the 14th Five-Year Plan: The Party Central Committee adhered to “open-door planning formulation,” for the first time soliciting opinions from the whole society on the five-year plan formulation via the Internet, receiving over one million suggestions in just a few weeks; multiple special symposiums were held to listen to opinions from entrepreneurs, non-Party personages, experts in the economic and social fields, scientists, experts in the fields of education, culture, health, and sports, local Party and government leaders, and grassroots representatives from various fields and strata, making the planning formulation a process of gathering people’s wisdom, reflecting people’s will, and stimulating people’s strength. In the drafting process of the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan, the Party Central Committee integrated the promotion of democracy and pooling of wisdom throughout the entire document drafting process, deeply conducting investigation and research, and extensively soliciting opinions from all sides: organizing 6 research groups to conduct special investigations in 12 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities; deploying some central and state organs to conduct 35 key research projects; holding several symposiums; and carrying out online opinion solicitation activities, receiving over 3 million messages. In the future, it is also necessary to further improve the expert consultation and论证 system for major decisions, perfect the mechanism for public suggestions combining online and offline channels, and smooth the channels for interest expression of various social groups, especially vulnerable groups, making planning formulation an important carrier for maximizing social consensus and consolidating the foundation for implementation.

提升民主化水平是规划编制集思广益、凝聚共识的必然要求，其关键在于深入贯彻全过程人民民主重要理念，搭建多样化、制度化、常态化的问政问策平台，广泛吸纳社会各界真知灼见。习近平总书记强调，“把社会期盼、群众智慧、专家意见、基层经验充分吸收到规划编制中来” 。这一要求在“十四五”规划编制中得到生动实践：党中央坚持“开门编规划”，首次通过互联网就五年规划编制面向全社会征求意见，短短数周即收到超百万条建言；多次召开由企业家、党外人士、经济社会领域专家、科学家、教育文化卫生体育领域专家、地方党政领导、基层代表等各领域各阶层人士参加的专题座谈会听取意见，使规划编制成为汇集民智、反映民意、激发民力的过程。在“十五五”规划建议起草过程中，党中央把发扬民主、集思广益贯穿文件起草工作全过程，深入开展调查研究，广泛征求各方意见：组织6个调研组，赴12个省区市进行专题调研；部署部分中央和国家机关进行35项重点课题研究；召开多个座谈会；开展网上征求意见活动，收到留言300多万条。未来还需要进一步健全重大决策专家咨询论证制度，完善线上线下相结合的公众建言献策机制，畅通社会各群体特别是弱势群体利益表达渠道，使规划编制成为最大程度凝聚社会共识、夯实执行根基的重要载体。

Improving the level of law-based governance is the fundamental guarantee for the stable and long-term development of planning formulation, and its core lies in promptly elevating mature, stable, and effective institutional arrangements, working mechanisms, and procedural norms in planning formulation practice into laws and regulations, providing stable expectations and authoritative basis for planning work. The “National Development Planning Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft)” submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for review in April 2025 aims to clarify the functional positioning of plans through legal means, standardize formulation procedures, strengthen implementation authority, and improve adjustment mechanisms, promoting the shift of planning formulation from experience-led to institutional norms, ensuring that every plan is built on a solid legal foundation, and represents a major institutional achievement in the legalization of China’s development planning.

提升法治化水平是规划编制行稳致远的根本保障，其核心在于将规划编制实践中成熟、稳定、行之有效的制度安排、工作机制和程序规范及时上升为法律法规，为规划工作提供稳定预期和权威依据。2025年4月提请全国人大常委会会议审议的《中华人民共和国国家发展规划法（草案）》，旨在以法治方式明确规划功能定位、规范编制程序、强化实施权威、健全调整机制，推动规划编制从经验主导走向制度规范，确保每一部规划都建立在坚实的法治基础之上，是我国发展规划法治化建设的重大制度成果。

4. The Implementation Link: Strengthen the Full-Cycle Management of Development Planning Implementation

4.实施环节：强化发展规划实施的全周期管理

Constructing and strengthening the full-cycle management system is key to ensuring that the strategic blueprint of development planning is effectively transformed into actual development results, and is also a fundamental measure to prevent plans from becoming mere “decorations on the wall.” General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the extreme importance of plan implementation: “We must place implementation in a prominent position, formulate specific plans, clarify responsibility divisions, prevent tasks from falling through, and resolutely overcome the phenomenon of ‘planning, planning, just hanging on the wall’ and ‘the plan is one thing, but doing it is another’”; [35]35 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference,” December 2021. [n] “Empty talk harms the country, while solid work makes it thrive; one part of deployment requires nine parts of implementation. Without focusing on implementation and earnestly grasping implementation, no matter how good the plans and deployments are, they will become castles in the air”; [36]36 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Seminar for Leading Cadres at the Provincial and Ministerial Level on Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC,” February 2023. [n] “We must adhere to and improve the mechanism for effective implementation of plans, improve the mechanisms for dynamic monitoring, mid-term evaluation, and final evaluation during plan implementation, and enhance the execution and implementation capacity of plans.” [37]37 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee,” July 2024. [n] These important discourses profoundly point out the core essence and practical requirements of full-cycle management of plan implementation.

构建并强化全周期管理体系是保障规划战略蓝图有效转化为发展实绩的关键，也是防止规划沦为“墙上挂挂”的根本举措。习近平总书记多次强调规划落实的极端重要性，“要把抓落实摆在突出位置，制定具体方案，明确责任分工，防止任务落空，坚决克服‘规划规划、墙上挂挂’，‘规划是一套、做起来是另一套’的现象” ；“空谈误国、实干兴邦，一分部署、九分落实。不注重抓落实，不认真抓好落实，再好的规划和部署都会沦为空中楼阁” ；“要坚持和完善规划有效实施的机制，完善规划实施中的动态监测、中期评估、总结评估机制，提高规划执行力和落实力” 。这些重要论述深刻指明了规划实施全周期管理的核心要义与实践要求。

In practice, it is necessary to implement tiered and targeted policies at different levels, establishing an efficient mechanism for task transmission and implementation. First, for rigidly binding targets and tasks in development planning, such as public services, ecological and environmental protection, and security guarantees, a responsibility decomposition system that “extends horizontally to the margins and vertically to the bottom” must be constructed. By clearly defining responsible entities, specifying completion deadlines, and detailing implementation pathways, tasks are decomposed and assigned level by level to specific regions, departments, and individuals, with tools such as target responsibility letters and performance assessment and accountability used to ensure implementation rigidity. Second, for anticipatory targets such as industrial development and structural adjustment, efforts must focus on innovating category-based guidance mechanisms. By comprehensively employing a combination of tools such as policy support, legal guarantees, and optimization of the business environment, market vitality and social creativity are effectively stimulated, guiding various resource factors to flow and concentrate in the direction indicated by the plan, thereby forming an endogenous development impetus.

在实践中，必须分层分类精准施策，建立高效的任务传导与落实机制。其一，对于发展规划中具有刚性约束的公共服务、生态环保、安全保障等目标任务，必须构建“横向到边、纵向到底”的责任分解体系。通过清晰界定责任主体、明确完成时限、细化实施路径，将任务逐级分解压实到具体地区、部门和个人，并运用目标责任书、考核问责等手段确保执行刚性。其二，针对产业发展、结构调整等预期性目标，需着力创新分类引导机制。综合运用政策支持、法治保障、营商环境优化等工具组合，有效激发市场活力和社会创造力，引导各类资源要素向规划指引的方向流动集聚，形成内生发展的动力。

The dynamic monitoring and evaluation adjustment mechanism that runs throughout constitutes an important pillar of the full-cycle management of plan implementation. Its focus lies in relying on an institutionalized framework to build a multi-dimensional monitoring system covering the entire process of plan implementation, with particular emphasis on strengthening the scientific nature and authority of mid-term and final-term plan evaluations. Mid-term evaluation focuses on diagnosing implementation deviations, studying environmental changes, and proposing optimization plans, providing a basis for precise adjustments in subsequent work; final-term evaluation is a systematic review and solidification of the overall effectiveness of the plan and also serves as the strategic starting point for the next round of planning. All evaluation results should be open and transparent and serve as the core reference for rolling plan adjustments, policy optimization, cadre performance assessment, and subsequent plan formulation, forming a dynamic operational mechanism of “monitoring—evaluation—feedback—adjustment—re-implementation.” By strengthening the full-cycle management of plan implementation, the uncertainty of the development environment can be effectively addressed, ensuring that plan objectives are steadily achieved through dynamic optimization, ultimately realizing the strategic resolve of “carrying out a blueprint to the end.” [38]38 “Carrying out a blueprint to the end” (一张蓝图绘到底) is a Chinese political idiom meaning to maintain strategic consistency and persistently implement a long-term plan without deviation due to changes in leadership or circumstances.

贯穿始终的动态监测与评估调适机制构成了规划实施全周期管理的重要支柱，其重点在于依托制度化框架，建设覆盖规划实施全过程的多维监测体系，尤其要强化规划中期评估与终期评估的科学性和权威性。中期评估重在诊断执行偏差、研判环境变化、提出优化方案，为后续工作精准调整提供依据；终期评估则是对规划整体成效的系统检视和经验固化，也是新一轮规划的战略起点。所有评估成果都应公开透明，并作为规划滚动调整、政策优化、干部政绩考核及后续规划编制的核心参照，形成“监测—评估—反馈—调整—再实施”的动态运行机制。通过强化规划实施的全周期管理，可以有效应对发展环境的不确定性，确保规划目标在动态优化中稳步实现，最终达成“一张蓝图绘到底”的战略定力。

5. Operational Support: Improving the Systems and Mechanisms for Overall Coordination of Development Plans

5.运行支撑：健全发展规划统筹协调的体制机制

China’s macroeconomic governance system is a three-dimensional institutional system with development planning as the strategic guide, coordinated macro-policy efforts, and the rule of law as its foundation. It aims to comprehensively employ economic, administrative, legal, and other integrated means to regulate economic operations, remedy market failures, and promote sustainable and healthy economic and social development. Within this system, development planning occupies a key position at the top-level design level, playing an important role in strategic orientation and overall coordination. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, states: “Improve the institutional system for national economic and social development planning, strengthen the mechanism for linking and implementing plans, and give play to the strategic guiding role of national development planning… Centering on the implementation of national development planning and major strategies, promote the coordinated efforts of fiscal, monetary, industrial, price, and employment policies, and optimize the allocation of various incremental resources and the adjustment of existing structures.” [39]39 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024, focusing on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping, when guiding local regions in planning their development for the 15th Five-Year Plan period, also clearly emphasized: “When regions plan their economic and social development for the 15th Five-Year Plan period, they must accurately position themselves within the national overall situation and strengthen the linkage of plans.” [40]40 The 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030) is the next medium-term national development plan currently under formulation. The “Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” states: “Strengthen the strategic guiding role of national development planning, and strengthen the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies”; “Form a national planning system with accurate positioning, clear boundaries, complementary functions, and unified linkage”; “Strengthen monitoring, evaluation, and supervision of plan implementation, improve mechanisms for policy coordination and work coordination, and ensure that the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee are implemented.” [41]41 This refers to the proposal guiding the formulation of the 15th Five-Year Plan, typically issued by the CPC Central Committee before the plan is formally drafted. These important discourses make clear that development planning must perform the important function of overall coordination, and also point the direction for improving the systems and mechanisms for overall coordination of development planning.

中国的宏观经济治理体系是以发展规划为战略引领、宏观政策协同发力、法治保障为根基的立体化制度体系，旨在综合运用经济、行政、法律等综合手段调节经济运行、弥补市场失灵、促进经济社会可持续健康发展。其中发展规划居于顶层设计的关键位置，发挥着重要的战略导向与统筹协调功能。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》提出，“健全国家经济社会发展规划制度体系，强化规划衔接落实机制，发挥国家发展规划战略导向作用……围绕实施国家发展规划、重大战略促进财政、货币、产业、价格、就业等政策协同发力，优化各类增量资源配置和存量结构调整” 。习近平总书记在指导地方谋划“十五五”发展时也明确强调，“各地区谋划‘十五五’时期经济社会发展，要在全国大局中精准定位，加强规划衔接” 。《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》提出，“强化国家发展规划战略导向作用，加强财政、货币政策协同”；“形成定位准确、边界清晰、功能互补、统一衔接的国家规划体系”；“强化规划实施监测评估和监督，健全政策协调和工作协同机制，确保党中央决策部署落到实处” 。这些重要论述明确发展规划必须发挥统筹协调的重要职能，也为健全发展规划统筹协调的体制机制指明了方向。

To improve this system and mechanism, on the one hand, it is necessary to base efforts on the principle of the whole country working as a single chessboard and strengthen the strategic guiding role of development planning. As the highest-level planning guide, national development planning must strengthen strategic guidance and rigid constraints on all types and levels of plans (such as local development plans, territorial space plans, various special plans, and regional plans), ensuring that the core objectives and major tasks of these plans are consistent with the overall national deployment. It is necessary to strengthen the vertical linkage and horizontal coordination of various plans, preventing plans from “conflicting” and resources from being misallocated, ensuring the formation of a planning system synergy with unified objectives, complementary functions, and mutual support. On the other hand, efforts must focus on enhancing the consistency of macro-policy orientations, achieving organic coordination and dynamic adaptation between development planning and policy tools. The blueprint of development planning requires the coordinated implementation of various policies. It is necessary to establish and improve coordination, linkage, evaluation, and feedback mechanisms between development planning and macro-policies such as fiscal policy, monetary policy, industrial policy, regional policy, and social policy. Through institutionalized methods such as regular consultations, policy pre-evaluations, and the construction of coordination platforms, it is ensured that various policy tools are oriented towards the objectives and tasks set by the development plan from the moment of formulation, that they precisely coordinate their efforts during implementation, and that they are promptly optimized and adjusted based on the evaluation and feedback of plan implementation, forming a virtuous cycle in which development planning guides resource allocation, policy coordination ensures plan implementation, and evaluation and feedback guide policy optimization. [42]42 “The whole country working as a single chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a Chinese political metaphor for unified national planning and coordination, emphasizing central authority and holistic strategy over local or sectoral interests.

健全这一体制机制，一方面，要立足全国发展一盘棋，强化发展规划的战略引领作用。国家发展规划作为最高层级的规划引领，必须加强对各级各类规划（如地方发展规划、国土空间规划、各类专项规划和区域规划）的战略指导和刚性约束，确保这些规划的核心目标、重大任务与国家整体部署保持一致。要强化各类规划的纵向衔接和横向协同，防止规划“打架”、资源错配，确保形成目标统一、功能互补、相互支撑的规划体系合力。另一方面，要着力增强宏观政策取向一致性，实现发展规划与政策工具的有机协调与动态适配。发展规划的蓝图需要各项政策的协同落地，要建立健全发展规划与财政政策、货币政策、产业政策、区域政策、社会政策等宏观政策的协调联动和评估反馈机制，通过定期会商、政策预评估、协调平台建设等制度化方式，确保各类政策工具在制定时即面向发展规划确定的目标任务，在实施中精准协同发力，并及时围绕规划实施的评估反馈进行优化调整，形成发展规划指引资源配置、政策协同保障规划落实、评估反馈引导政策优化的良性循环 。

IV. The Original Contributions of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on Development Planning

四、习近平总书记关于发展规划重要论述的原创性贡献

The era is the mother of thought, and practice is the source of theory. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning are rooted in the great course of the Communist Party of China’s long-term governance, developed through the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, profoundly summarizing the historical experience and scientific laws of socialist modernization construction. They systematically answer the major contemporary question of how, under the conditions of a socialist market economy, to effectively integrate the common forces of the whole society through the development planning system and continuously advance Chinese-path modernization, constituting a theoretical chapter of major original significance within Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

时代是思想之母，实践是理论之源。习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述，植根于中国共产党长期治国理政的伟大历程，发展于新时代中国特色社会主义伟大实践，深刻总结了社会主义现代化建设的历史经验和科学规律，系统回答了在社会主义市场经济条件下如何通过发展规划制度有效整合全社会共同力量，接续推进中国式现代化这一重大时代课题，构成了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想中具有重大原创性意义的理论篇章。

1. Enriching and Developing the Marxist Theory of Planned Organization of Social Production

1.丰富发展马克思主义有计划地组织社会生产的理论

The planned guidance and regulation of social production in a socialist society is an important element of the fundamental principles of scientific socialism. The fundamental contradiction of capitalism is the contradiction between socialized production and the capitalist private ownership of the means of production, which is concretely manifested in social production as the opposition between the organized nature of individual enterprises’ production and the anarchy of production in society as a whole. Through a profound analysis of the shortcomings of the capitalist mode of production, Marx and Engels believed that socialist production must adhere to the principles of planning and proportionality, carrying out planned guidance and regulation of social production, so that “all these branches of production are operated by society as a whole, that is, for the common interest, according to a common plan, and with the participation of all members of society.” [43]43 This quotation is from Friedrich Engels, “Principles of Communism” (1847). As a fundamental principle of scientific socialism, the planned organization of social production is an inevitable requirement for overcoming the blindness of development and achieving conscious human organization. However, its specific forms of realization must match the national conditions and development stages of each country and must be continuously explored and developed in practice.

社会主义社会要有计划地指导和调节社会生产是科学社会主义基本原则的重要内容。资本主义的基本矛盾是生产社会化与生产资料的资本主义私人占有之间的矛盾，在社会生产上具体表现为个别企业生产的有组织性与整个社会生产的无政府状态之间的对立。马克思恩格斯通过对资本主义生产方式弊端的深刻分析，认为社会主义生产必须坚持有计划、按比例的原则，对社会生产进行有计划的指导和调节，让“所有这些生产部门由整个社会来经营，就是说，为了共同的利益、按照共同的计划、在社会全体成员的参加下来经营” 。作为科学社会主义的基本原则，有计划地组织社会生产是克服发展盲目性、实现人类自觉组织的必然要求，但其具体实现形式必须与各国国情和发展阶段相匹配，并在实践中不断探索发展。

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Chinese Communists integrated the basic principles of scientific socialism with China’s concrete realities, continuously deepened their understanding of the Marxist theory of organized social production according to plan, and gradually established and formed a development planning system with Chinese characteristics. In his “Talk on Reading the Soviet Textbook ‘Political Economy’,” Mao Zedong pointed out: “Engels said that under the socialist system ‘it becomes possible to organize social production according to a predetermined plan’ – this is correct. In capitalist society, the balance of the national economy is achieved through crises. In socialist society, it is possible to achieve balance through planning. But this does not mean we can deny that we need a process to understand the necessary proportions.” [44]44 The phrase “党委领导、人大批准、政府编制实施、社会广泛参与” describes the four-part structure of China’s development planning process: leadership by the Party committee (党委), approval by the People’s Congress (人大), formulation and implementation by the government (政府), and broad participation by society (社会). Mao Zedong not only emphasized learning from the Soviet Union’s experience with five-year plans but also insisted on proceeding from China’s concrete realities, clearly stating that “we should integrate the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete realities of China’s socialist revolution and construction, and explore the path of building socialism in our country,” [45]45 This refers to Friedrich Engels’s analysis in *Anti-Dühring* and elsewhere that under capitalism, the anarchy of social production subjects the economy to blind, uncontrollable forces, leading to periodic crises. opposing the dogmatic copying of the Soviet model and advocating active exploration in formulating five-year plans suited to national conditions. This exploration laid the dialectical materialist epistemological foundation for the development planning system with Chinese characteristics. In the great turning point of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping profoundly stated, “The superiority of socialism over capitalism lies in its ability to coordinate the whole country like a game of chess, concentrate forces, and ensure key points.” [46]46 The “two miracles” (两大奇迹) is a standard Chinese Communist Party formulation referring to China’s simultaneous achievement of rapid economic growth and sustained social stability since reform and opening up. He also creatively pointed out, “Planning and the market are both methods. As long as they are beneficial to the development of the productive forces, they can be used. If they serve socialism, they are socialist; if they serve capitalism, they are capitalist,” [47]47 A reference to Francis Fukuyama’s 1989 thesis that liberal democracy represents the endpoint of humanity’s sociocultural evolution. thereby opening up new space for the functional positioning of development planning under the conditions of a socialist market economy.

中华人民共和国成立以后，中国共产党人将科学社会主义基本原则同中国具体实际相结合，不断深化对马克思主义有计划地组织社会生产理论的认识，逐步建立和形成了有中国特色的发展规划制度。毛泽东在《读苏联〈政治经济学教科书〉的谈话》中指出，“恩格斯说，在社会主义制度下，‘按照预定计划进行社会生产就成为可能’，这是对的。资本主义社会里，国民经济的平衡是通过危机达到的。社会主义社会里，有可能经过计划来实现平衡。但是也不能因此就否认我们对必要比例的认识要有一个过程” 。毛泽东既注重学习苏联五年计划的经验，又坚持从中国具体实际出发，明确指出“应该把马列主义的基本原理同中国社会主义革命和建设的具体实际结合起来，探索在我们国家里建设社会主义的道路了” ，反对教条式照搬苏联模式，主张积极探索制定符合国情的五年计划。这一探索为中国特色的发展规划制度奠定了辩证唯物主义的认识论基础。在改革开放的伟大转折中，邓小平深刻指出，“社会主义同资本主义比较，它的优越性就在于能做到全国一盘棋，集中力量，保证重点” 。他还创造性地指出，“计划和市场都是方法嘛。只要对发展生产力有好处，就可以利用。它为社会主义服务，就是社会主义的；为资本主义服务，就是资本主义的” ，为社会主义市场经济条件下发展规划的功能定位开辟了新空间。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping, based on profound theoretical thinking and rich

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，习近平总书记基于深邃的理论思考和丰富的治国理政经验，进一步深化了对马克思主义有计划地组织社会生产理论的认识，将党对发展规划的规律性认识上升到崭新高度。他深刻分析中国特色社会主义的制度优势在于社会主义市场经济“有效防范资本主义市场经济的弊端” ，进而明确指出“科学制定和接续实施五年规划，是我们党治国理政一条重要经验，也是中国特色社会主义一个重要政治优势” ；“制定中长期规划指导经济社会发展，是我们党治国理政的一种重要方式” 。他深刻把握社会主义的本质特征和“全国一盘棋”的制度优势，将党领导编制实施十四个五年规划（计划）的丰富实践经验，系统升华为“党治国理政重要经验”和“中国特色社会主义重要政治优势”的理论认知，并科学确立了发展规划作为治国理政“战略导向”和社会主义市场经济体制下统筹“有效市场”与“有为政府”关键制度枢纽的核心功能定位。这一定位既超越了传统指令性计划经济的僵化模式，也有效规避了自由市场经济的自发性弊端，实现了社会主义制度与市场经济的有机结合。习近平总书记关于发展规划的系统论述和阐发，使发展规划理论体系更加成熟完善，标志着马克思主义有计划地组织社会生产的理论在新时代实现了历史性的守正创新，成为马克思主义中国化时代化在这一领域的重大创新成果。

2. Systematically Deepening Theoretical Understanding of the Laws of the Chinese Communist Party’s Governance and Administration [P

2.系统深化对中国共产党治国理政制度规律的理论性认识

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning profoundly reveal the essential attributes and operational mechanisms of China’s development planning system, systematically elucidate the unique mechanisms of this national governance system that bears distinct Chinese characteristics and significant governance efficacy, and deepen the understanding of the laws governing the Chinese Communist Party’s system of governance and administration.

习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述，深刻揭示了中国发展规划制度的本质属性与运行机理，系统阐明了这一具有鲜明中国特色和显著治理效能的国家治理制度的独特机制，深化了对中国共产党治国理政制度的规律性认识。

First, they profoundly reveal the institutional essence of development planning as an important means of the Chinese Communist Party’s governance and a manifestation of the notable advantages of national governance.

第一，深刻揭示发展规划作为中国共产党治国理政重要方式和体现国家治理显著优势的制度本质。

From the heights of the laws governing the governance of a Marxist political party and the laws of socialist modernization, Xi Jinping scientifically reveals the essential attributes and operational mechanisms of development planning as an important political advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristics. He profoundly elucidates the unique political logic by which the Chinese Communist Party, through the institutional vehicle of development planning, effectively transforms the Party’s innovative theories and propositions into the will of the state and the common action of the whole society. He clarifies the decisive role of the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee in ensuring the continuity, stability, and executive capacity of national development strategy, thereby providing the fundamental political guarantee for a developing country with a super-large population like China to achieve leapfrog development and long-term stability and to advance Chinese-path modernization.

习近平总书记从马克思主义政党执政规律和社会主义现代化建设规律的高度，科学揭示了发展规划作为中国特色社会主义重要政治优势的本质属性与运行机理，深刻阐明了中国共产党通过发展规划这一制度载体，实现将党的创新理论和党的主张有效转化为国家意志和全社会共同行动的独特政治逻辑，明确了党中央集中统一领导对保障国家发展战略连续性、稳定性与执行力的决定性作用，为中国这个超大人口规模的发展中国家实现跨越式发展和长期稳定、推进中国式现代化提供了根本政治保障。

Second, they systematically elucidate the logic and strategy for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity by perfecting the development planning system.

第二，系统阐明通过健全发展规划制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的逻辑和方略。

Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning profoundly clarify that development planning is a fundamental institutional arrangement that coordinates the Party’s governance strategy, national development goals, and the principal position of the people. It is an anticipatory public policy coordination mechanism characterized by “Party committee leadership, approval by the People’s Congress, formulation and implementation by the government, and broad social participation.” [44]44 The phrase “党委领导、人大批准、政府编制实施、社会广泛参与” describes the four-part structure of China’s development planning process: leadership by the Party committee (党委), approval by the People’s Congress (人大), formulation and implementation by the government (政府), and broad participation by society (社会). Relying on whole-process people’s democracy to consolidate the broadest consensus, it constructs a scientific action program and institutional model guiding the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity through the value stance of people-centeredness, the guidance of strategic goals, the systematic operational mechanism, the scientific decision-making process, and the innovative institutional evolution.

习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述深刻阐明发展规划是统筹党的执政方略、国家发展目标、人民主体地位的基础性制度安排，是“党委领导、人大批准、政府编制实施、社会广泛参与”的预期性公共政策协调机制。其依托全过程人民民主凝聚最广泛共识，通过人民性价值立场、战略性目标引领、系统性运行机制、科学性决策过程、创新性制度演进，构建起指引国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的科学行动纲领和制度典范。

3. Contributing a uniquely valuable Chinese approach to world modernization

3.为世界现代化建设贡献独具价值的中国方案

China’s development planning system has not only profoundly changed the country’s development landscape but, with its original institutional advantages and outstanding governance efficacy, has also contributed valuable experience to other countries in the world pursuing modernization. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning systematically elucidate the global significance of China’s development planning system. Viewed from the historical perspective of the evolution of world modernization, especially against the backdrop of the global profound reflection on the value of strategic planning governance following the 2008 international financial crisis, China’s development planning system has been hailed as “having established the most ambitious planning system of our era.”

中国的发展规划制度不仅深刻改变了我国的发展面貌，更以其独创性的制度优势和卓越的治理效能，为世界其他国家开展现代化建设贡献了宝贵经验。习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述系统阐明了中国发展规划制度的世界意义。从世界现代化演进的历史视野加以审视，特别是在2008年国际金融危机后全球对战略规划治理价值进行深刻反思的背景下，中国的发展规划制度被誉为“建立了我们这个时代最有魄力的规划体制” 。

First, it resolves the chronic ills of capitalist modernization and explores a new order for human development.

第一，破解资本主义现代化发展痼疾，探索人类发展新秩序。

The inherent contradiction of the capitalist system between the socialization of production and the capitalist private ownership of the means of production necessarily subjects its economic and social development to the regulation of what Engels revealed as “blind laws,” making periodic crises a persistent chronic ill. [45]45 This refers to Friedrich Engels’s analysis in *Anti-Dühring* and elsewhere that under capitalism, the anarchy of social production subjects the economy to blind, uncontrollable forces, leading to periodic crises. China’s use of the development planning system to guide and advance modernization is a contemporary successful practice of the Marxist theory of overcoming the blindness of development through “planned and conscious organization.” By effectively integrating the will of the state with market and social forces, it carries out forward-looking deployment and dynamic adjustment of the major proportional relationships, strategic directions, and key tasks of economic and social development, avoiding the blindness and lag of development, achieving the unity of resource allocation efficiency and social development goals, and creating the “two miracles” of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. [46]46 The “two miracles” (两大奇迹) is a standard Chinese Communist Party formulation referring to China’s simultaneous achievement of rapid economic growth and sustained social stability since reform and opening up. This achievement not only effectively transcends the inherent drawbacks of the capitalist modernization model but also provides a shining example for human society in exploring and constructing a new, fairer, more stable, and more sustainable development order. Looking back at the global modernization process since the 20th century, the rise and fall of planning systems—from the first rise influenced by the Soviet demonstration effect in the 1930s, to the “de-planning” wave after the 1960s, and then to the renewed global emphasis on strategic planning after the 2008 international financial crisis—clearly confirms humanity’s unremitting exploration of modernization development and the contemporary value of China’s development planning practice.

资本主义制度固有的生产社会化与生产资料的资本主义私人占有之间的矛盾，使其经济社会发展必然受制于恩格斯所揭示的“盲目的规律”调节，周期性危机成为挥之不去的痼疾 。中国以发展规划制度指导和推进现代化建设，是马克思主义关于通过“有计划的自觉的组织”克服发展盲目性理论的当代成功实践，通过有效整合国家意志、市场与社会力量，对经济社会发展的重大比例关系、战略方向与重点任务进行前瞻部署与动态调适，规避发展的盲目性与滞后性，实现资源配置效率与社会发展目标的统一，创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”。这一成就不仅是对资本主义现代化发展模式内在弊端的有效超越，也为人类社会探索构建更加公平、稳定、可持续的发展新秩序提供了光辉范例。回望20世纪以来全球现代化历程，规划制度的兴衰——从20世纪30年代受苏联示范效应影响的第一次兴起、到60年代后的“去计划化”浪潮、再到2008年国际金融危机后全球对战略规划的重新重视——清晰印证了人类对现代化发展的不懈探索以及中国发展规划实践的时代价值。

Second, it guides other developing countries in resolving the “development deficit” and opening up a new path to modernization.

第二，引领其他发展中国家破解“发展赤字”，开辟现代化新路。

For the vast number of developing countries, how to achieve autonomous and sustainable development under conditions of limited resources, weak foundations, and a volatile environment is a severe challenge commonly faced. Because the traditional modernization path led by the West and its attached conditions are often ill-suited to local conditions, China’s development planning system, which emphasizes the practical essence of seeking truth from facts based on national conditions, provides a highly valuable alternative solution for other developing countries. By setting clear strategic goals and priority areas, China’s development planning system fully mobilizes the forces of government, market, and society, effectively solving the common problems of strategic ambiguity, weak implementation, and scattered resources that plague developing countries. The concrete achievements China has made in key areas such as infrastructure construction, industrial upgrading, scientific and technological innovation, and poverty alleviation, guided by development planning, as well as the important experiences it emphasizes in policy continuity, implementation effectiveness, and planning capacity building, provide an operational and referential practical guide for escaping development difficulties and achieving long-term development goals. The regular patterns and practical logic revealed by China’s development planning clearly demonstrate to the world that developing countries are fully capable of relying on their own actual conditions, through institutional innovation and strategic planning, to integrate limited resources, overcome development bottlenecks, and blaze a new path to modernization that differs from the West and has its own characteristics. This can greatly enhance the confidence and capacity of developing countries for autonomous development.

对于广大发展中国家而言，如何在资源有限、基础薄弱、环境多变的条件下实现自主可持续发展，是普遍面临的严峻挑战。由于西方主导的传统现代化路径及其附加条件往往水土不服，中国发展规划制度强调立足国情、实事求是的实践精髓为其他发展中国家提供了极具参考价值的替代性方案。中国发展规划制度通过设定清晰的战略目标和优先领域，充分调动政府、市场和社会力量，有效解决了发展中国家普遍存在的战略模糊、执行不力、资源分散等难题。中国在基础设施建设、产业升级、科技创新、脱贫攻坚等关键领域依托发展规划引领取得的具体成就，以及所强调的政策连续性、执行效能、规划能力建设等重要经验，为摆脱发展困境、实现长远发展目标提供了可操作、可借鉴的实践指南。中国发展规划所揭示的规律性认识与实践逻辑，向世界清晰昭示：发展中国家完全有能力立足自身实际，依靠制度创新和战略规划，整合有限资源，克服发展瓶颈，走出一条不同于西方、具有自身特色的现代化新路，可以极大增强发展中国家自主发展的信心与能力。

Third, it manifests the vigorous vitality of scientific socialism and creates a new form of human civilization.

第三，彰显科学社会主义蓬勃生机，创造人类文明新形态。

The great success of China’s development planning practice and its theoretical elevation are a vivid embodiment of the superiority of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the truth power of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Its international influence is more deeply reflected in its significant contribution to the world socialist movement and the cause of human civilization progress. The practice of China’s development planning proves that scientific socialism in the 21st century has radiated unprecedented vitality and powerful dynamism in China, successfully overcoming the blindness of capitalist development and the rigidity of traditional planned economy, and realizing a creative practice of Marxist visions for the future development of society. China’s development achievements have declared the end of the “end of history” thesis [n47] and demonstrated the bright prospects of socialism. At a deeper level, the value concepts and practical paths embedded in China’s development planning—such as adhering to a people-centered approach, promoting common prosperity, advancing the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, and safeguarding world peace and development—transcend the inherent defects of Western modernization, such as capital expansion, ecological destruction, and external plunder. What it explores is a path to modernization characterized by material abundance, cultural-ethical enrichment, harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, peaceful development, and win-win cooperation. This is China’s creation of a new form of human civilization, profoundly manifesting the Communist Party of China’s global vision and historical commitment to seeking progress for humanity and common good for the world [n48], and writing a new chapter for the cause of human civilization progress.

中国发展规划实践的巨大成功及其理论升华，是中国特色社会主义制度优越性与习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想真理力量的生动体现，其国际影响更深层次地体现在对世界社会主义运动与人类文明进步事业的重大贡献上。中国发展规划的实践证明，科学社会主义在21世纪的中国焕发出前所未有的蓬勃生机与强大活力，成功克服了资本主义发展的盲目性与传统计划经济的僵化性，实现了对马克思主义关于未来社会发展设想的创造性实践。中国的发展成就宣告了“历史终结论”的终结，展现了社会主义的光明前景。更深层次的意义在于，中国发展规划所蕴含的坚持人民至上、促进共同富裕、推动人与自然和谐共生、维护世界和平发展等价值理念和实践路径，超越了西方现代化进程中资本扩张、生态破坏、对外掠夺等固有弊端，探索的是一条物质富足、精神富有、人与自然和谐共生、和平发展、合作共赢的现代化道路。这是中国对人类文明新形态的创造，深刻彰显了中国共产党为人类谋进步、为世界谋大同的天下情怀与历史担当，为人类文明进步事业谱写了新的篇章。

Looking back over the more than 70 years of China’s magnificent development journey since the founding of the People’s Republic, and the splendid picture of successive five-year plans, we can profoundly understand the historical inevitability and strong vitality of development planning as an important means of governance for the Communist Party of China and a key institutional vehicle for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development planning systematically summarize the Party’s rich experience and regular understanding in leading development planning work, profoundly elucidate the institutional implications, distinctive characteristics, and practical requirements of development planning, and make major original contributions at the levels of theoretical foundation, institutional innovation, and world significance. They are landmark achievements of the Party’s innovative theory in the New Era. The development planning system with Chinese characteristics, with its unique governance effectiveness and outstanding development achievements, not only provides a solid strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation but also contributes Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to humanity’s exploration of a new, fairer, more sustainable, and better path to modernization.

纵观新中国70余载波澜壮阔的发展历程，五年规划接续奋斗的壮丽画卷，深刻诠释了发展规划作为中国共产党治国理政重要方式、推进中国式现代化关键制度载体的历史必然性与强大生命力。习近平总书记关于发展规划的重要论述，系统总结党领导发展规划工作的丰富经验与规律性认识，深刻阐明发展规划的制度意涵、鲜明特质与实践要求，并在理论根基、制度创新与世界意义层面作出重大原创性贡献，是新时代党的创新理论的标志性成果。中国特色的发展规划制度，以其独特的治理效能和卓越的发展成就，不仅为中华民族伟大复兴提供了坚实战略支撑，也为人类探索更加公平、更可持续、更为美好的现代化新路贡献了中国智慧与中国方案。