“Coordinating Development and Security” as the Driver for the Discipline Construction of National Security Studies

黄大慧、王月禾：“统筹发展和安全”牵引国家安全学学科建设

Huang Dahui, Wang Yuehe · 2026-03-26 · Discipline Building · Teaching and Research 2025, no. 11 · 44 min read

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China’s national strategy adjusts as the era’s theme changes, and the transformation of national strategy drives the transformation of disciplinary institutions. Disciplinary institutions are the normative system and material embodiment of a discipline, divided into three levels: first, the deep-level disciplinary concept; second, the normative system of the discipline; third, the material embodiment of the discipline. The guidance of national strategy is the deep-level conceptual orientation and fundamental basis of disciplinary institutions. Mao Zedong believed that in the early period after the founding of New China, it was in the “era of imperialism” and “the eve of the proletarian revolution,” with “war and revolution” as the main characteristics of the era. After reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping believed that “peace and development” were the era’s themes, and that China, as a Third World country, should focus on development and adhere to a policy of peace. As the era’s theme changed, New China’s national strategy, before reform and opening up, “placed greater emphasis on security,” and after reform and opening up until the 18th National Congress of the CPC, “placed greater emphasis on development.” This transformation can be summarized as a shift from a “security-first” national strategy to a “development-first” national strategy, and the disciplinary system changed accordingly, roughly undergoing two stages of transformation.

中国的国家战略随时代主题变化而调整，国家战略变迁推动着学科制度的转型。学科制度是学科的规范体系和物质体现，分为三个层次：一是深层的学科理念，二是学科的规范体系，三是学科的物质体现。国家战略指引是学科制度的深层理念导向和根本依据。毛泽东认为，新中国成立初期处于“帝国主义时代”和“无产阶级革命前夜”,“战争与革命”是时代的主要特征。改革开放后，邓小平认为“和平与发展”是时代主题，第三世界的中国应专注发展，坚持和平政策。随着时代主题的变化，新中国的国家战略在改革开放前“更重视安全”,在改革开放后到党的十八大“更重视发展”。这一转变可以归结为由“安全优先”的国家战略调整为“发展优先”的国家战略，学科体系应时而变，也大致经历两个阶段的变迁。

Entering the New Era, the theme of “peace and development” has faced increasing challenges. Geopolitical conflicts in the era of great-power competition occur frequently, the rise of a new round of technological revolution has led to the accelerated evolution of major risks in many fields, structural contradictions in the world political and economic system are prominent, and the “Global South’s” order demands for resisting dependency and pursuing autonomous development have grown stronger. Consequently, the Party Central Committee has proposed “changes of the world, changes of the times, and changes of history” to reveal the changes in the national strategic environment. At the same time, “coordinating development and security” has become the overarching national strategy for China in the New Era. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed that to further deepen reform comprehensively, it is necessary to establish a “discipline setup adjustment mechanism and talent cultivation model driven by national strategic needs.” Against this backdrop, the new demands of the “coordinating development and security” strategy for talent cultivation and the disciplinary system have gradually become clear, and the largest-scale adjustment of the disciplinary specialty system in the history of New China is being carried out with great momentum.

进入新时代，“和平与发展”主题受到越来越多的挑战，大国竞争时代的地缘冲突频繁发生，新一轮科技革命的兴起引发诸多领域重大风险加速演进，世界政治经济体系的结构性矛盾突出，“全球南方”反抗依附、追求自主发展的秩序诉求愈发强烈，党中央因而提出“世界之变、时代之变、历史之变”揭示国家战略环境的变化。与此同时，“统筹发展和安全”成为新时代中国的管总国家战略。党的二十届三中全会提出，进一步全面深化改革要建立“国家战略需求牵引的学科设置调整机制和人才培养模式”。在此背景下，“统筹发展和安全”战略对人才培养和学科体系的新需求逐渐明确，新中国历史上规模最大的学科专业体系调整正如火如荼地进行。

In view of this, this article first reviews the evolutionary process of national strategy leading the construction of disciplinary institutions in different periods of New China, providing a historical reference for the current disciplinary adjustment. Second, it elaborates on the contemporary significance of coordinating development and security, the new demands on the disciplinary system, and the development opportunities for the “grand security” discipline with national security studies as its core. Finally, it analyzes the multi-level systemic layout of national security studies construction under the guidance of the holistic approach to national security, and on this basis, the feasible paths for future disciplinary institution construction.

有鉴于此，本文首先回顾新中国不同时期国家战略引领学科制度建设的演进过程，为当下的学科调整提供历史参照；其次，阐述统筹发展和安全的时代意义、对学科体系的新需求，以及以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”学科迎来的发展机遇；最后，分析总体国家安全观指导下国家安全学建设的多层次系统布局，以及在此基础上未来学科制度建设的可行路径。

I. The Disciplinary System under the “Security-First” and “Development-First” Strategies

一、 “安全优先”和“发展优先”战略下的学科体系

Under the “security-first” national strategy, in the early period after the founding of New China, a disciplinary system oriented toward “industry and national defense construction” was formed to meet the needs of socialist industrial and national defense construction, bearing a strong “imported” character. After reform and opening up, the work focus of the Party and the state shifted, the national strategy became “development-first,” and the disciplinary system was adjusted in coordination with the development of the socialist market economy and industrial structure, gradually building a disciplinary system oriented toward “openness, development, and stability.”

在“安全优先”的国家战略下，新中国成立初期为适应社会主义工业和国防建设的需要形成了“工业与国防建设”导向的学科体系，带有浓重的“舶来”色彩。改革开放后，党和国家的工作重心转移，国家战略变为“发展优先”,学科体系配合社会主义市场经济发展和产业结构而调整，逐步建成了“开放发展稳定”导向的学科体系。

(I) The “Industry and National Defense Construction”-Oriented Disciplinary System under the “Security-First” Strategy

(一)“安全优先”战略下“工业与国防建设”导向的学科体系

At the beginning of the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee judged the era’s theme to be “war and revolution,” highlighting “security-first” in national strategy. In other words, for a long period after the founding of New China, our Party and state regarded defending the newly born democratic regime, national independence and territorial integrity, and protecting the fruits of revolution and the legitimate rights and interests of the people as the fundamental tasks of national security. Correspondingly, national defense and military affairs became the main means of maintaining national security. From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, under the “security-first” national strategy that placed greater emphasis on security, higher education and disciplinary system construction had a strong “war preparedness” character.

新中国成立伊始，党中央将时代主题判断为“战争与革命”,在国家战略上突出“安全优先”。换言之，新中国成立后的很长一段时间，我们党和国家把保卫新生的民主政权、国家独立和领土完整，保卫革命成果和人民的合法权益作为国家安全的根本任务。相应地，国防和军事成为维护国家安全的主要手段。20世纪50年代至70年代末，在更加重视安全的“安全优先”的国家战略下，高等教育和学科体系建设的“备战”色彩浓厚。

The establishment and formation of the “industry and national defense construction”-oriented disciplinary system stemmed from the impetus of both national strategic orientation and practical needs. On the one hand, under the strategy of “leaning to one side” toward the socialist Soviet camp and implementing a planned economy, China’s higher education and disciplinary construction put forward the slogan of “wholesale Sovietization,” adopting a “national chessboard” approach, submitting to and serving the overall national construction plan. Influenced by the Soviet disciplinary system, in the initial higher education specialty settings of New China, engineering development was prioritized, and specialties related to heavy industry and national defense industry were greatly developed. On the other hand, the central authorities were deliberating and proposing the general line for the transition period and the “First Five-Year Plan,” which urgently required industrial construction talent; the Korean War exposed the weak foundation of China’s national defense industry and the shortage of military engineering colleges and technical talent, which also required unified deployment and resolution by the central authorities. According to the enrollment scale of engineering colleges at that time, the entire “First Five-Year Plan” period could only provide 40,000 to 50,000 graduates, less than 25% of the demand at that time. In view of this, the Party Central Committee pointed out: “The speed of industrialization is first determined by the development of heavy industry; therefore, we must take the development of heavy industry as the focus of large-scale construction. Under the policy of ‘fighting, stabilizing, and building simultaneously’… first ensure the capital construction of heavy industry and national defense industry.”

“工业与国防建设”导向学科体系的设置和形成，源于国家战略导向和现实需求两方面的推动。一方面，在“一边倒”向社会主义苏联阵营和施行计划经济的战略下，中国高等教育和学科建设提出“全盘苏化”的口号，采取“全国一盘棋”,服从和服务于国家建设的整体计划。受苏联学科体系的影响，新中国最初高等学校专业设置中优先工科发展，重工业和国防工业相关专业得到大发展。另一方面，中央酝酿提出过渡时期的总路线和“一五”计划，亟需工业建设人才；朝鲜战争暴露出我国国防工业基础薄弱、军事工程学院和技术人才匮乏的问题也需要中央进行统一部署解决。按照工科院校当时的招生规模，整个“一五”期间也只能提供4～5万毕业生，不足当时需求的25%。鉴于此，党中央指出：“工业化的速度首先决定于重工业的发展，因此我们必须以发展重工业为大规模建设的重点。在‘边打、边稳、边建’的方针下……首先保证重工业和国防工业的基本建设”。

Against this backdrop, the Party Central Committee took over and reformed existing engineering universities such as Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology, and established the People’s Liberation Army Military Engineering Institute (Harbin Military Engineering Institute), setting up 5 departments and 23 specialties according to branches of the military and weapons and equipment. In addition, a number of engineering colleges with distinct industrial specialty characteristics, such as Dalian Institute of Technology (now Dalian University of Technology), Northwest Institute of Technology (now Northwestern Polytechnical University), and Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University), were gradually established, initially forming a relatively complete higher engineering education and specialty system. In 1954, the “Draft Classification and Setting of Higher Education Specialty Catalog” was issued, classifying disciplines according to 11 national economic sectors such as industry, construction, and transportation, with engineering accounting for 55.3% of all specialties, while specialties in liberal arts, finance and economics, and law and politics were significantly reduced.

在此背景下，党中央对清华大学、哈尔滨工业大学等原有工科大学进行接管改造，并创建中国人民解放军军事工程学院(哈军工),在其中按照兵种和兵器装备设置了5个系和23个专业。此外，大连工学院(现大连理工大学)、西北工学院(现西北工业大学)、南京工学院(现东南大学)等一批具有鲜明工业专业特色的工科院校逐渐建立,初步形成了较为齐全的高等工程教育和专业体系。1954年，《高等学校专业目录分类设置(草案)》出台，按照工业、建筑、运输等11个国民经济部门进行学科分类，工科占所有专业的55.3%,而文科、财经、政法类专业则被大幅削减。

In 1956, the Eighth National Congress of the CPC summarized the experiences and shortcomings of the initial period of disciplinary system construction, proposing to make a comprehensive plan for talent cultivation and disciplinary settings in higher education based on the policy of “grasping key points, taking care of others, and combining needs with possibilities.” Premier Zhou Enlai pointed out in the report on the proposal for the “Second Five-Year Plan” that the primary task of educational work remained to cultivate industrial technology and scientific research talent, serving socialist industrialization and national defense industry construction. From 1956 to 1957, the Ministry of Higher Education adjusted the scale and regional distribution of colleges, departments, and specialties, proposing that “higher education construction must meet the requirements of socialist construction and must coordinate with the development plan of the national economy,” that higher industrial schools should gradually integrate with industrial bases, and that school scales should be controlled. This measure was also taken for security considerations: first, to avoid higher industrial schools being threatened by war due to their layout in coastal areas; second, in the event of an attack, the losses from small-scale schools would be minimal and they would be easier to rebuild. Under this policy guidance, the regional layout of disciplines and specialties was restructured, a large number of coastal higher education institutions were relocated to the western and inland regions, and large industrial colleges were split and reorganized, the most representative example being the relocation of part of Jiaotong University from Shanghai to Xi’an—establishing Xi’an Jiaotong University.

1956年，党的八大总结了学科体系建设初期的经验和不足，提出根据“掌握重点，照顾其他、需要和可能相结合”的方针，对高等教育的人才培养和学科设置作出全面规划。周恩来总理在“二五”计划建议报告中指出，教育工作的首要任务仍然是培养工业技术和科学研究人才,为社会主义工业化和国防工业建设服务。1956—1957年，高等教育部对院系和专业设置进行了规模和地域调整，提出“高等教育建设必须符合社会主义建设的要求，必须同国民经济的发展计划相配合”,高等工业学校应该逐步与工业基地相结合，并且要控制学校规模。这一举措同样是出于安全考量，一是避免高等工业学校因布局在沿海地区而受到战争威胁，二是一旦受到打击，学校规模小造成的损失不大，且易于重建。在此政策指引下，学科和专业的地域布局被重构，大批沿海地区高校迁往西部和内地，大型的工业院校被拆分和重组，最具代表性的是交通大学的一部分由上海西迁至西安——成立了西安交通大学。

In 1961, Deng Xiaoping presided over the formulation of the “Draft Provisional Regulations for Institutions of Higher Education Directly under the Ministry of Education,” known as the “Sixty Articles on Higher Education,” which re-emphasized the principle of seeking truth from facts in running education, and the direction of emphasizing specialties related to heavy industry and national defense construction in the setting of specialties was upheld. In line with this spirit, in 1963, the Ministry of Education and the State Planning Commission formulated the first formal disciplinary catalogue of New China — the “General Specialty Catalogue for Institutions of Higher Education” and the “Catalogue of Top-Secret and Confidential Specialties for Institutions of Higher Education” — which classified specialties by combining disciplines and industries, consolidated and standardized some specialties with overly narrow applications, and added new specialties needed for national construction and for which conditions were available. By 1965, institutions of higher education nationwide had a total of 601 types of specialties, with engineering accounting for 52.4%, and the proportion of humanities and social sciences had risen somewhat (see Table 1). Overall, this edition of the disciplinary catalogue for institutions of higher education basically met the talent needs for socialist industrialization construction, military equipment, the nuclear industry, the Third Front national defense projects, and transportation infrastructure construction under the national strategy of “security first,” marking the formal formation of a disciplinary system oriented toward “industry and national defense construction” in the early years of the founding of the nation.

1961年，邓小平主持制定了《教育部直属高等学校暂行工作条例(草案)》,即“高教六十条”,重新强调坚持实事求是的原则办教育,专业设置中重视重工业和国防建设相关专业的方向得到了坚持。根据这一精神，1963年，教育部和国家计委制定了新中国第一个正式的学科目录——《高等学校通用专业目录》《高等学校绝密和机密专业目录》,按照学科和行业结合的方式进行分类，归并和规范了一些应用面过窄的专业，增加了一些国家建设需要且有条件设置的新专业。到1965年，全国高校共设601种专业，工科占52.4%,文科比例有所上升(见表1)。总体而言，此版高校学科目录基本满足了“安全优先”国家战略下对于社会主义工业化建设、军事装备、核工业、三线国防工程和交通基础设施建设的人才需要，标志着建国初期“工业与国防建设”导向的学科体系正式形成。

Table 1: Category Structure of China’s 1965 Specialty Catalogue for Institutions of Higher Education

表1 中国1965年高等学校专业目录设置类别结构

Total

合计

Engineering

工科

Agriculture and Forestry

农林

Medicine and Pharmacy

医药

Humanities and Social Sciences

文科

Natural Sciences

理科

Political Science and Law

政法

Finance and Economics

财经

Teacher Training

师范

Physical Education

体育

Arts

艺术

Number

数量

601

315

Distribution Points

布点

2,833

2 833

1,176

1 176

297

133

303

260

402

125

Proportion (%)

比例

100

52.4

8.3

1.8

11.9

9.1

0.16

3.4

4.9

0.9

6.5

Data source: Jin Yiming, ed., *The Trajectory of Chinese Socialist Education*, East China Publishing House, 2000, p. 270.

数据来源：金一鸣主编：《中国社会主义教育的轨迹》,华东出版社，2000年，第270页。

(2) The “Openness, Development, and Stability”-Oriented Disciplinary System under the “Development First” Strategy

(二)“发展优先”战略下“开放发展稳定”导向的学科体系

After reform and opening up, the Party Central Committee judged the theme of the times to be “peace and development,” with development taking priority in the national strategy. In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party made the judgment that “war can be avoided,” and accordingly formulated the strategic policy of “concentrating on construction with one heart and one mind,” achieving a shift in the strategic focus of the Party and the state. Under the national strategy of “development first,” the adjustment of the disciplinary system in this period revolved around the three major needs of “openness, development, and stability.”

改革开放之后，党中央将时代主题判断为“和平与发展”,国家战略中发展优先。1978年，党的十一届三中全会作出“战争是可以避免”的判断，据此制定了“一心一意搞建设”的战略方针，实现了党和国家战略重心的转移。在“发展优先”的国家战略下，这一时期的学科体系调整围绕着“开放、发展、稳定”三大需求展开。

In the early period of reform and opening up, the “industry and national defense construction”-oriented disciplinary system was adjusted to meet the needs of the development of a “socialist planned commodity economy,” and disciplinary system reform was placed on the agenda as an important component of education system reform. In 1978, the Ministry of Education revised the “Sixty Articles on Higher Education” and issued the “Draft Provisional Regulations for Key National Institutions of Higher Education (Trial Draft),” restoring the earlier principle of scientifically setting specialties according to national needs. In 1983, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council published the “Catalogue of Disciplines and Specialties for the Conferral of Doctoral and Master’s Degrees in Institutions of Higher Education and Research Institutions (Trial Draft),” taking the lead in implementing a disciplinary specialty structure of “disciplinary category — first-level discipline — second-level discipline.”

改革开放初期，“工业与国防建设”导向的学科体系为适应“社会主义有计划商品经济”发展的需要而调整，学科体系改革作为教育体制改革的重要组成被提上日程。1978年，教育部在“高校六十条”的基础之上进行修订，出台《全国重点高等学校暂行工作条例(试行草案)》,恢复了此前按国家需要科学设置专业的原则。1983年，国务院学位委员会公布《高等学校和科研机构授予博士和硕士学位的学科、专业目录(试行草案)》,率先实行“学科门类——一级学科——二级学科”的学科专业结构。

With the implementation of the policy of “reform, opening up, and invigoration,” China’s economic and management disciplines and specialties began to enter a period of recovery and development. In 1985, the Party Central Committee convened the first National Education Conference after reform and opening up, and afterward issued the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Reform of the Education System,” taking “facing modernization, facing the world, and facing the future” as the basic policy, and proposing that the strategic goal of higher education development was to build, by the end of the 20th century, a disciplinary system “complete in categories and reasonable in levels and proportions” commensurate with China’s economic strength. Specifically, the “Decision” required “changing the unreasonable proportion of categories in higher education, accelerating the development of weak departments and specialties such as finance and economics, political science and law, and management, and supporting the growth of emerging and marginal disciplines.” According to statistics, in 1980, the enrollment proportion of economic and management (finance and economics) specialties in institutions of higher education was 4.3%, but by 1986, this proportion had risen to 10.2%. Driven by both policy guidelines and practical needs, the Ministry of Education carried out a relatively large-scale revision of the undergraduate specialty catalogue, implementing a revised version of the undergraduate catalogue in 1987, promoting the scientific and standardized naming of specialties, and enabling the restoration and addition of humanities and social science specialties in institutions of higher education.

随着“改革、开放、搞活”方针的贯彻执行，我国经济、管理类学科专业开始进入恢复发展期。1985年，党中央召开改革开放后的第一次全国教育大会，会后颁布《中共中央关于教育体制改革的决定》,以“面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来”为基本方针，提出高等教育的发展战略目标是到20世纪末，建成与我国经济实力相当的“科类齐全，层次、比例合理”的学科体系。具体来说，《决定》要求“改变高等教育科类比例不合理的状况，加快财经、政法、管理等类薄弱系科和专业的发展，扶持新兴、边缘学科的成长”。据统计，1980年高校经济、管理(财经)类专业的招生比重为4.3%,而到1986年时，这一比重已经提高至10.2%。在政策方针和现实需求的双重推动下，教育部对本科专业目录进行了较大规模的修订，于1987年颁布实施修订版本科目录，推进专业名称的科学和规范化，使得高校中的人文社会科学类专业得以恢复和增设。

After the 14th National Congress of the Party, the transition to a socialist market economy generated rapidly growing demand for economic, management, and foreign-related talent, driving changes in the disciplinary system, and specialties in economics, management, and foreign languages entered a period of boom and development. From 1990 to 1993, the State Education Commission promoted the revision of the graduate and undergraduate disciplinary specialty catalogues, achieving the unification of the two catalogues into 11 disciplinary categories. In 1993, the Central Committee of the Party convened the second National Education Conference and issued the “Outline for the Reform and Development of Education in China,” proposing that “in the 1990s, higher education must adapt to the needs of accelerating reform and opening up and modernization construction,” and that graduate education, while cultivating talent needed for teaching and research positions, must also vigorously cultivate applied talent needed for economic construction and social development. Under this policy guidance, from 1994 to 1998, the number of distribution points for economics specialties such as accounting, international finance, and international trade; management specialties such as marketing, tourism management, economic information management, and real estate management; language specialties such as English, German, and Japanese; and the economic law specialty, which studies and adjusts standardized economic relations, increased substantially, with the largest increase reaching 130%.

党的十四大后，社会主义市场经济转型对于经济、管理和涉外人才的需要快速增长，推动着学科体系变迁，经济类、管理类、外语类专业迎来了发展繁荣期。1990—1993年，国家教委推动实施研究生和本科学科专业目录的修订，实现了两个目录11个学科门类划分的统一。1993年，中共中央召开第二次全国教育大会，发布《中国教育改革和发展纲要》,提出“九十年代，高等教育要适应加快改革开放和现代化建设的需要”,研究生教育在培养教学、科研岗位所需人才的同时，还要大力培养经济建设和社会发展所需的应用性人才。在此政策引导下，1994—1998年，会计学、国际金融、国际贸易等经济学类专业，市场营销、旅游管理、经济信息管理、房地产经营管理等管理类专业，英语、德语、日语等语言类专业，以及研究调整规范经济关系的经济法专业布点数量大幅增加，最大增幅达到130%。

To adapt to the scale and speed of social and economic development, institutions of higher education began expanding enrollment in 1999, and economics and management entered a period of rapid expansion, becoming “prominent disciplines” within philosophy and social sciences. On the eve of the 21st century, the development speed and overall scale of China’s regular higher education clearly could not keep pace with the rapid development of society and the economy. Against this backdrop, the third National Education Conference was convened in 1999, at which then-Vice Premier of the State Council Li Lanqing formally announced the beginning of enrollment expansion in institutions of higher education, with the enrollment scale for that year increasing by 44% year-on-year. The effect of this policy was immediate. By 2002, China’s gross enrollment rate had reached 15%, and higher education rapidly transitioned from elite higher education to the internationally recognized stage of massification. Constrained by hardware such as instruments and equipment, the expansion of disciplines such as natural sciences, engineering, and medicine was difficult to achieve quickly, while specialties in economics and management, with low operating costs, fast talent cultivation, and adaptability to social needs, became the first choice for enrollment expansion in institutions of higher education, with the number of distribution points and student numbers increasing continuously over a decade (see Table 2).

为适应社会经济发展的规模和速度，高校自1999年开始扩招，经济学和管理学进入高速扩张期，成为哲学社会科学中的“显学”。21世纪前夕，我国普通高等教育的发展速度和总体规模明显跟不上社会和经济高速发展的步调。在此背景下，第三次全国教育工作会议于1999年召开，时任国务院副总理李岚清在会上正式宣布高等学校开始扩招，当年的招生规模同比增加44%。这一政策的效果立竿见影。到2002年，我国毛入学率达到15%,高等教育迅速从精英高等教育进入国际公认的大众化发展阶段。受到仪器设备等硬件的限制，理、工、医等学科的办学难以迅速扩展，而经济学类、管理学类专业办学成本低、人才长成快、适应社会需要，成为高校扩招的首选，布点数量和学生规模在十年间持续增加。(见表2)

Table 2: Distribution Points and Enrolled Student Numbers for Economics and Management in 2002 and 2012, and Growth Rates

表2 2002年、2012年经济学、管理学布点和在校生数量及增长比例

Economics

经济学

Management

管理学

Distribution Points

布点数量

Enrolled Students (10,000s)

在校生数量(万)

Distribution Points

布点数量

Enrolled Students (10,000s)

在校生数量(万)

2002

1,713

1 713

31.13

6,069

6 069

142.8

2012

4,686

4 686

91.17

18,539

18 539

278.85

Growth Rate

增长比例

173.3%

193.5%

205.4%

95%

Data source: Department of Development Planning, Ministry of Education, *China Education Statistics Yearbook 2002*, People’s Education Press, 2003, pp. 28, 47; Department of Development Planning, Ministry of Education, *China Education Statistics Yearbook 2012*, People’s Education Press, 2013, pp. 29, 34.

数据来源：教育部发展规划司：《中国教育统计年鉴 2002》,人民教育出版社，2003年，第28、47页；教育部发展规划司：《中国教育统计年鉴 2012》,人民教育出版社，2013年，第29、34页。

Besides the disciplinary growth driven by the demands of “opening up and development,” the need to ensure “stability” in economic development has gradually become prominent, propelling the establishment of related academic disciplines and specialties. Stability is the prerequisite for reform and development. Deng Xiaoping repeatedly expounded that “stability over

除了“开放、发展”需求下的学科增长外，保证经济发展中“稳定”的需要逐渐凸显，推动着相关学科专业的设立。稳定是改革和发展的前提。邓小平曾多次阐述“稳定压倒一切”,江泽民则强调把“坚持稳定压倒一切的方针”作为正确处理改革发展稳定关系这一基本经验的关键节点。学科体系适应“稳定”需求的人才培养体现在外部安全和内部安全两个方面。对外，为了研究现代战争新特征、新规律和新技术，培养军事科学和教育训练的高层次人才，国务院在1985年批准设置了军事学学科门类。对内，为了适应公安高等教育快速发展和21世纪以来公共安全问题的凸显，教育部于2011年批准在法学和工学门类下分别设置公安学和公安技术一级学科，系统研究公安警务活动及其规律，推动公安工作的基本理论、方法手段和队伍建设理论创新,培养保障“安定团结的政治局面”和“稳定有序的社会环境”的专业公安人才。公安学一级学科的设立体现了学科布局建设开始回归安全的战略需求，以及维护国家安全和社会稳定相关专业和人才的缺口。

II. The Strategic Demand for Coordinating Development and Security and the Adjustment of the Disciplinary System

二、统筹发展和安全战略需求与学科体系调整

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era. China, transitioning from a large country to a strong one but not yet fully strong, finds itself in a period of high risk for national security, facing a fundamental transformation in both its internal and external development and security environments. Against this backdrop, China has adjusted its national strategy to “coordinating development and security,” which also imposes new demands on the disciplinary system.

党的十八大以后，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。由大向强、将强未强的中国处在国家安全的高风险期,面临着内外发展和安全环境的根本性转变。在这一时代背景下，中国将国家战略调整为“统筹发展和安全”,对学科体系也提出了新的要求。

(i) Fully Recognizing the Significance of the Times in Coordinating Development and Security

(一)充分认识统筹发展和安全的时代意义

From the perspective of historical materialism, an era is a prolonged historical stage, while the theme of the times refers to the main characteristics and developmental trends of a given period. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era, signifying that China has transitioned from the earlier “development-first” stage to a new stage where “development and security are equally emphasized.” In this new era, as changes unseen in a century accelerate, the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation, and the theme of the times—“peace and development”—faces severe challenges.

从唯物史观出发，时代是漫长的历史阶段，而时代主题则是一段时期的主要特点和发展趋势。党的十八大以后，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，意味着我国从先前的“发展优先”阶段过渡到“发展和安全并重”的新阶段。在新的时代，随着百年变局加速演进，世界进入新的动荡变革期， “和平与发展”的时代主题受到严峻挑战。

Looking around the globe, on the one hand, with the advancement of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, emerging technologies and industries are springing up and iterating rapidly, productive forces are developing quickly, data and artificial intelligence have become new means of production and tools of production, and international financial monopoly capitalism has taken on new characteristics. On the other hand, in the more than ten years since the outbreak of the 2008 world financial crisis, the international political and economic landscape has undergone profound changes, and the international security situation has become intertwined with chaos and change. In this international environment, countries around the world face increasingly severe internal and external security issues. Whether in developed economies or developing countries, many nations have seen deepening social divisions, rising populist sentiments, and prominent political polarization. After coming to power, far-left or far-right governments have shifted domestic contradictions abroad, adopted protectionist economic policies, and pursued national security strategies of absolute security, causing great damage to economic globalization and global security governance, and leading to the resurgence of geopolitical military conflicts, intense ideological struggles, and a return of the arms race to the world stage. Furthermore, the structural contradictions between the Global North and South have become more pronounced, with the “North-South game” emerging as the principal contradiction in global political and economic governance. The collective rise of a large number of emerging economies has changed the situation where the West absolutely dominated the international political and economic order. The “Global South” is now appearing on the international stage as a collective identity, demanding a change from the dependent development model of neoliberal globalization and seeking a voice in the rule-making of global political and economic governance.

环顾全球，一方面随着第四次工业革命的推进，新兴技术和产业密集涌现、加速迭代，生产力得到快速发展，数据和人工智能成为新的生产资料和生产工具，国际金融垄断资本主义出现新的特点。另一方面，2008年世界金融危机爆发后的十多年间，国际政治经济格局发生深刻变化，国际安全局势变乱交织。在这种国际大环境下，世界各国面临的内部和外部安全问题日益严峻。无论是发达经济体还是发展中国家，许多国家社会分裂加深、民粹主义思潮上升，政治极化现象突出。而极左或极右翼政府上台后转移国内矛盾，采取保护主义经济政策，追求绝对安全的国家安全战略，对经济全球化和全球安全治理带来极大破坏，并导致地缘军事冲突再起、意识形态斗争激烈、军备竞赛重回世界舞台。此外，南北方之间的结构性矛盾愈发突出，“南北博弈”成为全球政治经济治理中的主要矛盾。广大新兴经济体的群体性崛起改变了西方绝对主导国际政治经济秩序的局面，“全球南方”正以集体性身份出现在国际舞台，要求改变新自由主义全球化的依附式发展模式，并在全球政治经济规则制定中拥有话语权。

For China, “after long-term efforts, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, which is a new historical juncture for China’s development.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era—Report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 18, 2017. This new historical juncture means that China’s development is at a critical node of transitioning from quantitative to qualitative change. The social productive forces have generally improved significantly, the total economic output has risen to second place in the world, and the production capacity of various industries ranks among the top in the world in many aspects—a far cry from the early days of reform and opening up, truly a case of “thirty years on the east side of the river, thirty years on the west.” [9]9 A Chinese idiom meaning that circumstances have changed dramatically over time. However, “the problems that arise after development are no fewer than those before development.” [10]10 Deng Xiaoping, “Seize the Opportunity to Develop the Economy,” in Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. 3 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1993), p. 364. The risks at various levels and in multiple fields that were overlooked by the “development-first” approach have gradually emerged. The export-oriented economic model of “both ends abroad, large imports and large exports” has brought multiple structural pressures and problems, such as industrial structure imbalance, insufficient development momentum, contradictions in income distribution, and urban-rural and regional disparities. The contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development has become the principal contradiction affecting the overall situation and is of a historic nature. At the same time, with the advent of the era of great-power competition, hegemonic powers within the system are increasingly suppressing and restricting China in political, economic, and other fields. In a word, on the new journey of the New Era, uncertain and unpredictable long-term major security risks are continuously increasing, and the pressure to maintain political security and social stability at home is growing day by day.

对中国而言，“经过长期努力，中国特色社会主义进入了新时代，这是我国发展新的历史方位”。新的历史方位意味着我国发展正处在量变到质变的关键节点，社会生产力总体上显著提高，经济总量攀升至世界第二，各产业生产能力在多方面位列世界前列，与改革开放初期相比可谓“三十年河东，三十年河西”。然而，“发展起来以后的问题不比不发展时少”,“发展优先”所忽略的各领域、多层次风险逐渐显现。“两头在外，大进大出”的外向型经济模式带来了产业结构失衡、发展动力不足、收入分配矛盾、城乡区域差距等多重结构性压力和问题，人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，成为关系全局、具有历史性的社会主要矛盾。与此同时，随着大国竞争时代的到来，体系性霸权国对我国政治、经济等领域的打压限制日益加剧。一句话，新时代新征程上不确定、难预料的长期重大安全风险不断增多，对内维护政治安全和社会稳定的压力日益增加。

Faced with such changes in the world, the times, and history, the Party Central Committee has adjusted the national strategy from “development-first” to “coordinating development and security,” emphasizing the need to properly handle the “risk complex” during the process of transitioning from a large country to a strong one. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [11]11 Held in October 2015. reassessed the development environment, concluding that “China’s development is still in an important period of strategic opportunity where much can be accomplished, but it also faces severe challenges of overlapping contradictions and increasing risks and hidden dangers.” At the session, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Various risks often do not appear in isolation; they are likely to intertwine and form a risk complex.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development,’” in Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, vol. 2 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2017), p. 81. Against the backdrop of gradually emerging major risks, the 19th National Congress of the CPC [13]13 Held in October 2017. for the first time clarified the overarching status of “coordinating development and security”: “Coordinating development and security, enhancing our awareness of potential dangers, and being prepared for danger in times of peace is a major principle for our Party in governing the country.” [14]14 Xi Jinping, “ The 14th Five-Year Plan listed “coordinating development and security” as a guiding ideology and important goal for economic and social development. The historical resolution on the centenary of the founding of the Party [15]15 The “Four New” (四新) refers to the construction of new engineering (新工科), new medical science (新医科), new agricultural science (新农科), and new liberal arts (新文科), a policy initiative to reform higher education disciplines in line with technological and social changes. explicitly designated “coordinating development and security” as a strategic thought that the entire Party must uphold in the New Era. The 20th National Congress of the CPC further wrote this thought of “coordinating development and security” into the general program of the Party Constitution. The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese Path Modernization (hereinafter referred to as the Decision), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, [16]16 The “Four News” (四新) refers to new engineering (新工科), new medicine (新医科), new agriculture (新农科), and new liberal arts (新文科), a policy initiative to modernize higher education disciplines. features “focusing on coordinating development and security” in its content arrangement, [17]17 “Work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” (三农工作) is a standard Chinese policy term for the three rural issues. making “coordinating development and security” a national overarching strategy that runs through all aspects and the entire process of the work of the Party and the state, guiding the further comprehensive deepening of reform and the advancement of Chinese-path modernization.

面对这样的世界之变、时代之变、历史之变，党中央将“发展优先”的国家战略调整为“统筹发展和安全”,重视在由大向强的发展过程中妥善应对“风险综合体”。党的十八届五中全会对发展环境做了重新评估，认为“我国发展仍处于可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期，也面临诸多矛盾叠加、风险隐患增多的严峻挑战”,习近平总书记在会上指出：“各种风险往往不是孤立出现的，很可能是相互交织并形成一个风险综合体”。在重大风险逐渐显现的背景下，党的十九大首次明确了“统筹发展和安全”的管总地位：“统筹发展和安全，增强忧患意识，做到居安思危，是我们党治国理政的一个重大原则”。“十四五”规划将“统筹发展和安全”列为经济社会发展的指导思想和重要目标。建党百年历史决议中明确将“统筹发展和安全”列为新时代全党必须坚持的战略思想。党的二十大进一步将“统筹发展和安全”这一思想写入党章总纲。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》(下称《决定》)在内容摆布上以“注重统筹发展和安全”为突出特点,使“统筹发展和安全”成为贯穿党和国家工作的各方面全过程、指导进一步全面深化改革和推进中国式现代化的国家管总战略。

The white paper China’s National Security in the New Era, published in May 2025, states: “China attaches great importance to coordinating development and security, establishing the concept that development is the absolute principle and security is also the absolute principle, and striving to achieve a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security.” [18]18 The “three major systems” (三大体系) refers to the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. It requires promoting a dynamic balance and mutual reinforcement between development and security. In terms of connotation, “coordinating development and security” means that development is the foundation and security is the prerequisite; development and security are like the two wings of a bird or the two wheels of a cart. It requires adhering to a systems perspective and planning and advancing economic and social development together with national security in a coordinated manner. In terms of layout, “coordinating development and security” requires building a “new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other,” achieving high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in economic development and science and technology in an open environment; at the same time, it requires building a new security pattern to safeguard the new development pattern, promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, achieving internal social security that is stable and resilient, effective public security governance, and externally, proactive and effective great-power competition and proper protection of overseas interests.

2025年5月发表的《新时代的中国国家安全》白皮书指出，“中国高度重视统筹发展和安全，树立发展是硬道理、安全也是硬道理的理念，努力实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动”,需要推动发展和安全动态平衡、相得益彰。就内涵而言，“统筹发展和安全”意味着发展是基础、安全是前提，发展和安全是一体之两翼、驱动之双轮的关系，要求秉持系统观念，把经济社会发展同国家安全一起谋划部署、同步推进。就布局而言，“统筹发展和安全”要求构建“以国内大循环为主体，国内国际双循环相互促进”的新发展格局，实现开放环境下经济发展和科技的高水平自立自强；同时构建新安全格局保障新发展格局，推动国家安全体系和能力现代化，实现对内的社会安全稳固坚韧、公共安全治理有效，对外的大国博弈主动有为、海外利益保护得当。

(ii) New Demands of Coordinating Development and Security on the Disciplinary System

(二) 统筹发展和安全对学科体系的新需求

The implementation of coordinating development and security is a systemic project. To achieve a dynamic balance between high-quality development and high-level security, the foundation lies in cultivating high-level, high-quality talent that meets the needs of the national strategy. In 1983, Deng Xiaoping proposed that education should be “oriented toward modernization, toward the world, and toward the future.” Forty years later, in 2023, the central authorities once again anchored the guiding ideology from the new orientation of advancing Chinese-path modernization, stating that the adjustment and optimization of disciplinary and specialty settings should be “oriented toward the frontiers of world science and technology, toward the main battlefield of the economy, toward the major needs of the country, and toward the life and health of the people.”

统筹发展和安全的贯彻落实是一项系统工程，要实现高质量发展和高水平安全的动态平衡，基础在于培养适应国家战略需要的高层次、高质量人才。1983年，邓小平提出教育要“面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来”。40年后的2023年，中央从推进中国式现代化的新方位再次锚定了指导思想，指出学科专业设置调整优化要“面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康”。

The core of the guiding role of the strategy of coordinating development and security in adjusting the disciplinary system lies in “coordination,” reflected in the fact that the disciplines and specialties prioritized for national development exhibit a “one body with two aspects” characteristic, that is, they possess both development and security dimensions. On the one hand, the disciplines and specialties that are centrally established and prioritized for development must meet the talent demands of new-type industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, aligning with the needs of emerging technologies and industries in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, these same disciplines and specialties have a security attribute, used to prevent the political, economic, technological, cultural, and other multifaceted threats and suppressions that a future systemic great power might adopt to contain China’s rise, to eliminate systemic security risks that may emerge at any time in the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, and to truly achieve high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in technological innovation, talent cultivation, and discourse systems. Therefore, the changes in the national strategy in the New Era have placed two new demands on the disciplinary system: strengthening interdisciplinary, emerging, and foundational disciplines; constructing an independent knowledge system for Chinese-path modernization; and highlighting the “Four New” constructions.

统筹发展和安全战略对学科体系调整的牵引作用核心在于“统筹”,体现为国家重点发展的学科专业呈现出“一体两面”特性，即兼具发展和安全两个面向。一方面，集中设置和重点发展的学科专业要满足新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化发展对于人才的需求，契合第四次工业革命中新兴科技和产业的发展需要。另一方面，这些学科专业同样具有安全属性，用以预防未来体系性大国遏制我国崛起而可能采取的政治、经济、科技、文化等多方位的威胁和打压，消除走向中国式现代化进程中随时可能涌现的系统性安全风险，真正实现科技创新、人才培养和话语体系的高水平自立自强。因此，新时代国家战略的变化对学科体系提出了加强交叉、新兴和基础学科，构建中国式现代化自主知识体系、突出“四新”建设两大新需求。

First, the new characteristics of development and security require promoting interdisciplinary integration, laying out emerging frontier disciplines, consolidating foundational disciplines, responding to major strategic needs with a problem-oriented approach, and thereby achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. The outcomes of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation are mostly generated in interdisciplinary fields, and the security issues presented by the “risk complex” exhibit unprecedented complex interconnectedness. These two new realities of development and security require that the development of disciplines themselves change from the previous practice of vertical extension to horizontal interdisciplinary crossover, promoting mutual exchange and cooperation between different disciplines, strengthening problem orientation and demand traction, and on this basis constructing “new research questions, research methods, and knowledge systems that are different from existing disciplines and cannot be replaced by any existing single discipline,” that is, interdisciplinary disciplines, to solve major strategic issues in the process of Chinese-path modernization.

第一，发展和安全的新特点需要推动学科交叉融合，布局新兴前沿学科，夯实基础学科，以问题为导向回应重大战略需求，进而实现高水平的科技自立自强。新一轮的科技革命和产业变革成果多产生于交叉领域，“风险综合体”呈现出的安全问题具有前所未有的复杂联动性。发展和安全的这两个现实新特点需要学科自身发展改变以往纵向延伸的做法，开始横向学科交叉，促进不同学科之间的相互交流合作，强化问题导向和需求牵引，在此基础上构建“新的、与现有学科不同的，不能为现有任何一个学科替代的研究问题、研究方法和知识体系”,即交叉学科，来解决中国式现代化进程中的重大战略问题。

In 2016, at the National Science and Technology Innovation Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out the need to “strengthen the foundation of disciplines and cultivate growth points for new interdisciplinary disciplines.” In 2018, the fifth National Education Conference since reform and opening up, and the first in the New Era, required: “Adjust and optimize the regional layout, disciplinary structure, and specialty settings of universities, focusing on cultivating innovative, composite, and application-oriented talent.” In 2022, the 20th National Congress of the CPC more clearly established “strengthening the construction of foundational disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary disciplines, and accelerating the construction of world-class universities and advantageous disciplines with Chinese characteristics” as the guiding ideology for adjusting the disciplinary system. In July 2024, the decision passed by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC put forward new requirements for the disciplinary system to support comprehensive innovation systems and mechanisms: “Extraordinarily lay out urgently needed disciplines and specialties, strengthen the construction of foundational disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary disciplines and the cultivation of top-notch talent, and focus on strengthening innovation capability cultivation.” In September 2024, the sixth National Education Conference once again emphasized strengthening the construction of foundational, emerging, and interdisciplinary disciplines and the cultivation of top-notch talent, requiring that in methodology, “adhere to and apply a systemic perspective, and comprehensively advance the development of education, technological innovation, and talent cultivation.”

2016年，习近平总书记在全国科技创新大会上指出，要“厚实学科基础，培育新兴交叉学科生长点”。2018年，改革开放以来第五次、也是新时代首次全国教育大会要求：“调整优化高校区域布局、学科结构、专业设置，着重培养创新型、复合型、应用型人才”。2022年，党的二十大更明确地将“加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设，加快建设中国特色、世界一流的大学和优势学科”作为学科体系调整的指导思想。2024年7月，党的二十届三中全会通过的决定对学科体系支持全面创新体制机制提出新要求：“超常布局急需学科专业，加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设和拔尖人才培养，着力加强创新能力培养。”2024年9月，第六次全国教育大会再次强调了加强基础、新兴、交叉学科建设和拔尖人才培养，要求在方法论上“坚持和运用系统观念，统筹推进教育发展、科技创新和人才培养”。

Second, Chinese-path modernization is the first new path to modernization for a non-capitalist country in the world. On the new journey of the New Era, coordinating development and security requires an independent knowledge system suited to Chinese characteristics, promoting the construction of the “Four New”: new engineering, new medical science, new agricultural science, and new liberal arts. The “Four New” construction is not only an innovation in disciplinary direction and a paradigm change to adapt to new development trends but also a forward-looking strategic deployment based on national security considerations to address major threats, systemic risks, and challenges that may emerge in the future process of Chinese-path modernization, providing solutions and intellectual support for development and security issues in various fields.

第二，中国式现代化是世界上第一个非资本主义国家走向现代化的新途径，新时代新征程上统筹发展和安全需要适合中国特色的自主知识体系，推动新工科、新医科、新农科、新文科“四新”建设。“四新”建设既是适应发展新趋势的学科方向创新和范式变革，同时也出于国家安全考量、应对未来中国式现代化发展过程中重大威胁、系统性风险和挑战的前瞻性战略部署，为各领域的发展和安全问题提供解决方案和智力支持。

In 2019, the Ministry of Education issued the “Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Undergraduate Education and Teaching and Comprehensively Improving the Quality of Talent Cultivation” (hereinafter referred to as the “Opinions”), proposing to deepen the supply-side reform of university specialties, “using new engineering, new medical science, new agricultural science, and new liberal arts construction to lead and drive the structural adjustment, optimization, and connotation enhancement of university specialty setups.” This “Opinions” was continuously deepened in the following years, culminating in 2023 in the “Reform Plan for the Adjustment and Optimization of Disciplinary and Specialty Settings in General Higher Education,” jointly issued by the Ministry of Education and four other departments, which systematically proposed the overall plan, expected goals, and specific paths for the “Four New” construction. In 2025, the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the “Outline for Building an Education Powerhouse (2024–2035)” (hereinafter referred to as the “Outline”), which explicitly required deepening the “Four New” construction, “strengthening the synergy between science and technology education and humanities education, promoting the integration of engineering and science, the interconnection of engineering disciplines, the integration of medicine and engineering, and the crossover of agriculture and engineering.” The “Outline” also required constructing an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences, “focusing on major theoretical and practical issues in Chinese-path modernization, using the Party’s innovative theory to lead knowledge innovation, theoretical innovation, and methodological innovation in philosophy and social sciences, and constructing an independent knowledge system with identifying concepts and original theories of each discipline as the backbone.” In addition, the “Outline” proposed “strengthening education on the Constitution and the rule of law, national security education, and national defense education,” comprehensively enhancing national security awareness and legal awareness in the field of education.

2019年，教育部出台《关于深化本科教育教学改革全面提高人才培养质量的意见》(以下简称《意见》),提出深化高校专业供给侧改革，“以新工科、新医科、新农科、新文科建设引领带动高校专业结构调整优化和内涵提升”。这一《意见》在之后的几年不断深化，在2023年形成由教育部等五部门联合印发的《普通高等教育学科专业设置调整优化改革方案》,系统地提出“四新”建设的总体方案、预计目标和具体路径。2025年，中共中央、国务院出台了《教育强国建设规划纲要(2024—2035年)》(以下简称《纲要》),明确要求深化四新建设，“强化科技教育和人文教育协同，推进理工结合、工工贯通、医工融合、农工交叉”。《纲要》同时要求构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系，“聚焦中国式现代化建设重大理论和实践问题，以党的创新理论引领哲学社会科学知识创新、理论创新、方法创新，构建以各学科标识性概念、原创性理论为主干的自主知识体系”。此外，《纲要》还提出“加强宪法法治教育、国家安全教育、国防教育”,全面提升教育领域的国家安全意识和法制意识。

(III) The “Big Security” Category of Disciplines Centered on National Security Studies Ushers in Development Opportunities

(三)以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类学科迎来发展机遇

The disciplinary and specialty system in the New Era pursues qualitative breakthroughs, with the foundation lying in quantitative accumulation. In the decade from 2012 to 2022, China’s higher education achieved a historic leap from massification to universalization, reaching the level of upper-middle-income countries. In 2022, there were 3,013 higher education institutions, with a total enrollment of 46.55 million students, an increase of over 11 million in ten years. By 2024, the gross enrollment rate in China’s higher education exceeded 60%, the population receiving higher education reached 250 million, the total number of R&D personnel ranked first in the world, and the whole society’s R&D expenditure ranked second in the world. Looking at the enrollment scale by disciplinary category, over the decade, education doubled; medicine, agriculture, and engineering grew by nearly two-thirds; law, history, and art among the humanities and social sciences grew by nearly 50%; while economics and management, which were hot during the “development priority” stage, saw slower growth, only two to three tenths; and the literature category, with foreign language and journalism/communication majors as the main growth points, saw its enrollment scale shrink by a quarter. (See Table 3)

新时代学科和专业体系追求质的突破，基础在于量的积累。2012—2022年的十年中，我国高等教育实现了从大众化到普及化的历史性跨越，达到中高收入国家水平，2022年高等教育学校共有3 013所，在学总规模4 655万人，十年增加1 100余万人。到2024年，我国高等教育的毛入学率超过60%,接受高等教育的人口达到2.5亿，研发人员总量居世界首位，全社会研发经费支出居世界第二位。从学科门类的在学规模来看，十年间教育学翻了一番，医学、农学、工学增长近三分之二，人文社科类的法学、历史学、艺术学有近五成增长，而在“发展优先”阶段大热的经济学和管理学增长速度放缓，仅有两到三成增长，以外语类、新闻传播类专业为主要增长点的文学门类在学规模缩小了四分之一。(见表3)

(Unit: 10,000 persons)

(单位：万人)

Table 3 Comparison of Enrollment Scale by Disciplinary Category in Higher Education, 2012 and 2022

表3 2012年、2022年高等教育分学科门类在学规模对比

Philosophy

哲学

Economics

经济学

Law

法学

Education

教育学

Literature

文学

History

历史学

Natural Sciences

理学

Engineering

工学

2012

12.63

91.17

63.79

59.47

276.23

8.84

149.49

513.9

2022

2.83

111.96

92.23

119.3

206.32

13.33

162.25

807.56

Growth Rate (%)

增长比例

-77.5

22.8

45.4

100.6

-25.3

50.7

8.53

57.1

Agriculture

农学

Medicine

医学

Military Science

军事学

Management

管理学

Art

艺术学

Interdisciplinary Studies

交叉学科

2012

30.28

119.5

0.083

278.85

139.61*

None

无

2022

51.13

203.56

0.022

354.3

206.04

0.043

Growth Rate (%)

增长比例

68.8

70.3

-73.5

47.6

*The art category was newly established in the 2012 catalog; this data comes from the “China Education Statistics Yearbook 2013,” People’s Education Press, 2014, pp. 27, 34.

*2012年目录中新设艺术学门类，该数据来自《中国教育统计年鉴2013》,人民教育出版社，2014年，第27、34页。

Data source: *China Education Statistics Yearbook 2012*, People’s Education Press, 2013, pp. 27, 34; *China Education Statistics Yearbook 2022*, China Statistics Press, 2023, pp. 28-29, 40.

数据来源：《中国教育统计年鉴2012》,人民教育出版社，2013年，第27、34页；《中国教育统计年鉴2022》,中国统计出版社，2023年，第28-29、40页。

Coordinating development and security means coordinating the demand for disciplines and specialties posed by the strategic goals of achieving high-quality development and high-level security, leading higher education in the popularization stage toward “quality improvement and upgrading,” and concentrating efforts on cultivating New Era talent capable of addressing major development and security issues in the process of Chinese-path modernization. The latest round of disciplinary adjustments focuses on the two major strategic demands of development and security, establishing the 14th disciplinary category in China—the “interdisciplinary” category—with the “Four News” [16]16 The “Four News” (四新) refers to new engineering (新工科), new medicine (新医科), new agriculture (新农科), and new liberal arts (新文科), a policy initiative to modernize higher education disciplines. specialties becoming the main force of newly added specialties in the catalog. Some popular specialties that expanded rapidly under the “development first” strategy have been abolished or transformed, embarking on a path of connotative development. At the same time, since the establishment of public security studies as a first-level discipline, the disciplinary and specialty system has shown a strong momentum of returning to security strategic demands. In the latest round of disciplinary adjustments, “comprehensive security” specialties centered on national security studies have encountered development opportunities.

统筹发展和安全就是统筹实现高质量发展和高水平安全战略目标对学科专业的需求，引领普及化阶段的高等教育走向“提质升级”,集中力量培养应对中国式现代化进程中重大发展和安全问题的新时代人才。新一轮学科调整聚焦发展和安全两大战略需求，设置了我国第14个学科门类——“交叉学科”门类，“四新”专业成为目录中新增专业的主力，一些在“发展优先”战略下快速扩张的热门专业被裁撤或转型，走上了内涵式发展的道路。同时，自公安学一级学科设立后，学科专业体系对安全战略需求回归的势头强劲，新一轮学科调整中以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类专业迎来发展机遇。

First, led by the construction of the “Four News”—new engineering, new medicine, new agriculture, and new liberal arts—the latest round of disciplinary system adjustments has established a set of specialties adapted to new technologies, new industries, new business forms, and new models. “Intelligence + traditional engineering” has become a typical model for constructing new engineering specialties and has developed rapidly. The construction of new medicine focuses on the rising health demands of the people and the large demand for the health and elderly care industry as China enters the “deep aging” stage. New agriculture serves the work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers [17]17 “Work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” (三农工作) is a standard Chinese policy term for the three rural issues. and the rural revitalization strategy, promoting the accelerated upgrading and transformation of higher agricultural and forestry education. The construction of new liberal arts aims to build the “three major systems” [18]18 The “three major systems” (三大体系) refers to the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. Specialties such as fintech, digital economy, and digital media art have seen rapid growth in deployment points, and “philosophy and social science laboratories” have become a new model for organizing research.

第一，以新工科、新医科、新农科、新文科“四新”建设为引领，新一轮学科体系调整设置了一批适应新技术、新产业、新业态、新模式的学科专业。“智能+传统工科”成为典型的新工科专业建设模式并发展迅速。新医科建设聚焦于人民群众对健康要求的提高，以及我国进入“深度老龄化”阶段对康养产业的大量需求。新农科服务于“三农”工作和乡村振兴战略，推动高等农林教育加速升级转换。新文科建设意在构建中国特色哲学社会科学的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系的“三大体系”,金融科技、数字经济、数字媒体艺术等专业布点增长迅速，“哲学社会科学实验室”成为组织科研的新模式。

Second, “to bring forth the new, one must first discard the old.” The latest round of disciplinary system reforms vigorously optimizes and adjusts disciplinary deployment points, eliminating a batch of specialties that are no longer suitable for economic and social development. Looking at the overall data from the ten years 2014–2023, two types of specialties have been extensively abolished or merged: first, specialties that grew to meet the needs of the “development first” strategy and the “low-end embedding” into the global value chain division of labor have been reduced, such as product design, industrial design, and fashion and apparel design related to production and export; marketing and advertising related to market expansion; and public service management related to enterprise management and public relations operations. Second, specialties related to electronic computers and their derivative technologies—the core of the third scientific and technological revolution—are facing decline. For example, information management and information systems in management, information and computing science in science, and electronic information science and technology in engineering all rank among the top ten in the number of abolished deployment points over the decade.

第二，“推陈方可出新”,新一轮学科体系改革大力优化调整学科布点，淘汰一批不再适合经济社会发展的专业。从2014—2023年的十年整体数据来看，两种类型的专业被大量撤并：一是适应“发展优先”战略和“低端嵌入”全球价值链分工体系需要而增长的专业被削减，如与生产和出口产品相关的产品设计、工业设计、服装与服饰设计专业，拓展市场相关的市场营销、广告学专业，以及企业管理和公共关系经营相关的公共事业管理专业；二是第三次科技革命的核心——电子计算机及其衍生技术专业面临消退，如管理学的信息管理与信息系统、理学的信息与计算科学、工学的电子信息科学与技术均排名十年内撤销布点数量的前十。

Third, a problem-oriented approach is used to construct the interdisciplinary category, cultivating high-level innovative, composite, and applied talent. “Comprehensive security” disciplines centered on national security studies have become a new growth point. In 2015, after the *National Security Law of the People’s Republic of China* listed “incorporating national security education into the national education system” as a legal requirement, “comprehensive security” disciplines accelerated their development and expansion. The Ministry of Education actively responded to the requirements of the National Security Law, proposing in 2018 in the *Implementation Opinions on Strengthening National Security Education in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Schools* to establish national security studies as a first-level discipline. In December 2020, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and the Ministry of Education issued the *Notice on Setting Up the “Interdisciplinary” Category and the First-Level Disciplines of “Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering” and “National Security Studies,”* formally establishing the interdisciplinary category. The two first-level disciplines directly target talent cultivation in related fields: the “Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering” first-level discipline was established to achieve breakthroughs in key core technologies and fundamentally solve the “bottleneck” problem restricting the development of China’s integrated circuit industry; the “National Security Studies” first-level discipline was established to implement the holistic approach to national security, fulfill the plans for national security education in the National Security Law, and cultivate a large number of national security talents with a global vision, overall perspective, strategic thinking, political awareness, and capable responsibility. In 2021, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council issued the *Measures for the Establishment and Management of Interdisciplinary Disciplines (Trial)*, stipulating that the establishment of interdisciplinary disciplines must be based on “a society with a certain scale of urgent demand for talent in that discipline and a stable trend of demand development.” Under this policy guidance, the 2022 new edition of the *Catalog of Disciplines and Specialties for Graduate Education* set design studies, remote sensing science and technology, intelligence science and technology, and nanoscience and engineering—which meet the development needs of emerging technologies—as well as cultural relics, cryptography, and area and country studies—targeting cultural security, data security, and overseas interests security—as first-level disciplines under the interdisciplinary category.

第三，以问题为导向构建交叉学科门类，培养高层次的创新型、复合型、应用型人才，以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类学科成为新的增长点。2015年，《中华人民共和国国家安全法》将“国家安全教育纳入国民教育体系”列为法定要求后,“大安全”类学科加快发展和扩张。教育部积极回应国家安全法的要求，2018年在《关于加强大中小学国家安全教育的实施意见》中提出要设立国家安全学一级学科。2020年12月，国务院学位委员会、教育部发布《关于设置“交叉学科”门类、“集成电路科学与工程”和“国家安全学”一级学科的通知》,正式设立交叉学科门类，两个一级学科直指相关领域人才培养：为实现关键核心技术突破、从根本上解决制约我国集成电路产业发展的“卡脖子”问题而设立“集成电路科学与工程”一级学科；为贯彻总体国家安全观、落实国家安全法中关于国家安全教育的规划，培养大批具有全球视野、全局观念、战略思维、政治意识、能力担当的国家安全人才而设立“国家安全学”一级学科。2021年，国务院学位委员会印发《交叉学科设置与管理办法(试行)》,规定交叉学科设置必须建立在“社会对该学科人才有一定规模的迫切需求，并具有稳定的需求发展趋势”的基础上。在此政策指引下，2022年的新版《研究生教育学科专业目录》将符合新兴科技发展需求的设计学、遥感科学与技术、智能科学与技术、纳米科学与工程专业，以及针对文化安全、数据安全和海外利益安全的文物、密码和区域国别学设置为交叉学科门类下的一级学科。

Since then, the construction of the “comprehensive security” disciplinary and specialty system centered on national security studies has entered a fast track of institutionalization. Research related to national security has entered an acceleration phase under the guidance of the strategy of coordinating development and security, integrating original different disciplines and fields related to national security, shifting to studying national security from a holistic, systematic, and dynamic perspective, actively engaging in disciplinary cross-fertilization, and, with the interdisciplinary national security studies as the lead, forming a systematic knowledge system of national security for the New Era in China. For example, the “Cyberspace Security” first-level discipline, established to maintain data and network security; the “Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering” first-level discipline, established to solve the problem of technological security; the “Remote Sensing Science and Technology” first-level discipline, established to serve national security, national economic construction, sustainable development, and global change research; the “Biological Breeding Science” first-level discipline, established to maintain food security; the two first-level disciplines of “History and Theory of the CPC” and “Discipline Inspection and Supervision Studies,” established to maintain political power security and address stubborn and frequent problems in Party building, especially in the construction of Party conduct and clean governance; and the area and country studies first-level discipline, established to serve the expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative and conduct research on protecting overseas interests—all fall within the scope of “comprehensive security” disciplines.

自此，以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类学科和专业体系建设走上了制度化的快车道。国家安全相关研究在统筹发展和安全战略牵引下进入加速期，统合涉及国家安全的原有不同学科和领域，转向以从整体、系统和动态的视角研究国家安全，积极进行学科交叉，并以交叉学科的国家安全学为统领，形成系统的新时代中国国家安全知识体系。举例而言，为维护数据和网络安全设置的“网络空间安全”一级学科，为破局科技安全难题设置的“集成电路科技与工程”一级学科，为服务于国家安全、国民经济建设、可持续发展和全球变化研究设置的“遥感科学与技术”一级学科，为维护粮食安全设置的“生物育种科学”一级学科，为维护政权安全、应对党的建设特别是党风廉政建设中的顽固性多发性问题而设的“中共党史党建学”和“纪检监察学”两个一级学科，以及为“一带一路”倡议拓展服务、进行海外利益保护研究设置的区域国别学一级学科等等，都属于“大安全”类学科范畴。

In August 2025, the Central Education Leadership Group issued the *Action Plan for the Adjustment and Optimization of Higher Education Disciplinary and Specialty Settings (2025–2027)*, further standardizing the overall leadership system for the adjustment of disciplinary and specialty settings, highlighting the guiding role of national strategy in disciplinary adjustment, and providing top-down institutional support for the construction of “comprehensive security” disciplines centered on national security studies. The plan points out that the work of adjusting and optimizing disciplinary and specialty settings should focus on the “Four Orientations” [19]19 The “Four Orientations” (四个面向) refers to facing the world’s scientific frontiers, facing the main economic battlefield, facing the nation’s major needs, and facing the people’s life and health., establishing and improving a mechanism for adjusting disciplinary and specialty settings and a talent cultivation model driven by technological development and national strategic needs. At the same time, the plan also proposes establishing a coordination mechanism, with the Central Education Leadership Group coordinating and leading the work of disciplinary adjustment and optimization, and the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council setting up a working group with participation from relevant departments to differentially promote the layout and construction of basic, applied, and strategic disciplines and specialties. “Comprehensive security” disciplines centered on national security studies belong to the strategic category, and their layout and construction must always follow the unified leadership and deployment of the central authorities, responding to the needs of the holistic approach to national security and the strategy of coordinating development and security for knowledge and talent.

2025年8月，中央教育领导小组印发《高等教育学科专业设置调整优化行动方案(2025—2027年)》,进一步规范学科专业设置调整的统筹领导体制，突出国家战略对学科调整的指引作用，为以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类学科建设提供自上而下的制度支撑。该方案指出，学科专业设置调整优化工作要聚焦“四个面向”,建立健全科技发展、国家战略需求牵引的学科专业设置调整机制和人才培养模式。同时，该方案还提出建立统筹协调机制，中央教育工作领导小组统筹领导学科专业调整优化工作，国务院学位委员会设立有关部门参与的工作组，差异化推进基础类、应用类、战略类学科专业布局建设。以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类学科属于战略类学科，其布局建设要始终遵循中央的统一领导部署，回应总体国家安全观、统筹发展和安全战略对知识和人才的需要。

III. The Disciplinary Layout and Institutional Construction of National Security Studies

三、国家安全学的学科布局和制度建设

Under the guidance of the holistic approach to national security and the coordination of development and security, since its establishment, national security studies has initially formed a “three-in-one” systematic layout covering the layout of the national security field, the layout of academic degree levels, and the layout of geographical scope. From the perspective of disciplinary institutional construction, the classification and setting of national security studies, curriculum standards, and professional journal systems have taken initial shape, while internal academic research norms and disciplinary evaluation reward and punishment systems, as well as external disciplinary training, academic society organizations, and funding systems, need further improvement.

在总体国家安全观、统筹发展和安全的指引下，国家安全学自设立以来已经初步形成了国家安全领域布局、学科学历层次布局和地域范围布局的“三位一体”系统布局。从学科制度建设来看，国家安全学的划分与设置、课程标准和专业期刊制度已具备雏形，而内在的学术研究规范和学科评价奖惩制度，外在的学科培养、学会组织和基金制度需要进一步完善。

(I) The Systematic Disciplinary Layout of National Security Studies under the Guidance of the Holistic Approach to National Security

(一)总体国家安全观指导下的国家安全学系统学科布局

China’s national security studies focus on the special security issues of a socialist great power in the stage of moving from being large to being strong. It is a comprehensive, cross-cutting core supporting discipline that implements the holistic approach to national security and serves the strategy of coordinating development and security. The holistic approach to national security is the fundamental guiding principle and action guide for national security work in the New Era. Its core lies in the epistemology of the “big security” concept, systematic thinking, and the methodology of scientific coordination, emphasizing the integration of national security into all aspects and the entire process of the Party and the state, forming a powerful synergy that brings together all fronts, aspects, and levels of the Party, government, military, civilian, and academic spheres. National security studies is the contribution of the “academic” force within this synergy; it is the normative and material embodiment of the intellectual community’s implementation of the holistic approach to national security and its support for the national security component of the “coordinating development and security” dual-wing strategy. Since its establishment as a discipline in 2020, national security studies has developed rapidly under the guidance of the holistic approach to national security. Twenty-one universities have established doctoral programs. In its construction and layout, it flexibly applies the holistic security epistemology of “big security” and the systematic scientific coordination methodology, initially forming a systematic disciplinary layout that integrates the “three in one” of national security fields, disciplinary and academic levels, and geographical scope.

中国国家安全学聚焦由大向强阶段社会主义大国的特殊安全问题，是贯彻总体国家安全观、服务统筹发展和安全战略的综合性、交叉性核心支撑学科。总体国家安全观是新时代国家安全工作全局的根本遵循和行动指南，核心在于“大安全”理念的认识论和系统思维、科学统筹的方法论，强调把国家安全贯穿到党和国家的各方面、全过程，形成汇集党政军民学各战线各方面各层次的强大合力。国家安全学是合力中“学”的力量贡献，是知识界落实总体国家安全观、支撑“统筹发展和安全”一体两翼中国家安全部分的规范和物质体现。自2020年设立学科以来，国家安全学以总体国家安全观为指导快速发展，已有21所高校设立博士点,在建设和布局中灵活运用“大安全”的总体安全认识论和系统科学统筹方法论，初步形成国家安全领域、学科学历层次和地域范围“三位一体”的系统学科布局。

First, national security studies is constructed under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, problem-oriented to meet the needs of specific national security fields, forming a systematic disciplinary layout of “five elements + key areas.” The holistic approach to national security requires adherence to the Party’s absolute leadership over national security work. The construction of national security studies, guided by the holistic approach to national security, likewise accepts the unified deployment and leadership of the Party Central Committee. Led by the “five elements” of the holistic approach to national security, national security studies prominently serves to safeguard security in fields such as politics, economy, military, science and technology, culture, and society, and takes the people’s security as its fundamental purpose as a value guide throughout. Correspondingly, the units authorized to grant doctoral degrees in the first-level discipline of national security studies include comprehensive universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua University, Renmin University of China, Beijing Normal University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Jilin University, Shaanxi Normal University, Xinjiang University, and Zhengzhou University, as well as higher education institutions and national high-end think tanks specializing in research on specific key security fields, such as the National Defense University, People’s Public Security University of China, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, University of International Relations, National University of Defense Technology, Minzu University of China, University of International Business and Economics, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Dalian Maritime University, and the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations. These construction units for national security studies disciplinary points, combining their own existing strengths and characteristics, determine their focused national security research directions and key areas, thereby making talent cultivation more aligned with the professional and quality needs of national security practice.

第一，国家安全学在党的集中统一领导下建设，以问题为导向对接具体国家安全领域需要，形成“五大要素+重点领域”的系统学科布局。总体国家安全观要求坚持党对国家安全工作的绝对领导，国家安全学建设以总体国家安全观为指导，同样接受党中央的统一调配和领导。以总体国家安全观的“五大要素”为引领，国家安全学突出服务于维护政治、经济、军事、科技、文化、社会等安全领域，并将人民安全宗旨作为价值引领贯穿始终。与此配合，国家安全学一级学科博士学位授权点单位，既有北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学、复旦大学、南京大学、吉林大学、陕西师范大学、新疆大学、郑州大学等综合性大学，也有国防大学、中国人民公安大学、西南政法大学、国际关系学院、国防科技大学、中央民族大学、对外经济贸易大学、广东财经大学、大连海事大学、中国现代国际关系研究院等专长于特定重点安全领域研究的高等院校和国家高端智库。这些国家安全学学科点建设单位，结合自身既有优势和特色来确定侧重的国家安全研究方向和重点领域，从而使人才培养更加贴合国家安全实践的专业和素质需求。

Second, national security studies currently has four second-level disciplines and three academic levels—undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral—initially forming a disciplinary and academic level layout of “four second-level disciplines + bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral.” National security studies is a cross-cutting discipline that takes the fundamental and overall security issues of national survival and development as its research object. It is also the only discipline within the existing cross-cutting discipline category that integrates arts and sciences, and can confer degrees in law, management, engineering, and military science as a first-level discipline. From the perspective of disciplinary levels, national security studies currently includes four second-level disciplines: national security thought and theory, national security strategy, national security governance, and national security technology. Each second-level discipline contains several research directions. From the perspective of academic levels, national security studies has degree-granting authority at three levels: bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral. The construction units for master’s and doctoral levels are mainly comprehensive universities, while construction units for the bachelor’s level are concentrated only in a few political science and law colleges.

第二，国家安全学现有四个二级学科，本科、硕士、博士三个学历层次，初步形成了“四个二级学科+本硕博”的学科学历层次布局。国家安全学是以国家生存和发展的根本性、全局性安全问题为研究对象的交叉学科，也是现有的交叉学科门类中唯一文理交叉，可授法学、管理学、工学、军事学四类学位的一级学科。从学科层次来看，国家安全学目前共有国家安全思想与理论、国家安全战略、国家安全治理、国家安全技术四个二级学科，每个二级学科下又包含若干研究方向。从学历层次来看，国家安全学有着本硕博三个学历层次的学位授予，硕士、博士研究生层次的建设单位以综合性大学为主，本科层次的建设单位仅集中在个别政法类院校。

Third, the construction of national security studies disciplinary points not only emphasizes horizontal coordination of security fields and vertical coordination of disciplinary and academic levels but also attaches importance to the coordination of geographical scope, integrating regional security strategies according to local conditions, initially forming a geographical layout covering “east, west, south, north, and center.” The eastern region is the core area of China’s economic development, bearing the functions of political and economic centers. The layout of national security disciplinary points integrates the strategy of accelerating modernization, with points concentrated in core cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. The western region is the geographical intersection of national security strategy and development strategy, undertaking the important strategic task of maintaining development and stability in border areas. The layout of national security studies disciplinary points prominently serves key security fields and issues such as political security and territorial security. The construction of national security studies in the central region integrates the regional strategy for the rise of central China, focusing on security strategies such as food, energy, and networks. The construction of national security studies in the northeast region integrates the regional strategy for the revitalization of the northeast, based on the Northeast Asian geographical region, emphasizing security in defense, food, energy, ecology, and industry, as well as research on regional security in Northeast Asia. Additionally, the South China region has a large economic aggregate, backs onto the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, and is the frontline of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area development. The layout of national security studies points focuses on security fields such as economy, finance, and overseas interests.

第三，国家安全学学科点建设不仅重视横向的安全领域统筹、纵向的学科学历层次统筹，还重视地域范围的统筹，因地制宜地融合区域安全战略，初步形成“东西南北中”的地域布局。东部地区是中国经济发展的核心区域，承担着政治与经济中心的职能，国家安全学科点布局融合了加快推进现代化战略，布点集中在北京、上海等核心城市。西部地区是国家安全战略和发展战略在地理上的交汇，担负着维护边疆地区发展与稳定的重要战略任务，国家安全学学科布点突出服务于政治安全、国土安全等重点安全领域和议题。中部地区国家安全学科建设融合中部崛起区域战略，聚焦于粮食、能源、网络等安全战略。东北地区的国家安全学科建设融合东北振兴地区战略，立足东北亚地缘区域，重视国防、粮食、能源、生态和产业安全，以及东北亚区域安全研究。此外，华南地区经济总量大，背靠香港、澳门特别行政区，是粤港澳大湾区发展的前沿阵地，国家安全学布点注重经济、金融、海外利益等安全领域。

(II) The Path of Institutional Construction for China’s National Security Studies

(二)中国国家安全学的制度建设路径

The academic community’s definition of the connotation of disciplinary institutions generally includes two aspects: internal and external. First, the internal spirit and concept, i.e., the “institutional spirit of the discipline,” includes the system of disciplinary division and establishment, curriculum standards, academic research norms, disciplinary evaluation and reward-punishment systems, etc., forming a fixed intellectual and ideological tradition. Second, the external material and norms, i.e., “the discipline is not merely a matter of pure knowledge, but a social practice,” includes the disciplinary training system, academic society organizations and conference systems, professional journal systems, disciplinary fund systems, etc., forming a mature academic community. The internal knowledge categories and external social power together constitute the disciplinary institution as a “knowledge and power complex.” Therefore, dynamic “institutionalization” at these two levels is the necessary path for the formation and development of a discipline.

学术界对于学科制度内涵的界定大致包含着内在和外在两个方面。一是内在的精神和理念，即“学科的制度精神”,包括学科划分与设置制度、课程标准、学术研究规范、学科评价奖惩制度等,形成一种固定的知识和思想传统。二是外在物质与规范，即“学科不单是纯粹的知识层面的事，而是一种社会实践”,包含学科培养制度、学会组织和学术会议制度、专业期刊制度、学科基金制度等,形成一个成熟的学术共同体。内在的知识范畴和外在的社会权力共同构成了学科制度这一“知识和权力复合体”,因而在这两个层面的动态“制度化”是一个学科形成和发展的必由之路。

National security studies has already taken initial shape in the construction of internal and external disciplinary institutions, and in specific institutions it emphasizes “highlighting strengths and creating distinctive features.” Regarding the construction of internal conceptual normative paradigms, the disciplinary division and establishment system of national security studies has been standardized into four second-level disciplines, with specialized directions below them set according to the expertise of the constructing universities. The curriculum standard system must meet the basic requirements for master’s and doctoral degrees, insist on integrating the holistic approach to national security into the curriculum system, and determine specific courses based on the research needs of specific national security fields. Regarding the construction of external social operational paradigms, the annual academic community conference system for national security studies has been initially established, and specialized academic journals focusing on national security theory and specific issues, such as *National Security Studies* and *National Security Forum*, are continuously being founded and developed.

国家安全学在学科内在和外在制度建设上已经初具规模，而且在具体制度上强调“突出优势，办出特色”。就内在观念规范范式的建构而言，国家安全学的学科划分与设置制度已经规范为四个二级学科，之下的专业方向根据建设高校的专长而具体设置；课程标准制度要符合硕士、博士学位的基本要求，坚持把总体国家安全观融入课程体系，根据具体国家安全领域的研究需求而确定具体课程。就外在的社会运作范式的构建来看，国家安全学的年度学术共同体会议制度已经初步建成，《国家安全研究》《国家安全论坛》等聚焦国家安全理论和具体问题的专业学术期刊不断建立和发展。

As a discipline established and constructed from the top down, the further high-quality development of national security studies requires clarifying and defining leadership responsibilities at the top-level design, strengthening overall planning and task allocation, coordinating and supporting the construction of internal and external disciplinary institutions, substantiating and deepening the second-level disciplines and specialized directions, and ensuring that disciplinary construction consistently responds to the strategic demands of the holistic approach to national security and the coordination of development and security. Specifically, efforts should be made from multiple aspects and levels, including the academic norms system, evaluation and reward-punishment system, disciplinary training system, academic society organization, and fund system construction of national security studies, to synergize efforts.

作为自上而下设立建设的学科，国家安全学的进一步高质量发展需要在顶层设计上理顺和明确领导责任，加强统筹规划、任务分配，协调和支持内外学科制度的建设，做实做深二级学科及专业方向，使学科建设始终回应总体国家安全观、统筹发展和安全的战略需求。具体来说，应从国家安全学的学术规范制度、评价奖惩制度、学科培养制度、学会组织和基金制度建设等多方面、多层次协同发力。

First, promote the construction of academic norms and systems for national security studies, forming a theoretical system of national security with Chinese characteristics. Constructing a theoretical system of national security is the core issue in building the academic system of national security studies, and also the kernel and support of disciplinary development. Only when a fixed theoretical paradigm is formed can the long-term development, supplementation, and renewal of the discipline be ensured. The construction of national security theory cannot remain superficial; it must stabilize the direction of national security with Chinese characteristics, deepen basic theoretical research on national security studies, specialize in theoretical research on domain-specific national security studies, and advance national security studies in a more theorized and academic direction. The dissemination and discipline of theory and disciplinary norms rely on high-quality textbooks and research results as carriers. The publication of the “National Security Studies Discipline Construction Engineering Series” [21]21 A series of textbooks and academic works compiled under the guidance of the National Security Studies Discipline Evaluation Group, a body under the State Council’s Academic Degrees Committee responsible for overseeing the discipline’s development., compiled under the leadership of the National Security Studies Discipline Evaluation Group of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, is a starting point. In the future, a batch of authoritative textbooks and academic achievements with scholarly content should be published, forming a high-level atmosphere of academic discussion within the field and providing a set of objective research standards for students studying national security studies.

第一，推动国家安全学的学术规范制度建设，形成中国特色的国家安全理论体系。构建国家安全理论体系，是国家安全学学术体系建设的核心问题，也是学科发展的内核与支撑。只有形成了固定的理论范式，才能保证学科长期发展和补充更新。国家安全理论建设不能流于表面，要把稳中国特色国家安全的方向，做深国家安全学基础理论研究，做专领域国家安全学理论研究，使国家安全学向更加学理化、学术化的方向前进。理论和学科规范的传播和规训有赖于高质量的教材和研究成果作为载体。国务院学位委员会国家安全学学科评议组主持编写的“国家安全学学科建设工程系列丛书”的陆续出版是一个起点。在未来要出版一批权威的、有学术内涵的教材和学术成果，形成行业内高水平学术探讨的氛围，为修习国家安全学专业的学生提供一套客观的研究标准。

Second, improve the discipline’s evaluation, reward, and punishment systems, advancing the further professionalization of academic activities in national security studies. The teaching and research teams of national security studies are the main organizational support for disciplinary system construction. However, as the scientific research and teaching activities of national security disciplines in various universities gradually unfold, the issue of the discipline’s evaluation mechanism has become increasingly prominent. There is ambiguity in the certification of academic achievements and disciplinary talents related to national security studies. Most researchers in interdisciplinary fields come from different traditional disciplines, and existing national security teaching and research organizations are mostly university-level coordination platforms, with researchers drawn from various departments and institutes. The construction of evaluation, reward, and punishment systems for national security studies requires further exploration of scientific and complete dual-appointment mechanisms and evaluation mechanisms. When assessing professional titles and certifying achievements, attention must be paid to whether they are close to major practical issues of national security and actively respond to national strategic needs, encouraging young scholars in related fields with active thinking to actively participate in research on national security issues, producing outstanding results that truly focus on national security and respond to the concerns of the times.

第二，完善学科的评价奖惩制度，推进国家安全学学术活动的进一步专业化。国家安全学的教学和科研团队是学科制度建设的主要组织依托，但随着各高校国家安全学科科研和教学活动的逐步开展，学科的评价机制问题逐渐凸显，国家安全学相关学术成果、学科人才的认证存在着模糊性。交叉学科门类的研究者绝大部分来源于不同的传统学科，现有的国家安全教学和科研组织也多为校级统筹平台，研究人员则来自于各个院系。国家安全学的评价奖惩制度建设需要进一步探索科学、完善的双聘机制和评价机制，在职称评定和成果认定时要注重是否贴近国家安全的重大现实问题、积极回应国家战略需要，鼓励思维活跃的相关领域青年学者积极参与进国家安全的议题研究中，产出真正聚焦国家安全、回应时代关切的优秀成果。

Third, innovate disciplinary training systems, strengthen the orientation toward practice, utility, and effectiveness, and emphasize the long-term development, cultivation, and output pathways of talent in disciplinary construction. As an interdisciplinary field, national security studies is highly problem-oriented, characterized by cross-disciplinary cooperation and knowledge integration. This requires universities and research institutions to also encourage professional students and young scholars to engage in cross-disciplinary and broad-interdisciplinary academic exploration, cultivating systematic and strategic thinking about national security. Facing national security issues in the New Era, various disciplines habitually use their original knowledge systems for analysis, and there are also practical difficulties in collaborative cooperation. Therefore, in the construction of training systems, it is necessary to be guided by a holistic view of national security [22]22 A holistic view of national security (总体国家安全观) is a guiding principle proposed by Xi Jinping that integrates political, economic, military, cultural, social, and other security domains., understanding the overall planning and guidance carried out to maintain national security, while also identifying research and training focal points and positioning based on one’s own advantages and characteristics, forming a portion of fixed faculty positions, improving the systematic and organizational level of scientific research and the discipline, and solving the problems of disciplinary dispersion and fragmentation. The ultimate goal and destination of disciplinary construction is talent cultivation. The mission of national security studies lies in responding to the urgent needs of the country, cultivating a large number of national security talents with a global vision, strategic thinking, political awareness, and the capacity to take responsibility. Diversified output pathways can better attract outstanding talent to study in this discipline. It is necessary to link up with social needs, enabling national security studies to be included as soon as possible in the recruitment professional directories of various government departments and enterprises that need it, forming a fully developed talent market for national security studies.

第三，创新学科培养制度，增强实践、实用和实效导向，重视学科建设的人才长期化发展、培养和输出路径。作为交叉学科，国家安全学具有高度的问题导向、跨学科合作和知识整合的特性，这要求各高校和研究机构也要鼓励专业学生和青年学者进行跨学科、广交叉的学术探索，培育国家安全系统、战略思维。面对新时代国家安全问题，各个学科惯用原有知识体系进行分析，协同合作也存在着现实困难。因此，在培养制度建设中既要以总体国家安全观为指引，理解维护国家安全所进行的全局性筹划和指导，也要根据自身优势和特色找准研究和培养的着力点和定位，形成一部分固定教职，提升科研和学科的系统性与组织化程度，解决学科分散化、碎片化的问题。学科建设的最终目的和归宿是人才培养，国家安全学的使命在于回应国家的迫切需要，培养大批具有全球视野、战略思维、政治意识、能力担当的国家安全人才。出口的多元化能更好地吸引优秀人才进入此学科进行学习，应链接好社会需求，使国家安全学尽快进入到有需要的各政府部门、企业单位的招录专业目录，形成充分的国家安全学人才市场。

Fourth, strengthen the construction of academic society organization systems and funding systems for national security studies. Academic societies, as non-profit mass academic groups voluntarily formed by national professionals engaged in teaching and research, play an important “catalyst” role in promoting the exchange of disciplinary professionals and driving the formation of disciplinary training systems, academic research norms, and evaluation systems. As a discipline that integrates the humanities and sciences, establishing an academic society system for national security studies also has a significant positive effect on the institutionalization of the discipline. It helps to keep the direction of progress in the process of disciplinary development, closely focusing on national strategic requirements to carry out work, while also facilitating interdisciplinary interaction and exchange, enabling academic professionals from different traditional disciplines and specialties to update their knowledge and broaden their research horizons. In addition, the funding system is also crucial to the development of a discipline. The funding system, established with funds from the state or social forces, operates through mechanisms of independent application, expert review, and merit-based support. It is the core support mechanism for academic innovation, and its competitive funding model has significantly improved the efficiency of scientific research resource allocation. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [23]23 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further deepening reform comprehensively. listed “modernizing the national security system and capacity” as an important strategic deployment for further comprehensively deepening reform. However, within the various levels of funding systems such as the National Social Science Fund and the National Natural Science Fund, there is no uniformly established national security category fund. The practical strategic need and the gap in the funding system create a contradiction. Therefore, a dedicated national security category should be established within funding systems at all levels, focusing on major theoretical and practical issues of national security, to avoid the funding system restricting disciplinary development and affecting the implementation of the national strategy of “coordinating development and security.”

第四，加强国家安全学的学会组织制度和基金制度建设。学会组织作为全国从事专业教学与研究的人员自愿结成的、非营利性的群众学术团体，对于促进学科专业人员交流，推动学科培养制度、学术研究规范和评价制度的形成有着重要的“催化剂”作用。作为文理交叉的学科，建立国家安全学学会制度对于学科制度化进展同样有着重要的正效应，有助于在学科发展过程中把准前进方向，紧紧围绕国家战略要求展开工作，同时有利于学科交叉和互动，加强不同传统学科和专业之间的学术职业者更新知识，开拓研究视野。此外，基金制度对一个学科的发展也至关重要。基金制度是由国家或社会力量出资设置，通过自主申请、专家评审、择优支持的机制，是学术创新的核心支撑机制，其竞争性资助模式显著提升了科研资源分配效率。党的二十届三中全会将“国家安全体系和能力现代化”列为进一步全面深化改革的重要战略部署，然而在国家社会科学、自然科学基金等各级基金制度中，尚未有统一设置的国家安全类别基金，现实的战略需求与基金制度的空白形成了矛盾。因此，应在各级基金制度中设置国家安全专门类别，聚焦国家安全重大理论和现实问题，避免基金制度限制学科发展、影响“统筹发展和安全”的国家战略落地。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

The needs of national construction and social development are the fundamental basis for universities to establish disciplines and specialties. Only by raising the perspective to the macro-strategic height of coordinating development and security can we better understand how national security studies emerged in response to the times and promote the deepening and solidification of disciplinary construction. Under the influence of the “security first” national strategy, the disciplinary and specialty system before reform and opening up had distinct “Soviet-style” characteristics, adapting to the needs of national defense and socialist industrialization construction at that time for heavy industry and military technical talent. Driven by the “development first” national strategy, the disciplinary and specialty system after reform and opening up adapted to the “two ends outside, large imports and large exports” [24]24 “Two ends outside, large imports and large exports” (两头在外、大进大出) refers to the export-oriented economic model of the reform era, where raw materials were imported and finished goods exported. export-oriented socialist market economy transformation, as well as the great development of computer technology brought about by the third scientific and technological revolution. Economic and management disciplines, along with computer and its derivative technology specialties, became “prominent disciplines.”

国家建设和社会发展需要是大学设置学科和专业的根本依据。只有将视野上升到统筹发展和安全的宏观战略高度，才能更好地理解国家安全学如何应时而生，推动学科建设走深走实。在“安全优先”的国家战略影响下，改革开放之前的学科和专业体系“苏式”特征明显，适应了当时国防和社会主义工业化建设对于重工业、军事技术人才的需要。在“发展优先”国家战略的推动下，改革开放后的学科和专业体系适应着“两头在外、大进大出”的外向型社会主义市场经济转型，以及第三次科技革命所带来的计算机技术的大发展，经济类、管理类学科，电子计算机及其衍生技术专业成为“显学”。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, China, transitioning from a large country to a strong one but not yet fully strong, is in a high-risk period for national security. The national strategy has been adjusted to “coordinating development and security.” Driven by the national strategic shift and a new round of technological and industrial revolution, the adjustment of the disciplinary system in the New Era has two major important transformations: first, emphasizing the construction of interdisciplinary, emerging, and basic disciplines; second, emphasizing the construction of the “Four News” [25]25 “Four News” (四新) refers to the construction of new engineering, new medicine, new agriculture, and new liberal arts disciplines, a policy to modernize higher education.—new engineering, new medicine, new agriculture, and new liberal arts. These transformations are driven by the strategic goal of “achieving high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in scientific and technological innovation, talent cultivation, and discourse systems.” This goal is also the underlying logic of the strategy of coordinating development and security leading the adjustment of the disciplinary system. In this context, the “big security” category of disciplines, with national security studies at its core, has encountered development opportunities. After several years of top-down concentrated construction, national security studies has initially formed a “three-in-one” disciplinary layout [26]26 “Three-in-one” disciplinary layout (三位一体学科布局) likely refers to the integration of theoretical research, talent cultivation, and policy application within national security studies.. In the future, it is still necessary to further rationalize leadership responsibilities, strengthen the internal and external institutional construction of the discipline, and continuously adjust the focus direction according to changes in national security practice and the situation, providing talent and intellectual support for properly responding to the new situations and new challenges on the new journey of Chinese-path modernization.

随着中国特色社会主义进入新时代，由大向强、将强未强的中国处在国家安全的高风险期，国家战略调整为“统筹发展和安全”。在国家战略转变以及新一轮科技和产业革命牵引下，新时代的学科体系调整有着两大重要转变：一是重视交叉、新兴和基础学科建设，二是重视新工科、新医科、新农科、新文科“四新”建设。这些转变是由“实现科技创新、人才培养和话语体系的高水平自立自强”的战略目标驱动的，这一目标同样也是统筹发展和安全战略引领学科体系调整的底层逻辑。在此背景下，以国家安全学为核心的“大安全”类学科迎来了发展机遇。经过几年自上而下地集中建设，国家安全学已经初步形成了“三位一体”学科布局，在未来仍需要进一步理顺领导责任，强化学科内在和外在的制度建设，并根据国家安全实践和形势的变化持续调整着力方向，为妥善应对中国式现代化新征程上的新形势、新挑战提供人才和智力支持。

About the authors: Huang Dahui, Professor at the School of International Studies, Renmin University of China, and Chief Expert of the National Security Interdisciplinary Platform at Renmin University of China; Wang Yuehe, Doctoral Candidate in National Security Studies at the School of International Studies, Renmin University of China.

作者简介：黄大慧，中国人民大学国际关系学院教授、中国人民大学国家安全交叉学科平台首席专家；王月禾，中国人民大学国际关系学院国家安全学博士研究生。

Notes

The “First Five-Year Plan” (1953–1957) was China’s first national economic development plan, focused on industrialization, especially heavy and defense industries.
The “Second Five-Year Plan” (1958–1962) was China’s second national economic development plan, initially emphasizing continued industrialization but disrupted by the Great Leap Forward.
The “Third Front” (三线) was a massive national defense and industrial relocation program initiated by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s, moving key military and industrial facilities to China’s interior to protect them from potential invasion.
The “Sixty Articles on Higher Education” (高教六十条) were a set of regulations drafted under Deng Xiaoping in 1961 to restore order and academic standards in universities after the Great Leap Forward.
The “Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee” (党的十一届三中全会) in December 1978 marked the official launch of reform and opening up under Deng Xiaoping, shifting the Party’s focus from class struggle to economic development.
The “14th National Congress of the Party” (党的十四大) in 1992, led by Jiang Zemin, formally endorsed the establishment of a “socialist market economy” as the goal of economic reform.
The “three orientations” (三个面向) — “facing modernization, facing the world, and facing the future” — were a slogan for education reform introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1983.
Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era—Report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 18, 2017. ↩
A Chinese idiom meaning that circumstances have changed dramatically over time. ↩
Deng Xiaoping, “Seize the Opportunity to Develop the Economy,” in Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. 3 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1993), p. 364. ↩
Held in October 2015. ↩
Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development,’” in Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, vol. 2 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2017), p. 81. ↩
Held in October 2017. ↩
Xi Jinping, “ ↩
The “Four New” (四新) refers to the construction of new engineering (新工科), new medical science (新医科), new agricultural science (新农科), and new liberal arts (新文科), a policy initiative to reform higher education disciplines in line with technological and social changes. ↩
The “Four News” (四新) refers to new engineering (新工科), new medicine (新医科), new agriculture (新农科), and new liberal arts (新文科), a policy initiative to modernize higher education disciplines. ↩
“Work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” (三农工作) is a standard Chinese policy term for the three rural issues. ↩
The “three major systems” (三大体系) refers to the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. ↩
The “Four Orientations” (四个面向) refers to facing the world’s scientific frontiers, facing the main economic battlefield, facing the nation’s major needs, and facing the people’s life and health. ↩
The “five elements” (五大要素) refer to the five components of the holistic approach to national security: political security, economic security, military security, cultural security, and social security. [21] The phrase “东西南北中” (east, west, south, north, center) is a standard Chinese expression denoting coverage across the entire country, often used in Party and state planning documents. [22] The “strategy of accelerating modernization” (加快推进现代化战略) refers to China’s national development strategy focused on achieving modernization, particularly in leading economic regions. [23] The “regional strategy for the rise of central China” (中部崛起区域战略) is a national development policy aimed at boosting the economic growth of China’s central provinces. [24] The “regional strategy for the revitalization of the northeast” (东北振兴地区战略) is a national policy to revive the industrial base and economy of China’s northeastern provinces.
A series of textbooks and academic works compiled under the guidance of the National Security Studies Discipline Evaluation Group, a body under the State Council’s Academic Degrees Committee responsible for overseeing the discipline’s development. ↩
A holistic view of national security (总体国家安全观) is a guiding principle proposed by Xi Jinping that integrates political, economic, military, cultural, social, and other security domains. ↩
The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, focused on further deepening reform comprehensively. ↩
“Two ends outside, large imports and large exports” (两头在外、大进大出) refers to the export-oriented economic model of the reform era, where raw materials were imported and finished goods exported. ↩
“Four News” (四新) refers to the construction of new engineering, new medicine, new agriculture, and new liberal arts disciplines, a policy to modernize higher education. ↩
“Three-in-one” disciplinary layout (三位一体学科布局) likely refers to the integration of theoretical research, talent cultivation, and policy application within national security studies. ↩