*A Contemporary Analysis of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought*

This book is the final research outcome of the general project of the National Social Science Fund of China, “A Contemporary Analysis of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought” (18BKS049), hosted by Pan Xihua.

本书系潘西华主持的国家社科基金一般项目“葛兰西社会主义思想的时代解析”（18BKS049）的最终研究成果。

Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937) was one of the founders and early leaders of the Italian Communist Party, an activist in the international communist movement, a great communist fighter, and the most influential theorist in the Western proletarian revolutionary movement. This study takes Gramsci’s socialist thought as its object of research. Starting from a historical perspective, it traces back in turn the logical starting point of Gramsci’s socialist thought (its theoretical origins and practical foundations), systematically expounds the rich connotations of Gramsci’s socialist thought (the core concepts of Gramsci’s socialist thought, Italy’s exploration of the path to socialism, and Gramsci’s conception of the embryonic form of a future socialist state), traces the international influence of Gramsci’s socialist thought, and offers an objective evaluation of the historical status and contemporary revelations of Gramsci’s socialist thought. On this basis, it distinguishes the correct path from the erroneous one in the study of Gramsci’s socialist thought, introducing new research methods and paradigms for continuing Gramsci’s “unfinished” political reflections.

安东尼奥·葛兰西（Antonio Gramsci，1891-1937）是意大利共产党白的创始人和早期领导人之一，国际共产主义运动活动家和伟大的共产主义战士，西方无产阶级革命运动中最有影响力的理论家。本研究以葛兰西社会主义思想为研究对象，从历史性研究视角入手，依次对葛兰西社会主义思想的逻辑起点（理论源流和实践基础）进行回溯，对葛兰西社会主义思想的丰富内涵（葛兰西社会主义思想的核心概念、意大利走向社会主义道路探索以及葛兰西对未来社会主义国家雏形的构想）予以系统阐发，对葛兰西社会主义思想的国际影响予以追溯，对葛兰西社会主义思想的历史地位与现实启示给予客观评价。在此基础上，甄别从事葛兰西社会主义思想研究的正道与歧途，为继续从事葛兰西“未完成”的政治思索引入新的研究方法与研究范式。

A systematic review and in-depth study of the contemporary value of Gramsci’s socialist thought helps us to deeply grasp the essence of Gramsci’s socialist thought from the broad perspective of the international communist movement, helps us to comprehensively trace the profound influence of Gramsci’s socialist thought on the socialist movements led by the communist parties and workers’ parties of Western European countries in the 20th century, helps us to correctly predict and grasp the new trends in the international unity of the proletariat against the backdrop of the accelerating changes unseen in a century, and helps us to correctly understand the diversified trends of the world socialist movement since the 21st century. “Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one.” [1]1 A classical Chinese idiom from the *Book of Songs* (*Shijing*), meaning that advice or examples from others can help improve one’s own work. Gramsci’s independent exploration of Italy’s path to socialism during the period of the Communist International shares certain points of convergence with the Chinese-path modernization successfully blazed by the Chinese Communist Party leading the Chinese people through independent exploration over the past century. It is also not without benefit for our continued efforts in the New Era to advance adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times and to better uphold and develop the theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

对葛兰西社会主义思想时代价值的系统梳理与深入研究，有助于我们在国际共产主义运动大视野下深入把握葛兰西社会主义思想的精髓，有助于我们全面回溯葛兰西社会主义思想对20世纪西欧国家的共产党和工人党领导的社会主义运动所产生的深刻影响，有助于在百年变局加速演进的时代背景下正确预测和把握无产阶级国际联合的新态势，有助于正确认识21世纪以来世界社会主义运动的多样化态势。“他山之石，可以攻玉”。葛兰西在共产国际时期对意大利走向社会主义道路的独立探索，与百年来中国共产党带领中国人民经过独立探索成功走出的中国式现代化道路有一定契合之处，对新时代我们持续推进马克思主义中国化时代化、更好地坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的理论与实践也不无裨益。

Author Biography:

作者简介：

Pan Xihua, female, native of Jinan, Shandong Province. Director of the Research Office of the History of the International Communist Movement, Department of International Communist Movement Studies, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Associate Research Fellow; Master’s Supervisor at the University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Doctor of Philosophy. Main research areas: scientific socialism and the international communist movement, history of the development of Marxism, and Western Marxist studies, with particular expertise in the study of Gramsci’s thought. Has presided over and completed one general project of the National Social Science Fund, participated as sub-project leader in one major project of the National Social Science Fund, participated in six innovation projects of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, published two monographs and three co-authored works, and published dozens of articles in core journals.

潘西华，女，山东济南人，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院国际共产主义运动研究部国际共产主义运动史研究室主任，副研究员，中国社会科学院大学硕士生导师，哲学博士。主要从事科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动、马克思主义发展史、西方马克思主义研究，尤为擅长葛兰西思想研究。主持完成国家社科基金一般项目1项，作为子课题主持人参与国家社科基金重大项目1项，中国社会科学院创新工程项目6项，出版专著2部，合著3部，先后在核心期刊发文数十篇。

Table of Contents

目 录

Introduction: Why Gramsci Remains Ever New

绪 论 葛兰西何以历久弥新

I. Origin of the Problem and Significance of the Research

一、问题的缘起和研究意义

(1) Origin of the Problem

（一） 问题的缘起

(2) Significance of the Research

（二） 研究的意义

II. Current State of Research on Gramsci’s Thought in Domestic and International Theoretical Circles

二、国内外理论界对葛兰西思想研究的现状

(1) Periodization and Controversies in Domestic Research on Gramsci’s Thought

（一） 国内葛兰西思想研究的阶段性和争议性

(2) Diversity and Breadth in International Research on Gramsci’s Thought

（二） 国外葛兰西思想研究的多样性和广泛性

III. Common Problems and Emerging Trends in Domestic and International Research on Gramsci’s Thought

三 、国内外葛兰西思想研究所面临的共性问题与呈现的新趋势

(1) Common Problems in Domestic and International Research on Gramsci’s Thought

（一） 国内外葛兰西思想研究所面临的共性问题

(2) New Trends in Research on Gramsci’s Thought in the Past Decade and More

（二） 近十多年来国内外葛兰西思想研究的新趋势

IV. Basic Content and Innovations of the Study of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

四、葛兰西社会主义思想研究的基本内容与创新之处

(1) Basic Content and Research Focus of This Book

（一） 本书的基本内容及研究重点

(2) Innovations of This Book

（二） 本书的创新之处

Chapter One: The Logical Starting Point of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

第一章 葛兰西社会主义思想的逻辑起点

I. Theoretical Origins of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

一、葛兰西社会主义思想的理论渊源

(1) Theoretical Nourishment from the Marxist-Leninist Tradition

（一） 马克思列宁主义传统的理论滋养

(2) Gramsci’s Critical Inheritance of the Italian Marxist Theoretical Tradition

（二） 葛兰西对意大利马克思主义理论传统的批判性传承

(3) Gramsci’s Critical Appropriation of Sorel’s “Revolutionary Syndicalism”

（三） 葛兰西对索雷尔“革命工团主义”的批判性借鉴

II. Practical Foundations of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

二、葛兰西社会主义思想的实践基础

(1) Reflections on the Specificity of Italian History

（一） 对意大利历史特殊性的思考

(2) Summary of the Lessons from the Successive Failures of the European Revolutionary Movement after the October Revolution

（二） 对十月革命后欧洲革命运动相继失败教训的总结

(3) Gramsci’s Early Revolutionary Practice Leading the Italian Communist Party and the Workers’ Movement

（三） 葛兰西早期领导意大利共产党和工人运动的革命实践

Chapter Two: The Rich Connotations of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

第二章 葛兰西社会主义思想的丰富内涵

I. Core Concepts of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

一、葛兰西社会主义思想的核心概念

(1) The “Integral” State

（一）“完整的”国家

(2) “Egemonia”

（二）“egemonia”

(3) “Consent”

（三）“同意”

(4) The “Modern Prince”

（四）“现代君主”

II. Gramsci’s Exploration of Italy’s Path to Socialism

二、葛兰西对意大利走向社会主义道路的探索

(1) The Theory of Cultural Hegemony

（一） 文化领导权思想

(2) The Revolutionary Strategy of the “War of Position”

（二）“阵地战”的革命策略

III. Gramsci’s Conception of the Embryonic Form of a Future Socialist State

三、葛兰西对未来社会主义国家雏形的构想

(1) The “Organic” Society

（一）“有机的”社会

(2) The “Organic” Proletarian Party

（二）“有机的”无产阶级政党

(3) “Organic” Worker-Peasant Self-Government

（三）“有机的”工农自治

(4) “Organic” Democratic Centralism

（四）“有机的”民主集中制

(5) “Organic” Intellectuals

（五）“有机的”知识分子

Chapter Three: The International Influence of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

第三章 葛兰西社会主义思想的国际影响

I. Historical Influence in the History of the International Communist Movement

一、在国际共产主义运动史上的历史影响

(1) Influence on the Adjustment of the Italian Communist Party’s Policies and Line

（一） 对意大利共产党政策与路线调整的影响

(2) Influence in Europe

（二） 在欧洲的影响

(3) Influence in Latin America

（三） 在拉丁美洲的影响

(4) Influence in African Countries and Regions

（四） 在非洲国家和地区的影响

(5) Influence in North America

（五） 在北美洲的影响

(6) Influence in Asia and Other Regions

（六） 在亚洲和其他地区的影响

II. Influence on Contemporary Capitalist Social Movements and Currents of Thought

二、对当代资本主义社会运动与思潮的影响

(1) Influence on Contemporary Capitalist Social Movements

（一） 对当代资本主义社会运动的影响

(2) Influence on Contemporary Capitalist Currents of Thought

（二） 对当代资本主义社会思潮的影响

Chapter Four: Historical Evaluation and Contemporary Revelations of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

第四章 葛兰西社会主义思想的历史评价与现实启示

I. Historical Evaluation of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

一、葛兰西社会主义思想的历史评价

(1) Historical Status and Intellectual Contributions of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

（一） 葛兰西社会主义思想的历史地位与思想贡献

(2) Theoretical Shortcomings and Practical Limitations of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

（二） 葛兰西社会主义思想的理论不足与实践局限

II. Contemporary Revelations of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

二、葛兰西社会主义思想的现实启示

(1) Actively Promote Theoretical Innovation on the Basis of the Localization of Marxism

（一） 积极推进马克思主义本土化基础上的理论创新

(2) Independently Explore and Build a Socialist Modernization Path

（二） 独立自主地探索和建设社会主义现代化道路

(3) Actively Explore New Ways to Promote the International Unity of the Proletariat

（三） 积极探索促进无产阶级国际联合的新方式

(4) Cultural Reflections on Upholding and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

（四） 坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的文化思考

Conclusion: Gramsci Walks with the Times

结 语 葛兰西与时代同行

I. Gramsci’s “Unfinished Political Reflections”

一、葛兰西“未完成的政治思索”

(1) The Unfinished Texts

（一） 文本的未完成

(2) The Contemporary Vitality of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

（二） 葛兰西社会主义思想的当代生命力

II. Issues to Be Studied and Principles to Be Observed in Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

二、葛兰西社会主义思想待研究问题和应有原则

(1) Issues to Be Studied in Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

（一） 葛兰西社会主义思想待研究问题

(2) The Principle of “Four Differences” to Be Grasped in the Study of Gramsci’s Socialist Thought

（二） 葛兰西社会主义思想研究应把握的“四个不同”原则

Appendix: Chronology of Major Events in Gramsci’s Life

附 葛兰西生平大事记

References

参考文献

Afterword

后 记