*A Comparative Study of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution*

This book takes Lenin’s and Gramsci’s views on socialist revolution as its object of study, conducting a comparative investigation of their views on socialist revolution from the dimensions of theoretical origins, practical foundations, basic concepts and methodology, core content, and revolutionary practice. By sorting out and clarifying the essential essence of Marx and Engels’ thought on “social revolution,” it solidifies the theoretical foundation for comparing the two views on socialist revolution. Through a comparison of their practical foundations, it deeply analyzes the practical sources of the differences in their explorations of the socialist path. Through a comparison of the basic concepts and methods of their views on socialist revolution, it highlights their inheritance and innovation of Marx and Engels’ thought and method of social revolution. Through a comparison of the differences in their respective leadership of their own countries’ proletarian political parties in exploring the path of socialist revolution, it underscores the distinctive features of each view on socialist revolution. Through an exposition of the “changes” and “continuities” in the New Era [1]1 The New Era refers to the period in China since the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017, characterized by the official establishment of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. regarding Marxist theoretical innovation, socialist revolutionary practice, and the great social revolution, it reveals the contemporary significance of their views on socialist revolution.

本书以列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观为研究对象，从理论渊源、现实依据、基本概念与方法论、核心内容与革命实践的维度深入展开对列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观的比较研究。借助对马克思、恩格斯“社会革命”思想精髓要义的梳理与澄清，为对比两者社会主义革命观夯实立论基础；借助对现实依据的比较，深刻剖析两者社会主义道路探索差异的实践来源；借助对两者社会主义革命观的基本概念和方法的比较，彰显两者对马克思、恩格斯社会革命思想与方法的继承与创新；通过对两者各自领导本国无产阶级政党进行社会主义革命道路探索差异的比较，突显各自社会主义革命观的特色；借助对新时代马克思主义理论创新、社会主义革命实践、伟大社会革命等方面“变”与“不变”的阐发，彰显两者社会主义革命观的时代意蕴。

The publication of this book has important theoretical value and practical significance. On the theoretical level, this book systematically elaborates the theoretical origins, practical foundations, foundational arguments, and practical differences of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s views on socialist revolution, striving to discover new perspectives and focal points for domestic research of this kind, to provide new research historical materials and contexts, and to introduce new research paradigms and methods. On the practical level, this book strives to provide a theoretical basis for deeply understanding the differences and diversity of socialist revolutionary theory and practice in different historical contexts and different countries and regions, and to provide a historical mirror for our profound comprehension of the “changes” and “continuities” of the great social revolution in the New Era.

本书的出版，具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。在理论层面，本书系统阐述了列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观的理论渊源、现实依据、立论基础及实践差异，力求为国内此类研究发现新的视角和着力点、提供新的研究史料与脉络、引入新的研究范式与方法；在实践层面，本书力求为深入理解不同时代背景下、不同国家和地区社会主义革命理论与实践的差异性和多样性提供理论依据；为我们深刻领悟新时代伟大社会革命的“变”与“不变”提供历史镜鉴。

About the Author:

作者简介：

Pan Xihua, female, native of Jinan, Shandong Province. Director and Associate Researcher of the International Communist Movement History Research Office, International Communist Movement Research Department, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Master’s supervisor at the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Doctor of Philosophy. Mainly engaged in research on scientific socialism and the international communist movement, the history of Marxist development, and Western Marxism, with particular expertise in the study of Gramsci’s thought. Has completed one National Social Science Fund project as principal investigator, served as sub-project leader for or participated in three major National Social Science Fund projects, participated in eight innovation projects of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, published three monographs and five co-authored works, and published over 50 articles in newspapers and journals including *Guangming Daily*, *World Socialism Studies*, and *Contemporary World and Socialism*.

潘西华，女，山东济南人，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院国际共产主义运动研究部国际共产主义运动史研究室主任、副研究员，中国社会科学院大学硕士生导师，哲学博士。主要从事科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动、马克思主义发展史、西方马克思主义研究，尤为擅长葛兰西思想研究。已主持完成国家社科基金项目1项，作为子课题负责人主持或参与国家社科基金重大项目3项，参与中国社会科学院创新工程项目8项，出版专著3部，合著5部，先后在《光明日报》《世界社会主义研究》《当代世界与社会主义》等报、刊发文50余篇。

Table of Contents

目 录

Chapter 1: Introduction

第一章 绪论

Section 1: Origin of the Problem and Research Significance

第一节 问题的缘起及研究意义

Section 2: Current State of Research on Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution in Domestic and International Theoretical Circles

第二节 国内外理论界对列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观的研究现状

Section 3: Basic Content and Innovations of This Study

第三节 本研究的基本内容及创新之处

Chapter 2: Comparison of the Theoretical Origins of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution

第二章 列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观之理论渊源比较

Section 1: Basic Connotations and Characteristics of Marx and Engels’ Thought on Social Revolution

第一节 马克思、恩格斯社会革命思想的基本内涵和特性

Section 2: Core Content of Marx and Engels’ Thought on Social Revolution and Revolutionary Practice

第二节 马克思、恩格斯社会革命思想及革命实践的核心内容

Section 3: Relationship Between Marx and Engels’ Thought on Social Revolution and Other Types of Revolution

第三节 马克思、恩格斯社会革命思想与其他类型革命的关系

Section 4: Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Study and Dissemination of Marxism

第四节 列宁与葛兰西对于马克思主义的学习与传播

Chapter 3: Comparison of the Practical Foundations of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution

第三章 列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观之现实依据比较

Section 1: Lenin’s Reflections on the Historical Specificity of Russia in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

第一节 列宁对19世纪末20世纪初俄国历史特殊性的思考

Section 2: Gramsci’s Reflections on the Historical Specificity of Italy in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

第二节 葛兰西对19世纪末20世纪初意大利历史特殊性的思考

Section 3: Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Analyses of the Governing Strategies of the European Bourgeoisie

第三节 列宁与葛兰西对于欧洲资产阶级执政策略的分析

Section 4: Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Struggles Against Non-Marxist Currents of Thought on Social Revolution

第四节 列宁与葛兰西就社会革命同非马克思主义思潮的斗争

Chapter 4: Comparison of the Basic Concepts and Methodology of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution

第四章 列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观之基本概念与方法论比较

Section 1: Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Inheritance and Innovation of Marx and Engels’ Concepts Related to Social Revolution

第一节 列宁与葛兰西对马克思、恩格斯社会革命相关概念的继承与创新

Section 2: Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Application and Manifestation of Marx and Engels’ Methodology of Social Revolution

第二节 列宁与葛兰西对马克思、恩格斯社会革命方法论的运用与彰显

Chapter 5: Comparison of the Core Content and Revolutionary Practice of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution

第五章列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观之核心内容与革命实践比较

Section 1: Comparison of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on the Path and Strategic Tactics of Socialist Revolution

第一节 列宁与葛兰西关于社会主义革命道路与战略策略的比较

Section 2: Comparison of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on the Leading Force of Socialist Revolution

第二节 列宁与葛兰西关于社会主义革命领导力量思想的比较

Section 3: Comparison of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on the Motive Forces of Socialist Revolution

第三节 列宁与葛兰西关于社会主义革命动力的比较

Chapter 6: Contemporary Interpretation of the Comparison of Lenin’s and Gramsci’s Views on Socialist Revolution

第六章 列宁与葛兰西社会主义革命观比较之当代解读

Section 1: “Changes” and “Continuities” in the Innovation of Marxist Theory

第一节 马克思主义理论创新中的“变”与“不变”

Section 2: “Changes” and “Continuities” in the Practice of Socialist Revolution

第二节 社会主义革命实践中的“变”与“不变”

Section 3: “Changes” and “Continuities” in the Great Social Revolution of the New Era

第三节 新时代伟大社会革命的“变”与“不变”

References

参考文献

Expert Recommendations

专家推荐

This monograph by young scholar Dr. Pan Xihua fills a gap in domestic research on Gramsci’s view of socialist revolution. The materials are detailed, the content is rich, the analysis is thorough, and the conclusions are unique. It affirms both the decisive influence of the October Revolution and Leninism on Gramsci’s view of socialist revolution and emphasizes that, under different historical conditions and starting from different social structures, Gramsci’s theory of hegemony and strategy of “positional warfare” [2]2 “Positional warfare” (guerra di posizione) is a concept developed by Antonio Gramsci to describe a long-term, gradual struggle for cultural and ideological hegemony within civil society, as opposed to a direct frontal assault on the state (a “war of maneuver”). represent an inheritance and development of Lenin’s theory of proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. Commendably, the author precisely grasps the relationship between the theoretical thought and revolutionary practice of different historical figures in different historical contexts. In short, this book can be regarded as a powerful work in domestic Gramsci studies.

青年学者潘西华博士的这本专著，填补了国内葛兰西社会主义革命观研究的空白，资料翔实，内容丰富，分析透彻，结论独特。既肯定了十月革命和列宁主义对葛兰西社会主义革命观的决定性影响，又强调了在不同历史条件下，从不同社会结构出发，葛兰西提出的领导权理论和“阵地战”战略是对列宁无产阶级革命和无产阶级专政理论的继承和发展。难能可贵的是，作者精准把握了不同历史语境下不同历史人物的理论思想与革命实践之间的关系。总之，此书不失为国内葛兰西研究的一部力作。

— Tian Shigang, Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Member of the International Gramsci Society

——中国社会科学院哲学研究所研究员、国际葛兰西学会会员 田时纲

The roots of revolutions in various countries lie both in the universal laws that must be followed and in the specific conditions each possesses; revolution is a total process, requiring both recognition of the decisive role of objective situations created by economic movements and political development in the occurrence of revolution, and recognition that revolution cannot become a reality without the conscious and active exertion of the revolutionary subject; all things and processes are social-historical phenomena related to human activity, and each phenomenon and process is concrete and historical. These basic principles constitute the scientific worldview and methodological foundation of this book.

各国革命发生的根源既在于必须遵循的普遍规律，又在于各自具有的特殊条件；革命是一个总体过程，既要承认由经济运动和政治发展造成的客观形势对于革命发生的决定作用，又要看到没有革命主体的自觉能动性的发挥革命不可能成为现实；一切事物、过程都是与人的活动有关的社会历史现象，每一现象、过程都是具体的和历史的。这些基本原理构成本书的科学世界观和方法论基础。

This book is one of the outcomes of Dr. Pan Xihua’s long-term “Trilogy of Studies on Gramsci’s Thought.” It provides new perspectives, new ideas, new insights, and new paradigms for academic research on this type of topic. It is a research achievement in Marxist theory, scientific socialism, and the history of the international communist movement with considerable innovative value, particularly a landmark achievement in the study of early “Western Marxism.”

本书是潘西华博士长期从事的“葛兰西思想研究三部曲”成果之一，它为学术界关于此类主题的研究提供了新的视角、新的思路、新的见解和新的范式，是颇具创新价值的马克思主义理论、科学社会主义和国际共产主义运动史的研究成果，特别是早期“西方马克思主义”研究的标志性成果。

— Liang Shufa, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, School of Marxism Studies, Renmin University of China, Honorary President of the Chinese Society for the History of Marxist Philosophy

——中国人民大学马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师、中国马克思主义哲学史学会名誉会长 梁树发