The Scientific Connotations and Interrelations of the Disciplinary System, Academic System, and Discourse System

Accelerating the construction of a philosophy and social sciences system with Chinese characteristics is an important task proposed by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences Work: “Continuously advance the construction and innovation of the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system, and strive to build a comprehensive, all-encompassing, and all-element philosophy and social sciences system.” [1]1 V. I. Lenin, “Karl Marx,” in *Collected Works*, vol. 21 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), p. 55. The philosophy and social sciences system with Chinese characteristics is the unity of the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system. To accelerate the construction of a philosophy and social sciences system with Chinese characteristics, it is necessary to deeply study the dialectical relations among these three major systems.

加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央提出的坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的一项重要任务。习近平总书记在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上指出：“不断推进学科体系、学术体系、话语体系建设和创新，努力构建一个全方位、全领域、全要素的哲学社会科学体系。”中国特色哲学社会科学体系是学科体系、学术体系和话语体系的统一。加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学，要深入研究这三大体系之间的辩证关系。

I

一

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics should cover various fields such as history, economics, politics, culture, society, ecology, military affairs, and Party building, and encompass many disciplines including traditional disciplines, emerging disciplines, frontier disciplines, interdisciplinary disciplines, and niche disciplines.” [2]2 Frederick Engels, “Preface to the English Edition,” in Karl Marx, *Capital*, vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.), p. 13. This indicates that the philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics constitute a systematic and specialized disciplinary system composed of multiple disciplines.

习近平总书记指出，“中国特色哲学社会科学应该涵盖历史、经济、政治、文化、社会、生态、军事、党建等各领域，囊括传统学科、新兴学科、前沿学科、交叉学科、冷门学科等诸多学科”。这表明，中国特色哲学社会科学是一个由多门学科构成的具有系统性、专业性的学科体系。

Science is a reflection of the phenomena, essence, and laws of development of the material world. The reason why the philosophy and social sciences constitute a disciplinary system, and why they possess systematicity and specialization, is ultimately determined by the inherent nature of the objective objects they reflect. Comrade Mao Zedong, in works such as *On Contradiction*, deeply expounded the core of dialectical materialism—the law of the unity of opposites—and from this perspective elucidated a fundamental view of the entire world, providing guidance in worldview and methodology for our understanding of the scientific system. Proceeding from dialectical materialism, the world is composed of contradictions; contradiction is motion, things, processes, and thought. The contradictions of things have both universality and particularity, and can transform into each other. Individual things with particularity are interconnected by the multi-level universality they contain. The unified material world is a system composed of things where multi-level universality and particularity are unified; this is the object of scientific research. Different disciplines study the world from different angles, taking different forms of motion or different parts, aspects, and levels of the material world as their research objects, and over long-term historical development have constituted the scientific system that humanity possesses to date. Above them all stands Marxist philosophy, the highest generalization of humanity’s understanding of the objective world.

科学是对物质世界的现象、本质和发展规律的反映。哲学社会科学之所以是一个学科体系，之所以具有系统性、专业性，归根到底是由其所反映的客观对象固有的性质决定的。毛泽东同志在《矛盾论》等著作中深入阐述了唯物辩证法的核心即对立统一规律，并从这一视角阐明了对整个世界的根本看法，为我们理解科学体系提供了世界观和方法论指导。从唯物辩证法出发，世界是由矛盾组成的，矛盾即运动、事物、过程和思想。事物的矛盾有普遍性，又有特殊性，并可以相互转化。具有特殊性的各个事物由其所包含的多层次普遍性相互连接在一起。统一的物质世界是由多层次的普遍性与特殊性相统一的事物构成的体系，这就是科学研究的对象。不同学科从不同角度研究世界，把物质世界的不同运动形式或不同部分、不同方面、不同层次作为研究对象，在长期历史发展中构成了人类迄今所具有的科学体系。在它们之上，就是作为人类认识客观世界的最高概括的马克思主义哲学。

Each discipline is distinguished from other disciplines by the particularity of the contradictions inherent in its research object, becoming an independent discipline, while at the same time, because its object contains universality within particularity, it is interconnected with others, forming a higher-level discipline or disciplinary cluster comprising multiple disciplines. Vertically, there are different categories of disciplines; horizontally, a single discipline is composed of multiple sub-disciplines, progressively forming a multi-level disciplinary system. For example, history is a discipline within philosophy and social sciences, and it is also a disciplinary system composed of disciplines such as Chinese history, world history, and archaeology. In his congratulatory letter on the establishment of the Chinese Academy of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed, “Integrate research forces in Chinese history, world history, archaeology, and other fields, make every effort to improve research standards and innovation capabilities, promote the integrated development of related historical disciplines, summarize historical experience, reveal historical laws, grasp historical trends, and accelerate the construction of a disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system for historical studies with Chinese characteristics.” [3]3 Frederick Engels, “Preface to the English Edition,” in Karl Marx, *Capital*, vol. 1, p. 14. Chinese history, world history, archaeology, and other disciplines are each themselves disciplinary systems composed of multiple lower-level disciplines. In this way, multiple disciplines, interconnected vertically and horizontally, constitute the human scientific system.

各个学科以其研究对象所具有的矛盾的特殊性而同其他学科区分开来，成为具有独立性的学科，同时又因其对象在特殊性中包含着普遍性而相互连接起来，构成一个包括多个学科的更高层级的学科或学科群。从纵向看，有不同类别的学科；从横向看，一个学科又由多个子学科构成，逐级形成具有多层次的学科体系。例如，历史学是哲学社会科学中的一个学科，又是由中国历史、世界历史、考古等学科构成的学科体系。习近平总书记在致中国社会科学院中国历史研究院成立的贺信中提出，“整合中国历史、世界历史、考古等方面研究力量，着力提高研究水平和创新能力，推动相关历史学科融合发展，总结历史经验，揭示历史规律，把握历史趋势，加快构建中国特色历史学学科体系、学术体系、话语体系”。中国历史、世界历史、考古等学科各自又是由多个下一级学科所构成的学科体系。这样，多门学科纵向和横向相互连接，构成了人类科学体系。

The philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics that we aim to construct is a system composed of disciplines such as philosophy, history, economics, political science, law, sociology, ethnology, journalism, demography, religious studies, and psychology. This disciplinary system, taking the introduction of Marxism into China as its starting point, under the guidance of Marxism and based on contemporary Chinese social practice, has been formed and developed by integrating the resources of Marxism, the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and foreign philosophy and social sciences. [4]4 V. I. Lenin, *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*, in *Collected Works*, vol. 14 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), p. 146. At present, the disciplinary system of philosophy and social sciences in China has been basically established, but there are still some urgent problems to be solved. For example, the setup of some disciplines is not closely linked to social development, and the construction of emerging and interdisciplinary disciplines is relatively weak. From the perspective that constructing the three major systems is a systematic project, it is necessary to strengthen top-level design, proceed from the macro and overall level, so that basic disciplines are sound and solid, key disciplines have outstanding advantages, emerging and interdisciplinary disciplines develop innovatively, and niche disciplines are passed down through generations, jointly forming a complete range of disciplinary systems that meet the requirements of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

我们所要构建的中国特色哲学社会科学，是一个由哲学、历史学、经济学、政治学、法学、社会学、民族学、新闻学、人口学、宗教学、心理学等学科构成的体系。这一学科体系，是以马克思主义传入我国为起点，在马克思主义指导下，以当代中国社会实践为基础，融通马克思主义的资源、中华优秀传统文化的资源、国外哲学社会科学的资源而形成和发展起来的。当前，我国哲学社会科学学科体系已基本确立，但仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。例如，一些学科设置同社会发展联系不够紧密，新兴学科、交叉学科建设比较薄弱。从构建三大体系是一个系统工程的角度看，需要加强顶层设计，从宏观整体的层面着手，使基础学科健全扎实、重点学科优势突出、新兴学科和交叉学科创新发展、冷门学科代有传承，共同构成适应中国特色社会主义发展要求的门类齐全的学科体系。

II

二

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Each discipline must construct a systematic body of disciplinary theories and concepts.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences,” May 17, 2016. A systematic body of disciplinary theories constitutes the academic system, and a systematic body of concepts constitutes the discourse system. For each discipline to construct a systematic body of disciplinary theories and concepts means to build a discipline that unifies the academic system and the discourse system.

习近平总书记指出：“每个学科都要构建成体系的学科理论和概念。”成体系的学科理论构成学术体系，成体系的概念构成话语体系。每个学科都要构建成体系的学科理论和概念，就是要构建学术体系与话语体系相统一的学科。

The task of scientific research lies in revealing the essence and laws of things, and using knowledge of laws to guide practice and change the world. Objective things are the unity of phenomenon and essence; laws are the internal relations of things, the relations of essence or the relations between essences. In practice, people use their sensory organs to perceive the phenomena of things, and at the same time use their thinking brains to process perceptual materials—discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the one to the other and from the surface to the core—penetrating from phenomena to essence, from perceptual concreteness to abstract thought, and then rising in the process of thinking to the concrete in thought, reproducing the concrete whole of the objective object. This is the requirement that all disciplines of philosophy and social sciences should meet. In such a cognitive process, the emergence of concepts is a sign that cognition has undergone a leap, rising from the perceptual stage to the rational stage. As Comrade Mao Zedong said, after sensations and impressions arising in practice are repeated many times, “a sudden change (leap) occurs in the process of cognition in people’s minds, and concepts are produced”; “concepts differ from sensations not only in quantity but also in quality.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences,” May 17, 2016. Perceptual cognition reflects the phenomena and external relations of things in the forms of sensation, perception, and representation; rational cognition reveals the essence and laws of development of things in the forms of concepts, judgments, and reasoning. When people think about problems, “it is the process of using concepts in the brain to make judgments and inferences.” [7]7 Mao Zedong, “On Practice” (July 1937). Concepts are the cells of thought and the basic form of rational cognition. Concepts reflect the specific attributes of things in the form of words and express the content of thought. A series of basic concepts of a discipline connect language and thought, state the basic theoretical content of the discipline, and constitute the discourse system that expresses the academic system of the discipline.

科学研究的任务在于揭示事物本质和规律，用规律性的认识指导实践、改变世界。客观事物是现象和本质的统一，规律是事物的内部联系，是本质的关系或本质之间的关系。人在实践中运用自己的感觉器官感知事物的现象，同时运用思维着的头脑对感性材料进行去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的加工制作，从现象深入本质，从感性具体到抽象思维，进而在思维过程中上升到思维中的具体，再现客观对象的具体整体。这是哲学社会科学各个学科都应该达到的要求。在这样的认识过程中，概念的产生是认识发生飞跃、从感性阶段上升到理性阶段的标志。正如毛泽东同志所说，在实践中引起感觉和印象的东西反复了多次后，“在人们的脑子里生起了一个认识过程中的突变（即飞跃），产生了概念”，“概念同感觉，不但是数量上的差别，而且有了性质上的差别”。感性认识以感觉、知觉、表象的形式反映事物的现象和外部联系，理性认识以概念、判断、推理的形式揭示事物的本质和发展规律。人们思考问题，“就是人在脑子中运用概念以作判断和推理的功夫”。概念是思维的细胞，是理性认识的基本形式。概念以语词的形式反映事物的特有属性，表达思想的内容。一个学科的一系列基本概念，把语言和思想连接起来，陈述本学科基本的理论内容，构成了表达本学科学术体系的话语体系。

Therefore, the academic system and discourse system of a discipline are inseparable. The academic system is the systematic theory and knowledge that reveals the essence and laws of the discipline’s object; the discourse system is the verbal expression of theory and knowledge, the form of manifestation and linguistic carrier of the academic system. The academic system of a discipline can only be expressed as an objective existence and be known and understood by people through its own discourse system. The discourse system of a discipline is mature only when it accurately and fully expresses the discipline’s academic system. A discipline can only be called a mature and sound discipline when it uses a series of specialized and systematic concepts, categories, and propositions to reveal the essence and laws of the objective object, forming a unity of the academic system and the discourse system.

因此，一个学科的学术体系和话语体系是不可分割的。学术体系是揭示本学科对象的本质和规律的成体系的理论和知识；话语体系是理论和知识的语词表达，是学术体系的表现形式和语言载体。一个学科的学术体系只有通过自己的话语体系才能作为一种对象性的存在表达出来，为人们所知晓和理解。一个学科的话语体系只有准确、充分地表达了本学科的学术体系才是成熟的话语体系。一个学科只有以一系列具有专业性、系统性的概念、范畴、命题揭示客观对象的本质和规律，构成学术体系和话语体系的统一体，才能称其为一个成熟的、健全的学科。

Marxism is a systematic and complete ideological and theoretical system founded by Marx and Engels. Whether taken as a whole or in its component parts such as Marxist philosophy, political economy, and scientific socialism, Marxism is a unity of academic system and discourse system, expressing systematic theories through systematic concepts. For example, the materialist conception of history, one of Marx’s two great discoveries, is such a scientific system. In 1859, in the “Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” Marx outlined the materialist conception of history he had created and applied to guide his research in political economy. In Lenin’s view, this was a “complete exposition” of the “fundamental propositions of materialism extended to human society and its history.” [1]1 V. I. Lenin, “Karl Marx,” in *Collected Works*, vol. 21 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), p. 55. Marx’s classic summary of the materialist conception of history is expressed through a series of basic categories he created, including productive forces, relations of production, economic base, superstructure, the mode of production of material life, social being, social consciousness, social revolution, ideology, and social formation. It is precisely this series of basic categories that constitutes the discourse system of historical materialism, expresses the basic principles of historical materialism, and thus presents a disciplinary system in which the academic system and the discourse system are unified. In the English preface to the first volume of *Capital*, Engels said of the terminology of *Capital*: “Every new aspect of a science involves a revolution in the technical terms of that science.” [2]2 Frederick Engels, “Preface to the English Edition,” in Karl Marx, *Capital*, vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.), p. 13. New insights require the creation of new terms to express them. For a science to achieve a revolution in academic theory, it must be accompanied by a revolution in terminology. The construction of each discipline in philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics is both the construction of an academic system and the construction of a discourse system, encompassing both aspects of the work.

马克思主义是马克思、恩格斯创立的系统完备的思想理论体系。马克思主义不论从整体上还是从马克思主义哲学、政治经济学、科学社会主义等各个组成部分来说，都是学术体系和话语体系的统一，都是以成体系的概念表达了成体系的理论。例如，作为马克思两个伟大发现之一的唯物主义历史观，就是这样的科学体系。1859年，马克思在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中概述了自己创立并运用以指导自己政治经济学研究的唯物主义历史观。在列宁看来，这是对“推广运用于人类社会及其历史的唯物主义基本原理”的“完整的表述”。马克思关于唯物主义历史观的经典概括，是用他创立的一系列基本范畴来表述的，其中包括生产力、生产关系、经济基础、上层建筑、物质生活的生产方式、社会存在、社会意识、社会革命、意识形态、社会形态等。正是这一系列基本范畴构成了历史唯物主义的话语体系，表达了历史唯物主义的基本原理，从而呈现出学术体系和话语体系相统一的学科体系。恩格斯在《资本论》第一卷英文版序言中论述《资本论》的术语时说：“一门科学提出的每一种新见解都包含这门科学的术语的革命。”新见解需要创造出新术语来表达。一门科学要实现学术理论的革命，必然有术语的革命相伴随。中国特色哲学社会科学各学科的构建，既是构建学术体系，也是构建话语体系，同时包含了这两方面的工作。

III

三

Since the academic system and the discourse system are inseparably unified, why should constructing the academic system and constructing the discourse system each be treated as a separate task? This is because the academic system and the discourse system, as two aspects constituting a discipline, are a unity of opposites containing internal differences. This difference makes the construction of the academic system and the construction of the discourse system two aspects of the construction of the disciplinary system that are both inseparable and relatively independent, unable to replace each other. It makes the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics include the three major tasks of constructing the disciplinary system, the academic system, and the discourse system.

既然学术体系和话语体系统一不可分，那么为什么要把构建学术体系和构建话语体系各自当作一项任务？这是因为，学术体系和话语体系作为构成一个学科的两个方面，其统一是包含着内在差别的对立面的统一。这种差别性使学术体系建设和话语体系建设成为学科体系建设中既不可分割又各自相对独立、不能相互替代的两方面的工作，使构建中国特色哲学社会科学包括了构建学科体系、学术体系和话语体系三大体系的任务。

The differences and contradictions between the academic system and the discourse system have multiple manifestations. Regarding the relationship between the academic system and the discourse system within a disciplinary system itself, their formation and development are not entirely synchronous. For example, in the process of Marx and Engels creating scientific theory, there were instances where new ideas were expressed using Hegelian or Feuerbachian discourse, because new ideas had already formed but the discourse to express them needed to go through a process before being gradually determined and gradually refined. The materialist conception of history expressed by Marx in the 1859 “Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy” had actually been initially formed in the 1840s, but the works of that time had not yet made a clear and concise systematic expression using such a mature discourse system. Within a disciplinary system, there can also be situations where the same concept is expressed by different words, the same word has different meanings in different contexts, and the meaning of the same term changes at different stages of the development of thought and theory. This makes the construction of the discourse system and the academic system of a discipline relatively independent work.

学术体系和话语体系的区别和矛盾有多方面表现。就一个学科体系自身学术体系和话语体系的关系来说，二者的形成、发展不是完全同步的。例如，在马克思、恩格斯创立科学理论的过程中，就有用黑格尔、费尔巴哈式的话语表达新思想的情形，因为存在新思想已经形成但表达新思想的话语需要经历一个过程后才能逐步确定下来、逐步精确化的情形。马克思1859年在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中所表达的唯物主义历史观，实际上在19世纪40年代就已初步形成，但当时的著作中还没有用如此成熟的话语体系作出清晰、简明的系统性表达。在一个学科体系中，还会出现同一概念用不同的语词来表达，同一语词在不同场合具有不同的含义，同一术语在思想、理论发展的不同阶段发生含义上的变化等情形。这就使得一个学科的话语体系和学术体系的构建成为具有相对独立性的工作。

Between different systems and schools within the same disciplinary field, the relationship between the academic system and the discourse system presents a complex picture. Under certain socio-historical conditions, people living in certain social relations, due to differences in standpoint, interest, and understanding, will form different or even opposing views in the same disciplinary field, manifested both in the academic system and in the discourse system, with the two interwoven and coexisting. Some seemingly identical terms may have meanings that are both related and significantly different in different systems and schools. Engels took the terms “profit” and “rent,” used in both Marx’s political economy and classical bourgeois political economy, as examples to elaborate in depth that the application of certain terms in *Capital* differs from their meanings in classical political economy. He analyzed and pointed out: “The terminology of a theory which regards modern capitalist production as merely a passing stage in the economic history of mankind must necessarily differ from that of authors who treat this form of production as the eternal and final stage.” [3]3 Frederick Engels, “Preface to the English Edition,” in Karl Marx, *Capital*, vol. 1, p. 14. Because Marxist political economy and bourgeois political economy have essential differences in their views on capitalist production, the terms they apply, even when expressed with the same words, must necessarily have different meanings. Another example is “experience,” a term widely used in different philosophical schools but with widely divergent meanings. Lenin once elaborated on the different meanings of “experience” in different philosophical systems, pointing out: “Under the word ‘experience,’ undoubtedly, both the materialist and the idealist lines in philosophy can be concealed.” [4]4 V. I. Lenin, *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*, in *Collected Works*, vol. 14 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), p. 146.

在同一学科领域不同体系、不同学派之间，学术体系和话语体系的关系呈现出复杂情形。在一定社会历史条件下，生活在一定社会关系中的人们由于立场、利益、认识等方面的差异，在同一学科领域会形成不同乃至对立的观点，既表现在学术体系中，也表现在话语体系中，二者交织并存。一些看上去相同的术语，在不同体系和学派中可能含义既有关联又有重大差别。恩格斯曾以“利润”和“地租”这两个在马克思的政治经济学和资产阶级古典政治经济学中都使用的术语为例，深入阐述了《资本论》中某些术语的应用同这些术语在古典政治经济学中的含义是不同的。他分析指出：“把现代资本主义生产只看做是人类经济史上的一个暂时阶段的理论所使用的术语，和把这种生产形式看做是永恒的、最终的阶段的那些作者所惯用的术语，必然是不同的。”由于马克思主义政治经济学和资产阶级政治经济学对资本主义生产的看法有本质上的区别，它们所应用的术语即使用同样的语词来表达，其含义也必然是不同的。又如，“经验”是一个在不同哲学学派中被广泛使用却歧义纷呈的术语。列宁曾经阐述了“经验”在不同哲学体系中的不同含义，他指出：“在‘经验’这个字眼下，毫无疑问，既可隐藏哲学上的唯物主义路线，也可隐藏唯心主义路线。”

The opposition between different ideological and theoretical systems in philosophy and social sciences, and the struggle in the field of social ideology, are manifested both as contradictions in the content of thought and theory and as opposition in discourse systems and the struggle for discursive power. If terms taken from different systems are mixed together and used indiscriminately, it can easily cause ideological and theoretical ambiguity or even confusion. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Adhering to the guidance of Marxism is the fundamental hallmark that distinguishes contemporary Chinese philosophy and social sciences from other philosophy and social sciences, and it must be upheld unequivocally.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences,” May 17, 2016. Upholding this “fundamental hallmark” is embodied both in the academic system of each discipline in philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics and in the discourse system. Upholding Marxism’s guiding position in the field of ideology includes upholding the Marxist discourse system; strengthening confidence in the theory includes strengthening confidence in the discourse system; preventing and resisting the influence of erroneous ideological trends includes clarifying discursive confusion, being vigilant against discursive infiltration and discursive traps, and opposing discursive hegemony. To give full play to the role of China’s philosophy and social sciences, the construction of the discourse system must be strengthened. Especially in interpreting Chinese practice and constructing Chinese theory, we must be adept at refining signature concepts, creating new concepts, new categories, and new expressions that are easily understood and accepted by the international community, and guiding the international academic community to carry out research and discussion. [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences,” May 17, 2016.

哲学社会科学中不同思想理论体系之间的对立，社会意识形态领域的斗争，既表现为思想、理论内容上的矛盾，也表现为话语体系的对立和话语权的争夺。如果把取自不同体系的术语混同在一起使用，容易造成思想上理论上的含糊不清甚至混乱。习近平总书记指出：“坚持以马克思主义为指导，是当代中国哲学社会科学区别于其他哲学社会科学的根本标志，必须旗帜鲜明加以坚持。”坚持这一“根本标志”，既体现在中国特色哲学社会科学各学科的学术体系中，也体现在话语体系中。坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位，包括坚持马克思主义的话语体系；增强理论自信，包括增强话语体系的自信；防止和抵御错误思潮的影响，包括澄清话语上的混乱，警惕话语渗透和话语陷阱，反对话语霸权。发挥我国哲学社会科学的作用，要加强话语体系建设。尤其是在解读中国实践、构建中国理论上，要善于提炼标识性概念，打造易为国际社会所理解和接受的新概念、新范畴、新表述，引导国际学术界开展研究和讨论。

Thus, it can be seen that because the discourse system has relative independence from the academic system, the construction of the academic system cannot replace the construction of the discourse system. Therefore, it is entirely necessary to propose the construction of the discourse system as a separate task alongside the construction of the academic system. The construction of the academic system and the construction of the discourse system are closely linked, mutually constraining and mutually promoting each other, and should be advanced simultaneously, moving forward together.

可见，由于话语体系对于学术体系具有相对独立性，学术体系建设不能代替话语体系建设，所以在构建学术体系的同时把构建话语体系作为一项任务单独提出来是完全必要的。构建学术体系和构建话语体系紧密关联，既相互制约，又相互促进，应同时发力，一起向前推进。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗