On the Marxist Theoretical Disciplinary System, Academic System, Discourse System and Their Interrelations

Marx’s thought on technology provides the fundamental guidance for scientifically understanding the essential attributes and socio-historical effects of artificial intelligence, and for correctly handling the relationship between artificial intelligence and ideological and political education. As a key driving force and strategic technology of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence profoundly affects the threefold socio-historical relations between humans and nature, between humans and humans, and between humans and themselves, and gradually evolves into a unity of “technical means,” “infrastructure,” and “civilizational marker.” For ideological and political education, artificial intelligence, as an endogenous force, embeds itself into and influences the foundational basis, basic contradictions, and practical forms of ideological and political education. Promoting the deep integration of artificial intelligence and ideological and political education is an inherent requirement and rational choice that follows the laws of technological transformation and escapes the trap of the technological tool paradox and the danger of technological domination. This integration deeply contains the symbiotic relationship and interactive logic of “technology–ideological and political education,” concentratedly manifested as two interconnected and mutually reinforcing processes and mechanisms: “the ideological and political education-ization of artificial intelligence” and “the artificial intelligence-ization of ideological and political education.”

马克思工艺学思想为科学认识人工智能的本质属性和社会历史效应，正确处理人工智能与思想政治教育关系提供了根本遵循。人工智能作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要驱动力和战略性技术，深刻影响人和自然、人和人、人和自身三重社会历史关系，并逐步演化为“技术手段”“基础设施”“文明标识”的统一体。对思想政治教育来说，人工智能作为一种内生性力量嵌入并影响思想政治教育的发生基础、基本矛盾和实践形态。推动人工智能与思想政治教育深度融合，是遵循工艺学变革规律，摆脱技术工具悖论与技术宰制之虞的内在要求和理性选择。这种融合深层蕴含着“技术—思政”的共生关系和互动逻辑，集中表现为“人工智能思政化”与“思政人工智能化”两个相互连接、相辅相成的过程和机制。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has delivered many important speeches on flourishing philosophy and social sciences and accelerating the construction of an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences. The 20th National Congress of the CPC clearly stated: “Deeply implement the Marxist Theory Research and Development Project, and accelerate the construction of a disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system for philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics.” [1]1 The “Marxist Theory Research and Development Project” (马克思主义理论研究和建设工程) is a major national project launched by the CPC Central Committee in 2004 to strengthen the study, development, and dissemination of Marxist theory, particularly in the context of China.(P43) The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization, adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, emphasizes: “Innovate the Marxist Theory Research and Development Project, implement an innovation project for philosophy and social sciences, and construct an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences.” [2]2 The “Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC” (党的二十届三中全会) refers to the third plenary meeting of the 20th Central Committee, held in July 2024, which focused on further deepening reform comprehensively.(P32) Adhering to the guidance of Marxism is the fundamental hallmark that distinguishes contemporary Chinese philosophy and social sciences from other philosophy and social sciences. Deeply studying the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system, academic system, discourse system, and their interrelations has important theoretical and practical significance for accelerating the construction of an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences and for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

党的十八大以来，习近平围绕繁荣哲学社会科学、加快构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系多次发表重要讲话。党的二十大明确指出：“深入实施马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学学科体系、学术体系、话语体系。”[1](P43)党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》强调：“创新马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，实施哲学社会科学创新工程，构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系。”[2](P32)坚持以马克思主义为指导，是当代中国哲学社会科学区别于其他哲学社会科学的根本标志。深入研究马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系、话语体系及其相互关系，对于加快构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系，推进中国式现代化，具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。

I. The Positioning, Research Fields, and Supporting Conditions of the Marxist Theoretical Disciplinary System

一、马克思主义理论学科体系的定位、研究领域和支撑条件

A discipline is the product of scientific knowledge maturing and undergoing scientific classification, and is an organic unified whole integrating the “five bodies” of discipline, scholarship, scholar, academic atmosphere, and student. Leadership in discipline construction is the key to discipline construction; academic research is the foundation of discipline construction; scholars are the main body of discipline construction; academic atmosphere is the guarantee for the healthy development of the discipline; and students are the product of discipline construction and the marker of its effectiveness. The disciplinary system refers to the organic unified whole formed by the interconnection of the various components within a discipline, possessing specific structures and functions. Different types of disciplines are distinguished by the particularity of their research objects and are connected to each other through the universality contained in those research objects. A mature disciplinary system can promote the vigorous development of the academic system and discourse system, and can also provide sustained talent guarantees and scientific support for national development.

学科是科学知识走向成熟并进行科学分类的产物，是与学术、学者、学风、学生“五位一体”的有机统一整体。学科建设的领导权是学科建设的关键，学术研究是学科建设的基础，学者是学科建设的主体，学风是学科健康发展的保障，学生则是学科建设的产物和建设成效的标志。学科体系是指由学科内部各组成部分相互联系而构成的、具有特定结构和功能的有机统一整体。不同类型的学科以其研究对象的特殊性得以区分，也以研究对象所包含的普遍性特征得以彼此联系，成熟的学科体系可以推动学术体系和话语体系蓬勃发展，也能够为国家发展提供持续的人才保障与科学支撑。

First, the disciplinary positioning of the Marxist theoretical discipline. The Marxist theoretical discipline is a discipline that studies the basic principles and scientific system of Marxism as a whole. It is the foundational discipline, core discipline, and leading discipline of the system of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, and is a strategic project concerning the future and destiny of the Party and the state.

第一，马克思主义理论学科的学科定位。马克思主义理论学科是一门从整体上研究马克思主义基本原理和科学体系的学科，是中国特色哲学社会科学体系的基础学科、核心学科、领头学科，是关系党和国家前途命运的战略工程。

From the perspective of historical generative logic, the construction of the Marxist theoretical discipline began with Marxist theoretical education. In the process of the creation and development of Marxism, Marx and Engels deeply studied issues such as the basic principles, basic content, and basic methods of Marxist theoretical education, and established Marxist theoretical education organizations such as the Communist League, the First International, and the Second International, to raise the class consciousness and theoretical literacy of the working class and guide the international communist movement. The October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to China. The Communist Party of China is a modern proletarian political party armed with Marxism-Leninism. In the various historical periods of revolution, construction, and reform, Chinese Communists have always insisted on arming the whole Party, educating the people, and guiding work with Marxist theory. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Chinese Communists initiated systematic Marxist theoretical education and the construction of a Marxist theoretical specialty. With the continuous advancement of reform and opening up and the socialist modernization drive, the construction of the Marxist theoretical specialty entered a new stage. In 1984, the Ministry of Education formally established ideological and political education as a specialty and began undergraduate enrollment; in 1987, a master’s degree point for the ideological and political education specialty was established; in 1990, a master’s degree point for Marxist theoretical education was established; in 1996, a doctoral degree point for Marxist theory and ideological and political education was established. In 2004, the Party Central Committee proposed “implementing the Marxist Theory Research and Development Project,” which has now been ongoing for more than 20 years. Constructing a Marxist theoretical disciplinary system with the characteristics of the times is one of the important tasks of the Marxist Theory Research and Development Project. In 2005, the Notice of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and the Ministry of Education on Adjusting and Adding the First-Level Discipline of Marxist Theory and Its Subordinate Second-Level Disciplines decided to establish the first-level discipline of Marxist theory. At this point, the study of the Marxist theoretical discipline achieved a transformation from “conceptual whole” to “real whole,” [3]3 The phrase “from ‘conceptual whole’ to ‘real whole’” (由“观念整体”到“现实整体”) is a reference to a Hegelian-Marxist distinction between a merely abstract or conceptual totality and a concrete, realized totality in practice. moving toward a more standardized, routinized, and institutionalized path.

从历史生成逻辑来看，马克思主义理论学科建设是以马克思主义理论教育为起点的。在马克思主义创立和发展过程中，马克思、恩格斯深入研究了马克思主义理论教育的基本原则、基本内容和基本方法等问题，并建立共产主义者同盟、第一国际和第二国际等马克思主义理论教育组织，提高工人阶级的阶级意识和理论素养，指导国际共产主义运动。十月革命一声炮响，给中国送来了马克思列宁主义。中国共产党是用马克思列宁主义武装起来的现代无产阶级政党，在革命、建设、改革各个历史时期，中国共产党人始终坚持用马克思主义理论武装全党、教育人民、指导工作。中华人民共和国成立之后，中国共产党人开启了系统的马克思主义理论教育和马克思主义理论专业建设。随着改革开放和社会主义现代化建设进程的不断推进，马克思主义理论专业建设进入新阶段。1984年教育部正式将思想政治教育设为一个专业，并且启动本科招生，1987年设立思想政治教育专业硕士点，1990年设立马克思主义理论教育硕士学位点，1996年设立马克思主义理论与思想政治教育博士点。2004年党中央提出“实施马克思主义理论研究和建设工程”，至今已经20多年，建设具有时代特征的马克思主义理论学科体系就是马克思主义理论研究和建设工程的重要任务之一。2005年，国务院学位委员会、教育部《关于调整增设马克思主义理论一级学科及所属二级学科的通知》决定设立马克思主义理论一级学科。至此，马克思主义理论学科研究实现了由“观念整体”到“现实整体”的转变，[3]走向了更加规范化、常规化、制度化的道路。

Second, the research fields of the Marxist theoretical discipline and their internal structure and functions. The second-level disciplines under the first-level discipline of Marxist theory and their internal structure and functions are the core elements constituting the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system. In 2005, when the first-level discipline of Marxist theory was added, five second-level disciplines were simultaneously established: Basic Principles of Marxism, History of Marxist Development, Study of the Adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese Context, Study of Marxism Abroad, and Ideological and Political Education. In 2008 and 2017, two more second-level disciplines were added: Study of Basic Issues in Modern and Contemporary Chinese History, and Party Building.

第二，马克思主义理论学科的研究领域及其内在的结构和功能。马克思主义理论一级学科下的二级学科及其内在结构和功能是马克思主义理论学科体系构成的核心要素。2005年，在增设马克思主义理论一级学科的同时下设了五个二级学科，即马克思主义基本原理、马克思主义发展史、马克思主义中国化研究、国外马克思主义研究和思想政治教育。在2008年、2017年，又分别增设了中国近现代史基本问题研究、党的建设两个二级学科。

The second-level disciplines under the first-level discipline of Marxist theory are both distinct from and interconnected with each other. On the one hand, each second-level discipline under the first-level discipline of Marxist theory has its own research focus, research field, and different functions. Basic Principles of Marxism focuses on studying the basic positions, viewpoints, and methods of Marxism, and studying the universal basic principles running through the classic works of Marxism. [4]4 The “classic works of Marxism” (马克思主义经典著作) typically refers to the foundational texts by Marx, Engels, Lenin, and key Chinese Marxist leaders such as Mao Zedong.

马克思主义理论一级学科下的二级学科既相互区别又相互联系。一方面，马克思主义理论一级学科下的二级学科各有其研究重点、研究领域和不同功能。马克思主义基本原理着重研究马克思主义基本立场、观点、方法，研究贯穿于马克思主义经典著作中、具有普遍性的基本原理。[4]

The History of Marxist Development focuses on studying the historical process of the emergence, formation, development, dissemination, and construction of Marxism and its basic laws. The Study of the Adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese Context focuses on studying the historical process, basic experience, and theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The Study of Marxism Abroad focuses on studying contemporary world socialist movements and trends, the theory and practice of foreign communist parties, and Western Marxism. The Study of Basic Issues in Modern and Contemporary Chinese History focuses on studying why the Chinese people chose Marxism and the Communist Party of China, and summarizing the laws and experience of the Party leading the people in this historical process. Ideological and Political Education focuses on studying the basic theory of ideological and political education, the history, application, and real-time tracking of ideological and political education. [4]4 The “classic works of Marxism” (马克思主义经典著作) typically refers to the foundational texts by Marx, Engels, Lenin, and key Chinese Marxist leaders such as Mao Zedong.

马克思主义发展史重在研究马克思主义产生、形成、发展、传播、建设的历史过程及其基本规律。马克思主义中国化研究重在研究马克思主义中国化时代化的历史过程、基本经验和理论成果。国外马克思主义研究重在研究当代世界社会主义运动与思潮、国外共产党的理论与实践、西方马克思主义。中国近现代史基本问题研究重在研究中国人民为什么选择马克思主义、中国共产党以及总结党领导人民在这一历史进程中的规律经验。思想政治教育重在研究思想政治教育学基础理论，思想政治教育的历史、应用和现实追踪等。[4]

On the other hand, the first-level discipline of Marxist theory is not a simple superposition of its constituent second-level disciplines, but an organic, unified whole. Holism is the foundation of the legitimacy of the existence and development of the Marxist theoretical discipline. The second-level disciplines under the first-level discipline of Marxist theory are consistent in their research objectives, and they support and promote each other. In terms of research objectives, they all study Marxist theory and its application, and all emphasize the combination of scientificity and ideological character, political nature and scholarly rationality, and theoretical nature and practicality. Moreover, they support, promote, and develop together. Among them, the basic principles of Marxism lay the theoretical foundation for the other second-level disciplines of Marxist theory; the other second-level disciplines are extensions, unfoldings, and applications of the basic principles of Marxism, while simultaneously expanding the theoretical field for the basic principles of Marxism and indicating the target orientation for their research and construction. [4]4 The “classic works of Marxism” (马克思主义经典著作) typically refers to the foundational texts by Marx, Engels, Lenin, and key Chinese Marxist leaders such as Mao Zedong.

另一方面，马克思主义理论一级学科不是所属二级学科的简单叠加，而是一个有机的统一整体。整体性是马克思主义理论学科生存和发展的合法性基础。马克思主义理论一级学科下设的二级学科在研究目标上具有一致性，二级学科之间相互支撑、相互促进。在研究目标上，它们都是对马克思主义理论及其运用的研究，都注重科学性与意识形态性、政治性与学理性、理论性与实践性相结合。另外，它们之间又相互支撑、相互促进、共同发展。其中马克思主义基本原理为马克思主义理论其他二级学科奠定了理论基础，其他二级学科都是马克思主义基本原理的延伸、展开和运用，同时为马克思主义基本原理拓展了理论场域、指明了研究和建设的目标趋向。[4]

Third, the supporting conditions for the Marxist theoretical discipline. The main courses, textbooks, and the Marxist theoretical research and teaching contingent, as well as the academic style of the Marxist theoretical discipline, are important supporting conditions for the deepening development of the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system. [5]5 The "05 Plan" refers to the "Opinions on Further Strengthening and Improving Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Institutions of Higher Learning" (2005), which established the current curriculum framework for ideological and political education in Chinese universities.

第三，马克思主义理论学科的支撑条件。马克思主义理论学科的主要课程、教材和马克思主义理论研究与教学队伍、学风等是马克思主义理论学科体系深化发展的重要支撑条件。[5]

First, the curriculum construction of the Marxist theoretical discipline. The addition of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory was promoted by the "Opinions on Further Strengthening and Improving Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Institutions of Higher Learning" (hereinafter referred to as the "05 Plan") [n] issued by the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee and the Ministry of Education. A prominent feature of the "05 Plan" is its emphasis on the holism of the basic principles of Marxism, the holism of Sinicized Marxist theory, and the holism of ideological and moral education and legal education. Holistic ideological and political theory course teaching needs to rely on holistic curriculum construction. In the New Era, the construction and reform of the ideological and political theory course system in institutions of higher learning closely revolves around the fundamental task of "fostering virtue through education" (立德树人) and cultivating socialist builders and successors, constructing a Marxist theoretical course system that takes the basic principles of Marxism as its foundation and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its core content, combining compulsory and elective courses.

其一，马克思主义理论学科的课程建设。增设马克思主义理论一级学科是由中共中央宣传部、教育部《关于进一步加强和改进高等学校思想政治理论课的意见》（以下简称“05方案”）推动的。“05方案”的重要特点是彰显马克思主义基本原理的整体性、中国化马克思主义理论的整体性、思想道德教育与法治教育的整体性。整体性的思想政治理论课教学需要依托于整体性的课程建设。新时代高校思想政治理论课程建设和改革，紧紧围绕“立德树人”、培养社会主义建设者和接班人这个根本任务，构建以马克思主义基本原理为基础、以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为核心内容的必修课和选修课相结合的马克思主义理论课程体系。

Second, the textbook construction of the Marxist theoretical discipline. Textbooks are the most direct scientific models reflecting disciplinary literacy and disciplinary curriculum standards; textbook construction falls under the authority of the state. In the New Era and on the new journey, the Party Central Committee attaches great importance to the construction of textbooks for the Marxist theoretical discipline. In 2022, the Ministry of Education issued a notice on the "New Era Marxist Theoretical Research and Construction Project Key Textbook Construction Promotion Plan for the Ministry of Education." The construction of textbooks for the Marxist theoretical discipline always holds high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, runs through the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, upholds and develops confidence in the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promotes the alignment of textbooks with courses and the integration of the latest achievements of the Party's innovative theories into textbooks, classrooms, and minds, fully leverages the function of textbooks in casting souls and educating people, and opens up a new situation in Marxist theoretical education. [6]6 *Cihai* is a comprehensive Chinese dictionary and encyclopedia, a standard reference work in China.

其二，马克思主义理论学科的教材建设。教材是最直接体现学科素养和学科课程标准的科学范本，教材建设属于国家事权。新时代新征程党中央高度重视马克思主义理论学科教材建设，2022年教育部印发了《新时代马克思主义理论研究和建设工程教育部重点教材建设推进方案》的通知。马克思主义理论学科教材建设始终高扬中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，贯穿马克思主义立场观点方法，坚持和发展中国特色社会主义理论自信，推动教材与课程同向同行和党的创新理论最新成果进教材进课堂进头脑，充分发挥教材的铸魂育人功能，开创马克思主义理论教育新局面。[6]

Third, the construction of the Marxist theoretical research and teaching contingent. Holistic curriculum construction for the Marxist theoretical discipline requires the holistic construction of the Marxist theoretical research and teaching contingent. This is the main body of construction and an important talent guarantee for the Marxist disciplinary system. In 2015, in his speech at the National Conference on Party School Work, Xi Jinping pointed out the need to cultivate and forge a group of great Marxist theorists, a group of renowned experts loyal to Marxism with influence in their disciplinary fields. [7]7 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture, a guiding principle for adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. On March 18, 2019, at a symposium with teachers of ideological and political theory courses in schools, Xi Jinping put forward the requirements for teachers to be "strong in politics, deep in sentiment, new in thinking, broad in vision, strict in self-discipline, and upright in character." In May 2024, in an important instruction on the construction of ideological and political theory courses in schools, Xi Jinping further emphasized the need to build a contingent of ideological and political theory course teachers who are strong in politics, deep in sentiment, new in thinking, broad in vision, strict in self-discipline, and upright in character. The Marxist theoretical research and teaching contingent must "study Marxism while being in Marxism, research Marxism while being in Marxism, and believe in Marxism while being in Marxism," transforming Marxist theoretical literacy into a firm belief in Marxism, becoming defenders of Marxist belief, and researchers, practitioners, and disseminators of Marxist theory in the New Era. They must produce genuine skills and achieve good results in researching and solving major issues concerning the overall situation, fundamentals, and key aspects of the Party and the state. [8]8 The “two great discoveries” (两大发现) are Marx’s materialist conception of history and his theory of surplus value, which Engels described as making socialism scientific.

其三，马克思主义理论研究与教学队伍建设。整体性的马克思主义理论学科课程建设需要进行整体性的马克思主义理论研究与教学队伍建设。这是马克思主义学科体系的建设主体和重要人才保障。2015年，习近平在全国党校工作会议上的讲话中指出，培养造就一批马克思主义理论大家，一批忠诚于马克思主义、在学科领域有影响的知名专家。[7] 2019年3月18日，习近平在学校思想政治理论课教师座谈会上对教师提出“政治要强、情怀要深、思维要新、视野要广、自律要严、人格要正”的要求；2024年5月，习近平在对学校思想政治理论课建设作出的重要指示中，进一步强调要建设一支政治强、情怀深、思维新、视野广、自律严、人格正的思想政治理论课教师队伍。马克思主义理论研究与教学队伍要“在马学马、在马研马、在马信马”，把马克思主义理论素养转化为对马克思主义的坚定信仰，成为新时代马克思主义信仰的坚守者、马克思主义理论的研究者、实践者、传播者。在研究解决事关党和国家全局性、根本性、关键性的重大问题上拿出真本事、取得好成果。[8]

Fourth, the construction of the Marxist theoretical academic style. In his preface to the sixth batch of national cadre learning and training textbooks, Xi Jinping emphasized that cadres at all levels must promote the Marxist style of study that integrates theory with practice. Adhering to the Marxist style of study that integrates theory with practice is an important guarantee for the healthy development of the Marxist theoretical discipline. In his speech at the symposium on philosophy and social sciences, Xi Jinping particularly emphasized the importance of opposing dogmatism and pragmatism in correcting the attitude and style of study towards Marxism. "We must not adopt a dogmatic attitude towards Marxism, nor a pragmatic one. If we disregard changes in historical conditions and actual circumstances and rigidly adhere to certain individual theses and specific action programs put forward by the classic writers of Marxism under specific historical conditions and for specific situations, we will be unable to advance smoothly because our thinking is divorced from reality, and may even make mistakes." [9]9 The “three magic weapons” (三大法宝) refers to the united front, armed struggle, and Party building, which Mao Zedong identified as the three key instruments for the CPC’s victory in the Chinese revolution. (P13)

其四，马克思主义理论学风建设。习近平在为第六批全国干部学习培训教材所作序言中强调，各级干部要发扬理论联系实际的马克思主义学风。坚持理论联系实际的马克思主义学风，是马克思主义理论学科健康发展的重要保障。在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上的讲话中，习近平特别强调反对教条主义和实用主义对于端正对待马克思主义的态度和学风的重要性。“对待马克思主义，不能采取教条主义的态度，也不能采取实用主义的态度。如果不顾历史条件和现实情况变化，拘泥于马克思主义经典作家在特定历史条件下、针对具体情况作出的某些个别论断和具体行动纲领，我们就会因为思想脱离实际而不能顺利前进，甚至发生失误。”[9](P13)

II. The Epistemology, Axiology, and Methodology of the Marxist Theoretical Academic System

二、马克思主义理论学术体系的知识论、价值论和方法论

The *Cihai* [n] defines "academic" (学术) as "relatively specialized, systematic learning." The important task of scientific research lies in revealing the essence of things and their laws of development. The academic system is formed by theorizing, disciplinizing, and systematizing the research fields, research methods, and research results of a discipline, thereby forming an epistemological, axiological, and methodological system that reveals the essence and laws of that discipline. The Marxist theoretical academic system is formed by theorizing, disciplinizing, and systematizing the research fields, research methods, and research results of the Marxist theoretical discipline, thereby forming an epistemological, axiological, and methodological system that reveals the essence and laws of the Marxist theoretical discipline. [10]10 “The Four Greats” (四个伟大) refers to the great struggle, the great project (Party building), the great cause (socialism with Chinese characteristics), and the great dream (the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation). Based on this, it mainly includes the following basic elements.

《辞海》对“学术”的释义为“较为专门、有系统的学问”。科学研究的重要任务在于揭示事物本质及其发展规律，学术体系是对学科研究领域、研究方法、研究成果等予以理论化、学科化、系统化而形成的，揭示本学科本质和规律的知识论、价值论、方法论体系。马克思主义理论学术体系是对马克思主义理论学科研究领域、研究方法、研究成果等予以理论化、学科化、系统化而形成的，揭示马克思主义理论学科本质和规律的知识论、价值论、方法论体系。[10]基于此，它主要包括以下基本要素。

First, the epistemology of the Marxist theoretical academic system. Epistemology is a philosophical concept that mainly studies the nature, generation, scope, and content of knowledge, specifically addressing questions such as "what it is, how it is obtained, and where its boundaries lie." The epistemology of the Marxist theoretical academic system mainly answers questions concerning the essence, generation, research scope, and basic content of Marxist theory.

第一，马克思主义理论学术体系的知识论。知识论是一个哲学概念，主要研究知识的本质、产生、范围以及内容，具体涉及“是什么、如何获得、边界在哪”等问题。马克思主义理论学术体系的知识论，主要回答马克思主义理论的本质、产生、研究范畴以及基本内容。

First, the essence of Marxist theory. Marx pointed out: "Dialectics, however, is nothing more than the science of the general laws of motion and development of nature, human society, and thought. It is therefore in its essence critical and revolutionary." [11]11 The “theory of emphasis” (重点论) is a concept in Maoist dialectical materialism, referring to the method of focusing on the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of a contradiction in analysis and practice. (P94) "The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it." [12]12 “China on the tip of the tongue” (舌尖上的中国) is a reference to the popular Chinese documentary *A Bite of China*, used here as a metaphor for superficial cultural exports (cuisine) versus deeper intellectual contributions. (P136) In his important speech at the ceremony commemorating the 200th anniversary of Marx's birth, Xi Jinping comprehensively and profoundly summarized the essence of Marxist theory, namely that Marxism is a scientific theory, a theory of the people, a practical theory, and a constantly developing and open theory. The essence of Marxist theory runs through its stance, viewpoint, and method.

其一，马克思主义理论的本质。马克思指出：“辩证法不崇拜任何东西，按其本质来说，它是批判的和革命的。”[11](P94)“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，问题在于改变世界。”[12](P136)习近平在纪念马克思诞辰200周年大会上的重要讲话中，全面深刻概括了马克思主义理论的本质，即马克思主义是科学的理论、人民的理论、实践的理论、不断发展的开放的理论。马克思主义理论的本质贯穿于其立场、观点和方法之中。

Second, the emergence of Marxist theory. Marxist theory was not fabricated by Marx and Engels; its emergence has profound social-historical roots, class roots, theoretical sources, and practical foundations. Engels pointed out: “The theoretical thinking of every age, including our own, is a historical product.” [13]13 The “three systems” (三大体系) refers to the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system, a framework promoted under Xi Jinping for constructing a Chinese philosophy and social sciences with its own identity.(P436) The emergence of Marxism was a product of the era, a necessity for resolving the fundamental contradictions of capitalist society and achieving human liberation. In the era in which Marx and Engels lived, the capitalist mode of production had already developed considerably in Western Europe and had brought about a great leap in productive forces. However, the increase in social wealth was accompanied by the spread of workers’ poverty, and the flourishing development of production triggered periodic economic crises. The brutal oppression of the bourgeoisie provoked resistance from the workers, and the awakened proletariat urgently longed for scientific theoretical guidance. Marxism also continuously developed and perfected itself in the great practice of the proletariat’s critique and transformation of the unreasonable old world order. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Marxism is not a doctrine confined to the study; it was founded to change the historical destiny of the people.” [14]14 The phrase “shouldering the task of national rejuvenation” (堪当民族复兴重任) refers to the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, a central political objective of the CPC.(P9) Marxism was formed, enriched, and developed in the practice of the people’s struggle for liberation. Furthermore, the reason Marxism could be established is also attributable to its critical inheritance of all beneficial ideological and cultural achievements in human history. Lenin pointed out: “The ideology of the revolutionary proletariat, Marxism, has won world-historical significance precisely because it did not discard the most valuable achievements of the bourgeois era, but on the contrary absorbed and transformed everything of value in the development of human thought and culture over more than two thousand years.” [15]15 Marx’s two great discoveries are historical materialism and the theory of surplus value, as famously summarized by Engels.(P299)

其二，马克思主义理论的产生。马克思主义理论不是马克思、恩格斯杜撰出来的，它的产生有深刻的社会历史根源、阶级根源、理论来源和实践基础。恩格斯指出：“每一个时代的理论思维，包括我们这个时代的理论思维，都是一种历史的产物。”[13](P436)马克思主义的产生是时代的产物，是解决资本主义社会基本矛盾和实现人类自身解放的需要。在马克思、恩格斯生活的时代，资本主义生产方式在西欧已经有了相当的发展并带来了生产力的大跨越。然而，社会财富的增加却伴随着工人贫困的扩散，生产的繁荣发展却引起周期性的经济危机。资产阶级的残酷压榨引发了工人的反抗，觉醒了的无产阶级迫切渴望科学的理论指导，马克思主义也在无产阶级批判改造不合理的旧世界秩序的伟大实践中不断发展完善。习近平指出，“马克思主义不是书斋里的学问，而是为了改变人民历史命运而创立的”。[14](P9)马克思主义是在人民求解放的实践中形成、丰富和发展的。此外，马克思主义之所以能够创立，还归因于它批判继承了人类历史上一切有益的思想文化成果。列宁指出：“马克思主义这一革命无产阶级的意识形态赢得了世界历史性的意义，是因为它并没有抛弃资产阶级时代最宝贵的成就，相反却吸收和改造了两千多年来人类思想和文化发展中一切有价值的东西。”[15](P299)

Third, the basic categories and basic content of Marxist theoretical research. From a diachronic perspective, Marxism includes not only the basic principles of Marxism expounded by Marx and Engels based on their era, but also the latest theoretical achievements of Marxism formed by successors on the basis of adhering to the basic principles of Marxism and integrating them with the development and changes of the times. The development of Marxism is characterized by both continuity with the past and advancement with the times. Lenin emphasized: “Marxism has nothing in common with ‘sectarianism’; it is by no means a self-complacent, ossified doctrine that arose outside the high road of world civilization.” [16](P309) Lenin scientifically analyzed the socio-economic base, profound contradictions, and ruling crises of capitalism as it developed into the stage of imperialism, applied the basic principles of Marxism to the concrete reality of Russia, founded Leninism, and formed Marxism in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. The Communist Party of China adheres to the Two Integrations [7]7 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture, a guiding principle for adapting Marxism to the Chinese context., continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, founding Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, forming the important thought of the Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and founding Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. From a synchronic perspective, the scope and content of Marxist research are quite extensive. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The Marxist theoretical system and knowledge system are broad and profound, covering all fields of nature, human society, and human thought, and covering all aspects of history, economy, politics, culture, society, ecology, science and technology, military affairs, and Party building.” [9]9 The “three magic weapons” (三大法宝) refers to the united front, armed struggle, and Party building, which Mao Zedong identified as the three key instruments for the CPC’s victory in the Chinese revolution.(P11) The Marxist theoretical system, with the “two great discoveries” [8]8 The “two great discoveries” (两大发现) are Marx’s materialist conception of history and his theory of surplus value, which Engels described as making socialism scientific. as its core content, is broad and profound. It takes human liberation as the overarching question of the “new worldview,” scientifically reveals the general laws of the development of nature, human society, and human thought, reveals the laws of the emergence, development, and demise of capitalism, reveals the laws of building socialism and realizing communism, and reveals the laws of the liberation of the proletariat and humanity.

其三，马克思主义理论研究的基本范畴和基本内容。从历时性维度看，马克思主义不仅包括马克思、恩格斯基于他们所处时代阐述的马克思主义基本原理，也包括后继者在坚持马克思主义基本原理的基础上，结合时代发展变化所形成的马克思主义最新理论成果。马克思主义的发展具有一脉相承性和与时俱进性。列宁强调：“马克思主义同‘宗派主义’毫无相似之处，它绝不是离开世界文明发展大道而产生的一种故步自封、僵化不变的学说。”[16](P309)列宁科学分析了资本主义发展到帝国主义阶段的社会经济基础、深刻矛盾和统治危机，把马克思主义基本原理运用到俄国的具体实际，创立了列宁主义，形成了帝国主义和无产阶级革命时代的马克思主义。中国共产党坚持“两个结合”，不断推进马克思主义中国化时代化，创立了毛泽东思想、邓小平理论，形成了“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观，创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。从共时性维度看，马克思主义研究的范围和内容相当广泛。习近平指出：“马克思主义理论体系和知识体系博大精深，涉及自然界、人类社会、人类思维各个领域，涉及历史、经济、政治、文化、社会、生态、科技、军事、党建等各个方面。”[9](P11) 以“两大发现”为核心内容的马克思主义理论体系博大精深，其将人类解放作为“新世界观”的总问题，科学揭示了自然界、人类社会和人类思维发展的一般规律，揭示了资本主义产生、发展、灭亡的规律，揭示了建设社会主义、实现共产主义的规律，揭示了无产阶级和人类解放的规律。

Second, the axiology of the Marxist theoretical academic system. The axiology of the Marxist theoretical academic system mainly refers to its value orientation, that is, “for whom, serving whom, and enjoyed by whom.” Xi Jinping emphasized: “The question of for whom is a fundamental and principled issue in philosophical and social science research.” [9]9 The “three magic weapons” (三大法宝) refers to the united front, armed struggle, and Party building, which Mao Zedong identified as the three key instruments for the CPC’s victory in the Chinese revolution.(P12) Marxism is broad and profound, but in the final analysis it comes down to one sentence: seeking liberation for humanity. [14]14 The phrase “shouldering the task of national rejuvenation” (堪当民族复兴重任) refers to the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, a central political objective of the CPC.(P8) People-centeredness is the essential attribute of Marxism. It always takes the people’s standpoint as its fundamental standpoint, conducts scholarship for the people, continuously provides academic wisdom for seeking happiness for the people, and points out the right path of humanity, which relies on the people to advance history. As the *Communist Manifesto* states: “All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority.” [12]12 “China on the tip of the tongue” (舌尖上的中国) is a reference to the popular Chinese documentary *A Bite of China*, used here as a metaphor for superficial cultural exports (cuisine) versus deeper intellectual contributions.(P411)

第二，马克思主义理论学术体系的价值论。马克思主义理论学术体系的价值论主要是指它的价值旨归，即“为了谁、服务谁、由谁享有”。习近平强调：“为什么人的问题是哲学社会科学研究的根本性、原则性问题。”[9](P12)马克思主义博大精深，归根到底就是一句话，为人类求解放。[14](P8)人民性是马克思主义的本质属性。它始终把人民立场作为根本立场，为人民做学问，不断为人民谋幸福提供学术智慧，指明了依靠人民推动历史前进的人间正道。正如《共产党宣言》中指出的“过去的一切运动都是少数人的，或者为少数人谋利益的运动。无产阶级的运动是绝大多数人的、为绝大多数人谋利益的独立的运动”。[12](P411)

“Taking a firm people’s stand and seeking benefits for the people” is also the value dimension consistently upheld in the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times; this is the political logic and value choice of historical materialism. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has engraved the word “people” in its heart, always representing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, and placing the people’s interests in the highest position in its heart. Xi Jinping emphasized, “The country is the people, and the people are the country,” “The people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal,” and “Always put the people first” are the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

“站稳人民立场、为人民谋利益”也是马克思主义中国化时代化进程中所一直坚守的价值向度，这是唯物史观的政治逻辑和价值选择。中国共产党自诞生以来，就把“人民”二字铭刻于心，始终代表最广大人民的根本利益，把人民利益放在心中的最高位置。习近平强调，“江山就是人民、人民就是江山”，“人民对美好生活的向往就是我们的奋斗目标”，“必须坚持人民至上”是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论。

Third, the methodology of the Marxist theoretical academic system. Methodology is the theory of methods, the “boat” and “bridge” for scientifically understanding and transforming the world. The methodology of the Marxist theoretical academic system uses the theoretical viewpoints expounded by the scientific Marxist theoretical system to understand and transform the world. It can help enhance the academic explanatory power, appeal, and influence of the Marxist theoretical discipline. Engels pointed out: “Marx’s entire worldview is not a doctrine, but a method. It provides not ready-made dogmas, but starting points for further investigation and the method for that investigation.” [17](P691)

第三，马克思主义理论学术体系的方法论。方法论是关于方法的理论，是科学认识世界和改造世界的“船”和“桥”。马克思主义理论学术体系的方法论是用马克思主义科学理论体系阐述的理论观点去认识世界和改造世界。它能助力于马克思主义理论学科的学术解释力、吸引力、影响力的提升。恩格斯指出：“马克思的整个世界观不是教义，而是方法。它提供的不是现成的教条，而是进一步研究的出发点和供这种研究使用的方法。”[17](P691)

Viewed as a whole, the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism is the scientific Marxist worldview and methodology. Viewed specifically, it mainly includes the method of contradiction analysis, the method of systems analysis, the method of practical verification, the method of class analysis, the method of unifying logic and history, the method of integrating theory with practice, and so on. The methodology of the Marxist theoretical academic system possesses powerful truth force and moral force; the maximized manifestation of these forces requires people to scientifically apply these methods in practice. Lenin pointed out: “Marxism demands that we examine the question of forms of struggle historically. To discuss this question divorced from the concrete historical environment means not understanding the ABC of dialectical materialism.” [18](P2) Chinese Communists have always adhered to the Marxist worldview and methodology, continuously promoting theoretical innovation in Marxism on the premise of adhering to the basic principles of Marxism. The Two Integrations creatively solved the problem of how Marxism “takes root” and “penetrates people’s hearts” in China, opened up a new realm of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and is the fundamental experience and greatest magic weapon for achieving major achievements in socialism with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping pointed out in his speech at the Symposium on Cultural Heritage and Development: “The experience of both positive and negative aspects of history shows that the ‘Two Integrations’ is the greatest magic weapon for our success.” [19](P5)

从整体上看，辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义方法论是马克思主义的科学世界观和方法论。从具体来看，主要包括矛盾分析法、系统分析法、实践检验法、阶级分析法、逻辑与历史相统一的方法、理论联系实际的方法等。马克思主义理论学术体系的方法论具有强大的真理力量和道义力量，这些力量的最大化呈现需要人们在实践中科学运用这些方法。列宁指出：“马克思主义要求我们一定要历史地来考察斗争形式的问题。脱离历史的具体环境来谈这个问题，就是不懂得辩证唯物主义的起码常识。”[18](P2)中国共产党人始终坚持马克思主义的世界观和方法论，在坚持马克思主义基本原理前提下不断推进马克思主义理论创新，“两个结合”创造性地解决了马克思主义在中国如何“落地生根”和“深入人心”的问题，开辟了马克思主义中国化时代化新境界，是中国特色社会主义取得重大成就的根本经验和最大法宝。习近平在文化传承发展座谈会上的讲话中指出，“历史正反两方面的经验表明，‘两个结合’是我们取得成功的最大法宝”。[19](P5)

III. The Discourse Subject, Object, Theme, and Method of the Marxist Theoretical Discourse System

三、马克思主义理论话语体系的话语主体、客体、主题和方法

Engels pointed out: “Every new viewpoint put forward by a science contains a revolution in the terminology of that science.”[20](P32) Discourse is the mode and method of presenting ideological content, reflecting theoretical logic, expressing thought orientation, and guiding practical behavior. The discourse system refers to the complete linguistic system formed by a given discourse subject in the process of expressing and disseminating cultural knowledge, ideological theory, and value concepts through standardized linguistic symbols, embodied as a series of signature concepts in disciplinary development. “The elements of thought itself, the elements of the life expression of thought—that is, language—are sensuous nature.”[21](P308) Therefore, the discourse system is by no means a mere “discourse cluster”; rather, it is the ideological and theoretical issues embedded behind the “discourse cluster.” “Discourse” is the core content and key marker, while “system” is the external manifestation and integrative paradigm of discourse. A complete discourse system reveals the internal logic behind the discourse and also reflects the specific sociocultural environment that the discourse describes. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Behind discourse lies thought, lies

恩格斯指出：“一门科学提出的每一种新见解都包含这门科学的术语的革命。”[20](P32)话语是呈现思想内容、反映理论逻辑、表达思维取向、引导实践行为的方式方法。话语体系是指一定话语主体以规范化的语言符号在表达和传播文化知识、思想理论、价值观念的过程中所形成的完整言语系统，体现为学科发展中的一系列标识性概念。“思维本身的要素，思想的生命表现的要素，即语言，是感性的自然界。”[21](P308)因此，话语体系绝不仅是纯粹的“话语群”，而是“话语群”背后蕴含的思想理论问题，“话语”是核心内容和重要标识，“体系”是话语的外在表现和整合范式，完整的话语体系体现出话语背后的内在逻辑，也反映出话语所描述的特定社会文化环境。习近平指出：“话语的背后是思想、是‘道’”。[22](P213)马克思主义理论话语体系主要由话语主体、话语客体、话语主题、话语方法四个方面的基本要素构成。

First, the discourse subject of the Marxist theoretical discourse system. The discourse subject is “who constructs, who develops, and who disseminates” the discourse; in short, it defines the question of “who speaks,” which determines the nature, purpose, and attribution of discursive power. The discourse subjects of the Marxist theoretical discourse system include the founders of Marxism, its subsequent developers, and its disseminators. Every discourse subject is situated within specific social relations and consciously or unconsciously represents the interests and value demands of a particular nation, class, or stratum. Interests are subordinate to the subject; the material interests of the subject are the “code” of the discourse system. The interests of the discourse subject of the Marxist theoretical discourse system are consistent with those of the working class and the broad masses of the people; it is always the faithful representative of the interests of the working class and the broad masses of the people. Subjectivity is the autonomy, initiative, creativity, and innovativeness that humans, as subjects, manifest in the process of engaging in object-oriented activities. Xi Jinping points out: “Whether our philosophy and social sciences have Chinese characteristics ultimately depends on whether they have subjectivity and originality.”[9]9 The “three magic weapons” (三大法宝) refers to the united front, armed struggle, and Party building, which Mao Zedong identified as the three key instruments for the CPC’s victory in the Chinese revolution.(P19) A “genuine” subject can fulfill the functions of “constructing, applying, creating, and disseminating” the Marxist discourse system. Conversely, if the subject lacks subjectivity, it is a “false” subject, not a “genuine” one. The masses of the people are the creators of history; the proletariat and the broad masses of the people are the creators, disseminators, and practitioners of the Marxist theoretical discourse system, and are its genuine subjects.

第一，马克思主义理论话语体系的话语主体。话语主体即话语“由谁建构、由谁发展、由谁传播”，简而言之，是界定“谁来说话”的问题，这决定了话语的性质、目的和话语权的归属。马克思主义理论话语体系的话语主体包括马克思主义的创立者、后继发展者和传播者。任何话语主体都处于特定的社会关系之中，自觉不自觉地代表着某种特定的民族、阶级、阶层的利益关系和价值诉求。利益是从属于主体的，主体的物质利益是话语体系的“密码”。马克思主义理论话语体系的话语主体利益与工人阶级、广大人民利益具有一致性，它始终是工人阶级、广大人民利益的忠实代表者。主体性是人作为主体在从事对象化活动过程中表现出来的自主性、能动性、创造性、创新性。习近平指出：“我们的哲学社会科学有没有中国特色，归根到底要看有没有主体性、原创性。”[9](P19)“真正”的主体能够履行“建构、运用、创造、传播”马克思主义话语体系的职能。反之，如果主体不具备主体性，就是“虚假”的、不是“真正”的主体。人民群众是历史的创造者，无产阶级和广大人民群众是马克思主义理论话语体系的创造者、传播者、践行者，是其真正的主体。

Second, the discourse object of the Marxist theoretical discourse system. It is the object of speech of the discourse subject, the recipient and feedback provider of the Marxist theoretical discourse system, mainly defining the question of “to whom one speaks.” The discourse subject and the discourse object together determine the discourse stance. At different stages of the development of Marxism, the discourse object of the Marxist theoretical discourse system also differs, but the one constant is the “people’s standpoint” that runs through it. In different historical periods, and at different stages within the same historical period, the discourse object is constantly changing. Furthermore, the discourse object of the Marxist theoretical discourse system also includes the discourse subject itself. Marx points out: “The educator must himself be educated.”[12]12 “China on the tip of the tongue” (舌尖上的中国) is a reference to the popular Chinese documentary *A Bite of China*, used here as a metaphor for superficial cultural exports (cuisine) versus deeper intellectual contributions.(P134) Letting the educator be educated first; proceeding from this logic, the discourse subject under certain conditions consciously transforms itself into the discourse object.

第二，马克思主义理论话语体系的话语客体。它是话语主体的言说对象，是马克思主义理论话语体系的接受者和反馈者，主要是界定“对谁说话”的问题。话语主体、话语客体共同决定了话语立场。在马克思主义发展的不同阶段，马克思主义理论话语体系的话语客体也有所不同，但唯一不变的是贯穿其中的“人民立场”。在不同的历史时期、在同一历史时期的不同阶段，话语客体都在发生着变化。此外，马克思主义理论话语体系的话语客体也包括话语主体。马克思指出：“教育者本人一定是受教育的。”[12](P134)让教育者先受教育，从这一逻辑出发，话语主体在一定条件下也自觉地转变为话语客体。

Third, the discourse theme of the Marxist theoretical discourse system. It refers to the key discourse nodes and core discourse content elements of the discipline of Marxist theory, specifically composed of a series of discourse clusters (linguistic symbols such as concepts, categories, terms, and judgments). The discourse theme mainly defines the question of “what is said,” constructing new concepts, new categories, new terms, and new judgments to provide persuasive explanations and reasoning about the object of study. Among these, “identifying concepts” are the “discourse cells” of the discipline of Marxist theory; it is precisely on the basis of identifying concepts that a unique discourse system is formed. From a macro perspective, the theme of the Marxist theoretical discourse system revolves around the key discourse nodes and core discourse content centered on “the liberation of the proletariat and humanity.” From a micro perspective, it refers to a series of discourse clusters concerning Marxist theory, that is, linguistic symbols such as identifying concepts, categories, terms, judgments, propositions, and reasoning in Marxist theory. For example, in Marxist philosophy, it scientifically defines concepts and categories such as “matter,” “labor,” “practice,” “productive forces,” “relations of production,” “economic base,” and “superstructure,” and answers questions such as “the fundamental question of philosophy,” “the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness,” “the dialectical relationship between social being and social consciousness,” and “the basic contradictions of society and their laws of motion.” In Marxist political economy, it scientifically defines concepts and categories such as “commodity,” “use value” and “value,” “concrete labor” and “abstract labor,” “private labor” and “social labor,” “constant capital” and “variable capital,” “surplus value” and “profit,” “monopoly” and “state monopoly capitalism,” and answers questions such as “the basic conditions for labor power to become a commodity,” “the laws of motion of surplus value,” “the basic contradiction of capitalism,” and “the essence of monopoly capitalism.” In scientific socialism, it scientifically defines “proletarian revolution,” “dictatorship of the proletariat,” “proletarian party,” “communism,” “class struggle,” and “public ownership of the means of production,” and answers questions such as “the historical mission of the proletariat,” “the basic principles of scientific socialism,” and “the basic characteristics of communist society.” In the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, identifying concepts, categories, and terms with Chinese characteristics have been proposed, such as Mao Zedong’s “armed independent regime of workers and peasants,” “the three magic weapons,” [n] “political power grows out of the barrel of a gun,” “a single spark can start a prairie fire,” “no investigation, no right to speak,” “learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones, and cure the sickness to save the patient,” and “from the masses, to the masses.” For example, Deng Xiaoping proposed “the primary stage of socialism,” “the socialist market economy,” “the essence of socialism,” “a moderately prosperous society,” “poverty is not socialism,” “reform is China’s second revolution,” “development is the hard truth,” and “one country, two systems.” For example, Xi Jinping proposed “the Chinese Dream,” “the New Era,” “Chinese-path modernization,” “the Two Integrations,” “the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy,” “the Four Greats,” [n] “the Four Confidences,” “the Four Consciousnesses,” “the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan,” “new quality productive forces,” “high-quality development,” “whole-process people’s democracy,” “a community with a shared future for mankind,” and “a new form of human civilization” as well-known identifying discourses.

第三，马克思主义理论话语体系的话语主题。它是指马克思主义理论学科的关键话语结点以及核心话语内容要素，具体是由一系列话语群（概念、范畴、术语、判断等语言符号）组成。话语主题主要是界定“说什么话”的问题，通过打造的新概念、新范畴、新术语、新判断，对研究对象作出有说服力的解释和推理。其中，“标识性概念”是马克思主义理论学科的“话语细胞”，正是在标识性概念的基础上才有了独一无二的话语体系。从宏观上看，马克思主义理论话语体系的主题是围绕“无产阶级和人类解放”而展开的关键话语结点以及核心话语内容。从微观上看，它是指有关马克思主义理论的一系列话语群，即有关马克思主义理论的标识性概念、范畴、术语、判断、命题、推理等语言符号。如在马克思主义哲学中，科学界定了“物质”“劳动”“实践”“生产力”“生产关系”“经济基础”“上层建筑”等概念范畴，回答了“哲学的基本问题”“物质与意识的辩证关系”“社会存在与社会意识的辩证关系”“社会基本矛盾及其运动规律”等。在马克思主义政治经济学中，科学界定了“商品”、“使用价值”与“价值”、“具体劳动”与“抽象劳动”、“私人劳动”与“社会劳动”、“不变资本”与“可变资本”、“剩余价值”与“利润”、“垄断”与“国家垄断资本主义”等概念范畴，回答了“劳动力成为商品的基本条件”“剩余价值的运动规律”“资本主义的基本矛盾”“垄断资本主义的实质”等。在科学社会主义中，科学界定了“无产阶级革命”“无产阶级专政”“无产阶级政党”“共产主义”“阶级斗争”“生产资料公有制”，回答了“无产阶级的历史使命”“科学社会主义的基本原则”“共产主义社会的基本特征”等。在马克思主义中国化时代化的进程中，提出了具有中国特色的标识性概念、范畴、术语，如毛泽东提出的“工农武装割据”“三大法宝”“枪杆子里出政权”“星星之火可以燎原”“没有调查，没有发言权”“惩前毖后，治病救人”“从群众中来，到群众中去”等。如邓小平提出“社会主义初级阶段”“社会主义市场经济”“社会主义本质”“小康社会”“贫穷不是社会主义”“改革是中国的第二次革命”“发展才是硬道理”“一国两制”等。如习近平提出“中国梦”“新时代”“中国式现代化”“两个结合”“四个全面”“四个伟大”“四个自信”“四个意识”“五位一体”“新质生产力”“高质量发展”“全过程人民民主”“人类命运共同体”“人类文明新形态”等为人们耳熟能详的标识性话语。

Fourth, the discursive methods of the Marxist theoretical discourse system. These refer to the methods and means of expressing specific discursive content, primarily defining the question of “how to speak correctly.” While systematic and complete discursive content is certainly important, how to express it precisely and disseminate it efficiently constitutes the “last mile” in constructing a Marxist theoretical discourse system with “theoretical explanatory power, practical persuasive power, and far-reaching influence.” This particularly requires the application of the method of contradiction analysis, involving two main levels. First, adhere to the “theory of emphasis” (重点论), be adept at grasping the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, and seize the key. Faced with a multitude of discursive contents, one must distinguish which discourses are the principal aspect and key, and which are the secondary aspect and non-key. Second, adhere to the combination of the universality and particularity of contradictions, and conduct concrete analysis of concrete problems. From the perspective of the sources of discourse in normative thinking, discourse can be divided into political discourse, academic discourse, and popular discourse.[23] The mode of expression of discursive content must be determined according to the particularity of the specific discursive object. For Marxist theoretical workers, expression in academic discourse is more necessary; for ordinary people, expression in popular discourse is more necessary. The expression of discourse must “strive to speak as simply and plainly as possible”[12]12 “China on the tip of the tongue” (舌尖上的中国) is a reference to the popular Chinese documentary *A Bite of China*, used here as a metaphor for superficial cultural exports (cuisine) versus deeper intellectual contributions.(P328) “The highest possible Marxism = the highest possible popularization and simplification.”[24](P467)

第四，马克思主义理论话语体系的话语方法。它是指具体话语内容表达的方式方法，主要界定“如何正确说”的问题。系统完备的话语内容固然重要，但怎样精准表达和高效传播是构建具有“理论阐释力、现实说服力、深远影响力”马克思主义理论话语体系的“最后一公里”，这就特别需要运用矛盾分析法，主要涉及两个层面。其一，坚持“重点论”，善于把握主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，抓关键。面对众多话语内容，要分清哪些话语是主要方面、重点，哪些话语是次要方面、非重点。其二，坚持矛盾的普遍性和特殊性相结合，具体问题具体分析。从规范思维的话语来源看，话语可分为政治话语、学术话语和大众话语。[23]要根据具体话语客体的特殊性来确定话语内容的表达方式。对于马克思主义理论工作者而言，更需要学术话语的表达；而对普通老百姓而言，更需要大众话语的表达。话语的表达要“力求说得尽量简单和通俗”[12](P328)“最高限度的马克思主义=最高限度的通俗和简单明了”。[24](P467)

In short, a good discursive method is the organic unity of political discourse, academic discourse, and popular discourse: using academia to speak about politics, promoting the theorization of political discourse and the popularization of academic discourse, and clearly explaining the underlying reasoning, scholarly principles, and philosophical principles. From the perspective of the field of discursive dissemination, it can be divided into domestic and international discursive fields. Currently, the internationalization of the Marxist theoretical discourse system appears particularly important. We must not only let the world know “China on the tip of the tongue,” but also let the world know “China in academia,” sending out the Chinese people’s Marxist “voice” to the international community.

总之，好的话语方式是政治话语、学术话语和大众话语的有机统一，用学术讲政治，推动政治话语学理化、学术话语大众化，讲清其中的道理、学理、哲理。从话语传播的场域看，可分为国内和国际话语场域。当前，马克思主义理论话语体系国际化显得尤为重要，我们不仅让世界知道“舌尖上的中国”，更要让世界知道“学术中的中国”，向国际社会发出中国人的马克思主义“声音”。

IV. The Relationships among the Marxist Theoretical Disciplinary System, Academic System, and Discourse System

四、马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系、话语体系之间的关系

The Marxist theoretical disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system are a unified whole that is interconnected, interdependent, and mutually influential, forming a basic pattern of “one body with two wings.” The “one body” is the disciplinary system, and the “two wings” are the academic system and the discourse system. Systematic theory constitutes the academic system, and systematic concepts constitute the discourse system. The academic system and the discourse system are both inseparable and relatively independent of each other. The specific connotations of the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system differ, and their development goals have respective emphases. However, from the perspective of overall objectives, the three aim to construct an organic body of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics.

马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系、话语体系三者是相互联系、相互依存、相互影响的统一整体，构成“一体两翼”的基本格局。“一体”是学科体系，“两翼”是学术体系和话语体系，成体系的理论构成学术体系，成体系的概念构成话语体系，学术体系与话语体系既不可分割又各自相对独立。马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系、话语体系具体内涵有所不同，发展目标各有侧重，但是从总体性目标来看，三者旨在构建具有中国特色的哲学社会科学有机体。

First, the disciplinary system is the fundamental support for the academic system and the discourse system. The Marxist theoretical disciplinary system is the fundamental support for the Marxist theoretical academic system and discourse system. The “fundamental support” here mainly refers to providing a strongly supportive macro-framework foundation, offering due guarantees for the Marxist theoretical academic system and discourse system, shielding them from wind and rain, much like the skeleton of a human body or the frame structure of a building. If the foundation is not solid, the ground will shake. If the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system is not solid and firm, then the Marxist academic system and discourse system will lose their strong foundation, become unprincipled, and totter.[25] Continuously strengthening the leading role of the Marxist theoretical discipline and perfecting the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system is an important foundational project and strategic project.

第一，学科体系是学术体系和话语体系的根本依托。马克思主义理论学科体系是马克思主义理论学术体系、话语体系的根本依托。这里的“根本依托”主要是指具有强有力的支撑性宏观框架基础，为马克思主义理论学术体系和话语体系提供应然保障，遮风挡雨，如同人的骨骼、大厦的框架结构。根基不牢、地动山摇。如果马克思主义理论学科体系不扎实、不牢固，那么，马克思主义学术体系和话语体系就失去了强有力的根基，无章可循，摇摇欲坠。[25]不断强化马克思主义理论学科的引领作用，完善马克思主义理论学科体系，是一项重要的基础工程和战略工程。

It must be particularly pointed out that although the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system is the fundamental support for the Marxist theoretical academic system and discourse system, “fundamental support” does not equal “absolute prerequisite.” It does not exist objectively prior to the Marxist theoretical academic system and discourse system; rather, it gradually takes shape in the process of their continuous enrichment, development, and perfection. After gradually taking shape, it then plays a framework-based foundational supporting role for their development, further scientifically standardizing the direction of development, summarizing and inducing the laws of development, etc. Xi Jinping points out: “Every discipline must construct a systematic body of disciplinary theory and concepts.”[9]9 The “three magic weapons” (三大法宝) refers to the united front, armed struggle, and Party building, which Mao Zedong identified as the three key instruments for the CPC’s victory in the Chinese revolution.(P24) From this perspective, systematic disciplinary theoretical knowledge constitutes the academic system, and systematic concepts expressing disciplinary theoretical knowledge constitute the discourse system. The academic system and the discourse system together constitute the disciplinary system. The Marxist theoretical academic system and discourse system provide a large amount of supporting material for the construction of the disciplinary system framework; they together constitute the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system. Before the gradual construction of the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system, especially before the formal establishment of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory, the academic system and discourse system were already being constructed and perfected. Strictly speaking, in the early stage of the development of the Marxist theoretical “three systems,” the development of the Marxist theoretical academic system and discourse system preceded the disciplinary system. Marx once said: “As editor of the *Rheinische Zeitung*, I experienced for the first time the embarrassment of having to express an opinion on so-called material interests.”[26](P588) It was precisely during this period that the lightning of thought flashed across the secret garden of Marx’s speculative philosophy. He began to reflect on the speculative philosophical beliefs he then held, and then turned to the critique of political economy and capitalist society—that is, discarding those “abstract essences” and beginning to focus on the practical logic of “man himself,” conducting argumentation and speculation within real social relations. At this point, a Marxist “revolution in terminology” began. Marx consciously abandoned the old discourses commonly used by previous philosophers, such as “reason,” “species,” and “species-essence,” and creatively employed new discourses such as “practice,” “capital,” “productive forces,” “relations of production,” “economic base,” and “superstructure.” This laid a solid academic and discursive foundation for the official advent of Marxism. In this regard, Lenin commented: “In 1842, Marx published some articles in the *Rheinische Zeitung* (Cologne)... It can be seen that Marx began to turn from idealism to materialism, from revolutionary democracy to communism.”[27](P83) It was precisely on the basis of the Marxist theoretical discursive revolution and the continuous innovation and deepening of academic viewpoints that a more scientifically standardized and reasonable Marxist theoretical disciplinary system emerged.

需要特别指出的是，虽然马克思主义理论学科体系是马克思主义理论学术体系、话语体系的根本依托，但“根本依托”不等于“绝对前提”，它不是在马克思主义理论学术体系、话语体系之前就已经客观存在的，而是随着它们在不断丰富、发展、完善过程中逐步形成的，在逐步形成之后又对其发展起到框架性的基础支撑作用，进一步科学规范发展指向、总结归纳发展规律等。习近平指出：“每个学科都要构建成体系的学科理论和概念。”[9](P24)从这个角度来看，成体系的学科理论知识即学术体系，成体系的表达学科理论知识的概念即话语体系。学术体系和话语体系共同构成了学科体系。马克思主义理论学术体系、话语体系为学科体系框架的搭建提供了大量的支撑性材料，它们共同构成了马克思主义理论学科体系。在马克思主义理论学科体系逐步构建，尤其是马克思主义理论一级学科正式设立之前，学术体系、话语体系也早已在构建完善之中。从严格意义上来说，在马克思主义理论“三大体系”发展的初期，马克思主义理论学术体系、话语体系的发展早于学科体系。马克思曾说：“我作为《莱茵报》的编辑，第一次遇到要对所谓物质利益发表意见的难事。”[26](P588)正是在这个时期，思想的闪电划过马克思思辨哲学的秘密园地，他开始了对当时自己所持思辨哲学信仰的反思，进而转向了对政治经济学和对资本主义社会的批判，即丢弃那些“抽象的本质”，开始着眼“人本身”的现实逻辑，在现实社会关系中进行论证和思辨。至此，一场马克思主义“术语的革命”拉开了序幕。马克思自觉地抛弃了以往哲学家惯用的“理性”“类”“类本质”等旧话语，开创性运用“实践”“资本”“生产力”“生产关系”“经济基础”“上层建筑”等新话语，这为马克思主义的正式问世奠定了坚实的学术和话语基础。对此，列宁评价道：“1842年，马克思在《莱茵报》（科隆）上发表了一些文章……可以看出马克思开始从唯心主义转向唯物主义，从革命民主主义转向共产主义。”[27](P83)正是在马克思主义理论话语革命、学术观点不断创新和深化的基础上，才有了更为科学规范合理的马克思主义理论学科体系。

Second, the academic system is the core and bridge of the disciplinary system and the discourse system. The Marxist theoretical academic system is the intermediary connecting the disciplinary system and the discourse system. It is the key pivotal link in the construction of the three systems, playing the role of core, bridge, and bond. The Marxist theoretical academic system focuses on revealing the general laws of the development of nature, human society, and human thought. Marx points out: “Theory is capable of persuading the masses as soon as it demonstrates *ad hominem*, and it demonstrates *ad hominem* as soon as it becomes radical. To be radical is to grasp the root of the matter.”[12]12 “China on the tip of the tongue” (舌尖上的中国) is a reference to the popular Chinese documentary *A Bite of China*, used here as a metaphor for superficial cultural exports (cuisine) versus deeper intellectual contributions.(P10) This “root” is the epistemological element of the Marxist theoretical academic system.

第二，学术体系是学科体系和话语体系的核心与桥梁。马克思主义理论学术体系是连接学科体系、话语体系的中介，是三大体系建设的关键枢纽环节，发挥着核心与桥梁、纽带的作用。马克思主义理论学术体系重在揭示自然界、人类社会和人类思维发展的一般规律，马克思指出：“理论只要彻底，就能说服人。所谓彻底，就是抓住事物的根本。”[12](P10)这个“根本”就是马克思主义理论学术体系的知识论要素。

The degree of maturity of the Marxist theoretical academic system has an important influence on the disciplinary system and the discourse system. On the one hand, the Marxist theoretical discourse system cannot be separated from the academic system. Without the Marxist academic system, the discourse system would lose its theoretical support and core content, and discourse would be limited to empty, chaotic linguistic symbols. No matter how much discourse there is, it could only be a “quantitative increase” within the limits of quantitative change, unable to achieve the qualitative change of “expressing thought” and “constructing a disciplinary system.” On the other hand, the Marxist theoretical academic system is an important theoretical basis for the disciplinary system. Without the Marxist theoretical academic system, the disciplinary system would lose its theoretical core content and degenerate into “a tree without roots, a river without a source.” The holistic character of the Marxist theoretical disciplinary system is rooted in the holistic nature of the basic constituent elements of the academic system.

马克思主义理论学术体系的成熟程度对学科体系、话语体系具有重要影响。一方面，马克思主义理论话语体系离不开学术体系。如果没有马克思主义学术体系，话语体系就失去了学理支撑和核心内容，话语也仅仅局限于空洞的、杂乱无章的语言符号，再多的话语也只能是在量变限度之内的“量的增加”，无法实现“表达思想”“构建学科体系”的质变。另一方面，马克思主义理论学术体系是学科体系的重要学理依据。如果没有马克思主义理论学术体系，学科体系就失去了理论核心内容，沦为“无根之木，无源之水”。马克思主义理论学科体系的整体性特点根源于学术体系基本构成要素的整体性。

The essential attributes of the Marxist-theory academic system also profoundly influence the attributes of the disciplinary system and the discourse system. As a pivotal intermediary, the Marxist-theory academic system inevitably permeates the disciplinary system and the discourse system with its scientific character, people-centered character, and practical character. The Marxist-theory disciplinary system is dedicated to the scientific study of the holistic nature of Marxism, serving in practice to cultivate new generations capable of shouldering the task of national rejuvenation [n14] and builders and successors of the socialist cause. The Marxist-theory discourse system consistently speaks for the people and voices the people’s concerns, and in the fiery practice of Chinese-path modernization in the New Era, it keeps pace with the latest theoretical achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, carrying out discourse innovation.

马克思主义理论学术体系的本质属性还深刻影响着学科体系、话语体系的属性。作为枢纽中介的马克思主义理论学术体系也必然将它的科学性、人民性、实践性贯穿于学科体系、话语体系之中。马克思主义理论学科体系致力于马克思主义整体性的科学研究，在实践中服务于培养堪当民族复兴重任的时代新人、社会主义事业的建设者和接班人；马克思主义理论话语体系始终是为人民发声，为人民代言，并在新时代中国式现代化的火热实践中紧跟马克思主义中国化时代化最新理论成果的步伐进行话语创新。

The perfection and construction of the Marxist-theory academic system cannot be separated for a single moment from the support of the disciplinary system and the discourse system. First, the Marxist-theory academic system gradually takes shape in the process of continuous innovation and development of the discourse system. A series of concepts, categories, judgments, and inferences organically constitute a logically rigorous system of Marxist-theory academic viewpoints and knowledge. For example, on the basis of categories such as matter and consciousness, the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness is revealed, and the principle of the material unity of the world is further demonstrated as the most fundamental and core viewpoint of dialectical materialism, along with its methodological guiding significance. Another example: on the basis of conceptual categories such as social being and social consciousness, the dialectical relationship between social being and social consciousness and the laws of the movement of the basic contradictions of human society are revealed, further disclosing the basic laws of the development of human society and their methodological guiding significance. Thereby, historical materialism was founded in human history, achieving a great revolution in the view of social history and becoming one of Marx’s two great discoveries. [n15] Yet another example: on the basis of conceptual categories such as commodity, concrete labor, abstract labor, capital, and surplus value, the laws of the movement of surplus value and the economic roots of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are revealed, ultimately founding the theory of surplus value and demonstrating from the field of economics the scientific conclusion that capitalism is inevitably doomed and socialism is inevitably victorious, and that the historical mission of the proletariat is to overthrow the capitalist system, establish the socialist system, and ultimately realize communism. Second, the Marxist-theory academic system matures further on the basis of the increasingly perfected disciplinary system. The more complete the Marxist-theory disciplinary system, the more the construction of the academic system has rules to follow, the more it possesses a real existence, and the greater its theoretical breadth, scope, and depth.

马克思主义理论学术体系的完善和构建一刻也离不开学科体系、话语体系的支撑。其一，马克思主义理论学术体系在话语体系不断创新和发展过程中逐步形成。一系列的概念、范畴、判断、推理有机组成了逻辑严密的马克思主义理论学术观点和知识体系。如在物质、意识等范畴的基础上揭示物质与意识的辩证关系，并进一步论证世界的物质统一性原理是辩证唯物主义最基本、最核心的观点以及具有的方法论指导意义。又如在社会存在、社会意识等概念范畴的基础上揭示社会存在与社会意识的辩证关系、人类社会的基本矛盾运动规律，进一步揭示人类社会发展的基本规律以及具有的方法论指导意义，进而在人类历史上创立了历史唯物主义，实现了社会历史观的伟大变革，成为马克思主义的两大发现之一。再如在商品、具体劳动、抽象劳动、资本、剩余价值等概念范畴的基础上揭示剩余价值的运动规律、资产阶级与无产阶级之间阶级斗争的经济根源等，最终创立了剩余价值理论，从经济学领域论证了资本主义必然灭亡和社会主义必然胜利、无产阶级的历史使命是推翻资本主义制度、建立社会主义制度、最终实现共产主义的科学结论。其二，马克思主义理论学术体系在学科体系日臻完善的基础上更加成熟。马克思主义理论学科体系愈是完备，学术体系的构建愈是有章可循，愈有实然存在的真实，愈有理论的宽度、广度和厚度。

Third, the discourse system is the basic carrier of the academic system and the disciplinary system. The construction of the “three major systems” of Marxist theory must ultimately take root and bear fruit; this “taking root” means being realized in the construction of the discourse system. The Marxist-theory discourse system is the concrete expression and basic carrier of the Marxist-theory disciplinary system and academic system; it is the nerve endings and the ultimate output channel. The Marxist-theory disciplinary system and academic system need to be presented and expressed through the discourse system.

第三，话语体系是学术体系与学科体系的基本载体。马克思主义理论“三大体系”的建构最终要落地生根，这里的“落地”就是要落实到话语体系的建构。马克思主义理论话语体系是马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系的具体表达和基本载体，是神经末梢和最终的输出渠道。马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系需要通过话语体系来呈现和表达。

From the perspective of the generative logic of the basic elements of the discourse system, the Marxist-theory discourse system is the prerequisite element carrier of the disciplinary system and the academic system. “In terms of the order of expression, the construction of the discourse system may come later, but in terms of logical order, it must come first, and in terms of practical order, it must be given weight.” [28] If “discourse” is compared to the cells of the human body, then “discourse clusters” are the tissues, the “discourse system” is the collection of cells and tissues, the academic system is the “organs,” and the disciplinary system is the “system” that sustains human life. Thus it can be seen that the Marxist-theory disciplinary system and academic system cannot do without the discourse system. The discourse system is not only the form of expression and basic carrier of the academic system and the disciplinary system, but also reflects the depth and level of the academic system and the disciplinary system. The discourse system plays multiple roles, including expression, interpretation, recognition, and maintenance, and also fulfills the mission of systematically expressing academic concepts and transmitting practical experience in a theoretical form.

从话语体系基本要素的生成逻辑看，马克思主义理论话语体系是学科体系、学术体系的前提性要素载体，“在表达位序上话语体系的建构可以在后，但在逻辑位序上一定在上，在实践位序上一定为重”。[28]如果把“话语”比作人体的细胞，那么“话语群”就是人体的组织，“话语体系”就是人体的细胞和组织的集合体，学术体系就是人体的“器官”，学科体系就是维持人体生命的“系统”。由此可见，马克思主义理论学科体系和学术体系离不开话语体系，话语体系既是学术体系与学科体系的表达形式与基本载体，也体现出学术体系与学科体系的深度与水平，话语体系发挥着表达、阐释、认同和维护等多重作用，也发挥着将学术观念系统化表达、将实践经验学理化传递的使命。

As two aspects constituting the “one body with two wings,” the academic system and the discourse system are also mutually independent and distinct from each other. The formation and development of the academic system and the discourse system are not entirely synchronous. The formation of the discourse system is a complex process, involving an abstract grasp of the attributes of the discipline and a scientific condensation of ideological theory. This means that, for the same disciplinary system, a situation may arise where “new academic thought has already taken shape, but a new discourse system has not yet emerged.” The discourse system that matches the new academic thought still needs to undergo a certain process of development before it is updated and refined. From this logic, the “three major systems” are mutually foundational. From the goal logic of practical application, the Marxist-theory discourse system is the basic carrier of the disciplinary system and the academic system. One of the ultimate goals of constructing the “three major systems” is to enable the broad masses of the people to comprehensively understand, learn about, identify with, accept, and practice Marxism. At the same time, the Marxist-theory disciplinary system and academic system also provide the theoretical foundation and theoretical confidence for the discourse system. As Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “There will be more and more people in the world who approve of Marxism, because Marxism is a science.” [29] (P382)

作为构成“一体两翼”的两个方面，学术体系和话语体系两者又是相互独立，相互区别的。学术体系和话语体系形成与发展并不是完全同步的，话语体系的形成是一个复杂的过程，涉及对学科属性的抽象把握，对思想理论的科学凝练，这也就意味着就同一学科体系而言，会出现“新的学术思想已形成，而新的话语体系尚未出现”的情况，与新的学术思想相匹配的话语体系仍需经历一定的发展过程才会更新与精进。从这一逻辑来看，“三大体系”是互为基础的。从实践运用的目标逻辑看，马克思主义理论话语体系是学科体系、学术体系的基本载体。“三大体系”建设的终极目标之一是让广大人民群众全面认识、了解、认同、接受和实践马克思主义。与此同时，马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系也为话语体系提供了理论根基和理论底气。正如邓小平指出：“世界上赞成马克思主义的人会多起来的，因为马克思主义是科学。”[29](P382)

In summary, the Marxist-theory disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system are both distinct from and interconnected with each other. Among them, the disciplinary system is the fundamental support, the academic system is the core and bridge, and the discourse system is the basic carrier. The three complement each other, interpenetrate, promote, and transform into each other, jointly constituting an inseparable organic and unified whole.

总之，马克思主义理论学科体系、学术体系、话语体系既相互区别、又相互联系，其中学科体系是根本依托，学术体系是核心和桥梁，话语体系是基本载体，三者相辅相成、相互渗透、相互促进、相互转化，共同构成了一个密不可分的有机统一整体。

(Author bios: Yuan Yinchuan, Director of the Research Center for 21st Century Marxism at Wuhan University, Professor at the School of Marxism, Wuhan University;

（作者简介：袁银传，武汉大学21世纪马克思主义研究中心主任，武汉大学马克思主义学院教授、

Yu Fang, Doctoral Candidate at the School of Marxism, Wuhan University)

博士生导师；于芳，武汉大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）

Online Editor: Tongxin

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