The Original Contributions of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought to Marxist Political Economy

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping, grasping the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world, responding to the calls of the times and practice, gathering the wisdom of the entire Party and the people of the whole country, on the basis of inheriting the fundamental principles of Marxist political economy and the existing achievements of the Sinicization of Marxist political economy, summarizing the practical experience of China’s economic construction, reform, development, and modernization, and drawing on the outstanding achievements of human civilization, has founded Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought. Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought has made a series of original contributions to Marxist political economy; it is the Marxist political economy of contemporary China and the Marxist political economy of the 21st century. In the process of implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it must be adhered to and developed over the long term.

党的十八大以来，习近平把握中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，适应时代和实践呼唤，集全党全国人民之智慧，在继承马克思主义政治经济学基本原理和马克思主义政治经济学中国化已有成果的基础上，总结我国经济建设改革发展和现代化建设实践经验，汲取人类文明优秀成果，创立了习近平经济思想。习近平经济思想对马克思主义政治经济学作出了一系列原创性贡献，是当代中国马克思主义政治经济学、21世纪马克思主义政治经济学。在贯彻落实党的二十大精神，全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴进程中，必须对其长期坚持和发展。

I. Several Theoretical Prerequisites for Understanding and Grasping the Original Contributions of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

一、认识和把握习近平经济思想原创性贡献的几个理论前提

To understand and grasp the original contributions of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought, several theoretical prerequisites need to be clarified first.

认识和把握习近平经济思想的原创性贡献，有几个理论前提需要首先明确。

The first concerns originality. What is originality? There is consensus in theoretical circles on this, but it is not entirely consistent. As far as the originality of social sciences is concerned, this article’s understanding is based on Xi Jinping’s speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences, namely, “centering on what we are doing, excavating new materials, discovering new problems, proposing new viewpoints, and constructing new theories from the practice of China’s reform and development, strengthening the systematic summarization of the practical experience of reform and opening up and socialist modernization,” “refining new theories with academic rationality, and summarizing new practices with regularity.” “Revealing a law is innovation, proposing a doctrine is innovation, elucidating a truth is innovation, and creating a method to solve a problem is also innovation.”

一是关于原创性。什么是原创性？理论界对此有共识，但并不完全一致。就社会科学的原创性而言，本文的认识基于习近平在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上的讲话，即“以我们正在做的事情为中心，从我国改革发展的实践中挖掘新材料、发现新问题、提出新观点、构建新理论，加强对改革开放和社会主义现代化建设实践经验的系统总结”，“提炼出有学理性的新理论，概括出有规律性的新实践”。“揭示一条规律是创新，提出一种学说是创新，阐明一个道理是创新，创造一种解决问题的办法也是创新”。

Based on this understanding, this article holds that Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought is a grand scientific theoretical system rooted in China, oriented toward the world and the future. It includes not only expositions on socialist economic construction, reform, and development with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, but also expositions on the direction of the world economy and human social development amidst changes unseen in a century; it reveals not only special laws such as the laws of socialist economic development and social development with Chinese characteristics, but also the general laws of human social and economic development; it proposes not only new economic doctrines but also elucidates new truths; it grasps not only the issues of the times but also innovates the methodology for solving problems. Overall, Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought is the original theoretical system that best embodies the adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times in contemporary China.

基于这样的认识，本文认为，习近平经济思想是立足中国、面向世界、面向未来的宏大的科学理论体系，既有对新时代中国特色社会主义经济建设改革发展的阐述，也有对处于百年未有之大变局的世界经济和人类社会发展方向的阐述；既有对中国特色社会主义经济发展规律、社会发展规律等特殊规律的揭示，又有对人类社会经济发展的一般规律的揭示；既提出了新的经济学说，又阐明了新的道理；既把握了时代课题，又创新了解决问题的方法论。从整体上说，习近平经济思想是当代中国最能体现马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的原创性理论体系。

The second concerns the relationship between timeliness and originality. The emergence of any scientific thought is compatible with the developmental demands of the times and is a product of the development of the times. Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought was founded under the historical background of the world undergoing changes unseen in a century and socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a New Era. It emerged from the New Era, transcends the New Era, and leads the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the new technological revolution worldwide has been unfolding, economic globalization has encountered headwinds, the era’s themes of peace and development face severe challenges, and the world is neither peaceful nor tranquil. The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated such changes. In China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, the principal contradiction in society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, and the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country faces both strategically favorable conditions and severe challenges. Strategically favorable conditions include: the strong leadership of the CPC, the significant advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, the solid foundation accumulated through sustained and rapid development, the long-term stable social environment, and the spiritual strength of the self-confidence and self-reliance of the entire Chinese people. The severe challenges faced include: the unprecedented weight of tasks in reform, development, and modernization; the unprecedented multitude of contradictions, risks, and challenges; the unprecedented magnitude of tests in governing the country; and the unprecedented profound changes in the world unseen in a century. Against this backdrop of the times, Xi Jinping, leading the entire Party and the people

二是关于时代性与原创性的关系。任何科学思想的产生都与时代发展要求相适应，是时代发展的产物。习近平经济思想是在世界处于百年未有之大变局，中国特色社会主义进入新时代的历史背景下创立的，产生于新时代，又超越新时代，引领新时代。党的十八大以来，世界范围内新科技革命方兴未艾，经济全球化遭遇逆流，和平与发展的时代主题面临严峻挑战，世界既不太平也不安宁。新冠肺炎疫情全球肆虐，加剧了这样的变局。在我国，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，社会主要矛盾转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，全面建设社会主义现代化国家既有战略性的有利条件也有严峻挑战。战略性的有利条件包括：有中国共产党的坚强领导，有中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势，有持续快速发展积累的坚实基础，有长期稳定的社会环境，有全中国人民自信自强的精神力量等。面临的严峻挑战包括：改革发展和现代化建设任务之重、矛盾风险挑战之多、治国理政考验之大前所未有，世界百年未有之大变局深刻变化前所未有。在这样的时代背景下，习近平带领全党全国人民，坚持观大势、谋全局、干实事，成功驾驭了我国经济发展大局，创立了习近平经济思想。习近平经济思想站在时代发展的前沿，聆听时代的声音，回应人民的关切和时代发展的要求，提出了一系列原创性的新理念新思想新战略，系统回答了新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国，为什么要加强党对经济工作的全面统一领导，如何加强和完善党对经济工作的全面统一领导，以及世界向何处去等重大时代课题，回答了时代之问、世界之问、人民之问、实践之问，为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学作出历史性贡献。

Third, the relationship between inheritance and originality. Any scientific thought is the crystallization of inheriting the excellent achievements of predecessors and drawing on the wisdom of the people and the experience of practice. In its century-long struggle, the Communist Party of China has combined the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities, and in different historical periods, has created Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and formed the important thought of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development. These thoughts and theories all contain rich economic ideas. On the basis of inheriting the economic ideas contained in this adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, Xi Jinping has adhered to combining the basic principles of Marxist political economy with China’s specific realities, earnestly summarized the practical experience of reform and opening up and socialist modernization over more than 70 years since the founding of New China, more than 40 years since reform and opening up, and especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, drawn on the wisdom of the entire Party and the people of the whole country, and formed a series of original new thoughts and new theories, establishing Xi Jinping’s economic thought. This thought has greatly enriched and developed Marxist political economy, achieved a new leap in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and enabled Marxist political economy to radiate vigorous vitality and display infinite vitality in contemporary China and the 21st century.

三是关于继承性与原创性的关系。任何科学的思想都是在继承前人优秀成果的基础上，汲取人民智慧和实践经验的结晶。中国共产党在百年的奋斗中，把马克思主义基本原理与中国具体实际相结合，在不同历史时期，创立了毛泽东思想、邓小平理论，形成了“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观。在这些思想和理论中都包含了丰富的经济思想。在继承这些马克思主义中国化所包含的经济思想的基础上，习近平坚持将马克思主义政治经济学基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，认真总结新中国成立70多年以来、改革开放40多年以来，特别是党的十八大以来改革开放和社会主义现代化建设实践经验，汲取全党全国人民智慧，形成了一系列原创性新思想新理论，创立了习近平经济思想。这一思想极大丰富发展了马克思主义政治经济学，实现了马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的新飞跃，使马克思主义政治经济学在当代中国、21世纪焕发了蓬勃生机活力，显示出无限的生命力。

Fourth, the relationship between people-centeredness and originality. History is created by the people. The establishment of any theory is inseparable from the summation of practical experience, and practice is the practice of the people, and practical experience is the crystallization of the wisdom of the people. The practice of socialist economic construction, reform, and development with Chinese characteristics has achieved great success and accumulated valuable experience, which is the fundamental source of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Undoubtedly, Xi Jinping is the most important contributor to the establishment

四是关于人民性与原创性的关系。历史是人民创造的。任何理论的创立都离不开对实践经验的总结，而实践是人民的实践，实践经验是人民智慧的结晶。中国特色社会主义经济建设改革发展的实践取得了巨大成功，积累了宝贵经验，这是习近平经济思想的根本来源。习近平经济思想的创立无疑习近平是最主要的贡献者，这一思想是他长期以来，特别是对党的十八大以来实践经验的总结，理论升华的结晶，同时也是人民实践经验、全党智慧的结晶。

II. The Original Contributions of Xi Jinping's Economic Thought

二、习近平经济思想的原创性贡献

Since the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2017 first proposed Xi Jinping's economic thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era and summarized its content as the "Seven Upholds," with the development of the times and practice, the theoretical community, in the course of studying and implementing this thought, has continuously made new summaries of it. In particular, the "Study Outline of Xi Jinping's Economic Thought," published and released in 2022, summarized the scientific content of this thought into thirteen aspects, reaching a new height. Drawing on these achievements, and also on the basis of the summaries and interpretations I have previously made, and taking the theoretical understanding analyzed earlier as a premise, this article intends to further summarize and interpret the original contributions of Xi Jinping's economic thought to Marxist political economy.

从2017年12月中央经济工作会议第一次提出习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想并将其内涵概括为“七个坚持”以来，随着时代和实践的发展，理论界在学习贯彻这一思想中，又不断对其进行了新的概括，特别是2022年出版发行的《习近平经济思想学习纲要》将这一思想的科学内涵概括为十三个方面，达到了新的高度。在借鉴这些成果，同时也在笔者曾经进行过概括和阐释的基础上，以前面分析的理论认识作为前提，本文拟就习近平经济思想对马克思主义政治经济学的原创性贡献，作进一步的概括和阐释。

First, it clearly upholds that Party leadership is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics, emphasizing the strengthening of the Party's unified planning and centralized leadership over economic work. Marx, Engels, and Lenin once put forward the doctrine of upholding the leadership of the proletarian party and strengthening the construction of the proletarian party, and there is also theory on strengthening Party leadership in the existing theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

第一，明确坚持党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质特征，强调加强党对经济工作的统一规划和集中领导。马克思、恩格斯、列宁曾提出坚持无产阶级政党领导和加强无产阶级政党建设的学说，在已有的马克思主义中国化理论成果中也有关于加强党的领导的理论。

On the basis of inheriting these doctrines and theories, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has repeatedly stated that “the most essential characteristic of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and the greatest strength of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Party is the highest political leadership force.” He emphasized: “We must uphold that the Party exercises leadership over everything, covering all areas of Party, government, military, civilian, and scholarly work, and all parts of the country, east, west, south, north, and center; we must resolutely uphold the authority of the Party Central Committee, improve the Party’s leadership system that oversees the overall situation and coordinates all parties, and implement Party leadership in all areas, aspects, and links of national governance.” Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is a rigorous and complete scientific institutional system; the pillars that support it are the fundamental systems, basic systems, and important systems, among which the leadership system of the Party plays a commanding role. The leadership system of the Party is the fundamental leadership system of our country.” “To advance the construction of various systems, promote the development of various undertakings, and strengthen and improve work in all areas, we must uphold Party leadership and consciously implement the fundamental requirement of the Party overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties.” At the same time, he also proposed that the Party must supervise itself and govern itself comprehensively and strictly, using the great self-revolution to lead the great social revolution.

在继承这些学说和理论的基础上，党的十八大以来，习近平多次提出，“中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是中国共产党领导，中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势是中国共产党领导，党是最高政治领导力量”。他强调：“必须坚持党政军民学、东西南北中，党是领导一切的，坚决维护党中央权威，健全总揽全局、协调各方的党的领导制度体系，把党的领导落实到国家治理各领域各方面各环节。”习近平明确指出：“中国特色社会主义制度是一个严密完整的科学制度体系，起四梁八柱作用的是根本制度、基本制度、重要制度，其中具有统领地位的是党的领导制度。党的领导制度是我国的根本领导制度。”“推进各方面制度建设、推动各项事业发展、加强和改进各方面工作，都必须坚持党的领导，自觉贯彻党总揽全局、协调各方的根本要求。”同时还提出，党要管党、全面从严治党，以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命。

Elevating the strengthening of Party leadership to the height of the essential characteristics of socialism and the necessary path for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and establishing it institutionally, endows Marxist party theory with new connotations. At the same time, proposing two pathways—comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and self-revolution on the one hand, and popular supervision on the other—to ensure the scientific nature of Party leadership, and on this basis strengthening the Party’s comprehensive planning and centralized leadership over economic work, constitutes Xi Jinping’s original contribution to Marxist party theory. This provides the fundamental leadership institutional guarantee for the economic development of socialism with Chinese characteristics and for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

把加强党的领导上升到社会主义本质特征和坚持与发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路的高度，从制度上确立下来，赋予了马克思主义政党学说新的内涵；同时提出通过从严治党、自我革命和人民监督两条途径保证党的领导的科学性，在此基础上加强党对经济工作的全面规划和集中领导，这是习近平对马克思主义政党学说的原创性贡献，为中国特色社会主义经济发展、全面建设社会主义现代化国家，提供了根本的领导制度保证。

Second, clearly adhering to a people-centered approach and gradually achieving common prosperity for all the people strengthens the fundamental stance of the Sinicization of Marxist political economy. Marxist political economy openly declares that it seeks the interests of the proletariat and the broad masses of the people. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has consistently taken seeking happiness for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its original aspiration and founding mission.

第二，明确坚持以人民为中心，逐步实现全体人民共同富裕，强化了马克思主义政治经济学中国化的根本立场。马克思主义政治经济学公开声明为无产阶级和广大人民群众谋利益。中国共产党自成立之日起始终把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴作为初心和使命。

On the basis of inheriting the people-centered thinking of Marxism and the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping’s original contributions to the fundamental stance of Marxist political economy are as follows: First, taking the continuous satisfaction of the people’s growing needs for a better life as the goal of struggle in the New Era and an important aspect of resolving the principal contradiction in the New Era, and endowing the people’s needs for a better life with new connotations. After being elected General Secretary of the 18th CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping, on behalf of the new central leadership collective, solemnly declared, “The people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal of struggle.” In the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, when elaborating on the transformation of the principal contradiction in the New Era, he pointed out: the people’s growing needs for a better life “not only put forward higher requirements for material and cultural life, but also have growing demands in areas such as democracy, the rule of law, fairness, justice, security, and the environment.” Second, taking a people-centered approach as the fundamental guiding ideology for comprehensively deepening reform, accelerating development, and comprehensively advancing socialist modernization in the New Era. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation—this is both the starting point and the落脚点 [1]1 The term “落脚点” (luòjiǎo diǎn) literally means “foothold” or “landing point,” and in this context refers to the ultimate goal or end point of an action or policy. of our Party’s leadership in modernization, and also the ‘root’ and ‘soul’ of the new development philosophy. Only by adhering to a people-centered development thought, insisting on development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, can we have a correct outlook on development and modernization.” He has repeatedly stressed the need to always take realizing, safeguarding, and developing the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people as the highest standard, lead the people in creating a better life, let the fruits of reform and development benefit all the people more and more fairly, make the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security more substantial, more guaranteed, and more sustainable, and continuously advance toward achieving common prosperity for all the people. Third, he emphasized the need to adhere to development for the people and development relying on the people. “We must always adhere to the people’s standpoint, uphold the principal position of the people, learn from the people with an open mind, listen to the people’s voices, draw on the people’s wisdom, and take whether the people support, approve, are happy, or agree as the fundamental criterion for measuring the success or failure of all work, and strive to solve the most direct and realistic problems of greatest concern to the people, so that all Chinese people and sons and daughters of the Chinese nation can share happiness and glory in the historical process of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation!”

在继承马克思主义和中国共产党以人民为中心思想的基础上，习近平对马克思主义政治经济学根本立场的原创性贡献在于：一是把不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要作为新时代奋斗目标和解决新时代社会主要矛盾的重要方面，并赋予人民美好生活需要新的内涵。在当选党的十八届中央委员会总书记之后，习近平就代表新一届中央领导集体庄严宣告，“人民对美好生活的向往就是我们的奋斗目标”。在党的十九大报告中，在阐述新时代社会主要矛盾转化时，指出:人民不断增长的美好生活需要“不仅对物质文化生活提出了更高要求，而且在民主、法治、公平、正义、安全、环境等方面的要求日益增长。”二是把以人民为中心作为新时代全面深化改革、加快发展，全面推进社会主义现代化建设的根本指导思想。习近平强调：“为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴，这既是我们党领导现代化建设的出发点和落脚点，也是新发展理念的‘根’和‘魂’。只有坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，才会有正确的发展观、现代化观。”他多次强调要始终以实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民根本利益为最高标准，带领人民创造美好生活，让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，使人民获得感、幸福感、安全感更加充实、更有保障、更可持续，朝着实现全体人民共同富裕不断迈进。三是强调要坚持发展为了人民，发展依靠人民。“必须始终坚持人民立场，坚持人民主体地位，虚心向人民学习，倾听人民呼声，汲取人民智慧，把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准，着力解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，让全体中国人民和中华儿女在实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程中共享幸福和荣光！”

Xi Jinping’s original contributions regarding the people-centered approach and the people’s standpoint provide a fundamental guideline for the reform, development, and socialist modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era.

习近平关于人民中心、人民立场的原创性贡献，使新时代中国特色社会主义改革发展和社会主义现代化建设有了根本遵循。

Third, clearly defining the grand goal of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, building a great modern socialist country, and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation opens up a new path for comprehensively building socialist modernization. Marx and Engels analyzed the basic contradictions exposed in the process of capitalist modernization and put forward principled ideas on socialist construction, but they did not make detailed expositions on socialist modernization. The theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context before the 18th National Congress of the CPC put forward goals and measures for modernization that were consistent with China’s actual conditions at the time.

第三，明确全面建设社会主义现代化国家，建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟目标，开辟了全面建设社会主义现代化的新道路。马克思、恩格斯对资本主义现代化进程中暴露的基本矛盾进行了剖析，对社会主义建设提出了原则性设想，但并未对社会主义现代化建设作出详尽的论述。党的十八大以前的马克思主义中国化理论成果，提出了与当时中国实际相符合的现代化建设目标和措施。

Building on these theoretical achievements, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has focused on answering the epochal questions of what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop, how to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, what kind of socialist modernized country to build, and how to build a socialist modernized country. Xi Jinping clearly stated that socialism with Chinese characteristics is the theme of all the Party’s theories and practices since reform and opening up, that socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and that the overarching task of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is to realize socialist modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the basis of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, a two-step approach should be taken to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of this century, and to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, it was clearly stated that the overall plan for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the strategic layout is the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, thus setting a clear direction, strategic goals, and strategic measures for China’s economic development as a whole. Regarding socialist modernization, Xi Jinping pointed out, “Our task is to build a modern socialist country in all respects; of course, the modernization we build must have Chinese characteristics and conform to China’s actual conditions.” [1]1 The term “落脚点” (luòjiǎo diǎn) literally means “foothold” or “landing point,” and in this context refers to the ultimate goal or end point of an action or policy. Regarding the path of socialist modernization, Xi Jinping pointed out: “China’s modernization is quite different from that of Western developed countries. Western developed countries underwent a ‘serial’ development process, with industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and informatization developing sequentially, taking more than two hundred years to reach their current level. We must catch up from behind and make up for the ‘lost two hundred years,’ which determines that China’s development must be a ‘parallel’ process, where industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization develop in an overlapping manner.” [2]2 The “Two Centenary Goals” are the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921) and building a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (founded in 1949). Regarding the great significance of the Chinese-path modernization, Xi Jinping emphasized, “We have upheld and developed socialism with Chinese characteristics and promoted coordinated development of material, political, cultural-ethical, social, and ecological civilization, creating a new path of Chinese-path modernization and a new form of human civilization.” [3]3 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s remarks at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee (October 2015). In the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, it was further proposed: “Advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through Chinese-path modernization.” [4]4 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s remarks at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee (October 2020). “Chinese-path modernization is socialist modernization pursued under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It contains elements that are common to the modernization processes of all countries, but it is more characterized by features that are unique to the Chinese context.” [5]5 Quotation from the report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC (October 2017). “Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all, the modernization of material and cultural-ethical advancement in harmony, the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and the modernization of peaceful development. The essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization are: upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China and socialism with Chinese characteristics, pursuing high-quality development, developing whole-process people’s democracy, enriching the people’s cultural life, achieving common prosperity for all, promoting harmony between humanity and nature, building a community with a shared future for mankind, and creating a new form of human civilization.” [6]6 Qu

在继承这些理论成果的基础上，党的十八大以来，习近平集中回答了坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化国家，如何建设社会主义现代化国家的时代课题。习近平明确提出，中国特色社会主义是改革开放以来党的全部理论和实践的主题，中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路，坚持和发展中国特色社会主义总任务是实现社会主义现代化和中华民族伟大复兴，在全面建成小康社会的基础上，分两步走在本世纪中叶建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，实现中华民族伟大复兴。同时明确提出，中国特色社会主义事业总体布局是“五位一体”、战略布局是“四个全面”，从而从总体上为我国经济的发展确定了明确的方向、战略目标和战略措施。对于社会主义现代化，习近平指出，“我们的任务是全面建设社会主义现代化国家，当然我们建设的现代化必须是具有中国特色、符合中国实际的”。对于社会主义现代化建设的道路，习近平指出：“我国现代化同西方发达国家有很大不同。西方发达国家是一个‘串联式’的发展过程，工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化顺序发展，发展到目前水平用了二百多年时间。我们要后来居上，把‘失去的二百年’找回来，决定了我国发展必然是一个‘并联式’的过程，工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化是叠加发展的。”对于中国式现代化道路的伟大意义，习近平强调，“我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，创造了中国式现代化新道路，创造了人类文明新形态。”在党的二十大报告中又进一步提出：“以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”。“中国式现代化，是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化，既有各国现代化的共同特征，更有基于自己国情的中国特色。”“中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化，是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，是走和平发展道路的现代化。中国式现代化的本质要求是：坚持中国共产党领导，坚持中国特色社会主义，实现高质量发展，发展全过程人民民主，丰富人民精神世界，实现全体人民共同富裕，促进人与自然和谐共生，推动构建人类命运共同体，创造人类文明新形态。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought closely integrates upholding socialism with Chinese characteristics with comprehensively building a modern socialist country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and closely integrates the goals of Chinese-path modernization with the path of Chinese-path modernization, making original expositions that enrich and develop Marxist political economy, providing theoretical guidance for China to adhere to the path of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively build a great modern socialist country, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

习近平经济思想，把坚持中国特色社会主义与全面建设社会主义现代化国家、实现中华民族伟大复兴紧密结合在一起，把中国式现代化目标和中国式现代化道路紧密结合在一起，作出原创性的论述，丰富发展了马克思主义政治经济学，为我国坚持中国特色社会主义现代化道路，全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了理论指南。

Fourth, clarifying the new connotations of the basic socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics provides theoretical guidance and lays a solid institutional foundation for development, reform, and socialist modernization in the New Era. Marx and Engels once made predictions about socialism based on highly developed capitalist social productive forces, proposing ideas such as social ownership of the means of production, planned social production, and distribution of personal consumer goods according to labor. The achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context before the 18th National Congress of the CPC put forward the theory of public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, and separately expounded on the distribution system, the socialist market economy system, and so on.

第四，明确中国特色社会主义基本经济制度的新内涵，为新时代的发展改革和社会主义现代化建设提供了理论指南，奠定了坚实的制度基础。马克思、恩格斯曾对建立在高度发达的资本主义社会生产力基础上的社会主义进行过预测，提出生产资料全社会占有、社会有计划进行生产、个人消费品实行按劳分配等设想。党的十八大以前的马克思主义中国化成果提出公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的理论，并对分配制度、社会主义市场经济体制等分别进行了阐述。

Building on these theories, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has proposed: the basic socialist economic system, which includes public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, distribution according to labor playing a dominant role and multiple forms of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system. This system reflects the superiority of the socialist system and is compatible with the level of development of social productive forces in the primary stage of socialism in China; it is a great creation of the Party and the people. It is necessary to adhere to the basic socialist economic system, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and better play the role of the government. Fully implement the new development philosophy, adhere to supply-side structural reform as the main line, and accelerate the construction of a modern economic system. It is necessary to unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, adhere to distribution according to labor playing a dominant role and multiple forms of distribution coexisting, and accelerate the improvement of the socialist market economy system.

在继承这些理论的基础上，党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央提出：公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度，既体现了社会主义制度优越性，又同我国社会主义初级阶段社会生产力发展水平相适应，是党和人民的伟大创造。必须坚持社会主义基本经济制度，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持以供给侧结构性改革为主线，加快建设现代化经济体系。要毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，加快完善社会主义市场经济体制。

Establishing public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, distribution according to labor playing a dominant role and multiple forms of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system all as the basic socialist economic system reflects that the Party’s understanding of the basic socialist economic system has reached a new height, laying a scientific theoretical foundation for development, reform, and modernization in the New Era.

把公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制都作为社会主义基本经济制度确定下来，反映了党关于社会主义基本经济制度的认识达到了新的高度，为新时代的发展改革和现代化建设奠定了科学的理论基础。

Fifth, clarifying that socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era and a new stage of development enriches and develops the Marxist theory of stages of socialist development, laying a solid foundation for formulating correct lines, principles, and policies. Among the achievements of Marx, Engels, and the adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context, there are theories that socialism can be divided into stages. But will the primary stage of socialism still exhibit, or need to be divided into, some specific development stages during its development? This is a new major issue raised by the practice of China’s modernization. Exploration of this issue has actually been ongoing unremittingly since the 18th National Congress of the CPC. Based on the actual development of China’s economy and society and changes in the world situation, in May 2014, during an inspection in Henan, Xi Jinping first proposed that China’s economic development had entered a new normal; in the report to the 19th National Congress of the

第五，明确中国特色社会主义进入新时代，新发展阶段，丰富发展了马克思主义社会主义发展阶段的学说，为制定正确路线、方针、政策奠定了坚实基础。在马克思、恩格斯和马克思主义政治经济学中国化已经取得的成果中，都有关于社会主义可以划分阶段的理论。但社会主义初级阶段在发展中还会不会呈现出、要不要划分为一些具体发展阶段？这是中国现代化建设实践提出的新的重大课题。对此的探索，实际上从党的十八大以来一直都在不懈地进行中。根据我国经济社会的发展实际和世界形势的变化，2014年5月习近平在河南考察时第一次提出中国经济发展进入新常态；在党的十九大报告中，习近平提出中国特色社会主义进入新时代，国民经济进入高质量发展阶段；党的十九届五中全会又进一步提出，我国进入了一个全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的新发展阶段。对于这样的新发展阶段，习近平指出，“新发展阶段是社会主义初级阶段中的一个阶段，是其中经过几十年积累、站到了新的起点上的一个阶段。新发展阶段是我们党带领人民迎来从站起来、富起来到强起来历史性跨越的新阶段。”他同时强调，“社会主义初级阶段不是一个静态、一成不变、停滞不前的阶段、也不是一个自发、被动、不用费多大气力自然而然就可以跨过的阶段，而是一个动态、积极有为、始终洋溢着蓬勃生机活力的过程，是一个阶梯式递进、不断发展进步、日益接近质的飞跃的量的积累和发展变化的过程。”

Xi

习近平关于中国特色社会主义进入新时代和新发展阶段的理论，以及对于新发展阶段的深刻阐释，把社会主义不断发展论与发展阶段论有机结合，标志着我国关于社会主义初级阶段还包括一些具体发展阶段理论的创立和形成，是习近平经济思想的重大成果，是对马克思主义社会主义发展阶段理论的创新发展，为正确认识党和人民事业所处的历史方位和发展阶段，明确新目标新任务、制定路线方针政策提供了根本依据和指南。

Sixth, it clarifies the direction, objectives, and pathways of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, innovatively developing the Marxist theory on the driving forces of socialist development and the Marxist theory of reform adapted to the Chinese context. Classical Marxist writers all regarded socialism as a developing society, with reform being a powerful driving force for socialist development. The reform and opening up initiated by China in 1978, while “crossing the river by feeling the stones,” determined the purpose, direction, nature, and main measures of China’s reform through the integration of theory and practice, opening a new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization.

第六，明确新时代全面深化改革的方向、目标和途径，创新发展了马克思主义关于社会主义发展动力的理论和马克思主义中国化的改革理论。马克思主义经典作家都认为社会主义是发展的社会，改革是社会主义发展的强大动力。1978年我国开始的改革开放，在“摸着石头过河”中，在理论与实践结合上中确定我国改革的目的、方向、性质和主要措施，开辟了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, building on the achievements of China’s long-term exploration, Xi Jinping has made original contributions to the Marxist theory of reform: First, he further emphasized that reform and opening up is not only a crucial move that determines the fate of China but also a crucial move that determines the realization of the “Two Centenary Goals” [2]2 The “Two Centenary Goals” are the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921) and building a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (founded in 1949). and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Reform and opening up has no finish line, only a continuous process. Second, he proposed that the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advance the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance; resolutely eliminate all outdated ideas and institutional shortcomings, break through the barriers of entrenched interests, absorb the beneficial achievements of human civilization, build a system of institutions that is complete, scientifically standardized, and effectively operational, and give full play to the superiority of China’s socialist system. Third, he adhered to the direction of socialist market economy reform, allowing the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better leveraging the role of the government, resolutely removing institutional obstacles to economic development. Fourth, taking economic reform as the focus, grasping the core of the government-market relationship, he comprehensively planned the ideas and measures for comprehensively deepening reform. All of these have further clarified the direction, objectives, and tasks for China’s reform in the New Era, ensured the smooth progress of China’s reform and opening up in the New Era and the achievement of historic results, and enriched and developed the Marxist theory of socialist reform.

党的十八大以来，在继承我国长期探索取得成果的基础上，习近平对于马克思主义关于改革的理论作出了原创性贡献：一是进一步强调改革开放是决定中国命运的关键一招，也是决定实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。改革开放只有进行时，没有完成时。二是提出新时代全面深化改革总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化；坚决破除一切不合时宜的思想观念和体制机制弊端，突破利益固化的藩篱，吸收人类文明有益成果，构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系，充分发挥我国社会主义制度优越性。三是坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，坚决扫除经济发展的体制机制障碍。四是以经济改革为重点，抓住政府与市场关系核心，全面谋划全面深化改革的思路和措施。所有这些，为我国新时代改革进一步明确了方向、目标和任务，保证了新时代我国改革开放的顺利进行并取得历史性成果，丰富发展了马克思主义社会主义改革的学说。

Seventh, it clarifies that in the New Era we must adhere to the guidance of the new development philosophy, build a modernized economic system, and makes original contributions to the Marxist theory of development.

第七，明确新时代必须坚持以新发展理念为引领，建设现代化经济体系，对马克思主义关于发展的理念作出了原创性贡献。

Marxism contains a rich theory of development. On the basis of inheriting the Marxist theory of development, the CPC has led the people to profoundly answer major questions such as what development is, what kind of development China needs, and how to achieve development, innovatively forming the development theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Building on these theories, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has established a theory of development guided by the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. In October 2015, at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping put forward the development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, “emphasizing that innovative development focuses on solving the problem of development momentum, coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of unbalanced development, green development focuses on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature, open development focuses on solving the problem of internal and external linkage in development, and shared development focuses on solving the problem of social fairness and justice, emphasizing that adhering to the new development philosophy is a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of China’s development.” [3]3 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s remarks at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee (October 2015). At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping further proposed: “The new development philosophy is a systematic theoretical system that answers a series of theoretical and practical questions about the purpose, momentum, mode, and path of development, and clarifies major political issues such as our Party’s political stance, value orientation, development model, and development path. The whole Party must fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy.” [4]4 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s remarks at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee (October 2020). “Development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems; development must be scientific development, and we must unswervingly implement the development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing.” [5]5 Quotation from the report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC (October 2017). The new development philosophy is the core content of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, centrally reflecting the Party’s deepened understanding of the laws of economic and social development.

马克思主义中有丰富的关于发展的学说，中国共产党带领人民在继承马克思主义关于发展的学说的基础上，深刻回答了什么是发展、中国需要怎样的发展、怎样实现发展等重大问题，创新形成中国特色社会主义的发展理论。在继承这些理论的基础上，党的十八大以来，习近平创立了以创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享新发展理念引领发展的学说。2015年10月，在党的十八届五中全会上，习近平提出了创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，“强调创新发展注重的是解决发展动力问题，协调发展注重的是解决发展不平衡问题，绿色发展注重的是解决人与自然和谐问题，开放发展注重的是解决发展内外联动问题，共享发展注重的是解决社会公平正义问题，强调坚持新发展理念是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。”在党的十九届五中全会上，习近平又进一步提出：“新发展理念是一个系统的理论体系，回答了关于发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列理论和实践问题，阐明了我们党关于发展的政治立场、价值导向、发展模式、发展道路等重大政治问题。全党必须完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念。” “发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键，发展必须是科学发展，必须坚定不移贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念。”新发展理念是习近平经济思想的核心内容，集中反映了党对经济社会发展规律认识的深化。

Eighth, it clearly states that in the new stage of the New Era, China’s economic development takes high-quality development as its theme, supply-side structural reform as its main line, and innovation as the primary driving force. In the new stage of the New Era, what theme and main line China’s economic development should adhere to under the guidance of the new development philosophy, and how to pursue innovation-driven development, are major issues that predecessors have not resolved.

第八，明确提出新时代新阶段我国的经济发展以高质量发展为主题，以供给侧结构性改革为主线，以创新为第一动力。新时代新阶段，我国经济发展在新发展理念的引领下坚持什么样的主题和主线，如何坚持创新驱动发展，是前人未曾解决的重大课题。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has comprehensively analyzed the long cycles of the world economy and the stage-specific characteristics of China’s development, as well as their interaction, deeply grasped the changes in the world and national conditions, and timely proposed that China’s economy has entered a new normal, and that adapting to, grasping, and leading the new normal is the major logic for China’s economic development in the current and future period. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC further proposed that China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, and is in a critical period of transforming the development mode, optimizing the economic structure, and switching growth drivers. Building a modernized economic system is an urgent requirement for crossing this threshold and the strategic goal of China’s development. It proposed that we must prioritize quality and efficiency, take supply-side structural reform as the main line, promote quality, efficiency, and dynamic changes in economic development, improve total factor productivity, focus on accelerating the construction of an industrial system with coordinated development of the real economy, technological innovation, modern finance, and human resources, and focus on building an economic system with effective market mechanisms, vibrant micro-entities, and appropriate macroeconomic regulation, continuously enhancing China’s economic innovation and competitiveness. The ultimate goal of supply-side structural reform is to meet demand, the main direction is to improve the quality of supply, and the fundamental approach is to deepen reform. It also proposed that high-quality development is the theme of China’s economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and beyond. “High-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, and is development that embodies the new development philosophy.” [6]6 Qu To achieve high-quality development and advance supply-side structural reform, in light of the new developments in the world’s technological revolution, Xi Jinping proposed that innovation is the primary driving force leading development. Innovation is the accelerator of development and the methodology of reform. Adhering to innovation-driven development means placing innovation at the core of the overall national development, allowing innovation to run through all of the country’s work, and fostering a culture of innovation across society. “Science and technology are the sharp tools of a nation; the country relies on them to become strong, enterprises rely on them to win, and people’s lives rely on them to improve. For China to be strong, for the Chinese people’s lives to be good, there must be strong science and technology. The new era, new situation, and new tasks require us to have new concepts, new designs, and new strategies in scientific and technological innovation.” [7]7 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2012, marked the beginning of Xi Jinping’s leadership and the start of the New Era. To achieve the “Two Centenary Goals” and realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must adhere to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics, face the frontiers of world science and technology, face the main battlefield of the economy, face the major needs of the country, accelerate scientific and technological innovation in all fields, and seize the initiative in global scientific and technological competition. This is the starting point for our proposal to build a world power in science and technology. “Science and technology have never before so profoundly affected the future and destiny of a country, and never before so profoundly affected the well-being of the people. China’s economic and social development needs scientific and technological solutions more than ever before, and needs to strengthen this primary driving force of innovation more than ever before.” [8]8 “Leave a mark in the work we do” (抓铁有痕) is a Chinese idiom meaning to act with firm resolve and tangible results. At the same time, Xi Jinping proposed “making the digital economy bigger, stronger, and better.” Xi Jinping’s views on the theme, main line, and primary driving force of China’s economic development have made original contributions to the Marxist theory on how to achieve development, not only providing theoretical guidance for China’s development but also offering useful reference for the development of late-developing countries.

党的十八大以来，习近平综合分析世界经济长周期和我国发展阶段性特征及二者的相互作用，深刻把握世情、国情的变化，适时地提出，我国经济进入新常态，适应把握引领新常态是当前和今后一个时期我国经济发展的大逻辑。党的十九大报告又进一步提出我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，正处在转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力的攻关期，建设现代化经济体系是跨越关口的迫切要求和我国发展的战略目标，提出必须坚持质量第一、效益优先，以供给侧结构性改革为主线，推动经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，提高全要素生产率，着力加快建设实体经济、科技创新、现代金融、人力资源协同发展的产业体系，着力构建市场机制有效、微观主体有活力、宏观调控有度的经济体制，不断增强我国经济创新力和竞争力。供给侧结构性改革，最终目的是满足需求，主攻方向是提高供给质量，根本途径是深化改革。同时还提出，高质量发展是“十四五”乃至更长时期我国经济发展的主题，“高质量发展，就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展”。为实现高质量发展，推进供给侧结构性改革，根据世界科技革命的新发展，习近平提出，创新是引领发展的第一动力。创新是发展的加速器、改革的方法论。坚持创新发展，就是要把创新摆在国家发展全局的核心位置，让创新贯穿国家一切工作，让创新在全社会蔚然成风。“科技是国之利器，国家赖之以强，企业赖之以赢，人民生活赖之以好。中国要强，中国人民生活要好，必须有强大科技。新时期、新形势、新任务，要求我们在科技创新方面有新理念、新设计、新战略。”实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标，实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，必须坚持走中国特色自主创新道路，面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求，加快各领域科技创新，掌握全球科技竞争先机。这是我们提出建设世界科技强国的出发点。“科学技术从来没有像今天这样深刻影响着国家前途命运，从来没有像今天这样深刻影响着人民幸福安康。我国经济社会发展比过去任何时候都更加需要科学技术解决方案，更加需要增强创新这个第一动力。”同时，习近平提出“做强做优做大数字经济”。习近平关于我国经济发展的主题主线和第一动力的观点，对马克思主义关于如何发展的理论作出了原创性贡献，不仅为我国的发展提供了理论指导，而且对后发国家的发展提供了有益借鉴。

Ninth, clearly implementing major development strategies, originally opening up a new path for socialist modernization. In the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping proposed, “Closely following the changes in the principal contradiction facing Chinese society, we will resolutely implement the strategy for invigorating China through science and education, the strategy for strengthening the nation through human resource development, the innovation-driven development strategy, the rural revitalization strategy, the coordinated regional development strategy, the sustainable development strategy, and the military-civilian integration strategy. We will focus on addressing weak links, shoring up weak areas, and plugging gaps, and in particular, we must resolutely fight and win the battles against major risks, against poverty, and against pollution, so that building a moderately prosperous society in all respects will be recognized by the people and stand the test of history.” He attached great importance to coordinated regional development, proposing: “We should leverage the comparative advantages of different regions, optimize the spatial distribution of productive forces, and focus on implementing the three major strategies of the Belt and Road Initiative, the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. We should support the accelerated development of old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas, and poverty-stricken areas, and build a multi-center, networked, and open regional development pattern connecting the east, central, and west, and linking the north and south, so as to continuously narrow the regional development gap.” “We should adhere to the policy of industry nurturing agriculture, cities supporting rural areas, and giving more, taking less, and allowing more flexibility. We should promote the balanced allocation of public resources between urban and rural areas, and accelerate the formation of an industrial-agricultural and urban-rural relationship characterized by industry promoting agriculture, cities driving rural areas, mutual benefit between industry and agriculture, and integration of urban and rural areas, so as to continuously narrow the urban-rural development gap.” He originally put forward the theory of insisting on taking the issues of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers as the top priority in the work of the whole Party. Xi Jinping paid special attention to the

第九，明确实施重大发展战略，原创性开辟社会主义现代化建设新路径。在党的十九大报告中，习近平提出，“紧扣我国社会主要矛盾变化，坚定实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略、乡村振兴战略、区域协调发展战略、可持续发展战略、军民融合发展战略，突出抓重点、补短板、强弱项，特别是要坚决打好防范化解重大风险、精准脱贫、污染防治的攻坚战，使全面建成小康社会得到人民认可、经得起历史检验。”他十分重视区域协调发展，提出：“要发挥各地区比较优势，促进生产力布局优化，重点实施‘一带一路’建设、京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展三大战略，支持革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区加快发展，构建连接东中西、贯通南北方的多中心、网络化、开放式的区域开发格局，不断缩小地区发展差距。”“要坚持工业反哺农业、城市支持农村和多予少取放活方针，促进城乡公共资源均衡配置，加快形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的工农城乡关系，不断缩小城乡发展差距。”他原创性提出坚持把“三农”问题作为全党工作重中之重的理论。习近平特别重视农民的脱贫致富问题，曾反复指出：“不了解农村，不了解贫困地区，不了解农民尤其是贫困农民，就不会真正了解中国，就不能真正懂得中国，更不可能治理好中国。各级领导干部一定要多到农村去，多到贫困地区去，了解真实情况，带着深厚感情做好扶贫开发工作，把扶贫开发工作抓紧抓紧再抓紧、做实做实再做实，真正使贫困地区群众不断得到真实惠。”当我国的脱贫攻坚取得决定性成就时，习近平又提出：要“接续推进全面脱贫与乡村振兴有效衔接。脱贫摘帽不是终点，而是新生活、新奋斗的起点。要针对主要矛盾的变化，理清工作思路，推动减贫战略和工作体系平稳转型，统筹纳入乡村振兴战略，建立长短结合、标本兼治的体制机制”。

These original theories of Xi Jinping, proceeding from China’s national conditions, have enriched and developed Marxist political economy’s theories on regional economic development and on rural agriculture, peasants, and farmers, providing strategic guidance for China to build itself into a great modern socialist country and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

习近平的这些从中国国情出发的原创性理论，丰富发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于区域经济发展的理论、农村农业农民的理论，为我国建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴，提供了战略指导。

Tenth, the clear proposal to adhere to the theory of constructing a new development pattern with the smooth circulation of the national economy as the mainstay has innovatively developed Marx’s theory of the circulation and turnover of capital and of social reproduction.

第十，明确提出坚持以畅通国民经济循环为主构建新发展格局的理论，创新发展了马克思资本循环周转和社会再生产的理论。

Marx’s theory of the circulation and turnover of capital and of socialized large-scale production provides the theoretical foundation for socialized large-scale production. On the basis of inheriting the fundamental principles of Marxism, and in the face of changes unseen in a century in the world and the new opportunities and new challenges confronting China’s economic and social development, after entering 2020, Xi Jinping proposed and repeatedly emphasized the need to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and with domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. He pointed out: “Constructing a new development pattern is a strategic choice to advance with the times and raise the level of China’s economic development, and it is also a strategic choice to shape new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition.” “To construct a new development pattern, we must take the expansion of domestic demand as the strategic fulcrum, so that production, distribution, circulation, and consumption rely more on the domestic market, forming a virtuous cycle of the national economy. We must adhere to the strategic direction of supply-side structural reform, enhance the adaptability of the supply system to domestic demand, unblock the bottlenecks in economic circulation, and improve the integrity of the industrial and supply chains, so that the domestic market becomes the main source of final demand, forming a higher-level dynamic equilibrium in which demand drives supply and supply creates demand. The new development pattern is by no means a closed domestic circulation, but an open domestic and international dual circulation. Promoting the formation of a vast and smooth domestic economic cycle will better attract global resource factors, both satisfying domestic demand and raising the level of China’s industrial technology development, forming new advantages for participating in international economic cooperation and competition.”

马克思的资本循环周转和社会化大生产理论为社会化大生产提供了理论基础。在继承马克思主义基本原理的基础上，面对世界百年未有之大变局和我国经济社会发展面临的新机遇、新挑战，进入2020年以后，习近平提出并多次强调要加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。他指出：“构建新发展格局，是与时俱进提升我国经济发展水平的战略抉择，也是塑造我国国际经济合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择。”“构建新发展格局，要坚持扩大内需这个战略基点，使生产、分配、流通、消费更多依托国内市场，形成国民经济良性循环。要坚持供给侧结构性改革的战略方向，提升供给体系对国内需求的适配性，打通经济循环堵点，提升产业链、供应链的完整性，使国内市场成为最终需求的主要来源，形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡。新发展格局绝不是封闭的国内循环，而是开放的国内国际双循环。推动形成宏大顺畅的国内经济循环，就能更好吸引全球资源要素，既满足国内需求，又提升我国产业技术发展水平，形成参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势。”

Accelerating the construction of the new development pattern is a major adjustment and improvement to China’s economic development strategy and path for a long period to come, and a major strategic deployment focused on long-term development and lasting peace and stability. It will have an important and far-reaching impact on achieving development that is of higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and more secure, and on promoting the prosperity of the world economy.

加快构建新发展格局，是对今后长时期我国经济发展战略、路径作出的重大调整完善，是着眼于长远发展和长治久安作出的重大战略部署，对于实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展，对于促进世界经济繁荣，都将产生重要而深远的影响。

Eleventh, the clear requirement to adhere to the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature and to strengthen ecological progress has innovatively developed Marxist thought on ecological progress.

第十一，明确必须坚持人与自然和谐共生和加强生态文明建设，创新发展了马克思主义生态文明建设思想。

The classical Marxist writers had important ideas on the relationship between humanity and nature, and the existing achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context also contain rich expositions on environmental and ecological progress. On the basis of inheriting these ideas, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [7]7 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2012, marked the beginning of Xi Jinping’s leadership and the start of the New Era., Xi Jinping has elevated the integration of environmental protection and the strengthening of ecological progress with economic construction to an unprecedented height, forming Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Progress. Its originality is manifested in the following: First, it emphasizes that economic development must not only respect economic laws but also respect the laws of nature and the laws of social development. Second, it proposes that building an ecological civilization is a millennia-long plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, and makes building a beautiful China an important goal for building a great modern socialist country. Third, it proposes that achieving peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound systemic transformation of the economy and society, and that peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality should be incorporated into the overall layout of ecological progress, with the determination to leave a mark in the work we do [8]8 “Leave a mark in the work we do” (抓铁有痕) is a Chinese idiom meaning to act with firm resolve and tangible results., to achieve the goals of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 as scheduled, making greater contributions to China’s construction of a modernization featuring harmony between humanity and nature and to safeguarding global ecological security.

马克思主义经典作家有关于人与自然关系的重要思想，已有的马克思主义中国化成果中也有关于环境生态文明建设的丰富论述。在继承这些思想的基础上，党的十八大以来，习近平把保护环境，加强生态文明建设与经济建设有机结合起来提高到空前高度，形成了习近平生态文明思想。其原创性表现在：一是强调经济发展不仅要尊重经济规律，而且要尊重自然规律和社会发展规律。二是提出建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计，把建设美丽中国作为建成社会主义现代化强国的重要目标。三是提出实现碳达峰、碳中和是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革，要把碳达峰、碳中和纳入生态文明建设整体布局，拿出抓铁有痕的劲头，如期达到2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和的目标，为我国建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化，为维护全球生态安全作出更大贡献。

Twelfth, the clear proposal to adhere to the basic state policy of opening up, promote the in-depth development of economic globalization, and construct the theory of a community with a shared future for mankind has established an open theory for the New Era.

第十二，明确提出坚持对外开放基本国策，推动经济全球化深入发展，构建人类命运共同体理论，创立了新时代开放理论。

Marx analyzed the formation of the world market under capitalist conditions, laying the foundation for the theory of economic globalization. The achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context also contain rich theories on opening up and the world economy. On the basis of inheriting these achievements, Xi Jinping, proceeding from the realities of the New Era, has proposed a series of original new ideas. First, better coordinate the two overall situations of domestic and international development, and make good use of the two markets and two resources, both domestic and international, to develop a higher-level open economy. Second, actively participate in global economic governance, while resolutely safeguarding China’s development interests, actively preventing various risks, and ensuring national economic security. Third, construct a new type of international relations with win-win cooperation at its core, build a community with a shared future for mankind, uphold the new concept of win-win, multi-win, and all-win outcomes, propose the Global Development Initiative and the Global Security Initiative, and seek an open, innovative, inclusive, and mutually beneficial development prospect. Fourth, unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development, pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win strategy of opening up, adhere to the correct view of righteousness and benefit, establish a new concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security, seek an open, innovative, inclusive, and mutually beneficial development prospect, promote the exchange of civilizations that are harmonious yet diverse and inclusive, build an ecological system that respects nature and pursues green development, and always act as a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, and a defender of the international order. These important ideas play an important guiding role in China’s further integration into the world and in promoting world peace and development.

马克思对资本主义条件下世界市场的形成做过分析，为经济全球化理论奠定了基础。马克思主义中国化的成果中也有丰富的对外开放和世界经济的理论。在继承这些成果的基础上，习近平从新时代的实际出发，提出了一系列原创性新思想。一是更好统筹国内国际两个大局，利用好国内国际两个市场、两种资源发展更高层次的开放型经济。二是积极参与全球经济治理，同时坚决维护我国发展利益，积极防范各种风险，确保国家经济安全。三是构建以合作共赢为核心的新型国际关系，构建人类命运共同体，奉行双赢、多赢、共赢的新理念，提出全球发展倡议和全球安全倡议，谋求开放创新、包容互惠的发展前景。四是始终不渝走和平发展道路、奉行互利共赢的开放战略，坚持正确义利观，树立共同、综合、合作、可持续的新安全观，谋求开放创新、包容互惠的发展前景，促进和而不同、兼收并蓄的文明交流，构筑尊崇自然、绿色发展的生态体系，始终做世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者。这些重要思想对于中国进一步走向世界，推动世界的和平与发展具有重要的指导作用。

Thirteenth, clearly insisting on coordinating security and development enriches and develops the Marxist theory of security. As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era and a new stage, in response to the domestic and international development situation, on 29 May 2015, Xi Jinping, when presiding over the 23rd collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee, stressed the need to firmly establish a concept of security development. On 18 January 2016, at a seminar for principal leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level, he analysed the risks and challenges we face in pursuing open development from four aspects. On 5 January 2018, at a seminar for members and alternate members of the new Central Committee and principal leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level, he enumerated 16 risks requiring high attention from eight aspects. On 21 January 2019, a special seminar was held for principal leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level on adhering to bottom-line thinking and focusing on preventing and defusing major risks. At the opening ceremony, he analysed major risks in eight areas—politics, ideology, the economy, the economic struggle with the United States, science and technology, social affairs, external work, and the Party itself—and put forward clear requirements, stressing that we must always maintain a high degree of vigilance, being highly alert to both “black swan” incidents and guarding against “grey rhino” incidents. [9]9 The “new development philosophy” (新发展理念) is a set of five guiding principles for China’s economic development, formally introduced by the Party Central Committee in 2015. Especially in the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping stressed: “Coordinating development and security, enhancing awareness of potential dangers, and being prepared for danger in times of safety is a major principle of our Party in governing the country. We must put national interests first, take the security of the people as our purpose, take political security as the foundation, coordinate external and internal security, homeland and public security, traditional and non-traditional security, and our own security and common security, improve the national security system, strengthen national security capacity building, and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.” Xi Jinping’s thought on coordinating security and development is a major original contribution to Marxism under new historical conditions.

第十三，明确坚持统筹安全和发展，丰富发展了马克思主义的安全理论。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，新阶段，针对国内外发展大势，2015年5月29日，习近平在主持中共中央政治局第二十三次集体学习时，强调要牢固树立安全发展理念。2016年1月18日，在省部级主要领导干部专题研讨班上，他从4个方面分析了我们搞开放发展所面临的风险挑战。2018年1月5日，在新进中央委员会的委员、候补委员和省部级主要领导干部研讨班上，他从8个方面列举了16个需要高度重视的风险。2019年1月21日，专门举办了省部级主要领导干部坚持底线思维着力防范化解重大风险专题研讨班，他在开班式上分析了要防范化解政治、意识形态、经济、对美经贸斗争、科技、社会、对外工作、党自身等8个领域的重大风险并提出了明确要求，强调我们必须始终保持高度警惕，既要高度警惕“黑天鹅”事件，也要防范“灰犀牛”事件。特别是在党的十九大报告中，习近平强调：“统筹发展和安全，增强忧患意识，做到居安思危，是我们党治国理政的一个重大原则。必须坚持国家利益至上，以人民安全为宗旨，以政治安全为根本，统筹外部安全和内部安全、国土安全和国民安全、传统安全和非传统安全、自身安全和共同安全，完善国家安全制度体系，加强国家安全能力建设，坚决维护国家主权、安全、发展利益。”习近平关于统筹安全与发展的思想，是在新的历史条件下对于马克思主义的重大原创性贡献。

Fourteenth, clearly specifying that the New Era must adhere to a scientific methodology enriches and develops the Marxist worldview and methodology. Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the fundamental worldview and methodology of Marxism. On the basis of adhering to scientific methodology, Xi Jinping has innovatively developed it in the course of solving major issues

第十四，明确新时代必须坚持科学的方法论，丰富发展了马克思主义的世界观和方法论。辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是马克思主义的根本世界观和方法论。习近平在坚持科学的方法论的基础上，在解决时代和实践提出的重大课题中对其加以创新发展。

Xi Jinping has proposed that, in the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, while adhering to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities, we must also adhere to its integration with the best of traditional Chinese culture. This has greatly enriched and developed the methodology of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. At the same time, combining this with contemporary Chinese realities, he has originally proposed a reform methodology and specific methods for economic work. Regarding the methodology of reform, Xi Jinping has put forward ideas such as combining “crossing the river by feeling the stones” with top-level design, combining breakthroughs in key areas with comprehensively deepening reform, respecting the people’s pioneering spirit, and the idea that reform is always ongoing. Regarding the methodology for actual economic work, he points out that dialectical materialism is the worldview and methodology of Chinese Communists. For our Party to unite and lead the people in coordinating the advancement of comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party, and to realize the “Two Centenary Goals” [9]9 The “new development philosophy” (新发展理念) is a set of five guiding principles for China’s economic development, formally introduced by the Party Central Committee in 2015. and the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must constantly draw nourishment from the wisdom of Marxist philosophy, more consciously adhere to and apply the dialectical materialist worldview and methodology, enhance our capacity for dialectical and strategic thinking, and strive to improve our ability to solve the fundamental problems of China’s reform and development. By adhering to ideological and working methods such as seeking truth from facts, pursuing progress while maintaining stability, upholding a systems perspective, adhering to a problem-oriented approach, strengthening strategic resolve, and adhering to a bottom-line mindset, we grasp the general trend of the world, seize opportunities, and act in accordance with the situation, thereby establishing the strategic goals and strategic measures for the Party’s and the nation’s work under the new historical conditions. In the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC [10]10 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022, where the Party’s central leadership outlined strategic goals for the next stage of national development, including the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country., it was further proposed that to continue advancing theoretical innovation on the basis of practice, we must first grasp the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and adhere to and apply the stances, viewpoints, and methods that run through it. We must put the people first, maintain self-confidence and self-reliance, uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, adopt a problem-oriented approach, apply a systems perspective, and cultivate a global vision.

习近平提出在马克思主义中国化进程中，在坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合的同时坚持同中华优秀传统文化相结合，由此将马克思主义中国化在方法论上极大地丰富和发展。同时，他还结合当代中国实际，原创性提出改革方法论和经济工作的具体方法。对于改革的方法论，习近平提出摸着石头过河与顶层设计相结合、重点突破与全面深化改革相结合、尊重群众首创精神、改革永远在路上等。对于实际经济工作的方法论，他指出，辩证唯物主义是中国共产党人的世界观和方法论，我们党要团结带领人民协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党，实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，必须不断接受马克思主义哲学智慧的滋养，更加自觉地坚持和运用辩证唯物主义世界观和方法论，增强辩证思维、战略思维能力，努力提高解决我国改革发展基本问题的本领。坚持实事求是，坚持稳中求进，坚持系统观念，坚持问题导向，增强战略定力，坚持底线思维等思想方法和工作方法，把握天下大势，抢抓机遇，顺势而为，确立了新的历史条件下党和国家各项工作的战略目标和战略举措。在党的二十大报告中又提出，继续推进实践基础上的理论创新，首先要把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论，坚持好、运用好贯穿其中的立场观点方法。必须坚持人民至上，坚持自信自立，坚持守正创新，坚持问题导向，坚持系统观念，坚持胸怀天下。

On the basis of adhering to the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, innovatively proposing new ideological and working methods for comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a concentrated expression of Xi Jinping’s strategic thinking and superb artistry in skillfully using dialectical materialism and historical materialism to observe, analyze, and solve major economic problems. It provides an important guarantee for realizing the “Two Centenary Goals” and the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

在坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义方法论的基础上，创新提出全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新思想方法和工作方法，是习近平娴熟运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义观察、分析和解决重大经济问题的战略思维和高超艺术的集中体现，为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供了重要保障。

Fifteenth, clearly proposing to adhere to the major principles of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, and to construct and continuously improve socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

第十五，明确提出坚持中国特色社会主义政治经济学重大原则，构建和不断完善中国特色社会主义政治经济学。

Political economy is an important component of Marxist theory. Constructing the disciplinary system, theoretical system, and discourse system of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is a clear proposition of Xi Jinping. In 2014, Xi Jinping proposed that Party committees and governments at all levels should study and apply political economy well. In 2015, when presiding over the 28th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to base ourselves on our national conditions and our development practice, to reveal new characteristics and new laws, to refine and summarize the regular achievements of China’s economic development practice, to elevate practical experience into a systematic economic theory, and to continuously open up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy. At the 2015 Central Economic Work Conference, he emphasized the need to adhere to the major principles of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics. In 2020, at a symposium of experts in the economic and social fields, he further emphasized: “Proceeding from national conditions, coming from Chinese practice and going to Chinese practice, writing papers on the land of the motherland, making theoretical and policy innovations conform to China’s actual conditions and have Chinese characteristics, and continuously developing socialist political economy and sociology with Chinese characteristics”; “conduct in-depth research, observe the actual situation, put forward practical measures, fully reflect the actual situation, and make theoretical and policy innovations well-founded, reasonable, and justified”; “grasp the laws, adhere to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, see the essence through the phenomenon, explore long-term trends from short-term fluctuations, and make theoretical and policy innovations fully reflect advanced nature and scientificity”; “establish an international perspective, explore the common issues facing mankind from the connection and interaction between China and the world, and contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to building a community with a shared future for mankind.” Xi Jinping’s economic thought not only provides theoretical guidance for constructing and developing socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics but is also an important component of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

政治经济学是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分。构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学学科体系理论体系话语体系，是习近平的鲜明主张。2014年，习近平提出，各级党委和政府要学好用好政治经济学； 2015年，在主持中共中央政治局第二十八次集体学习时，习近平强调，要立足我国国情和我们的发展实践，揭示新特点新规律，提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说，不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界；在2015年中央经济工作会议上，他强调要坚持中国特色社会主义政治经济学重大原则；2020年在经济社会领域专家座谈会上又进一步强调：要“从国情出发，从中国实践中来、到中国实践中去，把论文写在祖国大地上，使理论和政策创新符合中国实际、具有中国特色，不断发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学、社会学”；要“深入调研，察实情、出实招，充分反映实际情况，使理论和政策创新有根有据、合情合理”；要“把握规律，坚持马克思主义立场、观点、方法，透过现象看本质，从短期波动中探究长期趋势，使理论和政策创新充分体现先进性和科学性”；要“树立国际视野，从中国和世界的联系互动中探讨人类面临的共同课题，为构建人类命运共同体贡献中国智慧、中国方案”。习近平经济思想不仅为构建和发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学提供理论指南，而且是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的重要内容。

Proposing and personally practicing the construction and development of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics is Xi Jinping’s original contribution

提出并身体力行构建和发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学，是习近平对马克思主义政治经济学的原创性贡献，开辟了当代中国马克思主义政治经济学、21世纪马克思主义政治经济学新境界。

III. Long-Term Adherence to and Development of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

三、长期坚持和发展习近平经济思想

The above summary of the original contributions of Xi Jinping’s economic thought to Marxist political economy in fifteen aspects is preliminary. These fifteen aspects of original contributions contain two theoretical essences and run through one main line. The two theoretical essences are, first, being people-centered and meeting the people’s needs for a better life; second, the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing. These two theoretical essences merge into one, constituting the consistent main line of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, namely, adhering to the guidance of the new development philosophy, achieving high-quality development, and continuously meeting the people’s growing needs for a better life.

以上概括的习近平经济思想对马克思主义政治经济学十五个方面的原创性贡献，是初步的。这十五个方面的原创性贡献，内含着两个理论精髓，贯穿一条主线。两个理论精髓，一是以人民为中心，满足人民美好生活需要；二是创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念。这两个理论精髓融合一体，构成习近平经济思想一以贯之的主线，即坚持新发展理念引领，实现高质量发展，不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is an open and developing theoretical system. With the progress of the times and practice, Xi Jinping’s economic thought will be further enriched and developed. The significance and vitality of theory lie in its origin in practice, its guidance of practice, and its being tested and developed in practice. On the great journey of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, China faces both many favorable strategic conditions and severe challenges that have already emerged or have yet to appear. To realize the grand goals established by the 20th National Congress of the CPC [10]10 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022, where the Party’s central leadership outlined strategic goals for the next stage of national development, including the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country. and to ensure the smooth progress of the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, it is necessary to adhere to and fully implement Xi Jinping’s economic thought over the long term, and to continuously enrich and develop Xi Jinping’s economic thought as the times and practice advance, so that it may forever radiate the light of truth.

习近平经济思想是开放的发展的理论体系。随着时代和实践的发展，习近平经济思想还将进一步丰富和发展。理论的意义和生命力在于其来源于实践，指导实践，并在实践中经受检验和获得发展。我国在全面建成社会主义现代化强国、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的伟大征程中，既有许多有利的战略条件，又要面对已经出现和尚未出现的严峻挑战。实现党的二十大确立的宏伟目标，保证中国特色社会主义建设事业顺利进行，必须长期坚持和全面贯彻习近平经济思想，并随着时代和实践的前进，不断丰富发展习近平经济思想，使其永放真理的光芒。

Source: *Journal of Research on Marxist Theory*, Issue 10, 2022

文章来源：《马克思主义理论学科研究》2022年第10期

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆