The Dialectical Thinking Embedded in Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the deeper our cause advances, the more we must continuously strengthen our capacity for dialectical thinking. Dialectical thinking is a mode of thought that reflects and conforms to the objective dialectical process of development and its laws; its characteristic lies in being adept at using interconnected, developmental, changing, essential, and holistic perspectives to understand things, moving from the spontaneous to the conscious. It is the unity of the theory of development, the theory of two points, the theory of priorities, the theory of contradiction, the theory of unity, and the theory of comprehensiveness. In his report to the 20th National Congress of the

习近平总书记指出，我们的事业越是向纵深发展，就越要不断增强辩证思维能力。辩证思维是反映和符合客观事物辩证发展过程及其规律性的思维，其特点就是善于用联系的、发展的、变化的、本质的、整体的观点，从自发到自觉地认识事物，是发展论、两点论、重点论、矛盾论、统一论、全面论的统一。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中强调，“不断提高战略思维、历史思维、辩证思维、系统思维、创新思维、法治思维、底线思维能力，为前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、整体性推进党和国家各项事业提供科学思想方法”。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the unity of the Marxist worldview, historical outlook, epistemology, theory of practice, axiology, and methodology. It contains rich and profound Marxist methods of thinking and working, methods of leadership and management, and scientific concepts and modes of thinking. It is the fundamental guideline and action guide for doing a good job in the New Era. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xi Jinping’s economic thought contains profound dialectical thinking. It is not only a scientific worldview and historical outlook but also a scientific epistemology and methodology, which is of great significance for strengthening our ideological armament and promoting our work.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是马克思主义世界观、历史观、认识论、实践论、价值论和方法论的统一，蕴含着丰富而深刻的马克思主义思想方法和工作方法、领导方法和管理方法、科学观念和科学思维，是新时代做好工作的根本遵循和行动指南。习近平经济思想是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分。习近平经济思想蕴含着深刻的辩证思维，既是科学的世界观、历史观，又是科学的认识论、方法论，对我们加强思想武装、推动工作具有重要的意义。

Grasp the relationship between quality and quantity, promote high-quality economic development, and promote the effective improvement of quality and reasonable growth of quantity in the economy.

把握好质与量的关系，推动经济高质量发展，推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长

The law of the transformation of quantity into quality is a basic law of dialectical materialism. China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, “promote the effective improvement of quality and reasonable growth of quantity in the economy.” [1]1 The threefold pressures refer to demand contraction, supply shocks, and weakening expectations, identified at the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2021. Entering the New Era, the previous extensive expansion and crude development model that relied too heavily on factor inputs, scale expansion, and neglected quality and efficiency is no longer viable. It is necessary to continuously meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, that is, to shift from “whether there is or isn’t” and “how much there is” to “how good it is.” This means better education, more stable jobs, more satisfactory incomes, more reliable social security, higher-level medical and health services, more comfortable living conditions, a more beautiful environment, and a richer cultural and spiritual life. Therefore, efforts must be focused on solving the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development.

量变质变规律是唯物辩证法的基本规律。我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出，“推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长”。进入新时代，以前过于依靠要素投入、规模扩张、忽视质量效益的外延式扩张和粗放式发展模式行不通了，要不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，也就是由有没有、多不多转向好不好，也就是要有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗卫生服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境、更丰富的精神文化生活等。因此，要着力解决发展不平衡不充分问题。

On the one hand, efforts must be made to achieve reasonable growth in quantity. The characteristics of China’s super-large-scale market require that the total volume of the industrial system must match it; a large industrial scale is the foundation for other advantages to play a role. At the same time, China has a complete range of industries, with the output of more than 220 types of industrial products ranking first in the world. The advantages of a complete industrial system are obvious. The scale of manufacturing, foreign exchange reserves, and many other aspects are firmly ranked first in the world, and this advantage should be further leveraged. At the same time, China is a large country in terms of population and agriculture. First, we must ensure food for the people; second, we must carry out construction. Economic development cannot be solely about GDP, but stable GDP growth must be maintained, and a certain speed must be preserved. The Chinese economy is large in size and scale; it is the world’s most important and most vibrant economy. China’s economic GDP accounts for 18.5% of the world’s total, and over the past decade, its contribution to world economic growth has exceeded the total of the G7 countries. [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2013 and adopted a comprehensive plan for deepening reforms. At the same time, the annual increase in the number of new job seekers must be provided with employment; the red line of 1.8 billion mu [3]3 “Those near are pleased and those from afar come” is a classical Chinese idiom from the Analects of Confucius, meaning that a virtuous ruler attracts people from far and wide. of arable land must be held firm to ensure that the Chinese people’s rice bowl is firmly held in their own hands; and the newborn population must have a certain increment to provide abundant labor resources for the manufacturing giant.

一方面，要在量的合理增长上下功夫。我国超大规模市场特征要求产业体系总量上必须与之相匹配，产业规模大是其他优势发挥作用的基础。同时，我国产业门类齐全，220多种工业产品产量居世界第一，产业体系完备优势明显，制造业规模、外汇储备等很多方面稳居世界第一，应进一步发挥好这种优势。同时，我国是一个人口大国和农业大国，一要吃饭，二要建设，经济发展不能唯GDP，但要保持GDP稳定增长，要保持一定速度。中国经济体量大、块头大，是世界最重要最有生机活力的经济体，中国经济GDP占世界比重达到18.5%，十年来对世界经济增长贡献率超过G7总和。同时，每年的新增就业人口要安排好就业，十八亿亩耕地红线要守住，确保中国人的饭碗牢牢端在自己手中，新生人口要有一定增量，为制造大国提供丰厚的劳动资源。

On the other hand, efforts must be focused on improving quality and efficiency. The quality of GDP must be high, with greater emphasis on efficiency, effectiveness, and results, making development greener, more circular, lower-carbon, safer, fairer, more efficient, and more sustainable. The development model must bid farewell to high energy consumption, high pollution, high labor intensity, and high input, and achieve high technology, high greenness, high humanistic value, and high output, realizing harmony between man and nature. It is necessary to vigorously promote the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy, the major regional strategies, the main functional area strategy, and the new urbanization strategy, optimize the layout of major productive forces, build a regional economic layout and territorial space system with complementary advantages and high-quality development, and achieve coordinated development between urban and rural areas, between regions, and between industries. Implement the industrial foundation reengineering project and the major technical equipment research project, support the development of specialized and new enterprises, and promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of manufacturing. It must be recognized that China is a large manufacturing country, but becoming a strong manufacturing country still requires unremitting efforts. At present, there is much low-end and mid-end manufacturing, but little high-end manufacturing. There are not enough high-quality skilled workers and great craftsmen of the nation, and the demographic dividend has not been fully released. It is necessary to build a new system of high-quality and efficient service industries, and promote the deep integration of modern service industries with advanced manufacturing and modern agriculture. It is necessary to vigorously implement innovation-driven development, placing innovation, especially scientific and technological innovation, in a prominent position. In terms of quantity, China’s patent applications currently rank first in the world, but there are many patents for “from 1 to 99” and few patents for “from 0 to 1.” Scientific and technological innovation must adhere to the “Four Orientations” (oriented towards the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, oriented towards the main economic battlefield, oriented towards the major needs of the country, and oriented towards the people’s life and health), [4]4 “Achievement need not be in my tenure” and “achievement must certainly have my contribution” are common expressions in Chinese political discourse, emphasizing selfless dedication and a sense of responsibility toward long-term goals. thereby transforming the economic development mode, optimizing the economic structure, converting the growth drivers, purifying the market environment, improving the quality of human capital, perfecting the industrial system and policy system, enhancing governance capacity, and accelerating the construction of a manufacturing power, a quality power, an aerospace power, a transportation power, a cyber power, an education power, a science and technology power, a talent power, and a digital China, achieving the goals of being large and strong, abundant and excellent, rich and beautiful.

另一方面，要着重在提质增效上下功夫。GDP的成色要高，更加注重效能、效益、效果，使发展更加绿色、循环、低碳、安全、公平、高效和可持续，发展模式告别高耗能、高污染、高人力、高投入，实现高科技、高绿色、高人文、高产出，实现人与自然的和谐。要大力推进实施区域协调发展战略、区域重大战略、主体功能区战略、新型城镇化战略，优化重大生产力布局，构建优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济布局和国土空间体系，实现城乡之间、区域之间、行业之间的协调发展。实施产业基础再造工程和重大技术装备攻关工程，支持专精特新企业发展，推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展。要看到，中国是制造大国，但成为制造强国尚需不懈努力。目前，中低端制造多，高端制造少，高素质的技工和大国大匠还不够，人才红利没有充分释放出来。要构建优质高效的服务业新体系，推动现代服务业同先进制造业、现代农业深度融合。要大力实施创新驱动，把创新特别是科技创新放在突出位置。就数量而言，目前中国专利申请量世界第一，但“从1到99”的专利多，“从0到1”的专利少。科技创新要坚持“四个面向”（面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康），从而转变经济发展方式，优化经济结构，转换增长动力，净化市场环境，提升人力资本素质，完善产业体系和政策体系，增强治理能力，加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国、教育强国、科技强国、人才强国和数字中国，达到大而强、多而优、富而美。

Grasp the relationship between stability and progress, adhere to making progress while maintaining stability, achieve progress through action, and ensure that economic growth does not lose momentum during the gear shift.

把握好稳与进的关系，坚持稳中求进，进而有为，经济增长换挡不失势

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the general principle of making progress while maintaining stability is an important principle for our governance and also the methodology for doing a good job in economic work. In recent years, China’s economic development has faced a severe and complex situation, confronting the triple pressures of shrinking demand, supply shocks, and weakening expectations, with increasing downward pressure on the economy. To this end, the Party Central Committee promptly proposed the “Six Stabilities” and the “Six Guarantees,” [5]5 “Eating from the same big pot” is a Chinese idiom referring to an egalitarian distribution system that ignores differences in contribution, often associated with the pre-reform era. implemented proactive fiscal policies, prudent monetary policies, and strong housing market regulation and other policies to benefit the people’s livelihood. Various policies were deployed early, coordinating epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development, making China the main engine of world economic development, a source of growth momentum, and a new high ground for cooperation.

习近平总书记指出，稳中求进工作总基调是我们治国理政的重要原则，也是做好经济工作的方法论。近年来我国经济发展面临严峻复杂形势，面临需求收缩、供给冲击、预期转弱三重压力，经济下行压力加大。为此，党中央及时提出“六稳”“六保”，实施积极的财政政策、稳健的货币政策、有力的楼市调控等惠民生政策，各项政策靠前发力，统筹好疫情防控和经济社会发展，使中国成为世界经济发展的主要引擎、增长的动力源、合作的新高地。

It is necessary to accelerate the layout and guidance of the healthy development of new business forms, new tracks, and new drivers, strive to maintain and consolidate existing leading advantages, maintain the good momentum already formed, and create competitive advantages on new tracks. Promote the integrated and clustered development of strategic emerging industries, build a number of new growth engines such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, and green environmental protection, thereby winning the future on new tracks.

要加快布局和引导新业态、新赛道、新动能的健康发展，力争保持和巩固已有的领先优势，保持已形成的良好态势，打造新赛道的竞争优势。推动战略性新兴产业融合集群发展，构建新一代信息技术、人工智能、生物技术、新能源、新材料、高端装备、绿色环保等一批新的增长引擎，从而赢得新赛道的未来。

To deal with various possible “black swan” and “gray rhino” events, [6]6 “Black swan” refers to an unpredictable event with severe consequences; “gray rhino” refers to a highly obvious but neglected threat. it is necessary to resolutely overcome behaviors and phenomena that do not conform to the new development concept, and fully implement the “Three Reductions (reduce production capacity, reduce inventory, reduce leverage), One Reduction (reduce costs), and One Supplement (shore up weaknesses),” [7]7 The “Three Reductions, One Reduction, One Supplement” is a policy framework from the supply-side structural reform, aimed at addressing overcapacity, high inventory, high leverage, high costs, and weak links in the economy. achieving the effect of slimming down, strengthening muscles, and fortifying bones. For some low-quality and low-efficiency enterprises, support should be cut off; for zombie enterprises, life support should be withdrawn. Set up “traffic lights” for capital to prevent the savage growth and disorderly expansion of capital, and to prevent and curb capital’s “encirclement and hunting” of public power. In terms of the development mode, it is necessary to adhere to bottom-line thinking and achieve safe development, green development, and sustainable development. We must never take the old path while wearing new shoes, and resolutely correct and prevent the tendency in some localities to want to take the old path of blindly launching projects, expanding scale, and spreading out like a pancake. Of course, conditions vary greatly from place to place. We must pay attention to strategy and not act recklessly; analyze specific problems concretely. We must adapt measures to local conditions and not act rigidly; implement precise policies. We must make overall plans and take all factors into consideration, not act chaotically; promote systematically. We must persevere and work unremittingly, achieving results over time.

为应对各种可能出现的“黑天鹅”“灰犀牛”事件，要坚决克服不符合新发展理念的行为和现象，把“三去（去产能、去库存、去杠杆）一降（降成本）一补（补短板）”落实到位，达到瘦身、强筋、健骨的效果，对一些低质低效的企业该断奶的断奶，对僵尸企业该拔管的拔管。为资本设置“红绿灯”，防止资本野蛮生长和无序扩张，防止和遏制资本对公权力的“围猎”。在发展方式上，要坚持底线思维，实现安全发展、绿色发展、可持续发展。决不能穿新鞋走老路，坚决纠正和预防个别地方又想走盲目上项目、铺摊子、摊大饼的老路。当然，各地情况千差万别，要讲究方略不蛮干，具体问题具体分析；要因地制宜不硬干，精准施策；要统筹兼顾不乱干，系统推进；要持之以恒不懈地干，久久为功。

Grasp the relationship between supply and demand, improve the matching degree of supply and demand, deepen supply-side structural reform, expand demand, and improve supply.

把握好供与需的关系，提升供需匹配度，深化供给侧结构性改革，扩大需求，提升供给

General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed at the 20th National Congress of the CPC that “the implementation of the strategy to expand domestic demand should be organically integrated with the deepening of supply-side structural reform.” Supply and demand constitute the most important set of economic relations, and the two promote each other. Demand gives rise to new supply, and supply creates new demand. The Central Economic Work Conference held at the end of 2021 identified demand contraction as one of the threefold pressures. [1]1 The threefold pressures refer to demand contraction, supply shocks, and weakening expectations, identified at the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2021. At present, the main problems on the supply side are that effective supply is insufficient, there is an excess in the medium- and low-end but a shortage at the high end, and there is ineffective supply that does not match high-quality effective demand, along with structural issues: some industries and sectors have overcapacity, while some key equipment, core technologies, and high-end products are excessively dependent on imports, even subject to external control, and the prices of some agricultural products fluctuate sharply. Problems and new phenomena on the demand side include demand-side spillover, with some consumers spending large sums on cross-border online shopping, especially on luxury goods, and the inability of medium- and low-end supply to adapt to personalized, branded, high-end, and differentiated consumption.

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中提出，“把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来”。供与需是最重要的一组经济关系，两者相互促进。需求催生新的供给，供给创造新的需求。2021年底召开的中央经济工作会议把需求收缩作为三重压力之一提出来。当前，供给端存在的主要问题是，有效供给不足，中低端有余、高端不足，存在无效供给，与高品质有效需求不匹配，存在结构性问题，一些行业和产业产能过剩，而一些关键装备、核心技术、高端产品过度依赖进口，甚至受制于人，一些农产品价格大起大落。需求端存在的问题和新现象包括，需求侧外溢，一些消费者将大把钞票花费在“海淘”购物上，特别是购买奢侈品上，中低端供给不能适应个性化、品牌化、高端化、差异化的消费。

In addition, there is also the problem of imbalance among finance, real estate, and the real economy. In some places, industrial development has shifted “from the real to the virtual,” with disproportionate emphasis, unclear characteristics, advantages, and competitiveness, an irrational development layout, and an economic foundation that is not solid and lacks staying power. In response to this, it is necessary to actively advance supply-side structural reform, unblock the pain points, difficulties, and bottlenecks in multiple links of the economic cycle (production, distribution, circulation, consumption), smooth the domestic great circulation, build a unified national market, accelerate the growth of specialized and new enterprises that use special and sophisticated technologies to produce novel and unique products, accelerate the digital and intelligent transformation of manufacturing, promote the upgrading of traditional industries, and vigorously cultivate new industries, new business forms, new tracks, new drivers, and new markets.

此外，还存在着金融、房地产与实体经济不平衡问题，有的地方产业发展“脱实向虚”，畸轻畸重，特色、优势、竞争力不明显，发展布局不合理，经济基础不牢固、缺乏后劲。对此，要积极推进供给侧结构性改革，打通经济循环多环节（生产、分配、流通、消费）痛点、难点、堵点，畅通国内大循环，构建全国统一大市场，加快推动专精特新企业成长，加快制造业数字化智能化转型，促进传统产业升级，大力培育新产业、新业态、新赛道、新动能、新市场。

Properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, and promote a better combination of an effective market and a competent government.

把握好政府与市场的关系，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better leveraging the role of the government is both a major theoretical proposition and a major practical proposition. The relationship and respective roles of the government and the market have always been a hot topic in the study of economic relations, and our Party has been seeking a new scientific orientation based on the expansion of practice and the deepening of understanding. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC revised the market’s role in resource allocation from “basic” to “decisive,” marking a new breakthrough in our Party’s understanding of the laws governing the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2013 and adopted a comprehensive plan for deepening reforms. The government and the market are the “visible hand” and the “invisible hand,” each with its own boundaries of action. It is necessary to give full play to the market’s decisive role in resource allocation, better leverage the government’s role, and promote a better combination of an effective market and a competent government, so that the vitality of all factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, and capital can burst forth, and all sources of social wealth can flow fully, while making the “cake” bigger and better, and also dividing and cutting the “cake” well.

习近平总书记指出，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用，既是一个重大理论命题，又是一个重大实践命题。政府和市场二者的关系和作用，一直是经济关系研究的一个热点，我们党一直在根据实践拓展和认识深化寻找新的科学定位。党的十八届三中全会把市场在资源配置中的“基础性作用”修改为“决定性作用”，标志着我们党对中国特色社会主义建设规律的新突破。政府和市场是“看得见的手”和“看不见的手”，有各自作用的边界，要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合，让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本等要素的活力竞相迸发，让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流，在做大、做好“蛋糕”的同时分好、切好“蛋糕”。

On the one hand, the market should be effective. It is necessary to improve basic market economy institutions such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, optimize the business environment, and establish a unified, open, competitive, and orderly modern market system, so that the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation.

一方面，市场有效。要通过完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，优化营商环境，建立统一开放、竞争有序的现代市场体系，使市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用。

On the other hand, the government should be competent. It is necessary to build a clean and efficient law-based government, govern according to law, advance the modernization of governance capacity, ensure a good market environment, and let the fruits of development benefit all the people more and more fairly, so that the people have a greater sense of gain, happiness, and security. In our research in some localities, we have found that if a local government understands enterprises, is good at management, and provides good services, then the business environment in that place is good and the economy is full of vitality. For example, if a local government achieves the goal of not interfering when there is no problem, providing timely help like “sending charcoal in snowy weather” and “delivering timely rain,” and making policies warm and considerate, then market entities are active and vibrant, and entrepreneurs can set up their businesses with peace of mind, invest with confidence, work with focus, do things with dedication, take root smoothly, engage in charity with joy, and live with comfort.

另一方面，政府有为。要通过打造廉洁高效的法治政府，依法施政，推进治理能力现代化，保障良好的市场环境，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，使人民群众更加有获得感、幸福感、安全感。我们在一些地方调研中发现，一个地方政府如果懂企业、善管理、会服务，那么这个地方营商环境就好、经济就充满活力。例如，如果地方政府做到无事不扰、雪中送炭、送及时雨，政策暖心贴心，那么市场主体就活跃有生机，企业家也安心创业、放心投资、用心工作、专心干事、顺心扎根、开心慈善、舒心生活。

Properly handle the relationship between the internal and the external, implement high-standard opening up, and accelerate the construction of a new development pattern.

把握好内与外的关系，实行高水平对外开放，加快构建新发展格局

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes “adhering to high-standard opening up and accelerating the construction of a new development pattern with domestic great circulation as the main body and domestic and international dual circulations mutually promoting each other.” The internal and the external are physical orientations, and also the primary and secondary aspects of a contradiction. The complex and severe international situation makes us more clearly realize that to achieve internal and external harmony and balance, it is necessary to coordinate the relationships between development and security, and between opening up and security.

习近平总书记强调，“坚持高水平对外开放，加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”。内和外是物理方位，也是矛盾的主和次。复杂严峻的国际形势让我们更加清醒地认识到，要实现内外和谐平衡，统筹好发展与安全、开放与安全关系。

The times and the trend, the path and the righteousness are on our side. We do the right things and do our own things correctly. No matter how the international situation changes, we must concentrate on handling our own affairs well, and respond to external uncertainties with the certainty of our own continuous development and strengthening. Doing our own things well includes many aspects, the most fundamental of which is to stand on the commanding heights of the correct path, morality, and justice.

时与势、道和义在我们这一边，我们做正确的事，正确地做自己的事。无论国际风云如何变化，我们都要集中精力办好自己的事，以自己的不断发展强大的确定性应对外界的不确定性。做好自己的事包括很多方面，最根本的就是站在正确的道路、道德、道义的制高点上。

It is necessary to accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, accelerate the achievement of high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial and supply chains, and advance agricultural and rural modernization, thereby firmly establishing an invincible position. It is necessary to promote institutional opening up and create a world-class business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized. Relying on the advantages of China’s super-large market, we should attract global resource factors through domestic great circulation, enhance the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad, and raise the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation. Steadily expand institutional opening up in terms of rules, regulations, management, and standards. Expand high-standard opening up, coordinate the attraction of investment, talent, and people, and strive to achieve the goal that “those near are pleased and those from afar come.” [3]3 “Those near are pleased and those from afar come” is a classical Chinese idiom from the Analects of Confucius, meaning that a virtuous ruler attracts people from far and wide. Deepen and solidify the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, advocate economic globalization, trade liberalization, and multilateral cooperation, and enable China to play a greater role in global governance, maintaining world peace, and promoting world economic development, thereby winning the initiative and advantage in development, winning the initiative and advantage in competition, and winning the initiative and advantage in the future through the initiative in opening up.

要加快培育完整内需体系，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，推动产业链供应链优化升级，促进农业农村现代化，从而牢牢立于不败之地。要推动制度型开放，营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。依托我国超大规模市场优势，以国内大循环吸引全球资源要素，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应，提升贸易投资合作质量和水平。稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放。扩大高水平对外开放，统筹引资、引智、引人，努力做到“近者悦、远者来”。推动人类命运共同体建设走深走实，倡导经济全球化、贸易自由化、多边合作，让中国在全球治理、维护世界和平、促进世界经济发展等方面发挥更大作用，从而以开放的主动赢得发展的主动和优势、赢得竞争的主动和优势、赢得未来的主动和优势。

Properly handle the relationship between the present and the long term: look up at the stars while keeping feet on the ground, and strive hard to achieve great goals.

把握好当前与长远的关系，既要仰望星空，又要脚踏实地，为实现伟大目标努力奋斗

General Secretary Xi Jinping has profound thoughts on a series of major theoretical and practical issues such as the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the in-depth advancement of Chinese-path modernization, and requires persistent and unremitting efforts to accomplish them. At the same time, he emphasizes that we must base ourselves on the Chinese reality of being “the world’s largest developing country” and “the primary stage of socialism,” and that this must go through a process, even a very arduous one, to be achieved step by step, preventing empty talk, idle discussion, unrealistic aspirations, and rash and reckless advances. We should do more solid, foundational, and long-term practical and good things, and not engage in image projects, face projects, or performance projects that waste people’s money and resources. We must act according to our capabilities and tailor our measures to our conditions, do our best and act in accordance with the trend. This requires both the mindset of “achievement need not be in my tenure” and the striving spirit of “achievement must certainly have my contribution.” [4]4 “Achievement need not be in my tenure” and “achievement must certainly have my contribution” are common expressions in Chinese political discourse, emphasizing selfless dedication and a sense of responsibility toward long-term goals.

习近平总书记对中华民族伟大复兴、深入推进中国式现代化等一系列重大理论和实践问题都有深邃的思考，要求持之以恒不懈奋斗去完成，同时又强调一定要立足“最大发展中国家”“社会主义初级阶段”这个中国实际，要经过一个过程甚至很艰辛的过程，最终一步步实现，防止坐而论道、虚谈废务、好高骛远、急躁冒进，多干打基础、作铺垫、利长远的实事、好事，不搞劳民伤财的形象工程、面子工程、政绩工程，要量力而行、量体裁衣，尽力而为、顺势而行。这就需要既要有功成不必在我的境界，也要有功成必定有我的奋斗精神。

It is necessary to correctly understand and grasp five major theoretical and practical issues in China’s development: the strategic goal and practical path of achieving common prosperity, the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, the guarantee of supply of primary products, the prevention and resolution of major risks, and the peaking of carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. These issues are both focused on the present and related to the long term; they cannot wait, nor can they be rushed. They must be considered comprehensively, priorities must be distinguished, and they must be advanced with a sense of urgency while being steadily and solidly promoted. For example, gradually achieving common prosperity does not mean egalitarianism or “eating from the same big pot,” [5]5 “Eating from the same big pot” is a Chinese idiom referring to an egalitarian distribution system that ignores differences in contribution, often associated with the pre-reform era. still less does it mean “killing the rich to help the poor,” nor does it adopt the Western “welfarism” that fosters laziness. Advancing the “dual carbon” work does not mean taking a one-size-fits-all approach or making a big fuss, nor does it mean engaging in formalism; practices like simply cutting power and limiting electricity or banning coal heating in some places are even more unacceptable. Another example is the need to do a good job of expectation management, guide expectations well, view China’s economic development comprehensively and dialectically, fully recognize that China’s economy has great resilience, strong potential, the world’s largest market and middle-income group, and that its positive and upward trend remains unchanged, boost confidence, muster energy, and loudly sing the theory of China’s economic optimism, opportunity, and contribution.

要正确认识和把握我国发展的五个重大理论和实践问题：实现共同富裕的战略目标和实践途径、资本的特性和行为规律、初级产品供给保障、防范化解重大风险、碳达峰碳中和，这些问题既着眼当前，也事关长远，既等不得，也急不得，必须统筹兼顾，分清轻重缓急，既只争朝夕，又稳步扎实推进。例如，逐步实现共同富裕不是搞平均主义和吃大锅饭，更不是杀富济贫，也不搞西方“福利主义”养懒人那一套。推进“双碳”工作，不是搞一刀切、大呼隆，不是搞形式主义，像个别地方单纯拉闸限电、禁止烧煤取暖的做法更是不可取。又如，要做好预期管理，引导好预期，全面辩证看待中国经济发展，充分看到中国经济韧性大、潜力强、具有世界上最大规模市场和中等收入群体、向好向上态势不变，提振信心，鼓足干劲，唱响中国经济光明论、机遇论、贡献论。

Properly handle the relationship between crisis and opportunity: be adept at seizing opportunities amid challenges, fostering new opportunities amid crises, and opening up new horizons amid changes.

把握好危与机的关系，善于在挑战中抓机遇，在危机中育新机、于变局中开新局

The road ahead cannot be smooth sailing; the more achievements we make, the more we must exercise the caution of treading on thin ice and the more we must have the vigilance of preparing for danger in times of safety, and we must never commit strategic or subversive errors. The changes unseen in a century are compounded by the century-old pandemic; unilateralism, hegemonism, trade protectionism, populism, and anti-globalization sentiments in some countries frequently surface, and the characteristics of uncertainty, instability, and imbalance in the world situation become more pronounced. Global problems are prominent, and world governance is fraught with difficulties. Some major Western powers continue to use multiple means and forms of blackmail, containment, encirclement, suppression, blockade, and extreme pressure against China. It can be said that the current period and the period ahead constitute a period in which various contradictions and risks in our country are prone to occur, with various contradictions, risks, and challenges interwoven. Faced with the volatile international situation, the complex and sensitive surrounding environment, and the arduous and heavy tasks of reform, development, and maintaining stability, we must not only have the first move to prevent risks but also have the high-level strategies to respond to and resolve risk challenges; we must not only fight the prepared battle to prevent and resist risks but also fight the strategic proactive battle to turn danger into safety and turn crises into opportunities. Therefore, we must prioritize national interests and domestic politics, maintain strategic resolve, carry forward the spirit of struggle, demonstrate the firm will to not fear power, safeguard national dignity and core interests in struggle, and firmly grasp the initiative in development and security.

前进道路不可能一帆风顺，越是取得成绩的时候，越是要有如履薄冰的谨慎，越是要有居安思危的忧患，绝不能犯战略性、颠覆性错误。百年变局叠加世纪疫情，一些国家单边主义、霸权主义、贸易保护主义、民粹主义、逆全球化思潮等不时泛出，世界局势不确定性、不稳定性、不平衡性特点更加明显。全球性问题突出，世界治理困难重重。一些西方大国对中国继续实行多种手段和形式的讹诈、遏制、围堵、打压、封锁、极限施压。可以说，当前和今后一个时期，是我国各类矛盾和风险易发期，各种矛盾、风险、挑战相互交织。面对波谲云诡的国际形势、复杂敏感的周边环境、艰巨繁重的改革发展稳定任务，我们既要有防范风险的先手，也要有应对和化解风险挑战的高招，既要打好防范和抵御风险的有准备之战，也要打好化险为夷、转危为机的战略主动战。因此，我们必须坚持国家利益为重、国内政治优先，保持战略定力，发扬斗争精神，展示不畏强权的坚定意志，在斗争中维护国家尊严和核心利益，牢牢把握发展和安全的主动权。

At the opening ceremony of the seminar on studying and implementing the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the CPC in January 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping listed 16 specific risks in 8 areas; at the seminar on adhering to bottom-line thinking and focusing on preventing and resolving major risks for leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels in January 2019, he made a profound analysis and put forward clear requirements for preventing and resolving major risks in multiple fields. Regarding preventing and resolving risk challenges, first, we must adhere to bottom-line thinking, prepare for danger in times of safety, nip problems in the bud, and enhance awareness of vigilance, risk, and responsibility. Second, we must establish and improve relevant systems and mechanisms, place preventing and resolving risks in a prominent position, and eliminate systemic risks. Third, we must improve our capabilities, be adept at using institutional advantages and power to respond to risk challenges, and eliminate various hidden dangers, traps, and obstacles on the path forward. Fourth, we must pay attention to methods and strategies, make the first move, fight the proactive battle, see opportunities amid dangers, seek opportunities, turn dangers into opportunities, and turn crises into opportunities. Fifth, we must maintain strategic resolve, accurately identify changes, scientifically respond to changes, and actively seek changes, oppose unilateralism, protectionism, and isolationism with openness, multilateralism, and cooperation, and coordinate epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development.

习近平总书记2018年1月在学习贯彻党的十九大精神专题研讨班开班式上列举了8个方面16个具体风险，2019年1月在省部级主要领导干部坚持底线思维着力防范化解重大风险专题研讨班上就防范化解多个领域重大风险作出深刻分析、提出明确要求。对于防范化解风险挑战，一是要坚持底线思维，居安思危，防微杜渐，增强忧患意识、风险意识、责任意识。二是要建立健全相关体制机制，把防范化解风险摆在突出位置，杜绝系统性风险。三是要提高能力，善于运用制度优势和威力应对风险挑战，消除前进道路上的各种隐患、陷阱、障碍。四是要讲究方法策略，下好先手棋，打好主动仗，在危中见机、谋机，转危为机、化危为机。五是要坚持战略定力，准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，以开放、多边、合作反对单边主义、保护主义、孤立主义，统筹疫情防控和经济社会发展。

Grasp the relationship between the macro and the micro, strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over economic work, and give play to the initiative of localities

把握好宏观与微观的关系，加强党中央对经济工作的集中统一领导，发挥地方的积极性

Among myriad towering mountains, there must be a main peak. Strengthening the Party’s leadership over economic work is the fundamental guarantee for us to do a good job in economic work. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of speeches, instructions, and requirements on economic work, the Central Economic Work Conference, the 14th Five-Year Plan and the Outline of Long-Range Objectives for 2035 all make scientific deployments and top-level institutional designs for economic work; these must be resolutely implemented to the letter, and we must resolutely oppose local protectionism and departmental protectionism, oppose decentralism and departmentalism, oppose the practice of merely passing documents down layer by layer without action, inaction, and lack of accountability, and must consolidate responsibilities.

万山磅礴，必有主峰。加强党对经济工作的领导是我们做好经济工作的根本保证。习近平总书记关于经济工作的一系列讲话、指示批示和要求，中央经济工作会议，“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标纲要，都对经济工作进行了科学部署和顶层制度设计，要不折不扣地坚决执行，坚决反对地方保护主义和部门保护主义，反对分散主义和本位主义，反对层层批转、空转，不作为、不担当，必须压实责任。

The understanding of the decisive significance of the Two Establishments must be transformed into the political consciousness of firmly establishing the Four Consciousnesses, firmly upholding the Four Confidences, and achieving the Two Upholds. All localities and departments must implement the central deployments and the new development concept in detail and concretely, integrate them into daily work, enforce them strictly in ordinary times, maintain unremitting efforts, establish long-term mechanisms, carry out work creatively, promote high-quality development, and enable the people to have a greater sense of happiness, gain, and security.

要把对“两个确立”决定性意义的认识转化为树牢“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”的政治自觉。各地方各部门要把中央部署和新发展理念落实落细，抓在日常，严在平常，做到常抓不懈，建立长效机制，创造性开展工作，推动高质量发展，让人民群众有更多的幸福感、获得感、安全感。

Grasp the relationship between points and the whole, highlight key points, resolve difficult points, use points to promote the whole, and advance comprehensively and in depth

把握好点与面的关系，突出重点，解决难点，以点促面，全面纵深

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that we must learn to use dialectics, be adept at “playing the piano” [8]8 “Playing the piano” is a metaphor used by Mao Zedong to describe the need to coordinate multiple tasks simultaneously, like a pianist using all ten fingers to produce a harmonious melody., and handle the relationships between the partial and the whole, the current and the long-term, and the key and the non-key. All things grow by grasping their roots; all affairs succeed by following their principles. General Secretary Xi Jinping has conducted comprehensive and in-depth thinking on major issues concerning the overall situation, such as emphasizing the coordinated advancement of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the coordinated promotion of the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, building a new development pattern, comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and building a modern economic system. Our work is required to reach the bottom vertically and cover all aspects horizontally, and to be comprehensive, in-depth, and solid. In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, not a single person can be left behind; on the road to common prosperity, not a single person can be left out. At the same time, work cannot be one-sided, evenly distributed, or spread thinly like pepper powder; reform must be pushed forward in depth, efforts must be made to solve the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the people, more measures that benefit people’s livelihoods and warm their hearts must be taken, tough battles must be fought, focal points must be identified, pain points, blockages, and difficulties that hinder the construction of the new development pattern and the implementation of the new development concept must be cleared, and growth points and new drivers must be cultivated. For matters that benefit the present and future generations, no matter how tiring, we must handle them well; no matter how bitter, we must do them well; no matter how difficult, we must accomplish them well.

习近平总书记强调，要学会运用辩证法，善于“弹钢琴”，处理好局部和全局、当前和长远、重点和非重点的关系。万物得其本者生，百事得其道者成。习近平总书记对关系全局的重大问题进行全面而深入的思考，如强调统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，构建新发展格局，全面建设社会主义现代化国家，建设现代化经济体系等。要求我们的工作纵向到底、横向到边，工作全面深入扎实。全面建成小康社会，一个不能少；共同富裕路上，一个不能掉队。同时，工作不能单打一、平均用力、撒胡椒面，要把改革推向纵深，着力解决人民群众急难愁盼问题，采取更多惠民生、暖人心的举措，打好攻坚战，找准着力点，打通各种有碍新发展格局构建、新发展理念落实的痛点堵点难点，培育生长点、增长点。功在当代、利在千秋的事，再累也要办好，再苦也要做好，再难也得干好。

Grasp the relationship between efficiency and fairness, pay more attention to fairness, achieve efficiency and effectiveness transformation, and promote common prosperity

把握好效率与公平的关系，更加注重公平，实现效能效率变革，推进共同富裕

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that to make development more balanced, make development opportunities more equal, and make development achievements shared by all, we must improve development concepts and models and enhance the fairness, effectiveness, and synergy of development. Being more efficient and fairer than capitalism is the essential requirement of socialism and the manifestation of the superiority of the socialist system. The market is not omnipotent; for matters that the market cannot manage or control, the government must play its role well, especially in improving macro-control, optimizing services, ensuring fair competition, strengthening market supervision, making up for market failures, and maintaining market order. In the New Era, we have done a great deal of work in promoting fairness in employment, education, and medical and health care, improved the basic public service system, raised the level of public services, and enhanced their balance and accessibility. In improving the distribution system, we strive to raise the share of household income in the distribution of national income, raise the share of labor remuneration in primary distribution, adhere to more pay for more work, encourage getting rich through hard work, promote equality of opportunity, increase the income of low-income groups, expand the middle-income group, regulate the order of income distribution, regulate the mechanism for wealth accumulation, protect lawful income, regulate excessively high income, ban illegal income, and guide and support enterprises, social organizations, and individuals who are willing and able to actively participate in public welfare and charitable undertakings. In terms of employment, we implement the employment-first strategy, coordinate the urban and rural employment policy systems, remove institutional and policy drawbacks that hinder the flow of labor and talent, eliminate unreasonable restrictions and employment discrimination that affect equal employment, so that everyone has the opportunity to achieve self-development through hard work, improve the lifelong vocational skills training system, and promote the resolution of structural employment contradictions. At the same time, we improve the multi-tiered social security system that covers the entire population, coordinates urban and rural areas, is fair and unified, safe and standardized, and sustainable, improve the national pooling system for basic old-age insurance, and develop a multi-tiered, multi-pillar old-age insurance system. In terms of improving efficiency, we promote scientific and technological innovation, focus on digital empowerment, implement a distribution policy oriented toward increasing the value of knowledge, eliminate local protectionism, oppose monopolies, and promote the orderly development of capital. In short, in handling the relationship between efficiency and fairness, we must calculate the big picture, the long-term account, the overall account, and the comprehensive account, and cannot simply calculate the economic account or the small account. When fairness is achieved, contradictions will be fewer, and efficiency will be inherent in it. Of course, fairness does not mean common poverty, egalitarianism, or one-size-fits-all; it is more about ensuring fairness in starting points and opportunities through institutional design and promoting fairness in outcomes.

习近平总书记指出，要让发展更加平衡，让发展机会更加均等、发展成果人人共享，就要完善发展理念和模式，提升发展公平性、有效性、协同性。比资本主义更有效率、更加公平，是社会主义的本质要求和制度优越性的体现。市场不是万能的，市场管不好管不了的事情，必须发挥好政府作用，特别是要搞好宏观调控，优化服务，保障公平竞争，加强市场监管，弥补市场失灵，维护市场秩序。新时代，我们在推进就业、教育、医疗卫生公平方面做了大量工作，健全基本公共服务体系，提高公共服务水平，增强均衡性和可及性。在完善分配制度方面，努力提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，坚持多劳多得，鼓励勤劳致富，促进机会公平，增加低收入者收入，扩大中等收入群体，规范收入分配秩序，规范财富积累机制，保护合法收入，调节过高收入，取缔非法收入，引导、支持有意愿有能力的企业、社会组织和个人积极参与公益慈善事业。在就业方面，实施就业优先战略，统筹城乡就业政策体系，破除妨碍劳动力、人才流动的体制和政策弊端，消除影响平等就业的不合理限制和就业歧视，使人人都有通过勤奋劳动实现自身发展的机会，健全终身职业技能培训制度，推动解决结构性就业矛盾。同时，健全覆盖全民、统筹城乡、公平统一、安全规范、可持续的多层次社会保障体系，完善基本养老保险全国统筹制度，发展多层次、多支柱养老保险体系。在提升效率方面，推动科技创新，注重数字化赋能，实行以增加知识价值为导向的分配政策，消除地方保护主义，反对垄断，推动资本有序发展。总之，处理好效率与公平二者的关系，要算大账、长远账、整体账、综合账，不能单纯算经济账、小账。公平有了，矛盾就会少，效率自在其中。当然，公平不是共同贫穷、平均主义、一刀切，更多是通过制度设计保证起点、机会的公平，促进结果的公平。

In addition, we must also handle and grasp the relationships of coordination and synergistic development between urban and rural areas, between regions, between areas, between industries, and between various market entities, and handle and grasp the relationships between the real economy and the virtual economy, between development and security, between getting rich first and common prosperity, and between openness and security.

此外，还要处理和把握好城乡之间、区域之间、地区之间、行业之间、各市场主体之间的协调和协同发展的关系，处理和把握好实体经济与虚拟经济的关系、发展与安全的关系、先富与共富的关系、开放与安全的关系等。

In sum, the dialectical thinking embodied in Xi Jinping’s economic thought is rich and profound, forceful and effective, systematic and scientific. It fully demonstrates why Marxism works, and why Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times works. It holds significant meaning and value for enhancing our capacity for scientific thinking, and for improving and perfecting our methods of leadership, management, thought, and work.

总之，习近平经济思想蕴含的辩证思维丰富而深刻、有力而有效、系统而科学，充分彰显了马克思主义为什么行、中国化时代化的马克思主义为什么行，对我们提升科学思维能力，改进和完善领导方法、管理方法、思想方法、工作方法，具有重要的意义和价值。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心