Promoting Global Green Development through Open Cooperation

Green development, which conforms to nature and promotes the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, has become a global consensus. Against the backdrop of intensifying climate change and sluggish economic growth, countries expanding open cooperation to advance green and low-carbon transformation have provided broad space for green development, along with channels and resources that can be leveraged. Promoting green development through open cooperation has become an important pathway for an increasing number of countries to achieve carbon neutrality goals. Although geopolitical conflicts and the rise of trade protectionism introduce uncertainties, the prospects for green development and open cooperation remain optimistic. The restructuring of rules in global trade, investment, and finance is accelerating; green trade and investment are showing strong momentum; and emerging market economies have become an important force driving global green development and open cooperation.

绿色发展是顺应自然、促进人与自然和谐共生的发展，已成为全球共识。在气候变化加剧、经济增长乏力的背景下，各国扩大开放合作推进绿色低碳转型，为绿色发展提供了广阔空间及其可借用的渠道与资源。在开放合作中推动绿色发展，成为越来越多国家实现碳中和目标的重要途径。尽管地缘政治冲突加剧、贸易保护主义抬头等带来不确定性影响，但绿色发展与开放合作前景依然乐观。全球贸易、投资、金融领域规则重构加快，绿色贸易、投资发展势头强劲，新兴市场经济体成为推动全球绿色发展与开放合作的重要力量。

Gradually Forming Global Consensus and Action

逐步形成全球共识和行动

Beginning in the 1960s, environmental issues gradually moved from the periphery to the mainstream agenda, intersecting with economic and trade issues. In 1962, the publication of *Silent Spring* sparked public concern over environmental problems. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment adopted the *Declaration on the Human Environment*, and countries around the world began to jointly study and address environmental issues. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development, in its report *Our Common Future*, first elaborated the concept of "sustainable development." In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development integrated economic development with environmental protection, adopting a series of documents such as *Agenda 21* and the *United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change*, accelerating the construction of a mechanism framework for sustainable development. After the establishment of the World Trade Organization, green issues were incorporated into the scope of international trade discussions.

从20世纪60年代开始，环境议题逐渐从边缘进入主流议程，与经济、贸易议题产生交汇。1962年《寂静的春天》出版，引发公众对环境问题的关注。1972年，联合国人类环境会议通过了《人类环境宣言》，世界各国开始共同研究解决环境问题。1987年，世界环境与发展委员会在《我们共同的未来》报告中，首次阐述了“可持续发展”的概念。1992年，联合国环境与发展大会把经济发展与环境保护结合起来，通过了《21世纪议程》《联合国气候变化框架公约》等一系列文件，可持续发展机制框架加快构建。世界贸易组织成立后，绿色议题被纳入国际贸易讨论范畴。

From the early 21st century to 2015, green became an important topic in global open cooperation. Green trade and clean energy investment grew rapidly, and emerging market economies became an important driving force in global climate negotiations. In 2005, the *Kyoto Protocol* entered into force, promoting emission limitation and reduction by industrialized countries while also facilitating deeper cooperation on emission reduction between developed and developing countries through the Clean Development Mechanism. After the outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008, the United Nations Environment Programme launched the Green Economy Initiative, urging countries to prioritize green investment in their economic stimulus plans, and the green economy gradually became a development priority. Following the Copenhagen Conference in 2009, global climate governance gradually moved toward institutionalization. In 2015, the *Paris Agreement* was reached, laying the foundation for promoting global green development through open cooperation.

21世纪初至2015年，绿色成为全球开放合作的重要议题。绿色贸易、清洁能源投资迅速增长，新兴市场经济体成为全球气候谈判的重要推动力量。2005年《京都议定书》生效，在推动工业化国家限排和减排的同时，通过清洁发展机制促进发达国家与发展中国家深化减排合作。2008年国际金融危机爆发后，联合国环境规划署发起绿色经济倡议，推动各国在经济刺激计划中优先考虑绿色投资，绿色经济逐步成为发展重点。2009年哥本哈根会议之后，全球气候治理逐步走向制度化。2015年《巴黎协定》达成，为在开放合作中推动全球绿色发展奠定基础。

From 2015 to the present, the institutional framework for global green development has gradually improved, the division of labor in green technology and industrial chains has further deepened, and the establishment of global carbon markets and green financial systems has promoted greater coordination in international governance. To implement the *Paris Agreement*, each party has proposed nationally determined contribution targets, and green transformation has become an important pathway for enhancing industrial competitiveness and global discourse power. Green investment has grown rapidly, with significant innovations in areas such as photovoltaics, wind energy, and electric vehicles, and technology transfer has become an important component of international cooperation. Green and low-carbon factors are driving the restructuring of rules in global trade, investment, and finance, and green development and open cooperation are showing trends toward systematization, internationalization, and coordination.

2015年至今，全球绿色发展制度框架逐步完善，绿色技术与产业链分工进一步深化，全球碳市场、绿色金融体系建立推动国际治理更加协同。为落实《巴黎协定》，各缔约方提出国家自主贡献目标，绿色转型成为提升产业竞争力和全球话语权的重要路径。绿色投资快速增长，光伏、风能、电动车等领域创新成果显著，技术转移成为国际合作的重要内容。绿色低碳要素推动全球贸易、投资、金融等领域规则重构，绿色发展与开放合作呈现系统化、国际化、协同化趋势。

First, the green and low-carbon policy system is increasingly improving. Countries are promoting the green transformation of economic and social development through various means, such as setting carbon neutrality targets, developing carbon markets, improving green financial standards systems, and implementing industrial support policies. For example, bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms are used to promote more inclusive climate action; a series of fiscal, monetary, and financial policies are adopted to incentivize green investment and guide capital toward sustainable development fields; and so on. Although the intensity and focus of policy implementation vary according to national conditions, all emphasize leveraging the role of public funds and markets to accelerate green transformation.

一是绿色低碳政策体系日益完善。各国通过设定碳中和目标、发展碳市场、健全绿色金融标准体系、实施产业支持政策等多种方式，推动经济社会发展绿色转型。比如，利用双边和多边合作机制，推动更具包容性的气候行动；采取一系列财政、货币和金融政策，激励绿色投资，引导资本流向可持续发展领域；等等。虽然政策实施力度和侧重点因国情而异，但都重视发挥公共资金和市场作用，加快绿色转型。

Second, the scale of green investment continues to expand. Driven jointly by global responses to climate change, government policy support, and technological innovation, green industries are showing strong growth momentum and enormous market potential. Taking renewable energy as an example, global investment in renewable energy reached $807 billion in 2024, of which solar photovoltaic investment exceeded $554 billion, setting a new historical high. The International Energy Agency estimates that global energy sector investment will increase to $3.3 trillion in 2025.

二是绿色投资规模持续扩大。在全球应对气候变化、政府政策支持、技术创新的共同驱动下，绿色产业展现出强劲增长势头和巨大市场潜力。以可再生能源为例，2024年全球可再生能源投资规模达8070亿美元，其中太阳能光伏投资突破5540亿美元，创历史新高。国际能源署预计，2025年全球能源领域投资将增至3.3万亿美元。

Third, green trade has become a new growth point. Against the backdrop of slowing global trade growth, green trade has maintained counter-trend growth, with the "new three items" [1]1 The "new three items" (新三样) refers to China's three major export products in the green technology sector—new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products—which have replaced the traditional "old three items" (clothing, furniture, and home appliances) as drivers of export growth.—new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products—becoming new growth poles. In 2024, global export trade in solar and wind energy products reached $443 billion and $245 billion, respectively; global electric vehicle sales reached 17 million units, with market share exceeding 20%. The scale of green trade imports and exports of the European Union, the United States, and China accounts for approximately 40% of the global total, while the share of green goods exports from emerging market countries has grown steadily, accelerating green and low-carbon transformation through open cooperation.

三是绿色贸易成为新增长点。在全球贸易增速放缓的背景下，绿色贸易保持逆势增长，以新能源汽车、锂电池、光伏产品为代表的“新三样”成为新增长极。2024年，全球太阳能、风能产品出口贸易额分别为4430亿美元、2450亿美元；全球电动汽车销量达1700万辆，市场份额突破20%。欧盟、美国和中国的绿色贸易进出口规模占全球比重约为40%，新兴市场国家绿色商品出口份额稳步增长，在开放合作中加快绿色低碳转型。

Countries Explore Differentiated Practice Pathways

各国探索差异化实践路径

Green transformation has become an important engine driving global sustainable development, with countries achieving win-win outcomes through open cooperation. Regions such as the European Union, Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America, based on their resource endowments and development needs, are exploring multi-level, differentiated practice pathways. Through policy coordination, market linkage, and project co-construction, they promote the diffusion of green technology, the substitution of clean energy, and the construction of sustainable supply chains, injecting lasting momentum into global green development.

绿色转型成为推动全球可持续发展的重要引擎，各国在开放合作中实现共赢。欧盟、亚太、非洲、拉美等地区立足资源禀赋与发展需求，探索形成多层次、差异化实践路径，通过政策协同、市场联动、项目共建等方式，推动绿色技术普及、清洁能源替代与可持续供应链构建，为全球绿色发展注入持久动力。

In 2024, 56% of the European Union's energy consumption came from imports, with coal, oil, and natural gas accounting for 66% of energy consumption. Its energy transition faces multiple challenges, including high costs and geopolitical risks. Fully leveraging its advantages in low-carbon technology research and development and climate governance rule-making, the European Union, with "top-level design + market mechanisms + cross-border cooperation + standard export" at its core, promotes accelerated green transformation among member states and partner countries. Through the *European Green Deal* and the "Fit for 55" package [2]2 "Fit for 55" (减碳55%) is the European Union's legislative package aimed at reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, as part of the European Green Deal., the European Union has incorporated energy, industry, and other sectors into its emissions trading system. As of 2024, greenhouse gas emissions from high-carbon sectors covered by this system had cumulatively decreased by approximately 50% compared to 2005. Renewable energy accounted for 25% of the European Union's final energy consumption, renewable energy's share of electricity generation reached 47%, and green investment grew by approximately 20% in real terms compared to 2022.

2024年，欧盟能源消费的56%来自进口，煤炭、石油和天然气占能源消费的比重达66%，其能源转型面临成本高企、地缘政治风险等多重挑战。充分利用低碳技术研发、气候治理规则制定等方面优势，欧盟以“顶层设计+市场化机制+跨境合作+标准输出”为核心，推动成员国和合作伙伴加快绿色转型。欧盟通过《欧洲绿色协议》及“减碳55%”计划，将能源、工业等领域纳入碳排放交易体系，截至2024年，该体系覆盖的高碳行业温室气体排放量较2005年累计下降约50%，欧盟可再生能源占最终能源消费总量的25%，可再生能源发电量占比达47%，绿色投资较2022年实际增长约20%。

The Asia-Pacific region, rich in renewable energy and highly concentrated in manufacturing, focuses on green cooperation in areas such as industrial upgrading, financial coordination, and trade expansion. Singapore is actively building itself into a global carbon trading hub, engaging in carbon credit cooperation with over ten countries. ASEAN has launched a sustainable finance taxonomy to provide financial support for the green transformation of high-carbon industries. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has increased investment in green infrastructure to support members' green transformation. As of 2024, it had invested in the construction of over 51,000 kilometers of transportation infrastructure and added 21.3 gigawatts of installed renewable energy capacity, with the energy projects it supports reducing greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 30 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually.

亚太地区可再生能源富集、制造业高度集中，聚焦产业升级、金融协同、贸易扩容等开展绿色合作。新加坡积极打造全球碳交易枢纽，与10多个国家开展碳信用合作。东盟推出可持续金融分类方案，为高碳行业绿色转型提供金融支持。亚洲基础设施投资银行加码绿色基础设施建设，支持成员绿色转型，截至2024年，投资建设交通基础设施超5.1万公里，新增2130万千瓦可再生能源装机量，支持的能源项目每年可减少近3000万吨二氧化碳当量的温室气体排放。

Africa possesses abundant renewable energy resources such as solar and wind energy, but its energy penetration rate is low. Countries are promoting energy green transformation through means such as multilateral financing and alliance collaboration. The African Union has issued planning documents such as the "Africa Green Energy Initiative" and the "Africa Energy Partnership Program," established the African Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund, and encourages countries in the region to accelerate the utilization of renewable resources. According to estimates by the International Energy Agency, clean energy investment in Africa in 2024 was nearly $40 billion. Taking the green hydrogen industry as an example, in 2024 Morocco approved an investment plan containing multiple green hydrogen projects with a total investment scale of 319 billion dirhams (approximately 244 billion yuan). South Africa released its *National Hydrogen Development Roadmap*, and Egypt and other countries have also formulated their own hydrogen energy development strategies. Green hydrogen cooperation agreements between the European Union and Morocco, Egypt, Namibia, and other countries have been successively implemented.

非洲拥有丰富的太阳能、风能等可再生能源资源，但能源普及率不高，各国通过多边融资、联盟协作等方式推动能源绿色转型。非洲联盟出台“非洲绿色能源倡议”“非洲能源合伙计划”等规划文件，成立非洲可再生能源与能源效率基金，鼓励地区各国加快可再生资源利用。据国际能源署估算，2024年非洲清洁能源投资额近400亿美元。以绿氢产业为例，2024年摩洛哥批准了包含多个绿氢项目的投资计划，总投资规模达3190亿迪拉姆（约2440亿元人民币），南非发布《国家氢能发展路线图》，埃及和其他国家也制定了本国氢能发展战略，欧盟与摩洛哥、埃及、纳米比亚等国的绿氢合作协议已陆续落地。

Latin American countries have formed a consensus on green transformation, implementing green development plans in line with their resource endowments, promoting efficient resource utilization through international cooperation, and gradually breaking free from dependence on traditional development paths. Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, which possess huge lithium reserves and production potential, are known as the “lithium triangle” of South America, relying on resource advantages to strengthen cooperation and drive energy transition. Chile is vigorously advancing lithium industry integration; in 2024, its lithium exports increased by 26% year-on-year, and refined lithium exports accounted for 42% of the global total. Argentina attracts foreign investment to build plants through policy incentives, using direct lithium extraction technology to raise lithium recovery rates to over 90%. According to forecasts by the Argentine Mining Enterprises Association, the country’s lithium carbonate output will reach 131,800 tons in 2025, an increase of 77% over 2024.

拉美国家形成绿色转型共识，结合资源禀赋实施绿色发展规划，通过国际合作促进资源高效利用，逐步摆脱对传统发展路径的依赖。拥有巨大锂矿储量和生产潜力的阿根廷、玻利维亚和智利，被称为南美“锂三角”，依托资源优势加强合作推动能源转型。智利大力推进锂产业一体化，2024年锂出口量同比增长26%，精炼锂出口量占全球的42%。阿根廷通过政策激励吸引外资投资建厂，采用直接锂提取技术将锂回收率提升至90%以上，据阿根廷矿业企业协会预测，2025年该国碳酸锂产量将达13.18万吨，较2024年增长77%。

Contributing Chinese Wisdom to Sustainable Development

为可持续发展贡献中国智慧

As the world’s largest developing country, China adheres to a green and low-carbon development path, continuously promotes high-level opening up, actively participates in global green governance, and advances global sustainable development through concrete actions.

作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国坚持走绿色低碳的发展道路，持续推动高水平对外开放，积极参与全球绿色治理，以务实行动推动全球可持续发展。

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [3]3 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in October 2015, adopted the Proposal on Formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, which formally introduced the five new development concepts. put forward the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, using green development to resolve the problem of harmony between humanity and nature, and open development to resolve the problem of internal and external linkages in development. Documents such as the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Comprehensively Promoting the Construction of a Beautiful China” and the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Comprehensive Green Transformation of Economic and Social Development” have been issued, providing institutional guarantees for green transformation and deepening international cooperation. In areas such as green rules, green technology, and green standards, China has increased its participation in international standardization, forming a development system covering policy institutions, industrial support, and international cooperation.

党的十八届五中全会提出了创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，以绿色发展解决人与自然和谐问题，以开放发展解决发展内外联动问题。《中共中央 国务院关于全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》《中共中央 国务院关于加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型的意见》等文件出台，为绿色转型以及深化国际合作提供制度保障。在绿色规则、绿色技术、绿色标准等领域，我国加大国际标准化参与力度，形成覆盖政策制度、产业支撑、国际合作的发展体系。

At the top-level design level, the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks is brought into play, constructing a comprehensive, multi-level policy system. From the “Interim Regulations on the Management of Carbon Emissions Trading” establishing a carbon emissions trading market system, to the “Opinions on Leveraging Green Finance to Serve the Construction of a Beautiful China” strengthening financial support, and then to the “Implementation Opinions on Expanding Green Trade” clarifying pathways for trade optimization and upgrading, policy dividends are continuously released. At the same time, through the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group, the “Belt and Road” Green Investment Principles, and other mechanisms, China actively participates in the formulation of global green rules, promoting the formation of a more inclusive and fair green governance system.

顶层设计层面，发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势，构建全方位、多层次的政策体系。从《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》确立碳排放权市场交易制度，到《关于发挥绿色金融作用 服务美丽中国建设的意见》强化金融支撑，再到《关于拓展绿色贸易的实施意见》明确贸易优化升级路径，政策红利持续释放。同时，通过G20可持续金融工作组、“一带一路”绿色投资原则等，我国积极参与全球绿色规则制定，推动形成更加包容、公平的绿色治理体系。

In terms of industrial support, relying on the advantages of a super-large market and a complete industrial system, China cultivates green industry clusters with international competitiveness. China’s wind power, photovoltaic, new energy vehicle, and other industries have formed a complete industrial chain from technology research and development, equipment manufacturing, to market application, occupying an important position in the global market. Through technological iteration and economies of scale, they have promoted a significant reduction in costs in the green energy and green transportation sectors, providing support for the green transformation of developing countries. Relying on the virtuous cycle of “technological innovation—industrial upgrading—open sharing,” while ensuring the security of its own industrial and supply chains, it provides strong support for global green industry cooperation.

产业支撑方面，依托超大规模市场优势和完整工业体系，培育具有国际竞争力的绿色产业集群。我国风电、光伏、新能源汽车等产业已形成从技术研发、装备制造到市场应用的完整产业链，在全球市场中占据重要地位，通过技术迭代和规模效应，促进绿色能源、绿色交通领域成本大幅下降，为发展中国家绿色转型提供支持。依托“技术创新—产业升级—开放共享”的良性循环，在保障自身产业链供应链安全的同时，为全球绿色产业合作提供有力支撑。

In terms of regional opening-up layout, China adheres to adapting measures to local conditions and promoting by category, forming a multi-level, wide-ranging opening-up pattern. The eastern coastal regions rely on open platforms such as pilot free trade zones and comprehensive bonded zones, focusing on pilot projects in areas such as green finance, carbon footprint management, and green service trade, creating new open highlands with international competitiveness. The central and western regions leverage their resource endowment advantages, deepening international cooperation in areas such as new energy development, and accelerating the gradient transfer of green industries. China actively promotes the construction of a green “Belt and Road,” continuously deepening cooperation in green infrastructure, green energy, green transportation, and other fields. For example, the “Africa Solar Belt” project helps poor families solve electricity problems, the East Coast Railway in Malaysia has greatly improved connectivity along the route, and Chinese enterprises assist Morocco in accelerating the development of the electric vehicle industry. With the accelerated construction of a green cooperation network, the fruits of green development benefit more countries and people.

区域开放布局方面，坚持因地制宜、分类推进，形成多层次、宽领域的开放格局。东部沿海地区依托自由贸易试验区、综合保税区等开放平台，聚焦绿色金融、碳足迹管理、绿色服务贸易等领域先行先试，打造具有国际竞争力的开放新高地。中西部地区发挥资源禀赋优势，在新能源开发等领域深化国际合作，加快绿色产业梯度转移。我国积极推进绿色“一带一路”建设，持续深化绿色基建、绿色能源、绿色交通等领域合作。比如，“非洲光带”项目帮助贫困家庭解决用电难题，马来西亚东海岸铁路极大提升了沿线地区互联互通水平，中国企业助力摩洛哥加快电动汽车产业发展等。伴随绿色合作网络加快构建，绿色发展成果惠及更多国家和人民。

Currently, the global green transformation still faces multiple challenges such as the technology gap, rule differences, and unbalanced development. China is accelerating the pace of green and low-carbon transformation, promoting the sharing of green products, technologies, and services, actively participating in the formulation of global green governance rules, and working with countries around the world to build a green trade system, a green investment environment, and a green development cooperation platform. It deepens South-South cooperation in the field of addressing climate change, adopting a “three-in-one” model of green concepts, green technology, and clean energy to support developing countries in improving their capacity to address climate change. As of the end of October 2025, China has signed 55 memoranda of understanding on South-South cooperation on climate change with 43 developing countries, and has cumulatively implemented more than 300 capacity-building projects.

当前，全球绿色转型仍面临技术鸿沟、规则差异、发展不平衡等多重挑战。我国加快绿色低碳转型步伐，推动绿色产品、技术和服务共享，积极参与全球绿色治理规则制定，与世界各国携手构建绿色贸易体系、绿色投资环境、绿色发展合作平台。深化应对气候变化领域的南南合作，采用绿色理念、绿色技术与清洁能源“三位一体”的模式，支持发展中国家提高应对气候变化能力。截至2025年10月底，我国已与43个发展中国家签署55份气候变化南南合作谅解备忘录，累计实施300多期能力建设项目。

Comprehensive Analysis and Assessment of New Opportunities and New Challenges

综合分析研判新机遇新挑战

Driven by factors such as policy, technology, and the market, green development has become an important trend in economic globalization. The “green content” of the world economy is continuously increasing, and opportunities for open cooperation are constantly emerging.

在政策、技术、市场等因素驱动下，绿色发展成为经济全球化的重要趋势，世界经济“含绿量”不断提升，开放合作机遇不断涌现。

The urgency of global response to climate change, the introduction of carbon neutrality timetables by various countries, the rise in consumer environmental awareness, and the rapid development of green technology continue to stimulate demand for green products. The “new three items” [4]4 “New three items” refers to China’s exports of electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and photovoltaic products, which have become major growth drivers in foreign trade. have become new growth points in global trade. In the process of green transformation, improving resource utilization efficiency has attracted much attention, and recycled materials and products meeting circular economy standards are facing larger market space. At the same time, green trade is extending to areas such as green technology services, carbon emissions trading services, and environmental consulting services. Carbon pricing and mandatory information disclosure force enterprises to seek low-carbonization and transparency throughout the entire process from raw material procurement, production and manufacturing, to logistics and transportation.

全球应对气候变化的紧迫性、各国出台碳中和时间表、消费者环保意识提升、绿色技术快速发展等，持续刺激绿色产品需求，“新三样”成为全球贸易新增长点。在绿色转型过程中，提升资源利用效率备受关注，再生材料、符合循环经济标准的产品迎来更大市场空间。同时，绿色贸易向绿色技术服务、碳排放权交易服务、环境咨询服务等领域延伸。碳定价和强制信息披露倒逼企业寻求从原材料采购、生产制造到物流运输全过程的低碳化、透明化。

Low-carbon transformation involves sectors such as energy, industry, transportation, and construction, leading to growth in green investment demand. With continuous innovation and large-scale application of renewable energy technology, the attractiveness of green transportation investment has significantly increased, covering multiple sub-sectors such as electric vehicles, charging piles, batteries, and smart transportation. Investment demand in the circular economy and carbon capture, utilization, and storage is also growing continuously. With the deep integration of green development and digital technology, new models such as the sharing economy and smart agriculture are developing rapidly, which will generate more investment demand. Green elements are deeply integrated into investment, trade, and financial regulatory systems, and green elements in bilateral and multilateral trade and investment agreements are continuously increasing. The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and other international high-standard economic and trade rules have established environmental chapters; Singapore and Australia signed the world’s first Green Economy Agreement, supporting the two countries’ transition to zero carbon emissions; the International Sustainability Standards Board has issued two sustainability disclosure standards, requiring enterprises to strengthen the disclosure of climate and other sustainability-related information, which have been adopted by multiple countries and regions.

低碳转型涉及能源、工业、交通、建筑等部门，带来绿色投资需求的增长。随着可再生能源技术持续创新和规模化应用，绿色交通投资吸引力显著提升，覆盖电动汽车、充电桩、电池、智慧交通等多个细分领域，循环经济以及碳捕获、利用与封存等方面投资需求也持续增长。随着绿色发展与数字技术深度融合，共享经济、智慧农业等新模式快速发展，将催生更多投资需求。绿色要素深度融入投资、贸易和金融监管体系，双边、多边贸易投资协定中绿色要素不断增加。《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》等国际高标准经贸规则设立了环境章节；新加坡和澳大利亚签署全球首份绿色经济协议，支持两国向零碳排放转型；国际可持续准则理事会发布两项可持续披露准则，要求企业加强气候及其他可持续发展相关信息的披露，被多个国家和地区采纳。

However, it must also be seen that with the profound evolution of the international situation, international competition in the green and low-carbon field has intensified. The rise of trade protectionism, the frequent occurrence of geopolitical conflicts, and fluctuations in the climate policies of major economies make the world economy full of uncertainty. In recent years, behind the prosperity of green trade, there have always been fierce competition and trade frictions. Some countries, in order to support their domestic green industries, set up green barriers through huge subsidies, trade restrictions, and other means, exerting a profound impact on the global trade pattern. Under trade tensions, green investment reviews have become increasingly strict, especially reviews on the grounds of national security and environmental protection, which to a certain extent hinder the market access of developing economies. According to data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, from 2020 to 2022, the average tariff on solar and wind energy components in Africa was 7.1%; after accounting for non-tariff measures, the total trade cost rose to 7.6%, far higher than the level of less than 2% in developed economies. If trade protectionism persists, the cross-border dissemination of green technology will inevitably be hindered, thereby slowing the pace of global green and low-carbon development.

但也要看到，随着国际形势深刻演变，绿色低碳领域国际竞争加剧，贸易保护主义抬头、地缘冲突易发多发、主要经济体气候政策波动等因素使世界经济充满不确定性。近年来，绿色贸易繁荣背后一直存在激烈竞争与贸易摩擦，一些国家为扶持本土绿色产业，通过巨额补贴、贸易限制等方式设置绿色壁垒，对全球贸易格局产生深远影响。在贸易紧张局势下，绿色投资审查日益严格，特别是以国家安全和环保为由的审查，一定程度上阻碍了发展中经济体的市场准入。根据联合国贸易和发展会议数据，2020年至2022年，非洲地区太阳能和风能组件的平均关税为7.1%，计入非关税措施后总贸易成本升至7.6%，远高于发达经济体低于2%的水平。如果贸易保护主义持续，绿色技术跨境传播必然受阻，进而阻滞全球绿色低碳发展步伐。

Pooling Efforts to Advance Global Green Transformation

凝聚合力推进全球绿色转型

China has made carbon peak and carbon neutrality a national strategy, constructing the world’s most comprehensive and systematic carbon reduction policy system, and is one of the countries with the fastest decline in energy intensity. Climate change is a global challenge that requires the joint efforts of all parties. As a major leader in green transformation, China has successfully explored a path that balances economic growth with green development. The proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan [5]5 The 15th Five-Year Plan refers to China’s national economic and social development plan for the period 2026–2030, currently in the proposal stage. has made important arrangements for building a Beautiful China, and the recently concluded Central Economic Work Conference designated “adhering to the ‘dual carbon’ [6]6 “Dual carbon” is a shorthand for China’s goals of reaching a carbon peak before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. guidance to promote comprehensive green transformation” as one of its key tasks. Major progress has been made in the global green development cause, and international cooperation on green development has encountered more opportunities. China will continue to exert sustained and persistent efforts in promoting comprehensive green transformation, making greater contributions to addressing climate change.

中国将碳达峰碳中和作为国家战略，构建了全球最系统完备的碳减排政策体系，是世界能耗强度下降最快的国家之一。气候变化是全球性挑战，需要各方共同努力。作为绿色转型的重要引领者，我国成功探索出一条统筹经济增长与绿色发展的道路。“十五五”规划建议对建设美丽中国作出重要部署，近期召开的中央经济工作会议将“坚持‘双碳’引领，推动全面绿色转型”确定为重点任务之一。全球绿色发展事业取得重大进展，绿色发展国际合作迎来更多机遇。我国将在推动全面绿色转型上持续用力、久久为功，为应对气候变化作出更大贡献。

Advance global climate governance and green cooperation. Firmly support the international system with the United Nations at its core, uphold multilateralism and advance global climate governance, deeply participate in ecological governance mechanisms under the UN framework, uphold the authority of international conventions such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, firmly support the Paris Agreement and its temperature control targets and actively take action, injecting more stability and certainty into the global climate process. Green cooperation has become a key pathway for Global South countries to promote industrial structural transformation and upgrading and sustainable development. Countries have demonstrated strong willingness to cooperate and great potential in jointly promoting green and low-carbon transformation. It is necessary to rely on multilateral platforms such as the South-South cooperation mechanism and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to deepen policy dialogue, technical cooperation, and capacity building, share best practices in implementing green development strategies and improving laws, regulations, and standards systems, jointly address climate change risks, help Global South countries enhance climate resilience and green development levels, and jointly achieve higher-quality and more sustainable development.

推进全球气候治理与绿色合作。坚定支持以联合国为核心的国际体系，维护多边主义、推进全球气候治理，深度参与联合国框架下的生态治理机制，维护《巴黎协定》《联合国气候变化框架公约》等国际公约的权威性，坚定支持《巴黎协定》及其温控目标并积极采取行动，为全球气候进程注入更多稳定性与确定性。绿色合作成为全球南方国家推动产业结构转型升级与可持续发展的关键路径，各国在共同推动绿色低碳转型方面展现出强烈合作意愿与巨大潜力，要依托南南合作机制与上海合作组织等多边平台，深化政策对话、技术合作和能力建设，共享实施绿色发展战略、完善法律法规与标准体系方面的最佳实践，携手应对气候变化风险，帮助全球南方国家提升气候韧性和绿色发展水平，共同实现更高质量、更可持续的发展。

Promote the formulation of international green trade rules and standards. Open markets and clear rules are important guarantees for promoting trade liberalization and facilitation. It is necessary to strengthen exchanges on green and low-carbon development issues, promote the establishment of a fairer and more sustainable international trade rule system, and create a favorable environment for global green trade development. Build a coordinated, fair, and innovative global governance framework, strengthen green technology exchanges and cooperation, and promote the restructuring of global industrial and supply chains. In the formulation and recognition of green trade standards, strengthen the empowerment of green product standards between countries, promote mutual recognition, interoperability, and effective alignment of green standards and trade rules. Promote the alignment of green and low-carbon industrial technology standards with international standards, improve the green product standards system, reduce the cost of green certification for cross-border transactions, and facilitate the better integration of green products, technologies, and services into the global market.

推动国际绿色贸易规则和标准制定。开放的市场、清晰的规则是推动贸易自由化和便利化的重要保障。要加强绿色低碳发展议题交流，推动建立更加公平、可持续的国际贸易规则体系，为全球绿色贸易发展营造良好环境。构建协同、公平、创新的全球治理框架，加强绿色技术交流与合作，推动全球产业链供应链重构。在绿色贸易标准制定和标准认定方面，加强国与国之间绿色产品标准赋能，促进绿色标准、贸易规则互认互通和有效衔接。推动绿色低碳产业技术标准与国际接轨，完善绿色产品标准体系，降低跨境交易的绿色认证成本，推动绿色产品、技术和服务更好融入全球市场。

Deepen international collaborative innovation in green technology. Technological innovation is an important driving force for achieving green and low-carbon development. China is increasingly becoming a provider of green technologies. With an open and inclusive attitude, it is necessary to coordinate the establishment of more diversified green innovation platforms, and stimulate the development potential of various scientific and technological innovation entities through exchanges and cooperation. Innovate models of international scientific and technological cooperation, and promote green innovation platforms from “building frameworks” to “strengthening functions.” Accelerate the digital transformation of innovation platforms, optimize the connection methods between innovation entities, build a green technology cooperation network, and create an open and collaborative green innovation ecosystem.

深化绿色技术国际协同创新。技术创新是实现绿色低碳发展的重要驱动力。中国正日益成为绿色技术提供者，要以开放包容的姿态，统筹建立更加多元化的绿色创新平台，通过交流合作激发各类科技创新主体发展潜力。创新国际间科技合作模式，推动绿色创新平台从“建框架”向“强功能”跃升。加快创新平台数字化转型，优化创新主体间连接方式，构建绿色技术合作网络，打造开放协同的绿色创新生态。

Innovate industrial cooperation models and green transformation pathways. Fully leverage the bridge and bond role of the China-Shanghai Cooperation Organization Green Industry Cooperation Platform, share green development achievements with developing countries and promote integrated industrial development by deepening communication and exchanges, conducting joint research projects, promoting practical project cooperation, strengthening information and resource sharing, and organizing talent exchange and training. Establish a coordinated, demand-oriented intergovernmental management framework and working mechanism for green South-South cooperation, promote the joint construction of cross-border green industrial parks, the establishment of green financial platforms, and the layout of local industrial chains, and support the green and low-carbon transformation of developing countries. Make full use of digital technology to empower green trade, bridge the digital divide, reduce transaction costs for green technologies and products, and support the participation of relevant enterprises from developing countries in the global market.

创新产业合作模式与绿色转型路径。充分发挥中国—上海合作组织绿色产业合作平台的桥梁纽带作用，通过深化沟通交流、开展联合课题研究、推动务实项目合作、强化信息资源共享、组织人才交流培训等，与发展中国家共享绿色发展成果，推动产业融合发展。建立协调一致、需求导向的政府间绿色南南合作管理框架与工作机制，推动跨境绿色产业园区共建、绿色金融平台搭建、本地产业链布局，支持发展中国家绿色低碳转型。充分利用数字技术赋能绿色贸易，弥合数字鸿沟，降低绿色技术与产品的交易成本，支持发展中国家相关企业参与全球市场。

(Authors: Zhuang Guiyang, Tian Huifang, Lin Shen)

（执笔：庄贵阳 田慧芳 林 屾）

Online Editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧