Leading High-Quality Economic Development with a Systems Approach

General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed the need to earnestly implement

习近平总书记强调，认真落实党中央关于贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展的一系列要求和决策部署，增强系统观念和大局意识。坚持系统观念就是要客观地而不是主观地、发展地而不是静止地、全面地而不是片面地、系统地而不是零散地、普遍联系地而不是孤立地观察事物，把推进经济高质量发展作为一个系统来认识、来把握、来谋划，强调解决问题既要抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，又要照应系统的方方面面，注意统筹兼顾、协调配合。党的二十大报告指出：“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。”完成好这一首要任务，需要我们妥善处理质的有效提升与量的合理增长之间的关系、需求与供给之间的关系、国内大循环与国际循环之间的关系、实体经济与虚拟经济之间的关系、战略性新兴产业与传统产业之间的关系，系统解决经济总量平衡问题、供需适配问题、经济循环问题、产业结构问题、发展动力问题。

Handling the Relationship between Quantitative Growth and Qualitative Improvement

处理好量的增长与质的提升之间的关系

Development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems. Economic development requires both effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth. Without effective qualitative improvement—low production efficiency, shoddy product quality, imbalanced economic proportions, and severe environmental pollution—there will be no sustained and healthy economic development. Without reasonable quantitative growth—an increase in the unemployed population, declining income levels, large-scale idle resources, and severe demand contraction—there will be no high-quality economic development. Effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth are a dialectical unity; one cannot emphasize qualitative improvement alone while neglecting quantitative growth, nor can one emphasize quantitative growth alone while neglecting qualitative improvement. Qualitative improvement is a slow, long-term process that requires both gradual progress and persistent effort; quantitative growth must be controlled within a certain limit, neither too high nor too low. At present, China faces insufficient domestic demand, difficulties in the operation of some enterprises, numerous risk hazards in key areas, a complex and severe external environment, and a slowdown in economic growth. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen macro-policy regulation and control, continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, extend, optimize, improve, and implement well the tax and fee reduction policies, leverage the role of aggregate and structural monetary policy tools, focus on expanding domestic demand, boosting confidence, and preventing risks, continuously improve social expectations, continuously enhance endogenous driving forces, and ensure that the economy achieves effective qualitative improvement while maintaining reasonable quantitative growth.

发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。经济发展既要有质的有效提升，也要有量的合理增长。没有质的有效提升，生产效率低下、产品质量拙劣、经济比例失衡、环境污染严重，就不会有经济的持续健康发展。没有量的合理增长，失业人口增加、收入水平下降、资源大量闲置、需求严重萎缩，就不会有经济的高质量发展。质的有效提升和量的合理增长是辩证统一的，既不能单独强调质的提升而忽视量的增长，也不能仅强调量的增长而忽视质的提升。质的提升是一个缓慢的、长期坚持的过程，既要循序渐进，又要持之以恒；量的增长须控制在一个度内，既不能太高也不能太低。当前，我国国内需求不足，一些企业经营困难，重点领域风险隐患较多，外部环境复杂严峻，经济增长速度放缓。为此，必须加大宏观政策调控力度，继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，延续、优化、完善并落实好减税降费政策，发挥总量和结构性货币政策工具作用，着力扩大内需、提振信心、防范风险，持续改善社会预期，持续增强内生动力，确保经济在保持量的合理增长的同时，实现质的有效提升。

Handling the Relationship between Demand and Supply

处理好需求与供给之间的关系

Demand and supply are two fundamental aspects of the intrinsic relationship in a market economy, a dialectical relationship of both opposition and unity. Without demand, supply cannot be realized, and new demand can give rise to new supply; without supply, demand cannot be met, and new supply can create new demand. To achieve high-quality economic development, it is necessary to conduct demand-side management to address aggregate issues, continuously meeting the people’s personalized, diversified, and ever-upgrading needs; it is also necessary to conduct supply-side management to address structural issues, continuously improving the industrial system, achieving networked and intelligent modes of production organization, and continuously improving the quality of products and services. Currently, an important reason affecting China’s high-quality economic development is the mismatch between supply and demand, where supply struggles to effectively meet upgraded demand, leading on the one hand to product surpluses and on the other to “demand spillover.” To promote high-quality economic development, we must adhere to advancing supply-side structural reform as the main line, continuously adjust the economic structure, transform the economic development model, cultivate new drivers of growth, and improve the quality of supply. Further enhance the completeness of China’s industrial system, support leading enterprises in their industries to improve competitiveness, innovation capacity, and integration capability, and ensure the security, reliability, and resilience of industrial and supply chains. Continuously improve labor efficiency, capital efficiency, resource efficiency, and environmental efficiency, continuously increase the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress, and raise total factor productivity. Improve the adaptability and flexibility of the supply structure, optimize the functions of existing products and services, enhance the quality of the entire supply system, so that the supply system better adapts to changes in the demand structure, use innovation-driven, high-quality supply to lead and create new demand, and achieve a leap from low-level supply-demand balance to high-level supply-demand balance.

需求和供给是市场经济内在关系的两个基本方面，是既对立又统一的辩证关系。没有需求，供给就无从实现，新的需求可以催生新的供给；没有供给，需求无法满足，新的供给可以创造新的需求。实现经济高质量发展，既需要进行需求侧管理，解决总量性问题，不断满足人民群众个性化、多样化、不断升级的需求；也需要进行供给侧管理，解决结构性问题，不断健全产业体系，实现生产组织方式网络化智能化，不断提高产品和服务质量。当前，影响我国经济高质量发展的一个重要原因，就是供给与需求不适配，供给难以有效满足升级的需求，导致一方面产品过剩，另一方面“需求外溢”。推动经济高质量发展，必须坚持以推进供给侧结构性改革为主线，不断调整经济结构、转变经济发展方式，培育增长新动能，提高供给质量。进一步提高我国产业体系的完整度，支持行业头部企业提高竞争力、创新力、整合力，确保产业链供应链安全可靠有韧性。不断提高劳动效率、资本效率、资源效率、环境效率，不断提升科技进步贡献率，提高全要素生产率。提高供给结构适应性和灵活性，优化现有产品和服务功能，提升整个供给体系质量，使供给体系更好适应需求结构变化，以创新驱动、高质量供给引领和创造新的需求，实现由低水平供需平衡向高水平供需平衡的跃升。

Handling the Relationship between the Domestic Circulation and the International Circulation

处理好国内大循环与国际循环之间的关系

Smooth and unimpeded economic circulation is a prerequisite for high-quality economic development. Blockages or breaks in any link of production, exchange, distribution, or consumption will affect economic operation and impact high-quality economic development. Ensuring smooth economic circulation is a systematic project that requires overall consideration of both domestic and international circulations and organic connection of all links in the economic cycle. At present, we must base ourselves on the domestic circulation, leverage the advantages of the domestic super-large market, and enhance the foundational role of consumption in driving economic development; expand the international circulation, promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative, deeply participate in the division of labor and cooperation in global industries, and maintain a diverse and stable international economic landscape and trade relations; actively promote the coordinated development of domestic and foreign demand, imports and exports, and the introduction of foreign capital and outbound investment, enhance the linkage effect of the two markets and two resources at home and abroad, and raise the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation. To scientifically understand and grasp the relationship between the domestic circulation and the international circulation, we should take the initiative and be adept at taking action. On the one hand, we should attach importance to using the international circulation to enhance the efficiency and level of the domestic circulation, improve the quality and allocation level of China’s factors of production, build a new system for a higher-standard open economy, and implement opening up on a larger scale, in more fields, and at a deeper level; on the other hand, by participating in international market competition, we should enhance the competitiveness of China’s export products and services, promote the transformation and upgrading of China’s industries, and increase our influence in the global industrial chain, supply chain, and innovation chain.

经济循环畅通无阻是经济高质量发展的前提条件，生产、交换、分配、消费等其中任何环节出现堵点、断点，都会影响到经济运行，都会对经济高质量发展造成冲击。确保经济循环畅通是一个系统工程，需要统筹考虑国内国际两个循环，有机衔接经济循环各个环节。当前，必须立足国内大循环，发挥国内超大规模市场优势，提升消费在推动经济发展中的基础作用；拓展国际循环，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，深度参与全球产业分工和合作，维护多元稳定的国际经济格局和经贸关系；积极促进内需和外需、进口和出口、引进外资和对外投资协调发展，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源的联动效应，提升贸易投资合作质量和水平。科学认识和把握国内大循环和国际循环的关系，应主动作为、善于作为，一方面，重视以国际循环提升国内大循环效率和水平，改善我国生产要素质量和配置水平，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制，实施更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的对外开放；另一方面，通过参与国际市场竞争，增强我国出口产品和服务竞争力，推动我国产业转型升级，增强在全球产业链供应链创新链中的影响力。

Handling the Relationship between the Real Economy and the Virtual Economy

处理好实体经济与虚拟经济之间的关系

The real economy is the foundation of a country’s economy, the source of its wealth, and the basis and key of the national economy. The virtual economy is defined relative to the real economy, derived from virtual capital with credit relations, and also plays an important role in the development of the national economy. A high-quality virtual economy can assist the high-quality development of the real economy. The financial industry is the most important component of the virtual economy and has a huge impact on the development of the real economy. The real economy is the foundation of finance, and finance is the lifeblood of the real economy; the two coexist and thrive together. Serving the real economy is the bounden duty of finance, and meeting the needs of economic and social development is the fundamental responsibility of finance. When finance is vibrant, the economy is vibrant; when finance is stable, the economy is stable. When the economy prospers, finance prospers; when the economy is strong, finance is strong. At present, it is necessary to leverage the role of financial services in supporting the development of the real economy, continuously improve the quality and efficiency of financial services, and assist in the development of advanced manufacturing and other sectors.

实体经济是一国经济的立身之本、财富之源，是国民经济的基础和关键。虚拟经济是相对实体经济而言的，是从具有信用关系的虚拟资本衍生出来的，在国民经济发展中也发挥着重要作用。高质量的虚拟经济可以助力实体经济高质量发展。金融业是虚拟经济最重要的组成部分，对实体经济的发展有着巨大影响。实体经济是金融的根基，金融是实体经济的血脉，两者共生共荣。为实体经济服务是金融的天职，满足经济社会发展需要是金融的本分。金融活，经济活；金融稳，经济稳。经济兴，金融兴；经济强，金融强。当前，需要发挥好金融服务实体经济发展的作用，不断提高金融服务的质量和效率，助力先进制造业等的发展。

Handling the Relationship between Strategic Emerging Industries and Traditional Industries

处理好战略性新兴产业与传统产业之间的关系

Today, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, accelerating in their evolution; a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening, and the international economic landscape is undergoing profound adjustment. To achieve high-quality economic development, we should promote the formation of a new industrial structure in which strategic emerging industries and traditional manufacturing advance side by side, giving play both to the leading and driving role of strategic emerging industries and to the foundational and consolidating role of traditional manufacturing. Strategic emerging industries represent the direction of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation; they are key fields for cultivating new drivers of development and gaining new competitive advantages for the future, possessing a pioneering and pillar nature. Therefore, we must make the cultivation of leading industries with core competitiveness the main focus, vigorously develop strategic emerging industries that have high technological content, strong market competitiveness, a large driving effect, good economic returns, and promising development prospects, especially industries such as intelligent robots, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, new-energy vehicles, green environmental protection, aerospace, and marine equipment, so as to cultivate new economic growth points and form new drivers of development. Of course, traditional manufacturing remains an important component of the national economy and still plays a foundational role in the development of the national economy; the key is to achieve transformation and upgrading through empowerment by digital technology, take intelligent manufacturing as the main direction to promote industrial technological change and optimization and upgrading, and drive manufacturing to achieve quality change, efficiency change, and power change.

今天，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际经济格局发生深刻调整。实现经济高质量发展，应推动形成战略性新兴产业和传统制造业并驾齐驱的产业结构新格局，既发挥战略性新兴产业的引领带动作用，又发挥传统制造业固本强基作用。战略性新兴产业代表着新一轮科技革命和产业变革的方向，是培育发展新动能、获取未来竞争新优势的关键领域，具有先导性和支柱性。因此，必须把培育具有核心竞争力的主导产业作为主攻方面，大力发展科技含量高、市场竞争力强、带动作用大、经济效益好、发展前景优的战略性新兴产业，尤其是智能机器人、生物技术、新能源、新材料、高端装备、新能源汽车、绿色环保、航空航天、海洋装备等产业，以培育新的经济增长点，形成发展新动能。当然，传统制造业仍是国民经济的重要组成部分，在国民经济发展中仍发挥着基础性作用，重点是通过数字技术赋能实现转型升级，以智能制造为主攻方向推动产业技术变革和优化升级，推动制造业实现质量变革、效率变革、动力变革。

(The author is a Distinguished Research Fellow of the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a Research Fellow of the Institute of Marxism.)

（作者系中国社会科学院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员、马克思主义研究院研究员）

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑