Providing the Fundamental Guidance for Comprehensively Advancing Rural Revitalization

Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, proceeding from the overall plan for Chinese-path modernization and responding to the hundreds of millions of farmers’ aspiration for a better life. It is a major historical task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. Comrade Xi Jinping’s important discourses on rural revitalization scientifically answer major theoretical and practical questions such as what kind of countryside to build and how to build it on the new journey of the New Era. They are an important component of Xi Jinping’s economic thought and provide the fundamental guidance and action guide for comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. We must fully and deeply understand their scientific implications, rich connotations, and global significance.

全面推进乡村振兴，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央从中国式现代化建设全局出发、顺应亿万农民对美好生活的向往作出的重大决策，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重大历史任务。习近平总书记关于乡村振兴的重要论述，科学回答了新时代新征程建设什么样的乡村、怎样建设乡村等重大理论和实践问题，是习近平经济思想的重要组成部分，为全面推进乡村振兴提供了根本遵循和行动指南，我们要全面深入理解其科学意蕴、丰富内涵与世界意义。

Scientific Implications

科学意蕴

The historic shift in the focus of China’s work concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers (the “three rural issues”) toward comprehensively advancing rural revitalization profoundly embodies the basic stance, value pursuit, and practical orientation of the Party’s leadership over work concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers in the New Era. It is a vivid manifestation of the positive interaction between theoretical innovation and practical innovation.

我国“三农”工作重心向全面推进乡村振兴的历史性转移，深刻体现了新时代党领导“三农”工作的基本立场、价值追求和实践指向，是理论创新和实践创新良性互动的生动体现。

A New Height in Understanding the Era Value of the Countryside. The urban-rural relationship is a fundamental pair of relationships in the development of human society. Under different stages and different institutional conditions, this relationship manifests in forms that are either mutually antagonistic or mutually reinforcing and integrating, profoundly influencing social development and change. Marx pointed out in *The Poverty of Philosophy*, “The greatest division of material and mental labour is the separation of town and country. The antagonism between town and country begins with the transition from barbarism to civilisation, from tribe to State, from locality to nation, and runs through the whole history of civilisation to the present day.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Dialectical Materialism Is the Worldview and Methodology of the Communist Party of China” (2015). Since humanity embarked on the process of modernization, the countryside has been drawn into the tide of modernization in different forms and to varying degrees. How one understands the value of the countryside in the process of modernization determines, to a certain extent, the model for handling urban-rural relations, and thereby also determines the basic features of social development. Judging from the practice of Western developed countries, modernization is a process dominated by the urban industrial sector. Rural development is not the value goal of modernization but rather the result of the diffusion of industrialization and urbanization outcomes to the countryside. This model of modernization, which takes the urban industrial sector as the leading force and places the countryside in a passive and subordinate position, not only lacks universal significance in practice but has also not been fully recognized in theory.

乡村时代价值认识的全新高度。城乡关系是人类社会发展中的一对基本关系，这种关系在不同阶段、不同制度条件下，表现出彼此对立或相互促进、相互融合的不同形态，深刻影响着社会的发展变化。马克思在《哲学的贫困》中指出，“城乡关系的面貌一改变，整个社会的面貌也跟着改变”。自人类开启现代化进程以来，乡村以不同形式、在不同程度上被卷入现代化浪潮。如何认识现代化进程中乡村的价值，一定程度上决定了处理城乡关系的模式，进而也决定了社会发展的基本面貌。从西方发达国家的实践看，现代化是一个由城市工业部门主导的过程，乡村发展并不是现代化的价值目标，而是工业化、城市化的成果向乡村扩散的结果。这种以城市工业部门为主导、将乡村置于被动和从属地位的现代化模式，不仅在实践上不具有普遍性意义，在理论上也没有得到充分认可。

China has valued agriculture since ancient times. The issues of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers are fundamental issues concerning the national economy and the people’s livelihood. Correctly understanding the value of the countryside and scientifically handling urban-rural relations have always been of great significance. Throughout history, when agriculture flourished and farmers were settled, the nation was unified and society stable; when agriculture declined and farmers were unsettled, the nation was divided and society turbulent. Since reform and opening up, the unique value of the countryside has received greater attention. The independence and autonomy of rural development have strengthened, the status of the countryside in the changing urban-rural relationship has markedly improved, and development vitality was quickly unleashed. Entering the 21st century, our Party’s understanding of the value of the countryside has continuously deepened. It has always insisted on solving the “three rural issues” as the top priority of the Party’s entire work. By implementing major strategies such as coordinating urban and rural economic and social development and integrating urban and rural development, it has promoted the common development of both urban and rural areas. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has grasped and handled the relationship between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas from an overall and strategic perspective. He proposed strengthening the role of industry in supporting agriculture and the role of cities in driving rural areas, accelerating the formation of a new type of industrial-urban-rural relationship characterized by mutual promotion of industry and agriculture, mutual complementarity between urban and rural areas, coordinated development, and common prosperity. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization accurately grasps the trend of urban-rural integration and development brought about by the development of social productive forces. It takes rural development and prosperity as an important value goal of Chinese-path modernization, places greater emphasis on the irreplaceable value of the countryside relative to the city, and highlights the significance of rural revitalization for the overall modernization effort. This represents a new sublimation of the understanding of the value and function of the countryside in the New Era.

我国自古重视农业，农业农村农民问题是关系国计民生的根本性问题，正确认识乡村价值、科学处理城乡关系历来具有重要意义。纵览历史，农业兴旺、农民安定，则国家统一、社会稳定；农业凋敝、农民不稳，则国家分裂、社会动荡。改革开放以来，乡村的独特价值受到更多重视，乡村发展的独立性、自主性更强，乡村在城乡关系变动中的地位明显提升，发展活力也就很快释放了出来。进入21世纪，我们党对乡村价值的认识不断深化，始终坚持把解决好“三农”问题作为全党工作的重中之重，通过实施统筹城乡经济社会发展、城乡一体化发展等重大战略，促进了城乡共同发展。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记从全局和战略高度来把握和处理工农关系、城乡关系，提出要强化以工补农、以城带乡，加快形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系。全面推进乡村振兴，准确把握社会生产力发展带来的城乡融合发展趋势，将乡村发展和繁荣作为中国式现代化的重要价值目标，更加强调乡村之于城市不可替代的价值，更加突出乡村振兴对于现代化建设全局的意义，这是对新时代乡村价值和功能认识的新的升华。

The Deepening and Expansion of a Century of Rural Construction Practice. China’s history since modern times is also a history of rural construction, a history of struggle exploring China’s future and way out starting from the countryside. Unlike the rural improvement experiments carried out in early rural construction, our Party has always regarded solving the issues of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers as an important issue in China’s revolution, construction, reform, and development. It has respected the principal position and pioneering spirit of farmers, organized and mobilized the vast majority of farmers to carry out effective rural construction activities, significantly improved farmers’ production and living conditions, and brought about earth-shaking changes in the rural landscape. From this perspective, the history of the Communist Party of China over more than a century is also a history of struggle in leading the vast majority of farmers in rural construction.

百年乡村建设实践的深化拓展。中国近代以来的发展史，也是一部乡村建设史，是一部从乡村入手探索中国前途和出路的奋斗史。与早期乡村建设开展的乡村改良实践不同，我们党始终把解决农业、农村和农民问题作为中国革命、建设、改革和发展的重要问题，尊重农民主体地位和首创精神，组织动员广大农民开展了富有成效的乡村建设活动，显著改善了农民生产生活条件，乡村面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。从这个方面看，中国共产党百余年来的发展史，也是一部领导广大农民开展乡村建设的奋斗史。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “We must view the issues of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers from a grand historical perspective. Only by deeply understanding the ‘three rural issues’ can we better understand our Party, our country, and our nation.” Only by deeply understanding the practice and facts of our Party leading farmers in rural construction and working for the well-being of farmers can we better grasp the Party’s nature and purpose and better grasp the strategic direction of rural revitalization. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is a continuation of the Party’s century-long practice of leading the vast majority of farmers in rural construction. However, this continuation is not a simple mechanical extension but a more scientific and reasonable inheritance and development based on the actual situation of China’s rural development. It is even more so a rural construction practice that conforms to the requirements of Chinese-path modernization and aims to satisfy the vast majority of farmers’ aspiration for a better life, which is conducive to fundamentally solving the “three rural issues.” Objectively speaking, since reform and opening up, China’s rural development has made considerable progress, but the problems of insufficient rural vitality and a large urban-rural development gap have not yet been fundamentally resolved. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization focuses on promoting balanced urban-rural development and comprehensively expands the depth and breadth of rural construction. The systematic construction of the policy system, work system, and institutional system will inevitably gather greater strength, promote the comprehensive improvement of the level of rural economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and Party building, and promote the comprehensive upgrading of agriculture, the comprehensive progress of rural areas, and the comprehensive development of farmers.

习近平总书记强调，“我们要坚持用大历史观来看待农业、农村、农民问题，只有深刻理解了‘三农’问题，才能更好理解我们这个党、这个国家、这个民族”。只有深刻理解了我们党带领农民开展乡村建设、为农民谋幸福的实践和事实，才能更好地领会党的性质和宗旨，更好地把握乡村振兴的战略方向。全面推进乡村振兴，是党领导广大农民开展百年乡村建设实践的延续，但这种延续不是简单机械地延伸，而是结合我国乡村发展实际更为科学合理地继承和发扬，更是顺应中国式现代化发展要求、以满足广大农民对美好生活的向往为目标的乡村建设实践，有利于从根本上解决好“三农”问题。客观地看，改革开放以来，我国乡村发展取得了长足进步，但乡村活力不足、城乡发展差距大的问题尚未得到根本解决。全面推进乡村振兴，着眼于促进城乡平衡发展，全面拓展了乡村建设的深度、广度。政策体系、工作体系和制度体系的系统性构建，必将汇聚起更强大的力量，推动农村经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明和党的建设水平全面提升，促进农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展。

A Scientific Arrangement for Advancing Rural Construction Step by Step. The development of things is a process. The process of development, in terms of form, is the alternation of the continuity of things in time and their extension in space; in terms of content, it is the renewal of things in their forms of motion, shape, structure, function, and relationships. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is about promoting the overall revitalization of the entire rural area at a higher level of development of productive forces. It is a systematic renewal of rural spatial forms, structural functions, and development patterns. It is characterized by long-term, arduous, and complex features and is a gradual and dynamic process. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has correctly grasped the dialectical relationship between the objective laws of the development of things and subjective initiative. It has proposed a series of precise strategies and major deployments that are coherent and consistent with the laws of development, advancing rural construction and development step by step. Agriculture and rural development have achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic transformations.

循序渐进推进乡村建设的科学安排。事物的发展是一个过程。事物发展的过程，从形式上看，是事物在时间上的持续性和空间上的广延性的交替；从内容上看，是事物在运动形式、形态、结构、功能和关系上的更新。全面推进乡村振兴，是在生产力发展的更高水平上推进乡村全域的整体振兴，是乡村空间形态、结构功能、发展样态的系统性更新，具有长期性、艰巨性和复杂性，是一个循序渐进的动态过程。党的十八大以来，我们党正确把握事物发展客观规律与主观能动性的辩证关系，提出了一系列前后连贯、与发展规律相契合的精准策略和重大部署，循序渐进地推进乡村建设和发展，农业农村发展取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。

Under the leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China organized and implemented a battle against poverty that was unprecedented in scale, intensity, and the number of people benefited in human history. It historically eliminated absolute poverty and regional overall poverty, achieving simultaneous rapid development and large-scale poverty reduction, and simultaneous economic transformation and the elimination of absolute poverty. This enabled rural development in poverty-alleviated areas to catch up in big strides. Proceeding from resolving the principal contradiction of society in the New Era and responding to the hundreds of millions of farmers’ aspiration for a better life, the report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC proposed for the first time the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The 2017 Central Rural Work Conference emphasized that this strategy is the overall focus for doing a good job on the “three rural issues” as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a New Era. The two major strategies of rural revitalization and poverty alleviation share the same conceptual implications, with tasks that are progressive and complementary. The basic essence of improving people’s livelihoods runs through them consistently. Their organic connection consolidated and expanded the achievements of poverty alleviation, and rural revitalization also achieved a good start. The battle against poverty has achieved a comprehensive victory, and the focus of China’s work on the “three rural issues” has historically shifted to comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized “comprehensively advancing rural revitalization,” pointing the direction and providing guidance for continuing to write the great chapter on rural revitalization. From winning the battle against poverty, to implementing the rural revitalization strategy, to comprehensively advancing rural revitalization, this is an effective path that conforms to the inherent laws of rural development itself.

在以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导下，我国组织实施了人类历史上规模空前、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脱贫攻坚战，历史性地消除了绝对贫困和区域性整体贫困，实现了快速发展与大规模减贫同步、经济转型与消除绝对贫困同步，使脱贫地区乡村发展大踏步赶上来。从解决新时代社会主要矛盾、顺应亿万农民对美好生活的向往出发，党的十九大报告首次提出实施乡村振兴战略，并在2017年的中央农村工作会议上强调其是中国特色社会主义进入新时代做好“三农”工作的总抓手。乡村振兴与脱贫攻坚两大战略意涵相通，任务递进互补，改善民生的基本要义一以贯之，二者的有机衔接巩固拓展了脱贫攻坚成果，乡村振兴也实现了良好开局。脱贫攻坚战已取得全面胜利，我国“三农”工作的重心历史性转移到全面推进乡村振兴上来。党的二十大报告强调“全面推进乡村振兴”，为继续做好乡村振兴这篇大文章指明了方向、提供了遵循。从打好脱贫攻坚战、实施乡村振兴战略，到全面推进乡村振兴，是一条符合乡村自身发展规律的有效路径。

An important pathway for resolving the principal social contradiction. Dialectical materialism holds that contradiction is the fundamental driving force of the development of things; the existence and development of the principal contradiction determines or influences the forms and changes of other contradictions. Being adept at grasping and concentrating efforts on resolving the principal contradiction is an important principle of our Party’s leadership and working methods. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Faced with a complex situation and heavy tasks, we must first have an overall view, be clear about all contradictions, and at the same time give priority to resolving the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, thereby driving the resolution of other contradictions.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Dialectical Materialism Is the Worldview and Methodology of the Communist Party of China” (2015). The principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. The greatest imbalance in China’s development is the imbalance between urban and rural development; the greatest inadequacy is the inadequacy of rural development. The two echo and interweave with each other: “inadequacy” is the objective basis for the emergence of “imbalance,” and “imbalance” in turn exacerbates “inadequacy.”

解决社会主要矛盾的重要途径。唯物辩证法认为，矛盾是事物发展的根本动力，主要矛盾的存在和发展，规定或影响着其他矛盾的形态和变化。善于抓住和集中力量解决主要矛盾，是我们党领导方法和工作方法的一个重要原则。习近平总书记指出：“面对复杂形势和繁重任务，首先要有全局观，对各种矛盾做到心中有数，同时又要优先解决主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，以此带动其他矛盾的解决。”我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。我国发展最大的不平衡是城乡发展不平衡，最大的不充分是农村发展不充分。二者彼此呼应、相互交织，“不充分”是“不平衡”产生的客观基础，“不平衡”反过来又会加剧“不充分”。

Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is the necessary path for promoting the full development of rural areas, and is conducive to breaking the negative cycle of unbalanced development and inadequate development. The countryside, as a territorial综合体 [2]2 The Chinese term 综合体 (zongheti) here denotes a complex or integrated entity, emphasizing the countryside as a multi-functional spatial unit. with natural, social, and economic characteristics, together with cities and towns constitutes the main space for human activity. It plays an irreplaceable and important role in meeting the diverse needs of urban and rural residents and promoting economic growth, and is the broadest and deepest foundation for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “To advance Chinese-path modernization, we must comprehensively advance rural revitalization and properly resolve the problem of unbalanced development between urban and rural areas and among regions.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, speech at the Central Rural Work Conference, December 2022. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization, enabling the vast rural areas and the huge rural population to enter modernization as a whole, achieving full rural development and balanced urban-rural development, will release enormous innovation momentum and consumption potential. This is conducive to smoothing the domestic economic cycle, enhancing China’s economic resilience and strategic depth, and providing solid support for Chinese-path modernization.

全面推进乡村振兴，是促进农村充分发展的必由之路，有利于破除发展不平衡和发展不充分的负向循环。乡村作为一个具有自然、社会、经济特征的地域综合体，与城镇共同构成人类活动的主要空间，在满足城乡居民多元化需求、促进经济增长方面发挥着不可替代的重要功能，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家最广泛最深厚的基础。习近平总书记强调，“推进中国式现代化，必须全面推进乡村振兴，解决好城乡区域发展不平衡问题”。全面推进乡村振兴，促进地域广阔的乡村、规模巨大的农村居民整体迈入现代化，实现乡村充分发展和城乡平衡发展，将释放出巨大的创新动能和消费潜能，有利于畅通国内经济大循环，增强我国经济韧性和战略纵深，为中国式现代化提供坚实支撑。

Rich Connotations

丰富内涵

Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is the embodiment of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy in the work concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers. The “comprehensive” in “comprehensively advancing” can be understood and grasped from four aspects.

全面推进乡村振兴，是“五位一体”总体布局、“四个全面”战略布局在“三农”工作中的体现。全面推进的“全面”，其内涵可以从四个方面来认识和把握。

Advancing on all fronts. That is, the coverage of fields is comprehensive, stimulating multiplier effects and chemical reactions through the coordinated advancement of the “five revitalizations.” [4]4 The “five revitalizations” refer to the revitalization of industry, talent, culture, ecology, and organizations, a framework for rural revitalization policy. Rural revitalization is a comprehensive revitalization that includes industrial revitalization, talent revitalization, cultural revitalization, ecological revitalization, and organizational revitalization; it is an organic, interconnected, and internally unified whole. The “five revitalizations” are interrelated, each with its own focus, and mutually complementary. The “comprehensive” in comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is first reflected in the full coverage of the five major fields. Rural revitalization is not the revitalization of a single aspect or several aspects, but the holistic advancement of the “five revitalizations”; there cannot be obvious shortcomings. It is not a fragmented advancement but a coordinated advancement that can generate overall effectiveness. From a practical perspective, although positive progress has been made in all “five revitalizations,” the progress is uneven and mutual support is insufficient. For example, the compatibility between talent revitalization and industrial revitalization is inadequate; the development of rural specialty industries generally lacks talent. The connection between industrial revitalization and ecological revitalization and cultural revitalization is insufficient; rich natural and human resources have not yet achieved value appreciation through diversified industrial operations. And so on. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization requires strengthening the connections, support, and mutual promotion among the “five revitalizations,” coordinating the advancement of rural economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, and Party building. It requires promoting systemic changes in rural production and lifestyle, social systems, values, and cultural psychology, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of comprehensively advancing rural revitalization.

全方位推进。即覆盖的领域全面，通过统筹推进“五个振兴”，激发乘数效应和化学反应。乡村振兴是包括产业振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴、组织振兴的全面振兴，是一个有机衔接、内在统一的整体。“五个振兴”相互关联、各有侧重、互为补充。全面推进乡村振兴的“全面”，首先体现在五大领域全覆盖。乡村振兴不是单一方面或几个方面的振兴，而是“五个振兴”的整体性推进，不能存在明显短板；不是割裂推进，而是协同推进，能够形成整体效能。从实践看，尽管“五个振兴”都取得了积极进展，但进展不一、彼此支撑不够。例如，人才振兴与产业振兴的适配度不够，乡村特色产业发展普遍缺乏人才；产业振兴与生态振兴、文化振兴衔接不充分，丰富的自然资源、人文资源尚未通过多元的产业化运营实现价值增值；等等。全面推进乡村振兴，要强化“五个振兴”之间的联系、支撑和相互促进，统筹推进农村经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和党的建设，推动乡村生产生活方式、社会制度、价值观念、文化心理等系统性变革，提高全面推进乡村振兴的效力效能。

Full territorial coverage. That is, the coverage of territory is comprehensive, extending from poor rural areas to all rural areas. Compared with the fight against poverty, comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is not targeted at villages with specific conditions or levels, but includes all villages, achieving further expansion in breadth. Of course, full territorial revitalization does not mean that every existing village must be revitalized, or that they must be revitalized according to the same model. The trend of the rural population concentrating in cities and towns is a major trend, and the pattern of villages will continue to evolve and differentiate. Some larger central villages will gather more population and industries; they can allow farmers to enjoy a modern civilized life locally by comprehensively improving public infrastructure, increasing the convenience of public services, and deepening the improvement of the living environment. Some villages in peri-urban areas and those where county seats are located will gradually merge with cities and towns. Although they may retain a rural appearance in form, through integrated planning and construction, their level of public services and social governance will be nearly the same as those of cities and towns. For villages rich in natural, historical, and cultural characteristic resources, such as famous historical and cultural villages and traditional villages, development needs to proceed within the framework of protection, maintaining the integrity, authenticity, and continuity of the village, strengthening resource protection and revitalization, and developing and expanding specialty industries. At the same time, comprehensively advancing rural revitalization does not mean that all regions’ villages will achieve revitalization simultaneously. For example, although some regions have overall escaped poverty, their endogenous momentum and self-development capacity are still weak; the income level of some households that have shaken off poverty is still not high. It is necessary to effectively link the consolidation and expansion of poverty alleviation achievements with rural revitalization, enhancing the economic vitality and development momentum of the countryside. In many central and western regions, the foundation of rural industries is unstable, and conditions for rural infrastructure and public services are relatively weak. It is necessary to further advance the synchronized development of the “four modernizations,” [5]5 The “four modernizations” are industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, a long-standing national development goal. strengthen rural specialty industries, and solidly promote rural construction. Eastern regions have a relatively better foundation for rural development and possess the conditions to take the lead in breaking down the urban-rural dual structure; they should focus on promoting integrated urban-rural development and accelerating the realization of comprehensive revitalization.

全域覆盖。即覆盖的地域全面，从农村贫困地区拓展到全部农村地区。与脱贫攻坚相比，全面推进乡村振兴不是针对特定状况和水平的乡村，而是将全部的乡村都纳入，在广度上实现进一步拓展。当然，全域振兴并不意味着现有的每个村庄都要振兴，或者以相同模式实现振兴。农村人口向城镇集中是大趋势，村庄格局会继续演变分化。一些规模较大的中心村会聚集更多的人口和产业，可以通过全面提升公共基础设施，提高公共服务便利度，深化人居环境整治，让农民就地过上现代文明生活。一些城市近郊区以及县城城关镇所在地的村庄会逐步同城镇融合，尽管在形态上仍保留着乡村风貌，但通过一体化规划和建设，公共服务水平、社会治理水平等将与城镇相差无几。对于历史文化名村、传统村落等自然历史文化特色资源丰富的村庄，需要在保护中发展，保持村庄的完整性、真实性和延续性，加强资源保护和活化利用，发展壮大特色产业。与此同时，全面推进乡村振兴，也并不意味着所有地区的乡村同步实现振兴。例如，一部分地区虽然整体摆脱了贫困，但内生动力和自我发展能力还不强，部分脱贫户收入水平仍然不高，需要做好巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴的有效衔接，增强乡村经济活力和发展后劲。不少中西部地区乡村产业基础不稳固，农村基础设施和公共服务条件比较薄弱，需要进一步推进“四化同步”发展，壮大乡村特色产业，扎实推进乡村建设；东部地区乡村发展基础相对更好，具备率先破除城乡二元结构的条件，应着力推进城乡融合发展，加快实现全面振兴。

Shared by all people. That is, the coverage of the population is comprehensive. Shared development is not shared by a minority or a part of the people, but enjoyed by everyone, each getting their due. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is a revitalization that benefits all rural residents. This can be understood from two aspects. On the one hand, the fruits of rural revitalization must benefit all rural residents, enabling the vast rural population to lead a more prosperous and better life, ensuring that no one is left behind on the path to common prosperity. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes the need to remember the tremendous contributions made by hundreds of millions of farmers to revolution, construction, and reform, to build the countryside well, and to give hundreds of millions of farmers a greater sense of gain. [6]6 Xi Jinping, speech at the Central Rural Work Conference, December 2020. In the future, even if China’s urbanization rate reaches over 70%, hundreds of millions of people will still live in the countryside. It is necessary to give full play to the principal role and pioneering spirit of farmers, unremittingly advance the construction of a beautiful and harmonious countryside that is desirable to live and work in, continuously improve the quality of rural life, narrow the urban-rural development gap, and enable the vast number of farmers to enjoy a modern civilized life. On the other hand, comprehensively advancing rural revitalization must aim to promote the comprehensive development of farmers. The issue of farmers is the core of the “three rural issues.” [7]7 The “three rural issues” (三农问题) refer to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, a core policy focus in China. Marx believed that the comprehensive development of the individual is “the comprehensive appropriation of one’s own comprehensive essence by a person, that is to say, as a whole person,” [8]8 Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. including the comprehensive development of people’s thoughts, needs, qualities, and values. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization requires not only improving the material living conditions of farmers, but also safeguarding their political, economic, cultural, and social rights and interests, improving their overall quality, and achieving the organic unity of the comprehensive upgrading of agriculture, the comprehensive progress of rural areas, and the comprehensive development of farmers.

全员共享。即覆盖的人口全面，共享发展不是少数人共享、一部分人共享，而是人人享有、各得其所。全面推进乡村振兴，是惠及全体农村居民的振兴。可以从两个方面来理解：一方面，乡村振兴的成果要惠及全体农村居民，让广大农村居民过上更加富裕更加美好的生活，确保共同富裕的路上一个也不掉队。习近平总书记强调，要牢记亿万农民对革命、建设、改革作出的巨大贡献，把乡村建设好，让亿万农民有更多获得感。未来即便我国城镇化率达到70%以上，还将有数亿人生活在乡村，要充分发挥农民的主体作用和首创精神，坚持不懈地推进宜居宜业和美乡村建设，持续提高农村生活质量、缩小城乡发展差距，让广大农民群众过上现代文明生活。另一方面，全面推进乡村振兴，要以促进农民全面发展为目的。农民问题是“三农”问题的核心。马克思认为，人的全面发展是“人以一种全面的方式，也就是说，作为一个完整的人，占有自己的全面的本质”，包括人的思想、人的需要、人的素质、人的价值等方面的全面发展。全面推进乡村振兴，不仅要改善农民的物质生活条件，而且也要保障农民政治、经济、文化、社会权益，提高农民综合素质，实现农业全面升级、农村全面进步与农民全面发展的有机统一。

Comprehensive factor guarantee. That is, the full investment of resources, with human, financial, and material resources all shifted toward rural revitalization. The efficient mobilization, effective integration, and concentrated investment of resources were an important experience in winning the battle against poverty and are an inevitable requirement for comprehensively advancing rural revitalization. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has placed poverty alleviation in a prominent position in national governance, leveraging the socialist system’s advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, extensively mobilizing the entire Party, the entire nation, and all sectors of society, forming a social poverty alleviation system with cross-regional, cross-departmental, cross-unit, and whole-society participation, thereby gathering a powerful joint force for poverty alleviation and achieving a comprehensive victory. Comprehensively advancing rural revitalization is no less challenging in depth, breadth, and difficulty than the battle against poverty; its arduousness and complexity are reflected not only in the enormous scale of the rural population involved but also in the fact that it is being carried out on the basis of agriculture’s insufficient self-reinforcing accumulation and its overall low capacity for resource allocation. Under the dual urban-rural structural system, rural factors have long experienced net outflow, making it fundamentally impossible for agriculture to escape a “low-level equilibrium,” and villages lack both the will and the capacity for self-organization and mobilization to carry out rural construction, objectively giving rise to the problem of insufficient endogenous development momentum. Currently, to comprehensively advance rural revitalization, it is necessary to fully leverage the Party Central Committee’s core leadership role in overall planning and coordinating all parties, promote a better combination of an effective market and a competent government, strengthen the effective integration of multiple actors, and shift human input, material allocation, and financial guarantees toward rural revitalization. In the long term, it is necessary to accelerate the dismantling of the dual urban-rural structure, eliminate institutional barriers that hinder the equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural factors, promote more development factors and various services to go to the countryside, and activate the endogenous momentum for rural self-development.

全要素保障。即资源全力投入，人力财力物力都要向乡村振兴转移。资源高效动员、有效整合和集中投入，是我们打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要经验，也是全面推进乡村振兴的必然要求。党的十八大以来，党中央把脱贫攻坚摆在治国理政的突出位置，发挥社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，广泛动员全党全国各族人民以及社会各方面力量，形成跨地区、跨部门、跨单位、全社会共同参与的社会扶贫体系，汇聚起脱贫攻坚的强大合力并取得了全面胜利。全面推进乡村振兴在深度、广度、难度上都不亚于脱贫攻坚，其艰巨性、复杂性不仅体现为涉及的农村人口规模巨大，还在于其是在农业自我循环累积不足、配置资源能力总体不高的基础上进行的。城乡二元结构体制下，农村要素长期净流出，造成农业无法从根本上摆脱“低水平均衡”，乡村通过自我组织动员来开展乡村建设在意愿和能力上都不足，客观上带来内生发展动力不充分的问题。当前全面推进乡村振兴，要充分发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，促进有效市场和有为政府更好结合，加强对多元主体的有效整合，将人力投入、物力配置、财力保障转移到乡村振兴上来。从长远看，需要加快破除城乡二元结构，消除妨碍城乡要素平等交换、双向流动的制度壁垒，促进发展要素、各类服务更多下乡，激活乡村自我发展内生动力。

Global significance

世界意义

In the process of modernization, the increase in the urban share and the decrease in the rural share is an objective law, and the long-term coexistence of urban and rural areas is also an objective law. Different countries have different national conditions and agricultural conditions, are at different stages of development, and thus adopt different methods, approaches, and pathways for promoting rural development. China, based on its national and agricultural conditions of a “large country with small-scale peasant farming,”[9]9 Common prosperity (共同富裕): A core goal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, referring to the shared prosperity of all people achieved through high-quality development, not through egalitarianism or absolute equal distribution. deeply grasps the laws of rural development in the modernization process, mobilizes the entire Party and the whole society to comprehensively advance rural revitalization, takes a path of rural revitalization with Chinese characteristics, expands the practice of rural construction and development, and explores a new pathway for global agricultural and rural modernization.

在现代化进程中，城市的比重上升、乡村的比重下降是客观规律，城乡将长期共生并存也是客观规律。各国国情农情不同、所处发展阶段不同，推进乡村发展的方式方法和路径手段也不同。我国立足“大国小农”的国情农情，深刻把握现代化进程中乡村发展规律，举全党全社会之力全面推进乡村振兴，走具有中国特色的乡村振兴道路，拓展了乡村建设和发展的实践，为全球农业农村现代化探索了新路径。

It has enriched rural development theory. Practice is the source of theory. Every major economic and social transformation in the process of modernization generates new development theories with global influence. By comprehensively advancing rural revitalization and thereby driving hundreds of millions of rural people into modernization as a whole, China will achieve an unprecedented and most magnificent rural modernization in human history—a major event in the history of world modernization that will inevitably have broad and far-reaching impacts. Great practice breeds great theory, and great practice also requires great theory. Currently, there are many theoretical schools in the field of international rural development. Although they differ in research paradigms, viewpoints, and content, they are basically all generated from the practice of Western modernization. China’s practice of comprehensively advancing rural revitalization breaks the general paradigm of Western rural modernization, sharing commonalities with Western countries while also having clear differences, containing enormous driving force, vitality, and potential for theoretical creation. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, starting from the Marxist standpoint, viewpoint, and method, adhering to the worldview and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, has scientifically answered a series of major theoretical and practical questions, such as what kind of countryside to build and how to build it in a country like China, which has a huge rural population and has not yet completed its industrialization and urbanization process. On the basis of inheriting and developing Marxist theory on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, it has formed a theoretical system of rural revitalization with Chinese characteristics. The understanding of the laws of rural development and the scientific methodology contained therein have greatly enriched international rural development theory.

丰富了乡村发展理论。实践是理论的源泉。现代化进程中的每一次重大经济社会变迁，都会产生具有世界影响的发展新理论。我国通过全面推进乡村振兴，进而推动数亿乡村人口整体迈入现代化，将是人类历史上前所未有的、最为波澜壮阔的乡村现代化，是世界现代化历史上的大事件，必将产生广泛深远的影响。伟大的实践孕育伟大的理论，伟大的实践也需要伟大的理论。目前，国际上乡村发展领域存在诸多理论流派，尽管它们在研究范式、观点内容上迥异，但基本都是基于西方现代化实践而产生的。我国全面推进乡村振兴的实践，打破了西方乡村现代化的一般范式，既与西方国家有共通之处，同时又有着明显的差异，蕴藏着理论创造的巨大动力、活力和潜力。以习近平同志为核心的党中央从马克思主义的立场观点方法出发，坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义世界观和方法论，科学回答了像中国这样乡村人口规模巨大、工业化城镇化进程尚未完成的国家，应该建设什么样的乡村、怎样建设乡村等一系列重大理论和实践问题，在继承和发展马克思主义“三农”理论的基础上，形成了具有中国特色的乡村振兴理论体系，其中蕴含的对乡村发展的规律性认识和科学方法论，极大地丰富了国际乡村发展理论。

It has made new contributions to solving global rural problems. China’s development cannot be separated from the world, and China’s development and progress also profoundly influence the world. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has achieved a series of extraordinary accomplishments

为全球解决乡村问题作出新贡献。中国的发展离不开世界，中国的发展进步同时也深刻影响着世界。新中国成立以来，我国在粮食安全、农村卫生事业、减贫等领域，取得了一系列非凡成就，在惠及广大农民的同时，也为解决全球性问题贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。在保障粮食安全方面，我国用不足全球9%的耕地，解决了世界近五分之一人口的吃饭问题，有力地回答了美国学者布朗提出的“谁来养活中国”的问题；杂交水稻远播五大洲近70个国家，为解决发展中国家粮食短缺问题提供了中国方案，为全球粮食增产作出了突出贡献。在减贫方面，党的十八大以来，我国组织实施了人类历史上规模空前、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脱贫攻坚战，提前10年实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程减贫目标，显著缩小了世界贫困人口的版图，加快了全球减贫进程。改革开放40多年来，我国数亿人摆脱了贫困，对世界减贫贡献率超过70%。全面建成小康社会后，全面推进乡村振兴，巩固拓展好脱贫攻坚成果，将继续为全球减贫作出贡献；全力保障粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给，将继续为全球粮食安全作出贡献；以“千万工程”为代表的美丽乡村建设实践，从农村人居环境整治入手，统筹生产、生活、生态三者关系，探索保护生态、发展经济、实现共富的乡村现代化路径，将为全球乡村可持续发展提供中国方案；通过建设宜居和美乡村，全面改善农村生产生活条件，让更多的农村人口就地过上现代文明生活，无疑将显著加快世界现代化进程。

Providing new options for late-developing countries to advance rural modernization. As an important space for human survival and reproduction, the rise and fall of rural areas has been significant in various historical periods and different countries. Viewed from the general trajectory of global modernization, agricultural and rural development exhibits two objective trends: the share of agriculture will decline, and the rural population will decrease. After completing industrialization and urbanization, major developed countries have promoted rural development through various means, achieving a relatively high level of agricultural and rural development. However, it must also be recognized that rural modernization in late-developing countries still faces enormous challenges. China’s comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization involves a large population and a wide scope, and it can provide new options for late-developing countries to solve the difficulties of rural modernization in at least three aspects. First, the model and pathway for advancing rural modernization against the backdrop of incomplete industrialization and urbanization. International experience and lessons show that during periods of rapid industrialization and urbanization, agriculture and rural areas often face the risk of neglect or weakening. If the relationship between industry and agriculture, and between urban and rural areas, is not properly handled, it can easily lead to economic stagnation, social instability, and a stalled modernization process. China, based on its national conditions and agricultural realities, grasps the inherent laws of urban-rural relationship evolution, comprehensively promotes rural revitalization, and accelerates the formation of a new type of industry-agriculture and urban-rural relationship characterized by mutual promotion, complementarity, coordinated development, and shared prosperity. This provides a reference for some late-developing countries in advancing integrated urban-rural development and promoting rural modernization. Second, China’s vast territory means that the stages and characteristics of rural development vary significantly across different regions. Localities explore rural construction pathways tailored to their specific conditions, generating diverse models of rural revitalization. This offers a wider range of options for developing countries to solve the historical problem of agricultural decline and rural decay during the modernization process. Third, China’s comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization takes farmers as the main body, regards rural development and prosperity as important value goals of modernization, and advances common prosperity for farmers and rural residents. This provides a reference for developing countries in better promoting the all-round development of farmers and maintaining rural stability during the process of rural development.

为后发国家推进乡村现代化提供新选择。作为人类赖以生存和繁衍的重要空间，乡村的兴衰在各个历史时期和不同国家都具有重要意义。从全球现代化的一般历程看，农业农村发展呈现两个客观趋向，即农业比重会下降、农村人口会减少。主要发达国家在完成工业化、城镇化进程后，通过不同方式促进乡村发展，农业农村发展达到较高水平。但还要看到，后发国家的乡村现代化依然面临巨大挑战。我国全面推进乡村振兴涉及的人口规模大、范围广，至少在三个方面可以为后发国家解决乡村现代化难题提供新选择。首先，在工业化、城镇化尚未完成的背景下推进乡村现代化的模式和路径。国外经验教训表明，在工业化、城镇化加快推进时期，农业农村往往面临被忽视或削弱的风险，如果工农城乡关系处理不好，就往往会造成经济发展停滞，社会局面动荡，现代化进程受阻。我国立足国情农情，把握城乡关系演变的内在规律，全面推进乡村振兴，加快形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系，为一些后发国家推进城乡融合发展、促进乡村现代化提供借鉴。其次，我国地域辽阔，不同区域的乡村发展阶段性、差异性明显，各地因地制宜探索乡村建设路径，产生了多样化的乡村振兴模式，为广大发展中国家破解现代化进程中农业萎缩、乡村凋敝这一历史难题提供更多选择。再次，我国全面推进乡村振兴，以农民为主体，将乡村发展和繁荣作为现代化的重要价值目标，推进农民农村共同富裕，为发展中国家在推进乡村发展过程中更好地促进农民全面发展、维护乡村稳定提供借鉴。

Online editor: Zhang Fujun

网络编辑：张福军