The Connotation and Sample Characteristics of the New Form of Human Civilization

The Chinese nation has created a brilliant and splendid human civilization in history, and it is certainly capable of making great contributions to advancing human civilization in the present era. In the process of promoting socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people to persist in inheriting and promoting the excellent traditional Chinese culture, absorbing and drawing on the positive achievements of world human civilization, adhering to theoretical and practical innovation in civilization, and creating a new form of human civilization with distinct Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner. A systematic study of the new form of human civilization has important theoretical and practical significance; it helps to deepen theoretical understanding of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, guides people to correctly recognize and grasp the latest developments in the development of Chinese civilization, and promotes the practical progress of the new form of human civilization.

中华民族在历史上创造了辉煌和灿烂的人类文明，也必定能够在当今时代为推进人类文明进步作出巨大贡献。在推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化的过程中，中国共产党带领中国人民坚持传承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化，吸收和借鉴世界人类文明积极成果，坚持文明理论和实践创新，创造了具有鲜明中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的人类文明新形态。系统研究人类文明新形态具有重要理论和现实意义，有助于深化关于中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化的理论认知，引导人们正确认识和把握中华文明发展的最新动态，促进人类文明新形态的实践进展。

I. The New Form of Human Civilization: As a New Sample of Human Civilization

一.人类文明新形态：作为人类文明的新样本

On July 1, 2021, Xi Jinping pointed out in his speech at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China: “We have upheld and developed socialism with Chinese characteristics and promoted coordinated development of material, political, cultural-ethical, social, and ecological civilization, blazing a new and uniquely Chinese path to modernization and creating a new model for human civilization.” (Xi Jinping, 2021, pp. 13–14) This not only explains the relationship between socialism with Chinese characteristics, Chinese-path modernization, and the new form of human civilization, but also summarizes and outlines the main content of the new form of human civilization. On October 16, 2022, Xi Jinping emphasized in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “The essential requirements of Chinese modernization are as follows: upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China and socialism with Chinese characteristics, pursuing high-quality development, developing whole-process people’s democracy, enriching the people’s cultural life, achieving common prosperity for all, promoting harmony between humanity and nature, building a community with a shared future for mankind, and creating a new form of human civilization.” (Xi Jinping, 2022, pp. 23–24) Clearly, creating a new form of human civilization is one of the important value goals of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization. From the height of the history of human social development and the history of human civilization, Xi Jinping proposed the two concepts of “Chinese-path modernization” and “new form of human civilization,” making new judgments on the social driving and civilizational construction role of socialism with Chinese characteristics, further enriching Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The new form of human civilization has new forms, new connotations, and new characteristics; it is a new sample or paradigm of civilization that can serve as a reference and inspiration for the people of the world. To deeply recognize, understand, and grasp this point, we need to trace the history of the development of human civilization, and even more so, we need to base ourselves on the vivid reality of the Communist Party of China uniting and leading the Chinese people in advancing the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the process of Chinese-path modernization.

2021年7月1日，习近平在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的讲话中指出：“我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，创造了中国式现代化新道路，创造了人类文明新形态。”（习近平，2021年，第13—14页）这不仅说明了中国特色社会主义与中国式现代化、人类文明新形态的关系，而且对人类文明新形态的主要内容作了概括和归纳。2022年10月16日，习近平在党的二十大报告中强调：“中国式现代化的本质要求是：坚持中国共产党领导，坚持中国特色社会主义，实现高质量发展，发展全过程人民民主，丰富人民精神世界，实现全体人民共同富裕，促进人与自然和谐共生，推动构建人类命运共同体，创造人类文明新形态。”（习近平，2022年，第23—24页）显然，创造人类文明新形态是中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化的重要价值目标之一。习近平从人类社会发展史和人类文明发展史的高度，提出“中国式现代化”和“人类文明新形态”两个概念，对中国特色社会主义的社会驱动和文明建构作用作出新判断，进一步丰富了新时代中国特色社会主义思想。人类文明新形态具有新形式、新内涵、新特征，是一种新的文明样本或文明范式，可以供世界人民参考、借鉴。要深刻认识、理解和把握这一点，我们需要追溯人类文明发展的历史，更需要立足中国共产党团结带领中国人民推进中国特色社会主义建设和中国式现代化进程的生动现实。

Civilization is a product of human development reaching a certain historical stage. Specifically, it is the product of humanity after experiencing the age of savagery and the age of barbarism. Engels pointed out: “Savagery—the period in which the appropriation of natural products, ready for use, predominates; the things produced by man are mainly instruments for facilitating this appropriation. Barbarism—the period in which cattle-raising and agriculture are learned, and the methods of increasing the supply of natural products by human activity are acquired. Civilization—the period in which the further working up of natural products, the period of industry proper and of art.” (Marx and Engels Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 38) Engels, basing himself on Morgan’s research, judged whether humanity had entered the age of civilization from the perspective of the mode of subsistence. He did not regard civilization as a mode of subsistence that humanity possessed from the day of its birth on Earth, but rather took humanity’s learning of “industry proper and of art” as the marker of entering the age of civilization. The emergence of “industry proper” indicates a fundamental improvement in the level of social productive forces of humanity, meaning that humanity no longer mainly relies on natural products for survival, but mainly relies on artificially manufactured products for survival. The emergence of “art proper” indicates that the human mode of subsistence has shed the savage and barbaric state of relying almost entirely on instinct for survival, meaning that human existence, because it incorporates aesthetic taste, manifests the elegance that should be proper to humans. Therefore, civilization is an elegant mode of subsistence that humanity obtains after developing to a relatively advanced historical stage; it fundamentally distinguishes humans from beasts. Freud also expressed a similar view: “What I mean by human civilization is all those aspects in which human life has raised itself above its animal status and differs from the life of beasts.” (Freud, p. 6) Civilization makes humanity no longer exist as “savages” and “barbarians,” but become “civilized people.”

文明是人类发展到一定历史阶段的产物。具体地说，它是人类经历蒙昧时代、野蛮时代之后的产物。恩格斯指出：“蒙昧时代是以获取现成的天然产物为主的时期；人工产品主要是用做获取天然产物的辅助工具。野蛮时代是学会畜牧和农耕的时期，是学会靠人的活动来增加天然产物生产的方法的时期。文明时代是学会对天然产物进一步加工的时期，是真正的工业和艺术的时期。”（《马克思恩格斯文集》第4卷，第38页）恩格斯是以摩尔根的研究为基础，从生存方式的角度来判断人类是否进入文明时代，没有将文明视为人类在地球上自诞生之日起就开始拥有的一种生存方式，而是将人类学会“真正的工业和艺术”作为进入文明时代的标志。“真正的工业”的出现，标志着人类社会生产力水平得到根本性提高，意味着人类不再主要依靠天然产物而生存，而是主要依靠人工制造的产品而生存。“真正的艺术”的出现，标志着人类生存方式摆脱了几乎完全依靠本能生存的蒙昧、野蛮状态，意味着人类生存因为融入了审美情趣而彰显出人之为人应有的高雅。因此，文明是人类发展到比较高级的历史阶段而获得的一种高雅生存方式，它将人类从根本上与野兽区别开来。弗洛伊德也表达过类似的观点：“所谓人类文明，对此我的意思是说，人类生命从其动物状态提升而来、而且不同于野兽生命的所有那些方面。”（弗洛伊德，第6页）文明使人类不再作为“蒙昧人”和“野蛮人”存在，而是成为“文明人”。

Civilization emerged in the advanced stage of the age of barbarism, that is, the end of the age of barbarism. Entering the advanced stage of the age of barbarism, human society saw the division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts; the exchange of labor products became a widespread social need; private property, commodities, merchants, classes, money, etc., emerged as new things; social contradictions escalated into class contradictions; the clan system became obsolete; and the state arose as a necessity. After entering a state of society with a state, “the division of labor, the exchange between individuals arising from it, and the commodity production combining both of these, come to full development and completely transform the whole of previous society” (Marx and Engels Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 193). Humans living in primitive clan society were savage and barbaric; only after entering a state of society with a state did humans become “civilized” beings.

文明出现于野蛮时代的高级阶段，即野蛮时代末期。进入野蛮时代的高级阶段，人类社会出现了农业和手工业之间的分工，劳动产品交换成为广泛的社会生活需要，私有财产、商品、商人、阶级、货币等作为新事物出现，社会矛盾提升为阶级矛盾，氏族制度变成过时的东西，国家应运而生。进入有国家的社会状态之后，“分工、由分工而产生的个人之间的交换，以及把这两者结合起来的商品生产，得到了充分的发展，完全改变了先前的整个社会”（《马克思恩格斯文集》第4卷，第193页）。生活在原始氏族社会的人类是蒙昧的、野蛮的；只有进入有国家的社会状态之后，人类才变成“文明”的存在者。

The history of the development of human civilization goes hand in hand with the history of the development of the state. After entering the age of civilization, humanity has experienced slave states and feudal states, and is currently in an era where socialist states and capitalist states coexist, contend, and confront each other. Slave states and feudal states are stages that human history has already passed through; they once made corresponding historical contributions to the progress of human civilization, but they have become human historical memory. Capitalist states still exist at present, but they have limitations that they themselves cannot overcome, and they cannot play a leading role in the progress of human civilization. According to historical materialism, capitalist states cannot eliminate their own fundamental contradiction, that is, the conflict between the socialization of production and the private ownership of the means of production, and will ultimately be replaced by socialist states. The bourgeoisie that established capitalist states once played a positive historical role in the process of opposing feudalism, and “wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations” (Marx and Engels Collected Works, Vol. 2, pp. 33–34), but “has only established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones” (ibid., p. 32); or, in other words, it has merely “substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation for exploitation veiled by religious and political illusions” (ibid., p. 34). The capitalist economic base determines the limitations of the capitalist state and also restricts the capacity of the capitalist state to create human civilization. “In bourgeois society, capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality” (ibid., p. 46). The logic of capital ruling society fundamentally restricts the creative power of civilization of humanity in capitalist society.

人类文明发展史与国家发展史相伴相随。进入文明时代以后，人类经历了奴隶制国家、封建制国家，目前正处于社会主义国家和资本主义国家并存、争鸣、对峙的时代。奴隶制国家和封建制国家是人类历史已经走过的阶段，曾为人类文明进步作出过相应的历史贡献，但它们已经变成人类的历史记忆。资本主义国家目前还存在，但它具有其自身无法克服的局限性，不能对人类文明进步发挥引领作用。根据历史唯物论，资本主义国家不能消除其自身的根本矛盾，即生产社会化与生产资料私人占有制之间的冲突，最终一定会被社会主义国家所取代。建立资本主义国家的资产阶级曾经在反封建过程中发挥过积极的历史作用，在“已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田园诗般的关系都破坏了”（《马克思恩格斯文集》第2卷，第33—34页），但“只是用新的阶级、新的压迫条件、新的斗争形式代替了旧的”（同上，第32页）；或者说，只不过“用公开的、无耻的、直接的、露骨的剥削代替了由宗教幻想和政治幻想掩盖着的剥削”（同上，第34页）。资本主义经济基础决定了资本主义国家的局限性，也限制了资本主义国家创造人类文明的能力。“在资产阶级社会里，资本具有独立性和个性，而活动着的个人却没有独立性和个性。”（同上，第46页）资本统治社会的逻辑从根本上限制了人类在资本主义社会的文明创造力。

The emergence and development of socialist states mark a major advance in human civilization. An important outcome of the international communist movement, guided by Marxism and launched by the proletariat on a global scale, has been the birth of a large number of socialist states. Although the historical tragedies of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe occurred at the end of the 20th century, the blazing fire of socialism was not extinguished as a result. The existence and development of socialist states such as China, Cuba, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Vietnam have demonstrated through facts the strong vitality of socialism and its powerful potential to create history and civilization. The thriving of socialism in China, in particular, proclaims to the world the fact that socialism can continuously flourish, can represent the direction of human social development, and can promote the progress of human civilization.

社会主义国家的产生和发展标志着人类文明的重大进步。以马克思主义作为指导思想、由无产阶级在世界范围内掀起的国际共产主义运动的重要成果是催生了一大批社会主义国家。虽然20世纪末出现了苏联解体、东欧剧变的历史悲剧，但是社会主义的熊熊大火并没有因此而熄灭。中国、古巴、朝鲜、越南等社会主义国家的存在和发展，用事实证明了社会主义的强大生命力及其创造历史和文明的强大潜力。社会主义在中国的欣欣向荣更是向全世界宣示了社会主义能够不断蓬勃发展、能够代表人类社会发展方向、能够促进人类文明进步的事实。

The new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization created by the Communist Party of China uniting and leading the Chinese people in the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization. It is the latest achievement in the evolution and development of Chinese civilization, a socialist civilizational paradigm with Chinese characteristics, reflecting the needs of the New Era, and conforming to the laws of human civilizational development. It embodies the new heights reached by the Chinese nation in terms of civilizational cognition, civilizational consciousness, civilizational concepts, civilizational beliefs, and civilizational realm, and reflects the new levels attained by the Chinese nation in the construction of civilizational theory and the exploration of civilizational practice. In other words, the new form of human civilization is the sum total of the abundant achievements formed by the contemporary Chinese nation in material production and spiritual production. First, it is a civilizational paradigm advanced holistically. The new form of human civilization is not the result of the unidirectional development of material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization, but the product of their coordinated development. Second, it is a civilizational paradigm with Chinese characteristics. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the bearer of the new form of human civilization and also endows Chinese civilization with new characteristics of the times. Third, it is a civilizational paradigm with global significance. The new form of human civilization originates from the land of China, but it belongs to all of humanity and can provide inspiration and exemplary effects for the progressive development of world civilization. Fourth, it is a civilizational paradigm that conforms to the laws of human social development. Human civilization follows the law of development from lower to higher levels. The new form of human civilization is an advanced pattern reached in the evolution and development of human civilization. Although it is not the ultimate pattern of human civilization, the height it has attained is incomparable to that of traditional forms of human civilization.

人类文明新形态是中国共产党团结带领中国人民在推进中国式现代化进程中创造的文明新样本，是中华文明演进发展的最新成果，是具有中国特色、反映新时代需要和符合人类文明发展规律的社会主义文明范式，体现了中华民族在文明认知、文明意识、文明观念、文明信念、文明境界等方面所达到的新高度，反映了中华民族在文明理论建构和文明实践探索中所达到的新水平。或者说，人类文明新形态是当代中华民族进行物质生产和精神生产所形成的丰硕成果的总和。其一，它是一种整体推进的文明范式。人类文明新形态不是物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明单向度发展的结果，而是它们协同发展的产物。其二，它是一种具有中国特色的文明范式。中国特色社会主义是人类文明新形态的承载者，也赋予中华文明新的时代特征。其三，它是一种具有世界意义的文明范式。人类文明新形态源自中华大地，但它属于整个人类，能够对世界文明的进步发展提供启示和示范作用。其四，它是符合人类社会发展规律的文明范式。人类文明遵循从低级到高级的发展规律。人类文明新形态是人类文明演进发展达到的一种高级样态。它虽然不是人类文明的终极样态，但所达到的高度是人类文明的传统形态所无法相提并论的。

Creating the new form of human civilization is a major contribution made by the Communist Party of China uniting and leading the Chinese people to the progress of human civilization in the process of advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization. This contribution is both exploratory and exemplary. In today’s world, Western capitalist countries generally possess a strong Western-centric consciousness, place more emphasis on the conflictual nature of human civilizations, and attempt to suppress the construction and development of other civilizational forms with capitalist civilization, paying little attention to the issue of how to create a new form of human civilization. In contrast, the Communist Party of China, in the process of advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, adheres to the concept of mutual learning among civilizations, adopts an attitude of drawing on the strengths of all to treat all civilizational achievements created by humanity, and demonstrates outstanding wisdom in creating a new form of human civilization.

创造人类文明新形态是中国共产党团结带领中国人民在推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化过程中为人类文明进步作出的重大贡献。这种贡献是探索性的，也是示范性的。在当今世界，西方资本主义国家普遍具有强烈的西方中心主义意识，更多地强调人类文明的冲突性，并且试图以资本主义文明来压制其他文明形态的建构发展，很少关注如何创造人类文明新形态的问题。与此相反，中国共产党在推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化过程中坚持文明互鉴的理念，以博采众长的态度对待人类所创造的一切文明成果，展现出创造人类文明新形态的卓越智慧。

II. The Content System of the New Form of Human Civilization

二.人类文明新形态的内容体系

The new form of human civilization has rich and diverse content. Based on Xi Jinping’s expositions on important topics such as socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era and Chinese-path modernization, the content system of the new form of human civilization can be summarized into five main aspects.

人类文明新形态具有丰富多彩的内容。根据习近平关于新时代中国特色社会主义、中国式现代化等重要论题的论述，人类文明新形态的内容体系可以概括为五个主要方面。

First, the material civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which takes common prosperity for all the people as its value goal. “Material civilization” is roughly equivalent to “economic civilization” and is closely related to the state of the economic base of human society. “Public ownership as the mainstay with diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, distribution according to work as the mainstay with diverse modes of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system, etc.” constitute China’s basic economic system. (See *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Upholding and Improving the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity*, p. 18) It is an economic model that seeks benefits not for a minority but for the masses of the people.

一是以全体人民共同富裕为价值目标的中国特色社会主义物质文明。“物质文明”大体上等同于“经济文明”，与人类社会的经济基础状况紧密相关。“公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等”是我国的基本经济制度。（参见《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》，第18页）它不是为少数人而是为人民大众谋取利益的经济模式。

The material civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a socialist economic civilization form with distinct Chinese characteristics created by the Chinese nation in the process of Chinese-path modernization. Its basic requirement is material abundance. Deng Xiaoping said: “Socialism must eliminate poverty. Poverty is not socialism, still less communism.” (*Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, Vol. 3, pp. 63–64) After more than 40 years of reform and opening up, Xi Jinping solemnly declared on behalf of the Party and the people on July 1, 2021, that “we have achieved the First Centenary Goal, built a moderately prosperous society in all respects on the land of China, and historically resolved the problem of absolute poverty,” and that “we are now marching with vigor and confidence towards the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects” (Xi Jinping, 2021, p. 2). On October 16, 2022, Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “China’s economic strength has achieved a historic leap. The gross domestic product has grown from 54 trillion yuan to 114 trillion yuan, and China’s share of the world economy has risen from 11.3 percent to 18.5 percent, an increase of 7.2 percentage points, firmly ranking second in the world. The per capita gross domestic product has increased from 39,800 yuan to 81,000 yuan. The total grain output has firmly ranked first in the world, and the food security and energy security of more than 1.4 billion people have been effectively guaranteed.” (Xi Jinping, 2022, p. 8)

中国特色社会主义物质文明是中华民族在中国式现代化过程中创造的具有鲜明中国特征的社会主义经济文明形态，其基本要求是物质富足。邓小平说：“社会主义要消灭贫穷。贫穷不是社会主义，更不是共产主义。”（《邓小平文选》第3卷，第63—64页）经过40多年改革开放，习近平在2021年7月1日代表党和人民庄严宣告，“我们实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，在中华大地上全面建成了小康社会，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题”，“正在意气风发向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标迈进”（习近平，2021年，第2页）。2022年10月16日，习近平在党的二十大报告中指出：“我国经济实力实现历史性跃升。国内生产总值从五十四万亿元增长到一百一十四万亿元，我国经济总量占世界经济的比重达百分之十八点五，提高七点二个百分点，稳居世界第二位；人均国内生产总值从三万九千八百元增加到八万一千元。谷物总产量稳居世界首位，十四亿多人的粮食安全、能源安全得到有效保障。”（习近平，2022年，第8页）

The material civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an economic civilization of material abundance, with the value goal of achieving common prosperity for all the people. Deng Xiaoping said: “In reform, we have always adhered to two fundamental principles: one is to take the socialist public ownership economy as the mainstay, and the other is common prosperity.” (*Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, Vol. 3, p. 142) Xi Jinping said: “Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism and an important feature of Chinese-path modernization. The common prosperity we speak of is the common prosperity of all the people, the prosperity of both the material and spiritual life of the people. It is not the prosperity of a few, nor is it uniform egalitarianism.” (*Xi Jinping: The Governance of China

中国特色社会主义物质文明是物质富足的经济文明，价值目标是实现全体人民共同富裕。邓小平说：“在改革中，我们始终坚持两条根本原则，一是以社会主义公有制经济为主体，一是共同富裕。”（《邓小平文选》第3卷，第142页）习近平说：“共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求，是中国式现代化的重要特征。我们说的共同富裕是全体人民共同富裕，是人民群众物质生活和精神生活都富裕，不是少数人的富裕，也不是整齐划一的平均主义。”（《习近平谈治国理政》第4卷，第142页）中国特色社会主义坚持以实现全体人民共同富裕作为价值目标，创造了与资本文明有着根本区别的社会主义物质文明。

Second, the people-centered political civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Political civilization is an important hallmark of a modern country, encompassing the design and arrangement of modern social institutions, the rights enjoyed and obligations undertaken by the people, and the level of construction of party politics. Over more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China has made significant progress in the construction of political civilization. Xi Jinping pointed out in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: "We have adhered to the path of political development with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively developed whole-process people's democracy, advanced the institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of socialist democratic politics in an all-round way, extensively carried out socialist consultative democracy, made the people's role as masters of the country more solid, enhanced the vitality of grassroots democracy, consolidated and expanded the patriotic united front, presented a new atmosphere in national unity and progress, fully implemented the Party's basic policy on religious work, and better guaranteed human rights. The construction of a socialist rule-of-law state has been deepened, the overall framework for law-based governance in all respects has taken shape, the construction of the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics has been accelerated, major progress has been made in the reform of the judicial system, social fairness and justice have been more solidly guaranteed, and a new situation has been created in the construction of a rule-of-law China" (Xi Jinping, 2022, pp. 9–10). The political civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a form of socialist political civilization with distinct Chinese characteristics created by the Party and the people in the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

二是以人民为中心的中国特色社会主义政治文明。政治文明是现代化国家的重要标志，包括现代社会的制度设计和安排、人民享有的权利和承担的义务、政党政治的建设水平等内容。改革开放40多年，我国政治文明建设取得重大进展。习近平在党的二十大报告中指出：“我们坚持走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，全面发展全过程人民民主，社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化全面推进，社会主义协商民主广泛开展，人民当家作主更为扎实，基层民主活力增强，爱国统一战线巩固拓展，民族团结进步呈现新气象，党的宗教工作基本方针得到全面贯彻，人权得到更好保障。社会主义法治国家建设深入推进，全面依法治国总体格局基本形成，中国特色社会主义法治体系加快建设，司法体制改革取得重大进展，社会公平正义保障更为坚实，法治中国建设开创新局面。”（习近平，2022年，第9—10页）中国特色社会主义政治文明是党和人民在推进中国式现代化过程中创造的具有鲜明中国特色的社会主义政治文明形态。

The fundamental feature of the political civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics is adherence to the people-centered political concept and its application in all fields of political practice. The Chinese people are the builders of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the participants and promoters of Chinese-path modernization. The Chinese people are the main force in advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, and also the main force in creating the new form of human civilization. Without the Chinese people, there could be neither the thriving situation of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, nor the construction and development of the new form of human civilization. Xi Jinping said: “Adhering to the people-centered development thought embodies the Party’s ideals and convictions, its nature and purpose, its original aspiration and founding mission, and is also a profound summary of the Party’s struggle and practical experience.” (Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, Vol. 4, p. 53) How to treat the people is the greatest politics, and also the most important political-ethical value concept. The Communist Party of China was born for the people, develops by relying on the people, and benefits the people to achieve steady and long-term progress, always adhering to the political-ethical principle of putting the people first, thereby creating a people-centered political civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

中国特色社会主义政治文明的根本特征是坚持“以人民为中心”的政治理念，并将它运用于政治实践的各个领域。中国人民是中国特色社会主义的建设者，是中国式现代化的参与者、推动者。中国人民是推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化的主力军，也是创造人类文明新形态的主力军。没有中国人民，既不可能有中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化欣欣向荣的大好形势，也不可能有人类文明新形态的建构发展。习近平说：“坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，体现了党的理想信念、性质宗旨、初心使命，也是对党的奋斗历程和实践经验的深刻总结。”（《习近平谈治国理政》第4卷，第53页）如何对待人民是最大的政治，也是最重要的政治伦理价值理念。中国共产党为了人民而诞生，依靠人民而发展，造福人民而行稳致远，始终坚持人民至上的政治伦理原则，创造了以人民为中心的中国特色社会主义政治文明。

Third, the cultural-ethical progress of socialism with Chinese characteristics, guided by the core socialist values. The core socialist values play a key value-guiding role in the construction of socialist cultural-ethical progress. The “three advocacies” of the core socialist values proposed at the 18th National Congress of the CPC [4]4 The “three advocacies” (三个倡导) refer to the core socialist values as summarized at the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012: advocating prosperity, democracy, civility, and harmony at the national level; advocating freedom, equality, justice, and the rule of law at the social level; and advocating patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendship at the individual level. have great historical significance, marking that the construction of socialist cultural-ethical progress has since had very clear value goal orientation, reaching a new level in the value understanding, value judgment, and value choice of fundamental questions such as what kind of country to build, what kind of society to construct, and what kind of people to cultivate. Xi Jinping said: “The core socialist values are the concentrated expression of the contemporary Chinese spirit, embodying the common value pursuits of all the people.” (Excerpts from Xi Jinping’s Discourse on the Construction of Socialist Cultural-Ethical Progress, p. 122) The core socialist values are an important manifestation of the national spirit and the spirit of the times, play a guiding role in Chinese-path modernization, and are the value beacon for the construction of socialist cultural-ethical progress.

三是以社会主义核心价值观为引领的中国特色社会主义精神文明。社会主义核心价值观对社会主义精神文明建设发挥着关键性价值引领作用。党的十八大提出的社会主义核心价值观“三个倡导”具有重大历史意义，标志着社会主义精神文明建设从此有了非常明确的价值目标指向，对建设什么样的国家、构建什么样的社会、培养什么样的人等根本问题的价值认识、价值判断和价值选择达到了新水平。习近平说：“社会主义核心价值观是当代中国精神的集中体现，凝结着全体人民共同的价值追求。”（《习近平关于社会主义精神文明建设论述摘编》，第122页）社会主义核心价值观是民族精神和时代精神的重要体现，对中国式现代化发挥着引领作用，是中国特色社会主义精神文明建设的价值航标。

The value guidance of the core socialist values for the construction of socialist cultural-ethical progress is reflected both in the real world and in the virtual online world. The advent of the internet age has led to the emergence of “netizens,” and the online lifestyle has become a fashion. The rapid development of the internet has brought people convenience in communication and interaction, but also many new problems. The virtuality and concealment of cyberspace help protect people’s privacy rights, but also provide shelter for various unethical online behaviors. Some people use cyberspace to spread false information, pornographic images, and even engage in large-scale online fraud, making cyberspace chaotic and causing serious damage to social moral atmosphere and cultural-ethical progress. Strengthening cyberspace governance is a prominent issue that China must address today, reflecting the inherent value demands of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping said: “Cyberspace is the common spiritual home of hundreds of millions of people. A cyberspace that is clear and bright, with a good ecology, is in the interests of the people. A cyberspace that is chaotic, with a deteriorating ecology, is not in the interests of the people.” (Excerpts from Xi Jinping’s Discourse on the Construction of Socialist Culture, p. 50) To promote the healthy development of the internet, China vigorously advances the construction of internet ethics and online morality, strengthens online governance according to law, does a good job of positive publicity, uses the core socialist values and the excellent achievements of human civilization to guide the healthy development of the internet, vigorously cultivates a positive, healthy, upward, and good online culture, and is committed to building a clean and upright cyberspace.

社会主义核心价值观对社会主义精神文明建设的价值引领，既体现在现实世界，也体现在虚拟的网络世界。网络时代的到来导致“网民”的产生，网络生活方式成为一种时尚。网络的快速发展既给人们带来了交流、交往的便利，也带来了许多新问题。网络空间的虚拟性和隐秘性有助于保护人们的隐私权，但也为各种网络不道德行为提供了庇护。有些人利用网络空间传播虚假信息、黄色影像，甚至大搞网络诈骗，将网络空间弄得乌烟瘴气，给社会道德风气和精神文明建设造成了严重破坏。加强网络空间治理是当今中国必须着力解决的一个突出问题，体现了中国特色社会主义的内在价值诉求。习近平说：“网络空间是亿万民众共同的精神家园。网络空间天朗气清、生态良好，符合人民利益。网络空间乌烟瘴气、生态恶化，不符合人民利益。”（《习近平关于社会主义文化建设论述摘编》，第50页）为了促进互联网的健康发展，我国大力推进网络伦理和网络道德建设，依法加强网络治理，做好正面宣传工作，用社会主义核心价值观和人类优秀文明成果引导网络健康发展，大力培育积极健康、向上向善的网络文化，致力于建构风清气正的网络空间。

The fundamental feature of the political civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics is adherence to the “people-centered” political concept and its application in all fields of political practice. The Chinese people are the builders of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the participants and promoters of Chinese-path modernization. The Chinese people are the main force advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, and they are also the main force creating the new form of human civilization. Without the Chinese people, there could be neither the thriving situation of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, nor the construction and development of the new form of

四是以公平正义和人的全面发展为主旨的中国特色社会主义社会文明。“社会文明”体现一个国家在推进社会治理、维护社会公平正义、培养公民综合素质等方面所达到的水平。中国特色社会主义社会文明的一个显著特征是实行共建共治共享的社会治理制度，维护和实现社会公平正义。习近平说：“要完善共建共治共享的社会治理制度，实现政府治理同社会调节、居民自治良性互动，建设人人有责、人人尽责、人人享有的社会治理共同体。要加强和创新基层社会治理，使每个社会细胞都健康活跃，将矛盾纠纷化解在基层，将和谐稳定创建在基层。要更加注重维护社会公平正义，促进人的全面发展和社会全面进步。”（《习近平谈治国理政》第4卷，第338页）中国特色社会主义社会文明的一个重要目标是构建既充满活力又拥有良好秩序的公正社会。

The fundamental purpose of the social civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics is to promote the comprehensive development of people. Civilization is essentially a mode of existence for humanity after emerging from a state of ignorance and barbarism. The problem of people is concentratedly manifested as the population problem. The term “population” (人口) is composed of the two characters “person” (人) and “mouth” (口), metaphorically indicating both one person one mouth, and that the key problem of people is the problem of eating. The population problem is not only a problem of demography, statistics, and economics, but also an ethical problem. It involves important ethical issues such as the people’s right to survival, right to development, dignity, and happiness. In modern society, the fundamental criterion for measuring the quality of a society’s or a country’s population is not quantity, but quality. Population quality, in turn, takes the civilizational attainment of the people (population) as its most important indicator. Chinese-path modernization is advanced on the basis of a huge population scale. Xi Jinping said: “For China’s 1.4 billion people to enter a modernized society as a whole, a scale exceeding the total of existing developed countries, will completely rewrite the world map of modernization, and is a matter of far-reaching influence in human history.” (Ibid., p. 123) In advancing Chinese-path modernization, the Party and government scientifically grasp the laws of population development, adhere to the policy of eugenics and superior childbearing, adhere to comprehensive decision-making on population and development, adhere to advancing population quality education, adhere to improving the civilizational attainment of the population, especially ideological and moral attainment, and strive to promote the coordinated development of population, economy, and society, making great contributions to advancing the development of human social civilization.

中国特色社会主义社会文明的根本宗旨是促进人的全面发展。文明本质上是人类摆脱蒙昧、野蛮状态之后的一种生存方式。人的问题集中体现为人口问题。“人口”一词由“人”和“口”两字合成，既喻指一人一张口，也喻指人的关键问题是吃饭问题。人口问题不仅是人口学、统计学和经济学问题，而且是伦理学问题。它涉及人口的生存权、发展权、尊严、幸福等重要伦理问题。在现代社会，衡量一个社会、一个国家人口状况好坏的根本标准不是数量，而是质量。人口质量又是以人（口）的文明素养作为最重要衡量指标。中国式现代化是在巨大人口规模基础上推进的。习近平说：“我国14亿人口要整体迈入现代化社会，其规模超过现有发达国家的总和，将彻底改写现代化的世界版图，在人类历史上是一件有深远影响的大事。”（同上，第123页）在推进中国式现代化过程中，党和政府科学把握人口发展规律，坚持实行优生优育政策，坚持人口与发展综合决策，坚持推进人口素质教育，坚持提高人口文明素养特别是思想道德素养，努力推动人口、经济和社会协调发展，为推进人类社会文明发展作出了巨大贡献。

Fifth, the ecological civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics, aimed at the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. The Communist Party of China unites and leads the Chinese people in advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization. Facing the risk of ecological crisis that may result from the deterioration of the relationship between humanity and nature, it responds rationally, striving to achieve peaceful coexistence and harmonious symbiosis between humanity and nature. The pursuit of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature is an important part of the values of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and also an important part of ecological civilization construction. Xi Jinping said: “Ecological civilization construction is a millennium plan concerning the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, and economic and social development must be planned from the height of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.” (Ibid., p. 355) In advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, the Communist Party of China leads the Chinese people in adhering to the concept of green development, implementing an ecological civilization development strategy, changing the extensive economic development path of high resource consumption and high environmental pollution, adopting an environmentally friendly and resource-saving economic development model, striving to build a beautiful China, and constructing an ecological civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics aimed at the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.

五是以人与自然和谐共生为旨归的中国特色社会主义生态文明。中国共产党团结带领中国人民推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化，面对人与自然关系恶化可能导致的生态危机风险，理性应对，着力实现人与自然和平共处、和谐共生。追求人与自然和谐共生是中国特色社会主义价值观念的重要内容，也是生态文明建设的重要内容。习近平说：“生态文明建设是关系中华民族永续发展的千年大计，必须站在人与自然和谐共生的高度来谋划经济社会发展。”（同上，第355页）在推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化过程中，中国共产党带领中国人民坚持绿色发展理念，实施生态文明发展战略，改变资源高消耗、环境高污染的粗放型经济发展路径，采取环境友好型、资源节约型经济发展模式，致力于建设美丽中国，建构了以人与自然和谐共生为旨归的中国特色社会主义生态文明。

The socialist ecological civilization with Chinese characteristics is a model of ecological civilization that the Communist Party of China, uniting and leading the Chinese people, has striven to construct in the process of implementing and advancing the development strategy of ecological civilization. Chinese-path modernization is a modernization guided by the Marxist view of nature and ecological ethics, a modernization that embodies Chinese ecological ethical wisdom, and a modernization that genuinely practices the concept of sustainable development. We adhere to the Marxist ideas of respecting the laws of nature and maintaining ecological balance, and we promote the Chinese traditional values of following the Way of nature [5]5 The "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century" was adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC in November 2021., the unity of heaven and humanity [6]6 The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan refers to China’s overall plan for economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy refers to comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party., and the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. Chinese-path modernization has not taken the old path of modernization of Western capitalist countries; it rejects economic development models that recklessly calculate, plunder, and destroy nature, and it emphasizes protecting the strong supporting role of natural ecosystems for economic and social development. Through establishing effective mechanisms for supervising natural resources and strengthening education on ecological ethical responsibility, the construction of socialist ecological civilization with Chinese characteristics promotes the coexistence, co-prosperity, and co-thriving of humans and nature, and is committed to creating a "community of life for mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands" [7]7 "Actuality and oughtness" (实然性和应然性) are philosophical categories: "actuality" refers to what is the case in reality, while "oughtness" refers to what should be the case according to norms or ideals.. It is a model of ecological civilization development that has both Chinese characteristics and universal reference significance.

中国特色社会主义生态文明是中国共产党团结带领中国人民在实施和推进生态文明发展战略过程中奋力建构的生态文明模式。中国式现代化是以马克思主义自然观和生态伦理思想为指导的现代化，是体现中国生态伦理智慧的现代化，是真正践行可持续发展理念的现代化。我们坚持马克思主义尊重自然规律和维护生态平衡的思想观念，弘扬中华民族道法自然、天人合一、人与自然和谐共处的价值理念。中国式现代化没有走西方资本主义国家的现代化老路，拒斥疯狂算计、掠夺和破坏自然的经济发展模式，注重保护自然生态系统对经济社会发展的强大支撑作用。中国特色社会主义生态文明建设通过建立行之有效的自然资源监管机制、加强生态伦理责任教育等方式促进人与自然的共存、共生、共荣，致力于打造“山水林田湖生命共同体”，是一种既有中国特色又有普遍借鉴意义的生态文明发展样态。

III. The Exemplary Characteristics of the New Form of Human Civilization

三.人类文明新形态的样本特征

Every country and every nation in the world has the responsibility to contribute to the progress of world civilization. In today's world, trends of "de-globalization," ethnocentrism, unilateralism, and hegemonism are rampant, bringing severe disasters to contemporary humanity and casting a huge shadow over the progress of world civilization. How to promote the development of world civilization is a major challenge facing contemporary humanity. It tests the wisdom and capability of all of humanity. As an important member of the world community, socialist China has the responsibility to contribute to the progress of human civilization and to the development of world civilization.

世界上的每一个国家、每一个民族都有责任为世界文明进步贡献力量。在当今世界，“逆全球化”思潮、民族中心主义、单边主义、霸权主义甚嚣尘上，给当代人类带来了严重灾难，也给世界文明进步蒙上了巨大阴影。如何促进世界文明发展是当代人类共同面对的一大难题。它考验着整个人类的智慧和能力。作为世界大家庭的一个重要成员，社会主义中国有责任为人类文明进步作出贡献，有责任为世界文明发展贡献力量。

Today's China is promoting the progress of world civilization through peaceful development.

当今中国正在通过和平发展促进世界文明进步。习近平说：“和平、和睦、和谐是中华民族5000多年来一直追求和传承的理念，中华民族的血液中没有侵略他人、称王称霸的基因。”（习近平，2021年，第16页）在中国特色社会主义新时代，中国共产党团结带领中国人民坚定不移地谋求中华民族伟大复兴，同时始终不渝地坚持走和平发展道路，关心人类前途命运，始终做世界和平的建设者、维护者和促进者，奋力推动构建人类命运共同体，致力于建构以和平发展造福人类的文明新形态。

The new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization that the Communist Party of China has united and led the Chinese people to provide for the world today. As China's international influence grows day by day, the proposal of the "new form of human civilization" has attracted widespread attention from the international community. The attention of the world's people will focus not only on its connotations but also on its exemplary characteristics. The exemplary characteristics of the new form of human civilization refer to the main features or qualities it possesses as a new paradigm of civilization. These are manifested in at least eight main aspects.

人类文明新形态是中国共产党团结带领中国人民为当今世界提供的文明新样本。由于我国的国际影响力日渐增强，“人类文明新形态”的提出受到国际社会的广泛关注。世界人民对它的关注，不仅会聚焦于它的内涵，而且会聚焦于它的样本特征。人类文明新形态的样本特征，是指它作为一种文明新范式所具有的主要特性或特质。这至少表现在八个主要方面。

First, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization formed with Marxism as its guiding ideology. In upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and creating the new form of human civilization, we have always adhered to Marxism as the fundamental guiding ideology. Xi Jinping said: "Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for the founding of our Party and the founding of our state, and it is the soul and banner of our Party." (Ibid., p. 12) "Why the Communist Party of China can do it, why socialism with Chinese characteristics is good, ultimately it is because Marxism works!" (Ibid., p. 13) Based on a comprehensive investigation of the history of human social development, Marx not only discovered the dialectical laws of movement of productive forces and relations of production, and of the economic base and the superstructure, but also discovered the law of human society's development from lower to higher levels, especially pointing out the inevitability of socialism replacing capitalism. Without the correct guidance of Marxism, there would be no socialism with Chinese characteristics; without socialism with Chinese characteristics, there would be no new form of human civilization. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has played a key role in creating the new form of human civilization. "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the contemporary Chinese Marxism, the Marxism of the 21st century, and the essence of the times of Chinese culture and Chinese spirit, achieving a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context." (Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century, p. 26) Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a scientific theoretical system proposed by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on profound reflection and scientific judgment on the major theoretical and practical issues facing the Party and the state in the New Era, centered on major contemporary topics such as how to further advance the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, how to further advance the process of Chinese-path modernization, and how to further contribute to the development of human civilization. The "new form of human civilization" is a new sample of civilization created under the guidance of Marxism, especially Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

第一，人类文明新形态是以马克思主义作为指导思想而形成的文明新样本。我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，创造人类文明新形态，始终坚持以马克思主义作为根本指导思想。习近平说：“马克思主义是我们立党立国的根本指导思想，是我们党的灵魂和旗帜。”（同上，第12页）“中国共产党为什么能，中国特色社会主义为什么好，归根到底是因为马克思主义行！”（同上，第13页）基于对人类社会发展历史的全面考察，马克思不仅发现了生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的辩证运动规律，而且发现了人类社会从低级到高级的发展规律，尤其是指出了社会主义取代资本主义的必然性。没有马克思主义的正确指引，就没有中国特色社会主义；没有中国特色社会主义，就没有人类文明新形态。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在创造人类文明新形态方面发挥了关键作用。“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是当代中国马克思主义、二十一世纪马克思主义，是中华文化和中国精神的时代精华，实现了马克思主义中国化新的飞跃。”（《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》，第26页）习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央对新时代党和国家所面临的重大理论和实践问题进行深刻思考和科学判断，围绕当今中国应该如何进一步推进中国特色社会主义建设、如何进一步推进中国式现代化进程、如何进一步为人类文明发展贡献力量等重大时代课题提出的科学理论体系。“人类文明新形态”是在马克思主义尤其是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指导下创造的一种文明新样本。

Second, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization formed with the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China as its fundamental political guarantee. The Communist Party of China is the leading force in China's new-democratic revolution, socialist revolution and construction, reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, and it is also the leading force in the creative activity of the new form of human civilization. Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: "The most essential characteristic of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China is the highest political leadership force, and upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the highest political principle." (Xi Jinping, 2022, p. 6) The Communist Party of China adheres to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China's specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture, continuously advances the process of Chinese-path modernization, and opens up new horizons in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the strong political guarantee for creating and further developing the new form of human civilization.

第二，人类文明新形态是以中国共产党的坚强领导作为根本政治保证而形成的文明新样本。中国共产党是我国新民主主义革命、社会主义革命和建设、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设、新时代中国特色社会主义建设的领导力量，也是人类文明新形态创造活动的领导力量。习近平明确指出：“中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是中国共产党领导，中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势是中国共产党领导，中国共产党是最高政治领导力量，坚持党中央集中统一领导是最高政治原则。”（习近平，2022年，第6页）中国共产党坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，持续推进中国式现代化进程，开辟了马克思主义中国化时代化新境界。中国共产党的领导是创造和进一步发展人类文明新形态的坚强政治保证。

Third, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization formed by the Communist Party of China uniting and leading the Chinese people in innovating the elements of civilization. The constituent elements of human civilization have historical, epochal, regional, and ethnic differences, but their basic content possesses a certain stability. Material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, and social civilization are the basic elements constituting human civilization, but they are endowed with different connotations in different historical stages, different eras, different regions, and different ethnic groups. In the process of advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, the Communist Party of China has united and led the Chinese people to integrate "common prosperity for all the people," "people-centered" approach, and "core socialist values" into the construction of material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization, carrying out an innovative construction of the content system of human civilization and creating the new form of human civilization.

第三，人类文明新形态是中国共产党团结带领中国人民进行文明要素创新而形成的文明新样本。人类文明的构成要素具有历史、时代、区域和民族差异性，但它的基本内容具有一定的稳定性。物质文明、政治文明、精神文明和社会文明是构成人类文明的基本要素，但它们在不同历史阶段、不同时代、不同区域、不同族群被赋予不同的内涵。在推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化过程中，中国共产党团结带领中国人民将“全体人民共同富裕”“以人民为中心”“社会主义核心价值观”等融入物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明建设中，对人类文明的内容体系进行了创新性建构，创造了人类文明新形态。

Fourth, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization formed by absorbing and drawing on the outstanding civilizational achievements of ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. Deng Xiaoping said: “For socialism to win an advantage over capitalism, it must boldly absorb and draw on all the civilizational achievements created by human society, and absorb and draw on all the advanced modes of operation and management methods of contemporary countries, including the developed capitalist countries, that reflect the laws of modern social production.” (On Socialist Moral Construction by Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin, p. 63) Jiang Zemin said: “China’s development and progress cannot be separated from the civilizational achievements of all countries in the world.” (ibid., p. 63) Xi Jinping said in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “We sincerely call upon all countries to promote the common values of all humanity—peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom—to enhance mutual understanding and affinity among peoples, to respect the diversity of world civilizations, to transcend civilizational estrangement through exchanges, to transcend civilizational clashes through mutual learning, and to transcend civilizational superiority through coexistence, so as to jointly address various global challenges.” (Xi Jinping, 2022, p. 63) The new form of human civilization is a new paradigm of socialist civilization created by the Communist Party of China uniting and leading the Chinese people in extensively absorbing and drawing on all outstanding civilizational achievements from ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad.

第四，人类文明新形态是吸收和借鉴古今中外优秀文明成果而形成的文明新样本。邓小平说：“社会主义要赢得与资本主义相比较的优势，就必须大胆吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果，吸收和借鉴当今世界各国包括资本主义发达国家的一切反映现代社会生产规律的先进经营方式、管理方法。”（《毛泽东邓小平江泽民论社会主义道德建设》，第63页）江泽民说：“中国的发展和进步，离不开世界各国的文明成果。”（同上，第63页）习近平在党的二十大报告中说：“我们真诚呼吁，世界各国弘扬和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值，促进各国人民相知相亲，尊重世界文明多样性，以文明交流超越文明隔阂、文明互鉴超越文明冲突、文明共存超越文明优越，共同应对各种全球性挑战。”（习近平，2022年，第63页）人类文明新形态是中国共产党团结带领中国人民广泛吸收和借鉴古今中外一切优秀文明成果而创造的社会主义文明新范式。

Fifth, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization characterized overall by organic unity. The new form of human civilization is not a singular civilizational form composed of material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization, but rather a new sample of civilization with organic unity synthesized from them. It rejects the unidirectionality, one-sidedness, and fragmentation of human civilization, opposes the advancement of human civilization along a single-dimensional track, and even more so opposes the suppression of other civilizational elements by one civilizational element. It demands the embodiment of wholeness, comprehensiveness, and unity, and pursues the comprehensive advancement, coordinated progress, and holistic development of human civilization. It can be said that the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization that embodies a new height of civilizational concepts, a new level of civilizational thought, a new realm of civilizational spirit, and a new horizon of civilizational theory.

第五，人类文明新形态是以有机统一性为总体特征的文明新样本。人类文明新形态不是由物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明构成的单一性文明形态，而是由它们综合而成的有机统一性的文明新样本。它拒斥人类文明的单向性、片面性和分散性，反对人类文明以单向度轨道向前推进，更反对以一种文明要素压制其他文明要素，要求体现整体性、全面性和统一性，追求人类文明的全面推进、协同进步和整体发展。可以说，人类文明新形态是一种体现文明理念新高度、文明思想新水平、文明精神新境界、文明理论新视野的文明新样本。

Sixth, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization formed on the basis of Chinese ethical civilization. Chinese civilization has always taken ethical civilization as its core content. In other words, the Chinese nation has always regarded the spirit of ethics and morality as the core content of Chinese culture and Chinese civilization, and has viewed it as its own lifeblood. Qian Mu said: “Chinese history is formed by the moral spirit, and so is Chinese culture.” (Qian Mu, p. 132) Liang Shuming said: “It is indeed a fact about China that morality encompasses culture, or at least that the moral atmosphere is particularly heavy in the entire culture.” (Liang Shuming, p. 26) The Chinese nation does not neglect material production and material wealth, but it places even greater emphasis on spiritual production and spiritual wealth. Among the spiritual wealth that the Chinese nation particularly values, the spirit of ethics and morality is placed at the core. “China is not without material construction; material construction is necessarily materialized, but it has no deep connection with the great tradition of Chinese culture. That is to say, the lifeblood of Chinese culture is not manifested in these things, nor does it rely on them.” (Qian Mu, p. 184) The new form of human civilization has rich and complex content, but the spirit of ethics and morality of the Chinese nation is the deepest content and that which best embodies the characteristics of Chinese civilization. The new form of human civilization has a spiritual core of Chinese ethical civilization, embodying the new realm reached by the Chinese nation in ethical cognition, ethical emotion, ethical will, and ethical belief, and reflecting the new height reached by the Chinese nation in ethical theory and ethical-moral practice. The new form of Chinese ethical civilization is an important component of the new form of human civilization.

第六，人类文明新形态是以中华伦理文明为基础而形成的文明新样本。中华文明历来以伦理文明作为核心内容。换言之，中华民族历来以伦理道德精神作为中华文化和中华文明的核心内容，并且视之为自身命脉。钱穆说：“中国历史乃由道德精神所形成，中国文化亦然。”（钱穆，第132页）梁漱溟说：“以道德统括文化，或至少是在全部文化中道德气氛特重，确为中国的事实。”（梁漱溟，第26页）中华民族并非不重视物质生产和物质财富，只不过更加重视精神生产和精神财富而已。在中华民族特别重视的精神财富中，伦理道德精神被置于核心地位。“中国并非没有物质建造，物质建造则必然形象化，但与中国文化大统没有甚深之勾联。即是说，中国文化命脉，不表现在这些上，也不依托在这些上。”（钱穆，第184页）人类文明新形态具有丰富、复杂的内容，但中华民族的伦理道德精神是其中最深厚、最能体现中华文明特质的内容。人类文明新形态具有一个中华伦理文明的精神内核，体现了中华民族在伦理认知、伦理情感、伦理意志、伦理信念等方面所达到的新境界，反映了中华民族在伦理学理论和伦理道德实践方面所达到的新高度。中华伦理文明新形态是人类文明新形态的重要组成部分。

Seventh, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization formed by Chinese civilization driven by internal and external causes. The construction and development of the new form of human civilization are driven by two types of causes, internal and external. On the one hand, it is driven by internal causes, manifested as the inevitable result of Chinese civilization carrying out self-revolution, self-innovation, self-development, and self-transcendence. On the other hand, it is driven by external causes. The historical process of the continuous evolution of the world pattern, especially the continuous evolution of world civilization, exerts enormous external pressure on Chinese civilization, forcing it to constantly carry out self-revolution, self-innovation, self-development, and self-transcendence.

第七，人类文明新形态是中华文明受到内外因驱动而形成的文明新样本。人类文明新形态的建构发展受到内外两种动因的驱动。一方面，它受到内因的驱动，表现为中华文明进行自我革命、自我革新、自我发展、自我超越的必然结果。另一方面，它受到外因的驱动。世界格局不断演变尤其是世界文明不断演进的历史进程对中华文明构成巨大外部压力，迫使其不断进行自我革命、自我革新、自我发展、自我超越。

Chinese civilization is a self-contained civilizational system. As a relatively independent civilizational system, it possesses an internal mechanism for self-revolution, self-innovation, self-development, and self-transcendence. Governed by the dialectical laws of motion of productive forces and relations of production, and of the economic base and the superstructure, Chinese civilization is always in a process of constant motion and change. The successful advancement of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization has provided a new economic base, a new social background, and an innovative driving force for the development of Chinese civilization. At the same time, Chinese civilization is also governed by its own inherent law of growth from lower to higher levels. The new form of human civilization is the result of the continuous evolution, continuous construction, and continuous development of Chinese civilization.

中华文明是一个自成体系的文明系统。作为一个相对独立的文明系统，它具有自我革命、自我革新、自我发展、自我超越的内在机制。受到生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的辩证运动规律支配，中华文明总是处于不断运动、变化的过程中。中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化的成功推进，为中华文明的发展提供了新的经济基础、新的社会背景和创新驱动力。与此同时，中华文明也受到其自身从低级向高级发展的内在生长规律支配。人类文明新形态是中华文明不断演进、不断建构和不断发展的结果。

Chinese civilization is also a civilizational system influenced by the world development pattern. The world today is in a special period of accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century, where globalization and “anti-globalization” currents contend, peaceful development and the strong bullying the weak compete, unilateralism and multilateralism confront each other, and the question “Where is human civilization headed?” has become unprecedentedly important. The Chinese nation, which is striving for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, has no choice but to respond to the world’s question concerning the development of human civilization, and this response must take the advancement of Chinese civilization as its foothold. The accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century in the world compels the Chinese nation to innovate civilizational development concepts and civilizational construction practices; this is the external driving force for creating the new form of human civilization.

中华文明也是一个受到世界发展格局影响的文明系统。当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局加速演化的特殊时期，全球化与“逆全球化”思潮相互争鸣，和平发展与恃强凌弱相互竞争，单边主义与多边主义相互对峙，“人类文明何去何从”的问题变得空前重要。正在谋求伟大复兴的中华民族不得不对人类文明发展的世界之问作出回应，而这种回应必然是以推进中华文明发展作为落脚点。加速演化的世界百年未有之大变局迫使中华民族创新文明发展理念和文明建构实践，这是创造人类文明新形态的外部推动力。

Eighth, the new form of human civilization is a new sample of civilization that combines both actuality and ideality. The new form of human civilization not only maintains an unbreakable close connection with the tradition of Chinese civilization and even the entire tradition of human civilization, but also manifests the distinctive characteristic of the unity of actuality and ideality. What is called “actuality” refers to the realistic dimension of the new form of human civilization, meaning the fact that it has been partially realized. What is called “ideality” refers to the idealistic dimension of the new form of human civilization, meaning that it has a future dimension yet to be realized.

第八，人类文明新形态是兼具实然性和应然性的文明新样本。人类文明新形态，不仅与中华文明传统乃至整个人类文明传统保持着割不断的紧密联系，而且彰显出实然性与应然性相统一的鲜明特征。所谓“实然性”，是指人类文明新形态的现实性维度，意指它已经得到部分实现的事实。所谓“应然性”，是指人类文明新形态的理想性维度，意指它具有有待于实现的未来向度。

The new form of human civilization is not a completed new sample of civilization. In the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Communist Party of China has formed the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, [6]6 The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan refers to China’s overall plan for economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy refers to comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. has insisted on promoting the new development concept and national confidence, and has made major strategic deployments such as prospering and developing philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, building a socialist cultural power, and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. Their implementation and realization are by no means a matter of a single day; rather, they require tremendous effort to be implemented in detail. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is an unfinished undertaking, and the new form of human civilization driven by it is also an unfinished civilizational form.

人类文明新形态不是一种已经完成的文明新样本。中国共产党在中国特色社会主义建设过程中形成了“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，坚持弘扬新发展理念和民族自信，作出了繁荣发展中国特色哲学社会科学、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化、建设社会主义文化强国、推动构建人类命运共同体等重大战略部署。它们的贯彻落实绝不是一朝一夕的事情，而是需要付出巨大努力才能落实落细。中国特色社会主义是一项未竟的事业，由它驱动的人类文明新形态也是一种未完成的文明形态。

Take the social civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics as an example. In the process of advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization, our country attaches great importance to the cultivation and enhancement of social civilizational literacy, but these efforts are far from reaching the stage of full completion. Our country has a long way to go and a heavy task to accomplish in terms of social civilization construction. Xi Jinping proposed in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC to raise the level of civility in the whole society, implement the project of civic moral construction, and raise the moral standards and civilizational literacy of the people; to coordinate and promote the cultivation of civility, the practice of civility, and the creation of civility, and to advance the integrated development of urban and rural spiritual civilization construction; to strengthen the national capacity for science popularization and deepen the nationwide reading campaign; to improve the volunteer service system and work mechanism; to promote the culture of integrity and improve the long-term mechanism for integrity construction; and to give play to the spiritual guidance and typical exemplary role of the state and Party honors and awards. (See Xi Jinping, 2022, pp. 44–45)

以中国特色社会主义社会文明为例。在推进中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化过程中，我国高度重视社会文明素养的培养和提升工作，但这些工作还远远没有达到全面完成的程度。我国在社会文明建设方面可谓任重而道远。习近平在党的二十大报告中提出，要提高全社会文明程度，实施公民道德建设工程，提高人民道德水准和文明素养；统筹推动文明培育、文明实践、文明创建，推进城乡精神文明建设融合发展；加强国家科普能力建设，深化全民阅读活动；完善志愿服务制度和工作体系；弘扬诚信文化，健全诚信建设长效机制；发挥党和国家功勋荣誉表彰的精神引领、典型示范作用等。（参见习近平，2022年，第44—45页）

Taking the material civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics as another example. The Party Central Committee upholds and promotes the moral value concept of common prosperity, strives to maintain distributive justice by adhering to the principle of distribution according to work, and has achieved notable results in realizing the fairness of social resource distribution, but the gap between rich and poor remains a problem in the process of being resolved. The rational design and arrangement of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics have played a strong role in alleviating the problem of the gap between rich and poor, but have not yet reached the level of realizing common prosperity for all the people. The realization of common prosperity for all the people is a gradual and orderly process. Xi Jinping pointed out, “Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism and an important feature of Chinese-path modernization,” but it “is a long-term goal that requires a process and cannot be achieved overnight. We must fully estimate its long-term nature, arduousness, and complexity. To accomplish this matter well, we cannot afford to wait, nor can we be impatient.” (See *Xi Jinping: The Governance of

再以中国特色社会主义物质文明为例。党中央坚持弘扬共同富裕的道德价值观念，努力通过坚持按劳分配原则来维护分配正义，在实现社会资源分配的公正性方面取得显著成效，但贫富差距仍然是一个解决过程中的问题。中国特色社会主义制度的合理设计和安排，对缓解贫富差距问题起到了强有力的作用，但还没有达到实现全体人民共同富裕的程度。全体人民共同富裕的实现是一个循序渐进的过程。习近平指出，“共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求，是中国式现代化的重要特征”，但它“是一个长远目标，需要一个过程，不可能一蹴而就，对其长期性、艰巨性、复杂性要有充分估计，办好这件事，等不得，也急不得”。（参见《习近平谈治国理政》第4卷，第142—143页）要实现全体人民共同富裕，党和人民还有很长的路要走，还有很多工作要做，绝不能等闲视之。

Correctly treating the new form of human civilization as possessing both the characteristics of actuality and oughtness helps people to deeply understand its connotative essentials and helps to promote the rational participation of all sectors of Chinese society in its development process. Continuing to advance the healthy development of the new form of human civilization is an inevitable requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese-path modernization. We must establish a scientific view of civilization, adopt an attitude that unifies inheritance and transcendence toward the Chinese civilizational tradition, adopt an attitude that unifies critique and reference toward the civilizations of all countries in the world, and coordinate the promotion of the innovative development of civilizational cultivation, civilizational practice, and civilizational creation.

正确对待人类文明新形态兼有实然性和应然性的特征，有助于人们深刻认识它的内涵要义，有助于推动我国社会各界理性地参与它的发展进程。继续推进人类文明新形态健康发展是中国特色社会主义和中国式现代化的必然要求。我们要树立科学的文明观，对中华文明传统采取继承和超越相统一的态度，对世界各国文明采取批判和借鉴相统一的态度，统筹推动文明培育、文明实践、文明创建的创新发展。

Source: *Philosophical Trends*, Issue 4, 2023

文章来源：《哲学动态》2023年第4期

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆