Several Hot Issues in Current Domestic Research on New Quality Productive Forces

Since July 2023, when Xi Jinping, during inspection tours in Sichuan, Heilongjiang and other places, put forward the concept of “new quality productive forces” and expounded on it on multiple occasions, and in 2024, when presiding over the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee, during the Two Sessions [n1] and on local inspection tours, Xi Jinping further elaborated on major issues such as the profound connotation and practical requirements of new quality productive forces, this concept has attracted widespread attention from all sectors of society as soon as it was proposed. For example, the *Chinese Social Sciences Today* listed it among the “Top Ten Academic Hot Words of 2023,” and some media outlets rated it “the number one popular phrase of 2023,” which fully demonstrates the degree of attention this concept has drawn. The following is a brief review of several issues currently hotly debated in academic circles around this major concept and the representative views on them.

2023年7月以来，习近平在四川、黑龙江等地考察调研时，提出“新质生产力”概念，并在多个场合对这一概念进行阐发。2024年，在主持召开二十届中央政治局第十一次集体学习时、在全国两会期间和地方考察时，习近平又就新质生产力的深刻内涵、实践要求等重大问题作出进一步阐发。这一概念一经提出，便受到社会各界的广泛关注。如《中国社会科学报》盘点总结的“2023年度十大学术热词”将其列入其中，一些媒体亦评价其为“2023年度十大流行语之首”，足见这一概念所引发的受关注程度。现将当前学界围绕这一重大概念所热议的几个问题及其代表性观点扼要述评如下。

I. The Background for Proposing the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

一、发展新质生产力的提出背景

At the critical juncture of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and in the first year of advancing Chinese-path modernization with high-quality development, why was the major concept of “new quality productive forces” proposed? Experts and scholars from different sectors and fields, including economics, science and technology, and theory, have engaged in lively discussions on this concept from different perspectives. Although the basic materials they rely on, the frontier dynamics they follow, and their research methods are not entirely the same, their basic understanding and concluding views are generally convergent.

在全面建设社会主义现代化国家开局起步的关键时期，在以高质量发展推进中国式现代化的开局之年，为什么会提出“新质生产力”这一重大概念？来自经济界、科技界、理论界等不同界别、不同领域的专家学者，围绕这一概念进行了不同视角的热烈探讨。虽然他们依据的基本材料、关注的前沿动态及研究方法不尽相同，但基本认识和结论性看法大体趋同。

(I) An Inevitable Choice and Major Strategic Deployment for Comprehensively Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

（一）全面推进中国式现代化的必然抉择和重大战略部署

Xi Jinping pointed out: Chinese-path modernization is “the largest-scale modernization in human history, and also the most difficult modernization,” and “it is necessary to comprehensively grasp the Chinese characteristics, essential requirements, and major principles that must be firmly adhered to in Chinese-path modernization.” The academic community generally believes that new quality productive forces are “the advanced qualitative state of productive forces for comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization,” and their proposal is an urgent need and a systematic strategic support for firmly grasping the initiative in China’s development and comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization on the new journey of the New Era.

习近平指出：中国式现代化“是人类历史上规模最大的现代化，也是难度最大的现代化”，“要全面把握中国式现代化的中国特色、本质要求和必须牢牢把握的重大原则”。学界普遍认为，新质生产力是“全面推进中国式现代化的先进生产力质态”，它的提出是新时代新征程牢牢掌握我国发展主动权、全面推进中国式现代化建设的迫切需要和系统性战略支撑。

An inevitable choice for comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization. Some scholars have deeply analyzed the domestic and international situation facing the comprehensive advancement of Chinese-path modernization on the new journey, pointing out: China is currently in a critical period of transitioning between old and new growth drivers and industrial transformation and upgrading. Faced with escalating external suppression and containment and the weakening of traditional comparative advantages in participating in globalization, there is an urgent need to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, enhance the security of industrial and supply chains, and reshape new advantages in international competition. At the same time, as China’s factor conditions undergo major structural and trend-based changes and the phased transition of industrialization and urbanization, we also urgently need to accelerate the cultivation and expansion of new industries, new models, and new growth drivers. In terms of actual conditions, China’s high-quality development has achieved significant results, possessing a good foundation and advantages for developing new quality productive forces. “As long as we seize major opportunities and fully leverage our advantages, we are fully capable, have the conditions, and have the ability to achieve leapfrog development on new tracks.”

全面推进中国式现代化的必然抉择。有学者深入分析了新征程上全面推进中国式现代化所面临的内外形势，指出：当前我国正处于新旧动能转换、产业转型升级的关键时期，面对外部打压遏制的不断升级和参与全球化传统比较优势的弱化，迫切需要实现高水平科技自立自强，提升产业链供应链安全性，重塑国际竞争新优势。同时，随着我国生产要素条件发生重大结构性、趋势性变化和工业化、城镇化发展的阶段性转换，我们亦迫切需要加快培育壮大新产业、新模式、新动能。而就现实条件看，我国高质量发展已取得明显成效，具备发展新质生产力的较好基础和优势，“只要我们把握重大机遇，充分发挥优势，完全有条件、有基础、有能力在新赛道实现跨越发展”。

A major deployment for comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization. Some scholars point out that new quality productive forces are the concentrated embodiment of the leap in the level of advanced productive forces in the New Era, and “are a scientific generalization of the basic economic facts that already exist and continue to develop in the actual process of economic and social development, especially the basic facts of the Chinese-path modernization process in the new stage of development.” Some scholars believe that from the new stage of development, the new development philosophy, and the new development pattern to new quality productive forces, this is not only a discourse innovation in the economic development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, but also a solid and systematic strategic support for comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization, capable of helping Chinese-path modernization achieve steady progress.

全面推进中国式现代化建设的重大部署。有学者指出，新质生产力是新时代先进生产力水平跃升的集中体现，“是现实的经济社会发展过程已经存在并继续发展的基本的经济事实、特别是新发展阶段中国式现代化建设过程的基本事实的科学概括”。有学者认为，从新发展阶段、新发展理念、新发展格局到新质生产力，不仅是新时代中国特色社会主义经济发展的话语创新，更是对全面推进中国式现代化建设作出的扎实的系统性战略支撑，能够助力中国式现代化稳步实现。

The strategic need to consolidate the material and technological foundation of Chinese-path modernization. Some scholars point out that Chinese-path modernization is not a castle in the air; it must be built on a solid material and technological foundation. Without the formation and development of new quality productive forces, not only would the modernization of science and technology be impossible, but modernization in other aspects would also be impossible, and modernization would become water without a source and a tree without roots. Other scholars emphasize that developing new quality productive forces is a completely new social transformation, corresponding to new science and technology, new industrial forms, and new lifestyles. It can fully “embody the need for high-quality economic development and high-quality satisfaction of the people’s aspirations for a better life,” and “integrate the requirements of high-quality development throughout the entire process of new industrialization, building a strong material and technological foundation for Chinese-path modernization.”

夯实中国式现代化物质技术基础的战略需要。有学者指出，中国式现代化不是空中楼阁，必须建立在坚实的物质技术基础之上。不形成和发展新质生产力，不仅科学技术现代化不可能实现，其他方面的现代化也不可能实现，现代化就会成为无源之水、无本之木。还有学者强调，发展新质生产力是一场全新的社会变革，其对应的是新的科学技术、新的产业形态、新的生活方式，完全能够“体现出高质量经济发展、高品质满足人民对美好生活向往的需要”，“把高质量发展的要求贯穿到新型工业化的全过程，为中国式现代化构筑强大物质技术基础的生产力”。

(II) The Inherent Requirement and Key Focal Point for Promoting High-Quality Development

（二）推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Developing new quality productive forces is the inherent requirement and key focal point for promoting high-quality development.” The academic community generally believes that new quality productive forces play a crucial role in taking new steps in high-quality development; accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is both an objective requirement for liberating and developing productive forces on the new journey of the New Era and the foundation and inherent meaning of promoting high-quality development.

习近平指出：“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。”学界普遍认为，迈开高质量发展的新步伐，新质生产力扮演着至关重要的角色；加快发展新质生产力，既是新时代新征程解放和发展生产力的客观要求，又是推动高质量发展的基础和应有之义。

Accurately grasping changes in the times and situation, and actively responding to the practical needs of high-quality development. Some scholars point out that as China’s economy shifts from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, “the necessary condition elements, allocation mechanisms, and development models required for economic and social development have undergone significant changes, urgently requiring vigorous promotion of changes in terms of driving forces, efficiency, and quality to facilitate a leap in the level of productive forces.” The proposal of new quality productive forces is precisely the inevitable requirement for our Party to actively respond to the needs of high-quality development, “cultivate new sources of growth, and inject new momentum into China’s economic development.” In other words, developing new quality productive forces concerns not only how to achieve “more comprehensive, higher-quality, and better-coordinated high quality,” but also how to accumulate new development momentum amidst complex and changing domestic and international situations, “providing strong impetus and support” for China’s high-quality development.

准确把握时代和形势发展变化，积极回应高质量发展需求的现实需要。有学者指出，随着我国经济从高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，“经济社会发展所必需的条件要素、配置机制、发展模式等都发生了较大变化，亟须从动力、效率、质量等方面大力推动变革，促进生产力实现能级跃升”。而新质生产力的提出，正是我们党积极回应高质量发展需求，“培育新的动力源，为我国经济发展注入新动能”的必然要求。换言之，发展新质生产力不仅关系如何实现“更加全面更加优质协调的高质量”，还关系在复杂多变的国内外形势下积蓄发展新动能，为我国高质量发展“提供强大动力和支撑”。

The important foundation and internal driving force for promoting high-quality development. Some scholars propose that new quality productive forces can consolidate the “foundation” of high-quality development, shape the “system” of high-quality development, and gather the “synergy” of high-quality development. This is manifested in: new quality productive forces can “prompt the entire socio-economic structure to tilt towards strategic, forward-looking, and future-oriented industries, thereby promoting economic development towards strength, improvement, and excellence”; the transformation of relations of production driven by new quality productive forces can “shape an economic system with internal embedding and external smoothness for high-quality development”; new quality productive forces orient economic development towards human development, which can maximize the creativity and productivity of labor subjects, “gathering the ‘synergy’ of the entire workforce for economic development.”

推动高质量发展的重要基础和内在驱动。有学者提出，新质生产力能够筑牢高质量发展“地基”、形塑高质量发展“系统”、凝聚高质量发展“合力”。这表现在：新质生产力可以“促使整个社会经济结构向战略性、前瞻性、未来性产业倾斜，进而推动经济向强向好向优发展”；由新质生产力驱动的生产关系变革，可以“为高质量发展塑造内部相嵌、外部畅通的经济系统”；新质生产力把经济发展导向人的发展，可以最大限度激发劳动主体的创造力和生产力，“为经济发展凝聚全员‘合力’”。

The leading force and key pathway for promoting high-quality development. Some scholars propose that new quality productive forces can not only bring about deep-seated changes in the quality, efficiency, and driving forces of economic development, but also improve production efficiency and resource utilization efficiency, accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading, and build a modern industrial system. They are the leading force for improving the quality and efficiency of economic development. Moreover, the strategic emerging industries and future industries that carry new quality productive forces possess complex industrial and supply chain systems, with high coupling between upstream and downstream industries. They can not only promote improvements in the quality of goods and services, thereby creating new demand, but also contribute to the optimization of industrial and investment structures, providing strong impetus for economic development and the leap of productive forces, which is of great significance for promoting high-quality development.

推动高质量发展的引领力量和关键路径。有学者提出，新质生产力不仅能够带来经济发展质量、效率、动力的深层次变革，还能够提高生产效率和资源利用效率、加快推进产业转型升级、构建现代化产业体系，是提高经济发展质量和效益的引领力量。而且，承载新质生产力的战略性新兴产业和未来产业，拥有复杂的产业链供应链系统，上下游产业耦合性高，既能推动商品服务质量的改进进而创造出新的需求，又有助于产业、投资结构的优化，为经济发展和生产力跃迁提供强劲动力，对推动高质量发展意义重大。

(III) An Inevitable Requirement for Responding to the People’s New Expectations for a High Quality of Life

（三）顺应人民群众对高品质生活新期待的必然要求

The academic community generally believes that on the new journey, the people’s needs for a better life are becoming richer and more diverse, which requires more advanced productive forces to create a high quality of life for the people.

学界普遍认为，新征程上，人民群众对美好生活的需求更加丰富多样，这就需要有更为先进的生产力为人民群众打造高品质生活。

Some scholars, based on the fundamental position of the Marxist political party of serving the people wholeheartedly, emphasize that meeting the people’s needs for a better life is the fundamental value of accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces, arguing that “the understanding of productive forces cannot be separated from human needs; otherwise, productive forces would become empty and void.” On the new journey of the New Era, our Party must adhere to taking the satisfaction of the people’s growing needs for a better life as the starting point and落脚点 [n2], based on continuously improving the people’s actual needs for a high quality of life, use the new theory of productive forces to guide the new practice of productive forces, and promote the continuous enhancement of the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security.

有学者立足马克思主义政党全心全意为人民服务的根本立场，强调满足人民对美好生活的需要是加快形成新质生产力的根本价值，认为“对生产力的理解不能离开人的需要来谈，否则生产力就会变为空洞虚无之物”。新时代新征程，我们党要坚持以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为出发点和落脚点，立足不断提高人民对高品质生活的现实需要，以新的生产力理论来指导新的生产力实践，推动人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感不断提升。

Some scholars have explored this issue based on the transformation of China’s principal social contradiction, arguing that the current principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. The people “not only have raised higher demands for material and cultural life, but also have stronger demands for higher-level, more diverse ecological products, cultural products, and the like,” while paying greater attention to questions of “good or not good,” “superior or not superior,” and “refined or not refined.” Accelerating the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces can “promote industrial transformation and upgrading, improve the quality of supply, meet diversified and high-end consumer demands, create a high-quality ecological environment, use scientific and technological forces to improve the people’s lives, and let the entire people share in the fruits of development,” thereby better responding to the people’s call for pursuing a high-quality life.

有学者立足我国社会主要矛盾变化探讨了这一问题，认为当前我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，人民群众“不仅对物质文化生活提出了更高要求，而且对更高层次、更加多元的生态产品、文化产品等需求也更为强烈”，同时更为关注“好不好”“优不优”“精不精”等问题。而加快培育发展新质生产力，能够“推动产业转型升级，提升供给质量，满足多样化、高端化消费需求，打造高品质生态环境，用科技力量改善人民生活，让全民共享发展成果”，更好顺应人民群众追求高品质生活的呼声。

Other scholars have addressed this issue from the perspective of how to solidly promote common prosperity, arguing that new quality productive forces are people-centered productive forces with a prominent “sharing” character. This characteristic determines that all the people can share in the wealth growth brought by the development of new quality productive forces. Therefore, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces can make “production more fully manifest in shared enjoyment by all the people, comprehensive sharing, co-construction and sharing, and gradual sharing,” which can not only “meet the people’s increasingly diverse economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological needs,” but also “comprehensively promote rural revitalization through industrial revitalization, increase farmers’ incomes, and prevent large-scale reversion to poverty,” and “shape modern human resources, promote high-quality and full employment,” thereby driving more obvious substantive progress in common prosperity for all the people.

还有学者立足如何扎实推动共同富裕谈到了这个问题，认为：新质生产力是以人为本的生产力，它具有突出的“共享性”，这一特性决定了全体人民能够共享新质生产力发展带来的财富增长。因此，加快发展新质生产力能让“生产更充分体现在全民共享、全面共享、共建共享、渐进共享”，既能“满足人民日益多样化的经济、政治、文化、社会、生态需要”，还能“通过产业振兴全面推进乡村振兴，促进农民增收、防止规模性返贫”，“塑造现代化人力资源，促进高质量充分就业”，进而推动全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。

(4) The Urgent Need to Seize the Strategic Opportunity of the New Round of Technological Revolution and Industrial Transformation

（四）抢抓新一轮科技革命和产业变革战略先机的迫切需要

The academic community generally believes that new quality productive forces have become the strategic opportunity of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, as well as a key direction of the new round of international competition. It is essential to seize this opportunity and occupy the commanding heights of future development.

学界普遍认为，新质生产力已成为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的战略先机，也是新一轮国际竞争的重点方向，一定要抓住先机、抢占未来发展制高点。

Some scholars have conducted in-depth analysis of the current rapid and dramatic changes in the global science and technology field, arguing that the current new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is profoundly reshaping the global innovation landscape and restructuring the global economic structure. A series of cutting-edge and disruptive technologies are “emerging, maturing, being applied, and diffusing” on a large scale, and a series of new products, new services, new models, and new business forms are being widely generated. The new quality productive forces cultivated from this can not only “play the role of an increment multiplier for scientific and technological innovation,” but also “release new driving forces for high-quality development, creating more and richer social value.” This will inevitably accelerate the reshaping of the global industrial chain and supply chain landscape, profoundly changing the comparative advantages and competitive advantages of countries around the world.

有学者深入分析了当前全球科技领域日新月异的勃发巨变，认为当前新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在深刻重构全球创新版图、重塑全球经济结构，一系列前沿技术和颠覆性技术正在大量“涌现、成熟、应用和扩散”，一系列新产品、新服务、新模式、新业态正在被广泛催生。由此培育而成的新质生产力，不仅能够“发挥科技创新的增量器作用”，还能够“释放驱动高质量发展的新动能，创造出更多更丰富的社会价值”，这必将加速重塑全球产业链供应链格局，深刻改变世界各国比较优势和竞争优势。

Some scholars have proposed that current international competition “is essentially competition in new quality productive forces.” As the “focus of current international competition and the key point of national strategic layout,” new quality productive forces are not only a “growth engine” driving a country’s industrial system toward high-quality, high-efficiency, and sustainable development, but can also inject “lasting momentum” for a country to win global competition and seize strategic advantages. Historical experience and current practice both suggest that whoever can first achieve breakthroughs in key disruptive technologies can shape new advantages for future development and win the strategic initiative in the new round of global development. For this reason, cultivating and developing new quality productive forces is not only a strategic need for a country to “accelerate the cultivation of new growth drivers for the economy and achieve leapfrog development in new fields and new tracks,” but also a “strategic commanding height” that a country should rightfully strive for in participating in international competition.

有学者提出，当前国际竞争“本质上是新质生产力的竞争”。作为当前“国际竞争的焦点和国家战略布局的重点”，新质生产力不仅是推动一个国家产业体系向高质量、高效率、可持续方向发展的“增长引擎”，还能够为一个国家注入赢得全球竞争和夺取战略优势的“持久动力”。历史经验和当今实践都启示我们，谁能率先在关键性颠覆性技术方面取得突破，谁就能够塑造未来发展新优势，赢得全球新一轮发展的战略主动权。正因为此，培育发展新质生产力不仅是一国“加快培育经济增长新动能、在新领域新赛道实现跨越式发展”的战略需要，更是一国参与国际竞争理所当争的“战略制高点”。

Some scholars have emphasized that China must seize the historical opportunity to win the initiative in development by cultivating and developing new quality productive forces. Currently, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is forming a historic convergence with China’s acceleration of transforming its economic development model. “China’s practice in the new development stage is also very fortunately situated within the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation; the times have given China the opportunity to develop new quality productive forces.” Facing this historical opportunity, we must actively cultivate and develop new quality productive forces, make early deployments in cutting-edge fields, plan for transformative technologies in advance, and make the first move to seize the commanding heights of development, cultivate new competitive advantages, and accumulate new development momentum.

有学者着重强调中国要把握住历史机遇，通过培育发展新质生产力，赢得发展主动权。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革与中国加快转变经济发展方式正形成历史性交汇，“中国新发展阶段的实践也非常幸运地置于新一轮科技革命和产业变革之中，时代给了中国发展新质生产力的机遇”。面对这一历史机遇，我们要通过积极培育发展新质生产力，在前沿领域及早布局，提前谋划变革性技术，下好抢占发展制高点、培育竞争新优势、蓄积发展新动能的先手棋。

(5) An Important Support for Hedging the Profound Changes in the World Political and Economic Landscape

（五）对冲世界政治经济格局发生深刻变化的重要支撑

The academic community generally believes that the world today is undergoing major changes unseen in a century, and the world political and economic landscape is undergoing profound and complex changes. The proposal of new quality productive forces is a long-term strategy for China to actively respond to drastic changes in the external environment and hedge against their adverse factors.

学界普遍认为，当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，世界政治经济格局发生着深刻复杂变化。新质生产力的提出，是中国主动应对外部环境巨变、对冲其不利因素的长远之策。

Some scholars have proposed that changes of the world, of the times, and of history are unfolding in unprecedented ways. The world economic recovery is difficult, and effective new growth drivers have yet to be found. Strategic competition among major powers has escalated, geopolitical confrontation has intensified, and global challenges such as food, energy, finance, climate, and disease are unprecedented. Factors of instability and uncertainty in the world political and economic landscape have increased significantly, and various “black swan” and “gray rhino” events may occur at any time. Faced with such a situation, if China can accelerate the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces, it will occupy a more favorable strategic position in complex international games and will also be “an important force injecting certainty into an uncertain world.” Scientific and technological innovation is increasingly becoming a key force in changing the major transformation. Therefore, we must accelerate the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces to guide the situation according to its trends and seek advantages while avoiding disadvantages amid the major transformation.

有学者提出，当前世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正在以前所未有的方式展开，世界经济复苏艰难，尚未找到有效的新增长动能，大国战略竞争升级，地缘政治对抗加剧，粮食、能源、金融、气候、疾病等全球性挑战前所未有，世界政治经济格局的不稳定不确定性因素明显增多，各种“黑天鹅”“灰犀牛”事件随时可能发生。面对这样的形势，中国如果能加快新质生产力的培育发展，那么会于复杂的国际博弈中居于更为有利的战略地位，也会是“为不确定的世界注入确定性的重要力量”。科技创新正越来越成为改变大变局的关键力量。因此，我们要通过加快培育发展新质生产力，在大变局中因势利导、趋利避害。

Some scholars have pointed out that developing new quality productive forces plays an important role in ensuring national security, especially scientific and technological security and economic security. For some time, the United States and the West, in order to maintain their leading position in the fields of science, technology, and industry and their control over the global value chain, have adopted various means such as building a “small yard, high fence” [3]3 “Small yard, high fence” (小院高墙) is a metaphor for the U.S. strategy of restricting China’s access to advanced technologies, particularly in semiconductors and artificial intelligence, by building a narrow but high barrier around a limited set of critical technologies. to suppress and contain the development of China’s high-tech industries. Faced with this severe situation, taking the initiative to accelerate the cultivation of new quality productive forces is of extraordinary significance for China to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and to build an autonomous, controllable, safe, and efficient industrial chain and supply chain. This strategic measure will undoubtedly provide strong support for China to effectively respond to changes in the global geopolitical landscape.

有学者指出，发展新质生产力对于保障国家安全尤其是科技安全、经济安全具有重要作用。一段时间以来，美西方为了保持其在科技、产业领域的领先地位和对全球价值链的掌控，通过采取构筑“小院高墙”等各种手段对中国高科技产业发展进行打压遏制。面对这种严峻处境，主动作为，加快培育新质生产力，对于我国实现高水平科技自立自强，构建自主可控、安全高效的产业链供应链具有非凡意义，这一战略举措必将为我国有效应对全球地缘政治格局变化提供有力支撑。

2. The Rich Connotation of New Quality Productive Forces

二、新质生产力的丰富内涵

Xi Jinping pointed out that new quality productive forces are “generated by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, with the leap in workers, means of labor, and objects of labor and their optimized combination as the basic connotation.” The academic community highly agrees with Xi Jinping’s profound elucidation of the connotation of new quality productive forces, and has conducted extensive discussions on the constituent elements, main characteristics, and other issues of new quality productive forces in combination with specific conditions in different fields, forming many research consensuses.

习近平指出，新质生产力是“由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵”。学界高度认同习近平关于新质生产力内涵的深刻阐发，并结合不同领域的具体情况，就新质生产力的构成要素、主要特点等问题进行了广泛讨论，形成了许多研究共识。

(1) Workers, Means of Labor, and Objects of Labor: The Basic Composition of New Quality Productive Forces

（一）劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象：新质生产力的基本构成

The development of productive forces mainly involves the three substantive elements: workers, means of labor, and objects of labor. Following this triple composition, relevant research has conducted in-depth exploration of the connotation of new quality productive forces.

生产力的发展，主要涉及劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象这三大实体性要素。依循这三重构成，相关研究就新质生产力的内涵进行了深入挖掘。

Some scholars have proposed that, compared with traditional productive forces, new quality productive forces represent “a comprehensive innovation in workers, means of labor, and objects of labor.” This is manifested in: “higher-quality workers are the primary element of new quality productive forces,” “means of labor with higher technological content are the power source of new quality productive forces,” and “objects of labor in a broader scope are the material foundation of new quality productive forces.” That is: from the perspective of workers, “new quality productive forces place higher demands on the knowledge and skills of workers,” forming a group that includes “strategic talents capable of creating new quality productive forces” and “applied talents capable of proficiently mastering new quality production materials”; from the perspective of means of labor, “the integrated application of new-generation information technology, advanced manufacturing technology, and new material technology has bred a large number of smarter, more efficient, lower-carbon, and safer new types of production tools,” which “greatly enriches the forms of expression of production tools”; from the perspective of objects of labor, “the types and forms of objects of labor have greatly expanded,” humans’ means of obtaining matter and energy from nature have become more advanced, and at the same time, “humans continuously create new material resources through labor and transform them into objects of labor.” For example, data has begun to serve as an important object of labor, directly creating social value.

有学者提出，相较传统生产力，新质生产力是“劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象等方面的全面创新”。这表现在：“更高素质的劳动者是新质生产力的第一要素”，“更高技术含量的劳动资料是新质生产力的动力源泉”，“更广范围的劳动对象是新质生产力的物质基础”。即：从劳动者角度看，“新质生产力对劳动者的知识和技能提出更高要求”，形成了包括“能够创造新质生产力的战略人才”和“能够熟练掌握新质生产资料的应用型人才”；从劳动资料角度看，“新一代信息技术、先进制造技术、新材料技术等融合应用，孕育出一大批更智能、更高效、更低碳、更安全的新型生产工具”，“极大丰富了生产工具的表现形态”；从劳动对象角度看，“劳动对象的种类和形态大大拓展”，人类从自然界获取物质和能量的手段更加先进，同时“人类通过劳动不断创造新的物质资料，并转化为劳动对象”，例如，数据开始作为重要劳动对象，直接创造社会价值。

Some scholars have concretely depicted the enormous transformations of new quality productive forces in terms of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor. These transformations manifest as: “laborers shift from physical and skill-based types to knowledge-based and composite types,” while “the application of artificial intelligence causes a ‘polarization’ phenomenon in labor within the production process, and a large number of laborers begin to face new labor transformations”; “the means of production shift from physical capital to knowledge capital and human capital,” while “digital platforms based on big data and advanced computing power and algorithms gradually become the main bridge connecting product production and demand, and traditional enterprise organization and industrial structures begin to loosen and disintegrate”; “the objects of labor shift from material physical objects to comprehensive objects including virtual objects such as big data,” “and become the foundational elements of new-type production.”

有学者具象地描绘了新质生产力在劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象等方面的巨大转变。这种转变表现为：“劳动者由体能型、技能型向知识型、复合型转变”，同时“人工智能的应用使生产过程中的劳动出现‘极化’现象，大量劳动者开始面临新的劳动转型”；“生产资料由实体资本向知识资本、人力资本转变”，同时“以大数据和先进算力算法为基础的数字平台，逐渐成为连接产品生产和需求的主要桥梁，传统的企业组织和产业架构开始松动、瓦解”；“劳动对象由物质实体对象向包括大数据等虚拟对象在内的综合型对象转变”，“并且成为新型生产的基础性要素”。

(II) Scientific and Technological Innovation: The Core Element for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（二）科技创新：发展新质生产力的核心要素

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth, and is the core element for developing new quality productive forces,” and “we must continue to do a good job in the great undertaking of innovation and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.” The academic community highly endorses the important role of scientific and technological innovation in cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, and generally believes that new quality productive forces are high-tech productive forces formed with innovation as the primary driving force. It can, with major scientific and technological innovation as the guide, profoundly reshape the basic elements of productive forces, promote the deep integration of innovation chains, industrial chains, capital chains, and talent chains, drive the evolution of productive forces toward a more advanced and sophisticated qualitative state, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological innovation achievements into actual productive forces.

习近平指出：“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素”，“必须继续做好创新这篇大文章，推动新质生产力加快发展”。学界高度赞同科技创新对于培育发展新质生产力的重要作用，普遍认为，新质生产力是以创新为第一动力形成的高科技的生产力。它能够以重大科技创新为引领，深刻重塑生产力基本要素，推动创新链产业链资金链人才链深度融合，推动生产力向更高级、更先进的质态演进，加快科技创新成果向现实生产力转化。

“Disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies” are the “key variables” for accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces. Some scholars have proposed that new quality productive forces are an advanced qualitative state of productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, but “new quality productive forces are not driven by general scientific and technological innovation, but are more driven by frontier scientific and technological innovations that are original, disruptive, and integrative, and have a broad and profound impact on economic and social development.” Therefore, it is necessary to focus on disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies to create conditions for the formation and development of new quality productive forces.

“颠覆性技术和前沿技术”是加快形成新质生产力的“关键变量”。有学者提出，新质生产力是高科技、高效能、高质量的先进生产力质态，但“新质生产力并非一般性的科技创新所能推动，而更多地是由具备原创性、颠覆性、融合性且对经济社会发展影响广泛而深远的前沿科技创新所驱动而来”。因此，必须聚焦颠覆性技术和前沿技术，为新质生产力的形成和发展创设条件。

Some scholars have explored this issue based on the enormous changes that disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies may trigger. With the advent and application of batches of transformative technologies, cutting-edge technologies, and disruptive technologies, and the emergence and appearance of a series of new substances, new energy sources, and new materials, “the connotation and extension of the objects of labor will be expanded on a larger scale, thereby triggering enormous changes in the production field and promoting an overall leap in the level of social productive forces,” and all industries in the national economy will achieve a qualitative leap.

有学者立足颠覆性技术和前沿技术可能促发的巨大变革探讨了这个问题。随着一批批变革性技术、前沿技术、颠覆性技术的问世和应用，一系列新物质、新能源、新材料的涌现和浮现，“将在更大范围拓展劳动对象的内涵和外延，进而引发生产领域的巨大变革，推动社会生产力水平的整体跃升”，国民经济各个行业都将实现质的跃升。

(III) Significant Improvement in Total Factor Productivity: The Core Indicator for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（三）全要素生产率大幅提升：发展新质生产力的核心标志

Xi Jinping pointed out that new quality productive forces “take a significant improvement in total factor productivity as their core indicator.” Scholars have focused on the relationship between total factor productivity and new quality productive forces to explore this issue. The academic community generally believes that taking the improvement of total factor productivity as the main goal, promoting quality through newness, and improving quality through newness are the core of new quality productive forces.

习近平指出，新质生产力“以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志”。学者们聚焦全要素生产率与新质生产力的关系，探讨了这个问题。学界普遍认为，以提升全要素生产率为主要目标，以新促质、以新提质是新质生产力的核心。

New quality productive forces represent a higher level of coordinated matching among the elements of productive forces. Some scholars have pointed out that “isolated elements of production cannot themselves form actual productive forces; productive forces are the systematic power formed by organically combining the elements of production through a certain social form.” In the context of intelligentization, “the mode of production has undergone profound changes, and laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their combinations have undergone qualitative changes,” “industrial organizations have undergone profound transformations, and raw material suppliers, manufacturing enterprises, and productive service enterprises such as R&D and design, finance and insurance, and logistics and transportation have become fully integrated, forming a whole-industry-chain cluster centered on consumers and marked by a significant improvement in total factor productivity.” New quality productive forces imply “a higher level of large-scale socialized production” and “more dynamic innovation entities,” which are conducive to “perfecting the market allocation of labor, capital, land, technology, management, knowledge, data, and other production factors,” “conducive to promoting the convenient flow of various factors and better reflecting the guiding role of knowledge, technology, and human capital,” and represent “a higher level of coordinated matching among the elements of productive forces.”

新质生产力是生产力要素间更高水平的协同匹配。有学者指出，“孤立的生产要素自身并不能形成现实的生产力，生产力是通过一定的社会形式将生产要素有机结合的系统力量”。而在智能化背景下，“生产方式出现了深刻转变，劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其组合发生了质变”，“产业组织发生深刻变革，原材料供应商、制造企业以及研发设计、金融保险、物流运输等生产性服务企业全面贯通，形成了以消费者为中心、以全要素生产率提升为核心标志的全产业链集群”。新质生产力意味着“更高水平的社会化大生产”和“更有活力的创新主体”，它有利于“完善由市场配置劳动、资本、土地、技术、管理、知识、数据等生产要素”，“有利于推动各要素的便捷化流动，更好体现知识、技术、人力资本的导向作用”，是“生产力要素间更高水平的协同匹配”。

To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to internalize the new development philosophy into the allocation of productive forces elements, and significantly improve resource allocation efficiency and total factor productivity. Some scholars have pointed out that the “new quality” in new quality productive forces, the “high quality” in high-quality development, the “modernization” in the modern economic system and modern industrial system, and the “new” in the new development pattern are consistent in their connotation and requirements, namely, the “new development philosophy.” [4]4 The new development philosophy refers to the five concepts of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing, which guide China’s economic and social development in the New Era. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to internalize the requirements of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing into the allocation of productive forces elements, “accelerate the improvement of the mechanism for factor participation in income distribution, stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, technology, management, capital, and data, and better reflect the market value of knowledge, technology, and talent,” in order to “achieve the optimal combination of high-quality laborers and entrepreneurs, means of labor empowered by intelligentization and digitalization, and a broader range of objects of labor, significantly improve resource allocation efficiency and total factor productivity, and continuously enhance the driving force and supporting force for high-quality development.”

发展新质生产力，就要将新发展理念内化到生产力要素配置之中，大幅提升资源配置效率和全要素生产率。有学者指出，新质生产力中的“新质”与高质量发展中的“高质量”、现代化经济体系和现代化产业体系中的“现代化”，以及新发展格局的“新”，其内涵和要求是一致的，那就是“新发展理念”。发展新质生产力，就要把创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享等要求内化到生产力要素配置中，“加快健全要素参与收入分配机制，激发劳动、技术、管理、资本、数据等生产要素活力，更好体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值”，以“实现高素质劳动者和企业家、智能化数字化赋能的劳动资料和更广范围的劳动对象的优化组合，大幅提升资源配置效率和全要素生产率，持续增强高质量发展的推动力和支撑力”。

(IV) Traditional Industries, Emerging Industries, and Future Industries: Important Positions for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

（四）传统产业、新兴产业、未来产业：发展新质生产力的重要阵地

Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must lead industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, and actively cultivate and develop new quality productive forces.” The academic community generally believes that industry is an important carrier and concrete manifestation of the development of productive forces, and it is necessary to coordinate the upgrading of traditional industries, the expansion of emerging industries, and the cultivation of future industries, creating the “main positions” for developing new quality productive forces.

习近平强调：“要以科技创新引领产业创新，积极培育和发展新质生产力。”学界普遍认为，产业是生产力发展的重要载体和具体表现形式，要统筹推进传统产业升级、新兴产业壮大、未来产业培育，打造发展新质生产力的“主阵地”。

Transformation and upgrading are key for traditional industries to stimulate new quality productive forces. Some scholars have pointed out that traditional industries such as light industry, textiles, and machinery are industries in which China has obvious comparative advantages in the international market, accounting for over 80% of China’s manufacturing industry, and are the leading force supporting China’s economic development and a vital force participating in international competition. These industries have strong driving effects, high industrial correlation, and high international market share, and are the foundation of China’s modern industrial system. “Traditional industries do not represent backward productive forces,” “traditional industries are the foundation for forming new quality productive forces,” and “developing new quality productive forces does not mean neglecting or abandoning traditional industries.” At the same time, it is also necessary to face up to the problems existing in China’s traditional industries, such as overcapacity in low-end products, insufficient supply of high-end products, and weak innovation capacity, and deeply understand that “only by taking the path of deep transformation and upgrading, relying on technological innovation, factor innovation, etc., to stimulate the new quality productive forces of traditional industries, can new competitive advantages be reshaped.”

转型升级是传统产业激发新质生产力的关键。有学者指出，轻工、纺织、机械等传统产业是我国在国际市场上具有明显比较优势的行业，在我国制造业中占比超 80%，是支撑我国经济发展的主导力量和参与国际竞争的生力军。这些产业带动效应强、产业关联度大、国际市场占有率高，是我国现代化产业体系的基底。“传统产业不代表落后生产力”，“传统产业是形成新质生产力的基础”，“发展新质生产力不是忽视、放弃传统产业”。同时，也要正视我国传统产业存在的诸如低端产能过剩、高端供给不足、创新能力薄弱等问题，深刻认识“只有走深度转型升级之路，靠技术创新、要素创新等，催生出传统产业的新质生产力，才能重塑竞争新优势”。

Strategic emerging industries provide enormous space for the development and growth of new quality productive forces. Some scholars have pointed out that from the very beginning of the concept of “new quality productive forces,” strategic emerging industries have been an important part of it. Strategic emerging industries embody the development direction of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, “are industrial clusters where a series of innovation activities such as scientific and technological innovation, business model innovation, and enterprise organizational innovation burst forth, and are an important focal point for promoting the sustainable development of new quality productive forces.” In the process of the accelerated evolution of the global industrial landscape, countries are actively seizing the commanding heights of the technological frontier and focusing on laying out forward-looking strategic high-tech industries. China’s acceleration of the development of new quality productive forces “is an accurate grasp of the current trend of scientific, technological, and industrial development, and strategic emerging industries are a key link in this process, which will accelerate the leap in the level of productive forces.”

战略性新兴产业为新质生产力发展壮大提供巨大空间。有学者指出，从“新质生产力”概念提出伊始，战略性新兴产业就是其中重要内容。战略性新兴产业，集中体现了新一轮科技革命的发展方向，“是科技创新、商业模式创新、企业组织创新等一系列创新活动迸发的产业集群，是推动新质生产力持续发展的重要着力点”。在全球产业格局加速演进过程中，各国积极抢占科技前沿制高点，着力布局前瞻性战略性高技术产业。我国加快发展新质生产力，“是对当前科技产业发展大势的准确把握，战略性新兴产业是其中的关键环节，将加速推动生产力水平跃升”。

Forward-looking layout of future industries is urgent for accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces. Some scholars, based on the development prospects of future industries and the current fierce international competition in this field, believe that “although future industries are still in the embryonic stage, they can play an important leading role in economic and social development,” and “laying out future industries and accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces is urgent.” In this regard, a considerable number of studies have proposed that “it is necessary to strengthen the overall planning of future industries from the national strategic level,” and in frontier technology and industrial transformation fields such as brain-like intelligence, quantum information, gene technology, future networks, deep-sea and aerospace development, and hydrogen energy and energy storage, organize the implementation of future industry incubation and acceleration plans, and prepare for productive forces reserves.

前瞻布局未来产业对于加快形成新质生产力刻不容缓。有学者立足未来产业的发展前景和当前该领域激烈的国际竞争，认为“未来产业虽还处于产业萌芽阶段，但能对经济社会发展起到重要引领作用”，“布局未来产业、加快形成新质生产力刻不容缓”。就此，相当多的研究都提出，“要从国家战略层面加强对未来产业的统筹谋划”，在类脑智能、量子信息、基因技术、未来网络、深海空天开发、氢能与储能等前沿科技和产业变革领域，组织实施未来产业孵化与加速计划，做好生产力储备。

Many scholars also specifically note that, as new pillars and new tracks leading industrial upgrading and future development, strategic emerging industries and future industries are “the concrete point of application for accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces,” and both “possess enormous potential, high growth, strategic significance, and pioneering character.” They point out: at present, China’s capacity for science and technology to support industrial development is continuously strengthening, laying a good foundation for the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries. It is necessary to accelerate the cultivation and expansion of strategic emerging industries, plan and build future industries, promote the extension of industrial chains to upstream and downstream, and continuously inject surging momentum into high-quality development.

不少学者还特别提及，作为引领产业升级和未来发展的新支柱、新赛道，战略性新兴产业和未来产业是“加快形成新质生产力的现实落点”，二者都“具有巨大的潜力和高成长性、战略性和先导性”。他们指出：当前我国科技支撑产业发展能力不断增强，为战略性新兴产业和未来产业发展奠定了良好基础。要加快培育壮大战略性新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，推动产业链向上下游延伸，为高质量发展持续注入澎湃动能。

(5) “Innovation,” “High Quality,” “Advanced Productive Forces”: Three Keywords for Understanding New Quality Productive Forces

（五）“创新”“质优”“先进生产力”：理解新质生产力的三个关键词

Xi Jinping points out: new quality productive forces are “characterized by innovation, the key lies in high quality, and the essence is advanced productive forces.” The academic community highly endorses this important elucidation and has closely focused on the three keywords “innovation,” “high quality,” and “advanced productive forces,” conducting extensive research on how to accurately understand the rich connotation of new quality productive forces.

习近平指出：新质生产力“特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力”。学界高度认同这一重要阐发，并紧密围绕“创新”“质优”“先进生产力”三个关键词，就如何准确理解新质生产力的丰富内涵作了大量研究。

“Characterized by innovation” means that “new quality productive forces are an advanced form of productive forces in which innovation plays a leading role.” This requires that, in grasping new quality productive forces, the key lies in deeply understanding the core role of innovation within them.

“特点是创新”，意味着“新质生产力是创新起主导作用的先进生产力质态”。这就要求，把握新质生产力，关键在于深刻认识创新在其中的核心作用。

“The key lies in high quality” means that new quality productive forces are “the organic unity of new-type labor subjects and new-quality labor objects, a higher-level modernized productive force.” It is qualitatively different from traditional productive forces; it is “a subversive transformation of the traditional mode of production, requiring comprehensive innovation in laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor, achieving an all-round transformation of the driving mode, mode of action, and mode of manifestation of productive forces.”

“关键在质优”，意味着新质生产力是“新型劳动主体与新质劳动客体的有机统一，是一种更高水平的现代化生产力”。它与传统生产力有质的区别，“是对传统生产方式的颠覆性变革，要求在劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象上全面创新，实现生产力驱动方式、作用方式、表现方式的全方位变革”。

“The essence is advanced productive forces” means that “developing new quality productive forces is not merely an increase in the total quantity of productive forces, but a profound transformation of productive forces.” Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is conducive both to cultivating and developing a number of pillar industries with large industrial scale and strong driving capacity, and to accelerating the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, building a modern industrial system with completeness, advanced nature, and security, and enhancing the resilience of China’s economic development.

“本质是先进生产力”，意味着“发展新质生产力不仅仅是生产力总量的增加，更是生产力的深刻变革”。加快发展新质生产力，既有利于培育发展一批产业规模大、带动能力强的支柱产业，也有利于加快传统产业转型升级，建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系，增强我国经济发展韧性。

In addition to the several aspects mentioned above, some scholars have also extensively and deeply explored the basic connotation of new quality productive forces from perspectives such as “the formation logic of productive forces,” “the factor structure of productive forces,” and “the comparison between traditional productive forces and new quality productive forces.” These studies all play an important role in enabling us to grasp the rich connotation of this major concept more comprehensively, multi-dimensionally, and three-dimensionally.

除了上述几个方面之外，还有学者围绕“生产力的形成逻辑”“生产力的要素结构”“传统生产力与新质生产力的对比”等角度，广泛而深入地探讨了新质生产力的基本内涵。这些研究，对于我们更为全面、多维、立体地把握这一重大概念的丰富内涵，都有着重要作用。

3. Practical Requirements for Cultivating and Developing New Quality Productive Forces

三、培育发展新质生产力的实践要求

Cultivating and developing new quality productive forces is an objective requirement for us to liberate and develop productive forces on the new journey of the New Era, and it is also an inevitable choice for promoting the iterative upgrading of China’s productive forces and realizing the modernization of productive forces. For this reason, the academic community has extensively discussed the practical requirements for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces.

培育发展新质生产力，是新时代新征程我们解放和发展生产力的客观要求，也是推动我国生产力迭代升级、实现生产力现代化的必然选择。正因为此，学界对培育发展新质生产力的实践要求进行了广泛探讨。

(1) Accelerating the Realization of High-Level Self-Reliance and Self-Strengthening in Science and Technology

（一）加快实现高水平科技自立自强

Xi Jinping emphasizes that it is necessary to strengthen scientific and technological innovation, especially original and subversive scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the realization of high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, fight the tough battle for key core technologies, so that original and subversive scientific and technological innovation achievements emerge in competition, and cultivate new momentum for developing new quality productive forces. The academic community generally believes that “scientific and technological innovation is the source of the formation of new quality productive forces,” and accelerating the realization of high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology “is the key to developing new quality productive forces.”

习近平强调，必须加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，使原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果竞相涌现，培育发展新质生产力的新动能。学界普遍认为，“科技创新是新质生产力形成的源头”，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，“是发展新质生产力的关键所在”。

Some scholars propose to fully leverage the advantage of China’s socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, and strengthen the scientific and technological support for developing new quality productive forces. Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces requires subversive and breakthrough innovation in cutting-edge technology fields as a prerequisite. This necessitates fully leveraging the advantage of China’s socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, and fighting the tough battle for key core technologies. To this end, it is necessary to deploy in advance, comprehensively carry out forward-looking, pioneering, and exploratory cutting-edge technology research, vigorously support industrial application research, promote collaborative innovation and integrated development of industry, academia, and research, strengthen the awareness and capability of enterprises for independent innovation, strengthen the driving role of scientific and technological innovation in strategic emerging industries, and promote the transformation of more scientific and technological achievements into actual new quality productive forces.

有学者提出要充分发挥我国社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，强化发展新质生产力的科技支撑。加快发展新质生产力需要以前沿技术领域的颠覆式、突破式创新为前提，这就需要充分发挥我国社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，打好关键核心技术攻坚战。为此，要超前部署，全面开展前瞻性、先导性和探索性的前沿技术研究，大力支持产业应用研究，推进产、学、研协同创新和融合发展，强化企业自主创新的意识和能力，强化科技创新对战略性新兴产业的驱动作用，推动更多科技成果转化为现实的新质生产力。

Some scholars point out that it is necessary to continue to optimize and improve the top-level design, and further increase support for original and subversive scientific and technological innovation. On the one hand, it is necessary to drive technological innovation with major innovation projects, lead industrial clusters with leading enterprises, form a development model of collaborative research among government departments, key enterprises, and research institutes, and promote the formation of new quality productive forces; on the other hand, it is necessary to focus on the advantageous areas of local development, timely issue special development plans for key areas, introduce relevant policies, increase policy support through fiscal and tax support, achieve the goal of driving the overall situation with one region, and form a multi-level spatial pattern of innovation sources, industrial carrying capacity, and resource guarantee.

有学者指出，要继续优化完善顶层设计，进一步加大对原创性、颠覆性科技创新的支持力度。一方面，要以重大创新项目带动技术创新，以龙头企业引领产业集群，形成政府部门、重点企业、科研院所协同攻关的发展模式，推动形成新质生产力；另一方面，要着眼本地发展的优势领域，适时出台重点领域的专项发展规划，出台相关政策，通过财政和税收支持，加大政策支持力度，实现以一域带全局，形成创新策源、产业承载、资源保障的多层次空间格局。

(2) Improving the Modern Industrial System

（二）完善现代化产业体系

Xi Jinping emphasizes: “It is necessary to lay out industrial chains around the development of new quality productive forces,” “timely apply scientific and technological innovation achievements to specific industries and industrial chains, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and expand emerging industries, plan and build future industries, and improve the modern industrial system.” The academic community unanimously affirms the important role of building a modern industrial system in cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, and has put forward suggestions on how to use the modern industrial system to lead the development of new quality productive forces.

习近平强调：“要围绕发展新质生产力布局产业链”，“及时将科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系”。学界一致肯定建设现代化产业体系对于培育和发展新质生产力的重要作用，并对如何以现代化产业体系引领新质生产力发展提出了建议。

Some scholars propose that cultivating new industries is a key task for developing new quality productive forces. On the one hand, it is necessary to seize the “main battlefield” of strategic emerging industries and future industries, focus on building emerging industries such as biomedicine, commercial aerospace, and low-altitude economy, and focus on opening up new tracks for future industries such as quantum and life sciences; on the other hand, it is necessary to firmly grasp the “bull’s nose” of the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, widely promote the use of digital-intelligent technologies, green technologies, etc., promote traditional industries to move towards the mid-to-high end, and accelerate the conversion of old and new driving forces.

有学者提出，发展新质生产力，培育新产业是重点任务。一方面，要通过抓住战略性新兴产业和未来产业这个“主阵地”，着力打造生物医药、商业航天、低空经济等新兴产业，着力开辟量子、生命科学等未来产业新赛道；另一方面，则要牢牢扭住传统产业转型升级这个“牛鼻子”，广泛推广使用数智技术、绿色技术等，推动传统产业向中高端迈进，推动新旧能加速转换。

Some scholars have seriously considered the development paths for improving the modern industrial system. These development paths mainly include: basing on the foundation of the real economy, actively promoting new-type industrialization, and accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system supported by advanced manufacturing; promoting industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, promoting intelligent, green, and integrated industrial development, and building a modern industrial system with completeness, advanced nature, and security.

有学者就如何完善现代化产业体系的发展路径进行了认真思考。这些发展路径主要有：立足实体经济这个根基，积极推进新型工业化，加快构建以先进制造业为支撑的现代化产业体系；以科技创新推动产业创新，推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化，建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系。

(3) Accelerating the Green Transformation of the Development Model

（三）加快发展方式绿色转型

Xi Jinping points out: “Green development is the background color of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces themselves are green productive forces.” The academic community generally believes that new quality productive forces are developed under the general trend of global green transformation, have distinct green and low-carbon characteristics, and accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces means accelerating the green transformation of productive forces.

习近平指出：“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。”学界普遍认为，新质生产力是在全球绿色转型的大趋势下发展起来的，具有鲜明的绿色低碳特质，加快形成新质生产力意味着就要加快生产力的绿色转型。

Some scholars propose that green development endows new quality productive forces with a green foundation, internal mechanism, and distinctive quality, and is the foundation, source, and driving force for the formation and development of new quality productive forces. In the New Era, it is necessary to lead green development with scientific and technological innovation. “On the one hand, it is necessary to base on the existing industrial foundation, integrate scientific and technological innovation resources, and accelerate the upgrading of traditional industries and their digital, networked, and intelligent transformation.” “On the other hand, it is necessary to accelerate the research, development, and promotion of advanced energy-saving and carbon-reduction technologies, actively cultivate strategic emerging industries and future industries such as new energy, new materials, advanced manufacturing, and electronic information with advanced green technologies,” and “continuously promote science and technology to empower green development.”

有学者提出，绿色发展赋予新质生产力以绿色底蕴、内在机理和鲜明品质，是新质生产力形成和发展的根基、源泉与动力。新时代要以科技创新引领绿色发展，“一方面要立足现有产业基础，整合科技创新资源，加快推动传统产业升级和数字化、网络化、智能化改造”，“另一方面要加快节能降碳先进技术研发和推广应用，以先进绿色技术积极培育新能源、新材料、先进制造、电子信息等战略性新兴产业和未来产业”，“不断推动科技赋能绿色发展”。

Some scholars also propose that greening represents the direction of current technological and industrial transformation and is an important direction for accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces. It is necessary to make comprehensive efforts in green technological innovation and green economic policies, “accelerate green technological innovation and the development and utilization of advanced green technologies, thereby developing green industrial chains and green service industries, building a green and low-carbon circular economic system,” and contribute to accelerating the development of green productive forces.

还有学者提出，绿色化代表了当今科技和产业变革方向，是加快形成新质生产力的重要方向。要在绿色科技创新和绿色经济政策上全面发力，“加快绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术的开发和利用，进而发展绿色产业链和绿色服务业，构建绿色低碳的循环经济体系”，为加快绿色生产力发展助力。

(4) Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Form a New Type of Production Relations Compatible with It

（四）进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系

Xi Jinping pointed out: “To develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reform comprehensively and form new relations of production that are compatible with them.” The academic community generally believes that new quality productive forces are formed through the continuous advancement of key breakthroughs in technological revolution, and to further accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to form and perfect new relations of production that are compatible with them.

习近平指出：“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”学界普遍认为，新质生产力是由技术革命的重点突破不断推动而形成的，进一步推动新质生产力加快发展，必须形成和完善与之相适应的新型生产关系。

Some scholars have proposed that accelerating the cultivation of new quality productive forces urgently requires deepening reform to further perfect new relations of production, and have further put forward the priorities of reform. These include: further perfecting the socialist market economy system, so that all types of high-quality factors of production flow smoothly in the direction of forming new quality productive forces; improving the business environment, to provide a favorable growth environment for the exploration of original innovation capabilities and the market promotion of achievements in new quality productive forces; implementing high-level opening up to the outside world, to form an international environment conducive to the development of new quality productive forces; and so on.

有学者提出，加快培育新质生产力迫切需要通过深化改革来进一步完善新型生产关系，并进一步提出了改革的重点。包括：进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制，让各类优质生产要素向形成新质生产力的方向顺畅流动；完善营商环境，为新质生产力的原始创新能力发掘和成果市场推广提供良好成长环境；实施高水平对外开放，形成有利于新质生产力发展的国际环境；等等。

Some scholars emphasize that it is necessary to further deepen reform, strengthen institutional and mechanism innovation, unblock bottlenecks, optimize the environment, make every effort to resolve deep-seated institutional obstacles and structural contradictions, fully stimulate the innovation and entrepreneurship vitality of the whole society, innovate the mode of allocation of factors of production, enable all types of advanced and high-quality factors of production to flow smoothly toward the development of new quality productive forces, enhance the overall competitiveness of industries, and cultivate new competitive advantages in industries.

有学者强调，必须进一步深化改革，强化体制机制创新，打通堵点、优化环境，着力破解深层次体制机制障碍和结构性矛盾，充分激发全社会创新创业创造活力，创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动，提升产业整体竞争力，培育产业竞争新优势。

Some scholars focus on further stimulating the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of various types of business entities in reform, pointing out: it is necessary to accelerate the perfection of basic market economy systems such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit; perfect the institutional mechanisms for implementing the “two unswervinglys” [7]7 The “two unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) refer to the Party’s policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy.; effectively leverage the important role of private enterprises in cultivating and expanding new quality productive forces; strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, increase the openness of scientific and technological resources of universities and research institutes to enterprises, especially private enterprises; and continuously build a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment, forming an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness.

有学者聚焦在改革中进一步激发各类经营主体的内生动力和创新活力，指出：要加快完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，有效发挥民营企业在培育壮大新质生产力中的重要作用；要强化企业创新主体地位，加大高校、科研院所科技资源向企业特别是民营企业的开放力度；要持续建设市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。

(5) Unblocking the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent

（五）畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环

Xi Jinping pointed out: “In accordance with the requirements for developing new quality productive forces, we must unblock the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, and perfect the working mechanism for the cultivation, introduction, use, and rational flow of talent.” The academic community generally believes that building a new type of workforce, including strategic talents capable of creating new quality productive forces and applied talents capable of proficiently mastering the means of production of new quality productive forces, is a key task in accelerating the cultivation of new quality productive forces.

习近平指出：“要按照发展新质生产力要求，畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环，完善人才培养、引进、使用、合理流动的工作机制。”学界普遍认为，打造新型劳动者队伍，包括能够创造新质生产力的战略人才和能够熟练掌握新质生产资料的应用型人才，是加快培育新质生产力的重点工作。

Some scholars propose adopting multiple measures simultaneously to cultivate a new type of worker. Specifically, it is necessary to thoroughly implement the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, give full play to the role of talent as the primary resource, strengthen the independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talents, and strengthen the cultivation of applied and skilled talents. It is necessary to focus on cultivating and expanding strategic emerging industries and future industries, expand the types and forms of objects of labor, and continuously open up new fields and new tracks for production activities.

有学者提出，要多管齐下培育新型劳动者。具体来说，要深入实施人才强国战略，充分发挥人才的第一资源作用，加强拔尖创新人才自主培养，加强应用型、技能型人才培养。要以培育壮大战略性新兴产业和未来产业为重点，拓展劳动对象的种类和形态，不断开辟生产活动的新领域新赛道。

Some scholars also emphasize that accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces ultimately depends on innovative talents. People are the most active and most decisive active subject in the generation of productive forces. It is necessary to formulate and implement innovative talent policies for nurturing talent, attracting talent, and introducing intelligence, and cultivate a high-level talent team with international vision, knowledge of modern enterprise management, high-tech research and development capabilities, and proficiency in utilizing new quality productive forces.

有学者还强调，加快形成新质生产力归根结底要靠创新人才。人是生产力生成中最活跃、最具决定意义的能动主体。要制定落实好育才招才引智的创新人才政策，培养具备国际视野、懂现代化企业管理、拥有高科技研发能力、善于利用新质生产力的高水平人才队伍。

(6) Developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions

（六）因地制宜发展新质生产力

Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions.” The academic community generally believes that in the face of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, we must both seize opportunities and adhere to a systematic approach, scientifically plan, make overall considerations, and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions.

习近平指出：“要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，因地制宜发展新质生产力。”学界普遍认为，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，我们既要抢抓机遇，又要坚持系统观念，科学谋划、统筹兼顾，因地制宜发展新质生产力。

Developing new quality productive forces is a long-term task and a systematic project. Some scholars propose that accelerating the development of new quality productive forces involves many aspects and must adhere to making progress while maintaining stability, advancing solidly and steadily. China has a vast territory, and the resource endowments, industrial foundations, scientific research conditions, etc., vary from region to region. Each region must identify its focus and main direction, play its “characteristic card,” walk steadily on the “pragmatic path,” and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions. Some scholars emphasize that in the process of developing new quality productive forces, “it is necessary to prevent both the mechanical materialist approach of neglecting and abandoning traditional industries and the conservative approach of sticking to old ways and hesitating to move forward,” and “follow the development laws of different industries and the spatial growth laws of different regions, analyze specific industries specifically, lay out specific regions specifically, and coordinate the development of various industries according to local conditions through region-specific and industry-specific policies.”

发展新质生产力是一项长期任务、系统工程。有学者提出，加快发展新质生产力，涉及方面较多，必须坚持稳中求进，扎扎实实向前推进。我国幅员广阔，地区间资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等不尽相同，各地必须找准着力点和主攻方向，打好“特色牌”，走稳“务实路”，因地制宜发展新质生产力。有学者强调，在发展新质生产力的过程中，“既要防止忽视、放弃传统产业的机械唯物主义做法，也要防止出现墨守成规、裹足不前的保守主义做法”，要“循着不同产业的发展规律和不同地区的空间成长规律，具体产业具体分析，具体地区具体布局，通过分区域施策、分产业施策，因地制宜统筹各类产业发展”。

Accurately grasping the connotation and extension of new quality productive forces. Some scholars point out that new quality productive forces are not only a major innovation in the theory of productive forces but also an important transformation in the field of productive forces. Whether in theory or in practice, they have clear connotations and extensions and cannot be “generalized and abused.” “If the boundaries and characteristics of new quality productive forces are ignored and all kinds of miscellaneous work is included, it will be difficult to grasp the principal contradiction to drive the overall work,” “not only will it be easy to lose the direction of development, but it will also miss development opportunities.”

准确把握新质生产力的内涵和外延。有学者指出，新质生产力不仅是生产力理论的重大创新，更是生产力领域的重要变革。无论是理论上还是实践中，它都有明确的内涵和外延，不能“泛化和滥用”。“如果忽略新质生产力的边界和特征，把七七八八的工作都纳入进来，就很难抓住主要矛盾带动全局工作”，“不仅容易迷失发展方向，更会错失发展机遇”。

4. Conclusion

四、结 语

For some time now, the academic community, closely combining Xi Jinping’s important expositions on new quality productive forces, has conducted extensive and in-depth research and discussion on issues such as the background of the proposal, rich connotations, and practical requirements of new quality productive forces, and has achieved quite fruitful research results. These research results cover a wide range of disciplinary fields and a comprehensive range of content, encompassing all areas and aspects of Chinese-path modernization, and generally exhibit the following distinctive characteristics.

一段时间以来，学界紧密结合习近平关于新质生产力的重要论述，围绕新质生产力的提出背景、丰富内涵、实践要求等问题进行了广泛深入的研究探讨，并取得了相当丰硕的研究成果。这些研究成果，涉及学科领域广、内容覆盖面全，涵盖了中国式现代化的各领域各方面，总体上呈现出如下鲜明特点。

First, a strong concern for reality. As an inherent requirement and important focal point for promoting high-quality development, how to cultivate and develop new quality productive forces has attracted widespread attention from the whole society and has significant practical significance. Precisely for this reason, the academic community has deeply explored the great significance of accelerating the development of new quality productive forces for comprehensively advancing the historical process of Chinese-path modernization, for solving the blocking and bottleneck problems that constrain the construction of a new development pattern and promote high-quality development, the pain points and difficulties in the development environment and people’s livelihood fields, and the focal and hot issues that contradict social fairness and justice, as well as the great significance of laying out the construction of China’s industrial chain and supply chain from a global perspective, continuously improving the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain, and thereby winning the “strategic commanding heights” of international competition, and a series of other major practical issues. These studies not only closely follow the prominent contradictions and some cutting-edge, nascent trends existing in the fields of the current world economy, international politics, the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and industrial transformation, but also conform to the people’s aspiration for a better life, closely respond to a series of major issues urgently needing resolution raised by China’s current economic and social development, and demonstrate a strong concern for reality.

一是强烈的现实关照。作为推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，如何培育发展新质生产力备受全社会关注，具有重大现实意义。正因如此，学界深入探讨了加快发展新质生产力对于全面推进中国式现代化历史进程的重大意义，对于解决制约构建新发展格局和推动高质量发展的卡点堵点问题、发展环境和民生领域的痛点难点问题、有悖社会公平正义的焦点热点问题等的重大意义，以及对于从全球视野布局我国产业链供应链建设、不断提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平、进而赢得国际竞争“战略制高点”的重大意义等一系列重大现实问题。这些研究，既紧扣当前世界经济、国际政治、新一轮科技革命和产业变革等领域存在的突出矛盾和出现的一些前沿性、苗头性趋向，又顺应人民群众对美好生活的向往，紧密回应当前我国经济社会发展所提出的一系列亟待解决的重大问题，展现出了强烈的现实关照。

Second, solid theoretical tracing. As a brand-new major concept, enabling the entire Party and society to accurately recognize, understand, and grasp the connotation of new quality productive forces is no easy task. In view of this, the academic community has conducted quite solid and diverse research on the theoretical tracing of this major concept and its popularization and mass-oriented interpretation and analysis. Some have deeply analyzed and interpreted from the important expositions of Marxist classical writers on developing social productive forces to Xi Jinping’s important expositions on new quality productive forces; some have vividly and meticulously introduced the basic constituent elements of productive forces and their current development and evolution trends; some have systematically reviewed the rise and development process of several rounds of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in world history and their profound impact on global history and the destiny of mankind; and so on. These detailed and richly diverse studies have important reference value for all sectors of society to deepen their understanding and grasp of the basic connotation of new quality productive forces from the combination of history and reality, theory and practice, domestic and international, etc.

二是扎实的理论溯源。作为一个崭新的重大概念，如何让全党全社会准确认识、理解和把握新质生产力的内涵，并未易事。有鉴于此，学界围绕这一重大概念的理论溯源及其通俗化、大众化解读与分析，作出了相当扎实的多样化研究。有的深入分析解读了从马克思主义经典作家关于发展社会生产力的重要论述到习近平关于新质生产力的重要论述，有的生动细致地介绍了生产力的基本构成要素及其当前发展演变态势，有的系统回顾了世界历史上数轮科技革命和产业变革的兴起、发展历程及其对全球历史、人类命运所产生的深远影响，等等。这些内容详实、形式丰富的多样化研究，对于社会各界从历史与现实、理论与实践、国内与国际等的结合上，深化对新质生产力基本内涵的认识和理解，具有重要参考价值。

Third, rigorous practical summarization. The various studies conducted on new quality productive forces have as their social value the better service of reality. It is precisely based on this social responsibility that the academic community, closely combining the direction of how to promote the iterative upgrading of China’s productive forces and realize the modernization of productive forces in the New Era, has focused on several important points of effort—such as how to accelerate the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, how to improve the modern industrial system, how to accelerate the green transformation of the development model, how to form new types of production relations compatible with new quality productive forces, how to smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, and how to develop new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions—and has continuously deepened research through debate and discussion, constantly identified and addressed shortcomings, and continuously refined and summarized experience, in order to form a more globally guiding understanding of regularities. It should be fully recognized that these extensive and rigorous research efforts have provided important academic nourishment and practical guidance for China to capitalize on trends, avoid disadvantages, and accelerate the pace of cultivating and developing new quality productive forces under the current circumstances.

三是严谨的实践概括。围绕新质生产力开展的种种研究，其社会价值均在更好地服务现实。正是立足这一社会责任，学界紧密结合新时代新征程如何推动我国生产力迭代升级、实现生产力现代化这一方向，紧紧围绕如何加快实现高水平科技自立自强、如何完善现代化产业体系、如何加快发展方式绿色转型、如何形成与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系、如何畅通教育科技人才的良性循环、如何因地制宜发展新质生产力等几个重要着力点，在争鸣探讨中持续深化研究，不断梳理查找不足，不断提炼总结经验，以期形成更富全局性指导意义的规律性认识。应该充分认识到，这些大量的严谨的研究努力，为我国在当前形势下因势利导、趋利避害，加快培育发展新质生产力的步伐，提供了重要的学术滋养和实践指引。

Admittedly, as a research discussion that has sparked widespread social concern in a short period, it is inevitable that there will be problems such as insufficiently focused research questions and the need for deeper exploration of some major issues. For example, how to both avoid the “conceptual generalization” and “conceptual idling” of new quality productive forces (labeling everything with the tag “new quality productive forces”) and avoid “narrowing” the strategic connotation of new quality productive forces (pointing it only at some technological and industrial sectors); how to correctly grasp the dialectical relationship between emerging industries, future industries, and traditional industries, both preventing the neglect of the laws of industrial development (insufficient attention to traditional industries) and preventing the view of new quality productive forces as merely a matter for the industrial sector (insufficient attention to industries in other broad fields); and so on. These are all major topics that urgently require continued strengthening in research in this field. But who can deny that these major topics still awaiting further strengthening will not, in the future, have a more far-reaching academic impact on the further theoretical construction and practical guidance of this major concept of new quality productive forces?

诚然，作为一种短时间即引发社会广泛关注的研究探讨，其间难免会存在研究问题不够聚焦、一些重大问题仍需深入挖掘等问题。比如，如何既避免新质生产力的“概念泛化”“概念空转”的问题（把什么都贴上“新质生产力”的标签），又避免将新质生产力的战略内涵“狭义化”（将其只单纯指向一些技术和产业部门）；如何正确把握新兴产业、未来产业和传统产业的辩证关系，既防止忽视产业发展规律（对传统产业重视不够），又防止仅仅将新质生产力看作是工业部门的事（对其他广泛领域的产业重视不够），等等。这些都是该领域研究迫切需要继续加强的重大课题。但谁又能否认，这些尚待继续加强的重大课题，在将来又不会对新质生产力这一重大概念的进一步理论建构和实践指引产生更为深远的学术影响呢？

(Authors: Dong Zhenrui, Researcher at the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee; Li Zhen, Assistant Researcher at the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee)

（作者：董振瑞，中共中央党史和文献研究院研究员；李臻，中共中央党史和文献研究院助理研究员）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心