Deeply Grasping the Connotation and Essential Meaning of High-Quality Economic Development

High-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country in all respects. Without a solid material and technological foundation, it is impossible to build a great modern socialist country in all respects. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has deeply analyzed the new historical conditions and stages of China’s development, comprehensively understood and grasped the practical process of China’s modernization and the general laws of modernization in various countries, creatively put forward the major thesis that China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, and made major decisions and deployments to promote high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important expositions on issues such as why we should promote high-quality development, what high-quality development is, and how to promote high-quality development. These important expositions are an important part of Xi Jinping’s economic thought and provide the fundamental guidance for us to better promote high-quality economic development.

高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。没有坚实的物质技术基础，就不可能全面建成社会主义现代化强国。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央深入分析我国发展新的历史条件和阶段、全面认识和把握我国现代化建设实践历程以及各国现代化建设一般规律，创造性提出我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的重大论断，作出推动高质量发展的重大决策部署。习近平总书记围绕为什么要推动高质量发展、什么是高质量发展、怎样推动高质量发展等问题作出一系列重要论述。这些重要论述是习近平经济思想的重要组成部分，为我们更好推动经济高质量发展提供了根本遵循。

In 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC that “China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development.” In 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the “Explanation of the ‘Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035’” that “all fields, including the economy, society, culture, and ecology, must reflect the requirements of high-quality development.” In 2021, when participating in the deliberation of the Qinghai delegation at the Fourth Session of the 13th National People’s Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “High-quality development is not just an economic requirement, but a general requirement for all aspects of economic and social development; it is not a requirement only for economically developed regions, but a requirement that must be implemented in the development of all regions; it is not a requirement for a single moment or a single matter, but a requirement that must be adhered to for a long time.” The “Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century” adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC stated that “we must not judge success solely by the growth rate of gross domestic product; we must achieve high-quality development in which innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal.” In 2022, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC that “we must adhere to taking high-quality development as the theme.”

2017年，习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中指出，“我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段”。2020年，习近平总书记在《关于〈中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议〉的说明》中指出，“经济、社会、文化、生态等各领域都要体现高质量发展的要求”。2021年，习近平总书记在参加十三届全国人大四次会议青海代表团审议时强调：“高质量发展不只是一个经济要求，而是对经济社会发展方方面面的总要求；不是只对经济发达地区的要求，而是所有地区发展都必须贯彻的要求；不是一时一事的要求，而是必须长期坚持的要求。”党的十九届六中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》提出，“不能简单以生产总值增长率论英雄，必须实现创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的高质量发展”。2022年，习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中强调，“我们要坚持以推动高质量发展为主题”。

The major thesis that China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, and the clear designation of promoting high-quality development as the distinct theme of China’s economic development, are major strategic decisions made by our Party based on accurately grasping the characteristics and trends of the economic development stage, in response to new needs, new problems, and new requirements. This indicates the Party’s continuous deepening of its understanding of the laws of economic development and its further enhancement of its ability to grasp, follow, and apply these laws. On the new journey of the New Era, we must strive to promote high-quality development, organically combine the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening supply-side structural reform, enhance the endogenous driving force and reliability of the domestic economic cycle, improve the quality and level of the international economic cycle, accelerate the building of a modernized economic system, strive to increase total factor productivity, strive to enhance the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains, strive to promote integrated urban-rural development and coordinated regional development, promote the effective improvement of economic quality and reasonable growth of quantity, and lay a solid material and technological foundation for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

作出我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的重大论断，明确推动高质量发展是我国经济发展的鲜明主题，是我们党准确把握经济发展阶段特征和发展趋势，基于新需要、新问题、新要求作出的重大战略决策，表明党对经济发展规律认识的不断深化，把握规律、遵循规律、运用规律能力的进一步提升。新时代新征程，我们要着力推动高质量发展，把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来，增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性，提升国际循环质量和水平，加快建设现代化经济体系，着力提高全要素生产率，着力提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平，着力推进城乡融合和区域协调发展，推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长，为推进中国式现代化奠定坚实物质技术基础。

Understanding the Rich Connotation from Multiple Perspectives and Levels

多视角多层面理解丰富内涵

Economic growth and economic development are two different concepts. Economic growth is an increase in quantity, mainly referring to the continuous increase in per capita output (or per capita income) of a country (or region) over a time span, which can be measured by absolute growth quantity (such as GDP) or relative growth rate (such as growth rate). Economic development refers to the growth in quantity and the improvement in quality, being the organic unity of quantity and quality. “Quality” usually refers to the structure and efficiency of economic development, while “quantity” usually refers to the scale and speed of economic development. The improvement of quality provides sustained impetus for the growth of quantity, and the growth of quantity provides an important foundation for the improvement of quality; the two complement each other. Without effective improvement in quality, reasonable growth in quantity will be unsustainable; without reasonable growth in quantity, the optimization of economic structure, industrial transformation and upgrading, coordinated urban-rural and regional development, and improvement of people’s livelihood will all be impossible.

经济增长与经济发展是两个不同的概念。经济增长是量的增加，主要是指一个时间跨度内，一个国家（或地区）人均产出（或人均收入）水平的持续增加，可以用绝对增长数量（如GDP）或相对增长比率（如增长率）来衡量。经济发展是指量的增长和质的提升，是量和质的有机统一。“质”通常是指经济发展的结构、效益，“量”通常是指经济发展的规模、速度。质的提升为量的增长提供持续动力，量的增长为质的提升提供重要基础，二者相辅相成。如果没有质的有效提升，那么量的合理增长将不可持续；如果没有量的合理增长，那么经济结构优化、产业转型升级、城乡区域协调发展、民生福祉改善都将无从谈起。

Currently, China is in a critical period of starting and laying the groundwork for building a modern socialist country in all respects. The new mission and tasks, as well as the new development environment, place higher demands on economic development. To solidly promote high-quality economic development, we must grasp the rich connotation of high-quality economic development from multiple perspectives and levels, and better coordinate the effective improvement of economic quality and the reasonable growth of quantity.

当前，我国正处在全面建设社会主义现代化国家开局起步的关键时期，新的使命任务和新的发展环境都对经济发展提出了更高的要求。扎实推动经济高质量发展，必须基于多视角多层面把握经济高质量发展的丰富内涵，更好统筹经济质的有效提升和量的合理增长。

First, grasp high-quality economic development based on the new stage of development.

第一，基于新发展阶段把握经济高质量发展。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “the new stage of development is a new stage in which our Party has led the people to achieve a historic leap from standing up and growing rich to becoming strong.” [1]1 This refers to the three historical leaps of the Chinese nation under the leadership of the CPC: “standing up” (the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949), “growing rich” (the period of reform and opening up starting in 1978), and “becoming strong” (the New Era since the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012). Entering the new stage of development is a strategic judgment made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on a scientific analysis of the basic characteristics of the primary stage of socialism and a profound grasp of the domestic and international development trends. We must base ourselves on the new stage of development and deeply understand the connotation of high-quality economic development in the process of recognizing and grasping the stage-specific characteristics of China’s social development.

习近平总书记强调，“新发展阶段是我们党带领人民迎来从站起来、富起来到强起来历史性跨越的新阶段”。进入新发展阶段，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央科学分析社会主义初级阶段基本特征、深刻把握国内国际发展大势作出的战略判断。必须立足新发展阶段，在认识和把握我国社会发展的阶段性特征中深刻理解经济高质量发展的内涵。

In the new stage of development, China faces new development environments and conditions. Looking at the international situation, the international landscape and system are undergoing profound adjustments, the global governance system is undergoing profound changes, and the balance of international forces is undergoing the most revolutionary change since modern times. In terms of trends, it shows a “rise of the East and decline of the West,” but the situation of “the West being strong and the East being weak” will not change in the short term. On the one hand, peace and development remain the themes of the times, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is flourishing, world multipolarity, economic globalization, cultural diversity, and social informatization are developing in depth, and the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is gaining popularity. On the other hand, the international environment is becoming increasingly complex, with significantly increased instability and uncertainty. Economic globalization is encountering headwinds, populism and xenophobia are on the rise, and unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemonism pose threats to world peace and development. The international economic, technological, cultural, security, and political landscapes are all undergoing profound and complex changes. Coupled with the widespread and far-reaching impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. Looking at the domestic situation, the fundamentals of China’s long-term positive economic growth have not changed, but reform, development, and stability still face many deep-seated contradictions. The triple pressures of demand contraction, supply shocks, and weakening expectations remain relatively large. The foundation for economic recovery is not yet solid, the sustainability of the momentum for consumption recovery faces challenges, and the slowdown in global economic growth continues to put pressure on external demand. China’s development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities and risks and challenges coexist, and uncertainties and unpredictable factors are increasing. In this regard, only by enhancing our awareness of potential dangers and unswervingly promoting high-quality development can we gain an advantage, seize the initiative, and win the future in the fierce international competition.

新发展阶段，我国面临新的发展环境和条件。先看国际，当前，国际格局和国际体系正在发生深刻调整，全球治理体系正在发生深刻变革，国际力量对比正在发生近代以来最具革命性的变化。从趋势看，呈现“东升西降”，但“西强东弱”短期内不会改变。一方面，和平与发展仍然是时代主题，新一轮科技革命和产业变革蓬勃发展，世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化深入发展，人类命运共同体理念深入人心。另一方面，国际环境日趋复杂，不稳定性不确定性明显增加，经济全球化遭遇逆流，民粹主义、排外主义抬头，单边主义、保护主义、霸权主义对世界和平与发展构成威胁，国际经济、科技、文化、安全、政治等格局都在发生深刻复杂变化。加之新冠疫情影响广泛深远，世界进入新的动荡变革期。再看国内，我国经济长期向好的基本面没有改变，但改革发展稳定依然面临不少深层次矛盾，需求收缩、供给冲击、预期转弱三重压力仍然较大，经济恢复的基础尚不牢固，消费复苏动能的可持续性面临挑战，全球经济增长放缓使外需持续承压，我国发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期。对此，只有增强忧患意识，坚定不移推动高质量发展，才能在激烈的国际竞争中赢得优势、赢得主动、赢得未来。

Second, grasp high-quality economic development based on the new development philosophy.

第二，基于新发展理念把握经济高质量发展。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “high-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, is development that embodies the new development philosophy, and is development in which innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal” and “development in the new stage of the New Era must implement the new development philosophy and must be high-quality development.”

习近平总书记强调，“高质量发展，就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展”“新时代新阶段的发展必须贯彻新发展理念，必须是高质量发展”。

Looking back at China’s economic development history, Chinese Communists began to continuously explore the laws of socialist construction from the early days of the founding of New China, gradually establishing an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system, achieving long-term stable economic growth. Currently, China’s total economic output has firmly ranked second in the world.

纵观我国经济发展史，中国共产党人从新中国成立之初就开始不断探索社会主义建设规律，逐步建立起独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，实现了经济长期稳定增长，目前我国经济总量已稳居世界第二位。

During the long-term process of China’s economic development, problems of low development quality have also been exposed. The extensive development model still exerts a certain inertial influence. In the past many years, China’s economic growth has mainly relied on large-scale factor inputs, pursuing speed and scale growth, with low quality and efficiency, remaining in the middle and low end of the international industrial and value chains, and paying an excessively high cost in resources and the environment. Currently, the actual situation China faces is that constraints on factor resources are intensifying, factor prices are rising, the size of the working-age population is declining, and comparative advantages are weakening. Therefore, from now on, it is necessary to rely on innovation to drive economic development and take the path of high-quality development.

我国经济在长期发展过程中，也暴露出发展质量不高的问题。粗放型发展方式还有一定惯性影响。过去多年来，我国经济增长主要依靠大规模的要素投入，追求速度、规模增长，质量和效益不高，在国际产业链价值链中仍处于中低端，付出的资源环境代价过高。当前，我国面临的实际情况是，要素资源约束加剧，要素价格攀升，劳动年龄人口规模下降，比较优势减弱。因此，今后必须依靠创新驱动经济发展，走高质量发展之路。

At the same time, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development remains prominent, and there are still many bottlenecks and obstacles to advancing high-quality development. For example: the gap between urban and rural areas and between regions in development and income distribution remains relatively large; scientific and technological innovation capacity is still not strong; in industrial development, there are still phenomena where advanced technology is constrained by others; institutional opening-up in areas such as rules, regulations, management, and standards still needs to be further advanced; the masses face many difficulties in employment, education, healthcare, childcare, elderly care, and housing; the task of ecological and environmental protection remains arduous; and some institutional and mechanistic obstacles restricting economic development have yet to be resolved, etc.

同时，发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，推进高质量发展还有许多卡点瓶颈。例如：城乡区域发展和收入分配差距仍然较大，科技创新能力还不强，产业发展中还存在先进技术受制于人的现象，规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放还需进一步推进，群众在就业、教育、医疗、托育、养老、住房等方面面临不少难题，生态环境保护任务依然艰巨，一些制约经济发展的体制机制障碍还有待破解，等等。

Faced with an external environment of markedly increased instability and uncertainty and a complex and profoundly changing domestic development environment, the traditional development model is unsustainable. Under the new circumstances, development cannot follow the old path in new shoes, nor can it continue on the path of indiscriminate, extensive development. It is necessary to effectively respond to a series of challenges by promoting high-quality economic development, maintaining stable, healthy, and sustainable economic development.

面对不稳定性不确定性明显上升的外部环境和深刻复杂变化的国内发展环境，传统发展模式难以为继。新形势下发展不能穿新鞋走老路，不能再走大呼隆、粗放型发展的路子，必须通过推动经济高质量发展有效应对一系列挑战，保持经济平稳健康可持续发展。

Concepts are the guide to action. High-quality development is development that embodies the new development concepts; the new development concepts and high-quality development are internally unified. It is necessary to fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development concepts, adhering to development where innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an inherent characteristic, green development becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal. It is necessary to deeply recognize that innovation-driven development focuses on solving the problem of development momentum, coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of unbalanced development, green development focuses on solving the problem of harmony between humans and nature, open development focuses on solving the problem of internal and external linkage in development, and shared development focuses on solving the problem of social fairness and justice. The new development concepts must be implemented at the practical level, considering and setting corresponding scientific indicators that can fully reflect development quality across the dimensions of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing. All fields, including the economy, society, culture, and ecology, must embody the requirements of high-quality development, striving to achieve development that is of higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and safer.

理念是行动的先导。高质量发展是体现新发展理念的发展，新发展理念和高质量发展是内在统一的。必须完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展。必须深刻认识到，创新发展注重的是解决发展动力问题，协调发展注重的是解决发展不平衡问题，绿色发展注重的是解决人与自然和谐问题，开放发展注重的是解决发展内外联动问题，共享发展注重的是解决社会公平正义问题。必须将新发展理念落实到实践层面，在创新发展维度、协调发展维度、绿色发展维度、开放发展维度、共享发展维度上考虑设定相应的、能够充分体现发展质量的科学指标，经济、社会、文化、生态等各领域都要体现高质量发展的要求，努力实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展。

Third, grasp high-quality economic development based on the change in the principal contradiction in society.

第三，基于社会主要矛盾变化把握经济高质量发展。

The principal contradiction in society is an objective reflection of a country’s level of productive forces development and its stage of social development. Whatever the level of productive forces development and whatever the stage of development, there will be a corresponding principal contradiction in society. A positive change in the principal contradiction in society is an important sign that a country or a society has leaped to a new level of development, and it also sets higher requirements for promoting development.

社会主要矛盾是一个国家生产力发展水平和社会发展阶段的客观反映。有什么样的生产力发展水平、处于什么样的发展阶段，就会有什么样的社会主要矛盾。社会主要矛盾发生积极变化是一个国家、一个社会发展跃上新水平的重要标志，也对推动发展提出了更高要求。

The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC [2]2 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2017, where Xi Jinping’s report outlined the principal contradiction in Chinese society as the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. pointed out that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Improving people’s wellbeing is the fundamental purpose of development. In conducting economic work, studying economic policies, and promoting economic development, the starting point and ultimate goal must be to enhance the people’s welfare, promote the well-rounded development of individuals, and steadily advance toward common prosperity.

党的十九大报告指出，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。增进民生福祉是发展的根本目的，做好经济工作、研究经济政策、推动经济发展，要把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展、朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进作为出发点和落脚点。

After rapid development since reform and opening up, China’s economic aggregate has firmly ranked second in the world, the level of social productive forces has generally improved significantly, and social production capacity has entered the forefront of the world in many areas. Both the level of China’s productive forces development and the people’s needs for a better life have changed. On the one hand, the content of the people’s needs for a better life has become broader. Not only have higher requirements been put forward for material and cultural life, but demands in areas such as democracy, the rule of law, fairness, justice, security, and the environment are growing day by day. People look forward to better education, more stable jobs, more satisfactory income, more reliable social security, higher-level medical and health services, more comfortable living conditions, a more beautiful environment, and a richer spiritual and cultural life. On the other hand, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development still exists. Unbalanced development mainly refers to imbalances across regions, fields, and aspects, which constrain the improvement of the overall development level; inadequate development mainly refers to the fact that China still has a long way to go in comprehensively realizing socialist modernization, and the development task remains very heavy.

经过改革开放以来的快速发展，我国经济总量已稳居世界第二位，社会生产力水平总体上显著提高，社会生产能力在很多方面进入世界前列，我国生产力发展水平和人民对美好生活的需要都发生了变化。一方面，人民美好生活需要的内容更加广泛。不仅对物质文化生活提出了更高要求，而且在民主、法治、公平、正义、安全、环境等方面的要求日益增长。人们期盼有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗卫生服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境、更丰富的精神文化生活。另一方面，发展不平衡不充分问题依然存在。发展不平衡，主要是各区域各领域各方面存在失衡现象，制约了整体发展水平提升；发展不充分，主要是我国全面实现社会主义现代化还有相当长的路要走，发展任务仍然很重。

Focusing on the change in the principal contradiction in society, making efforts to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, and better meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life all require finding a breakthrough in economic construction, solidly promoting high-quality economic development, and using high-quality economic development to lay a solid material and technological foundation and provide strong support for high-quality development in all fields. Only by unswervingly taking the path of high-quality development and continuously solving problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development can the people’s aspirations for a better life be continuously turned into reality.

聚焦社会主要矛盾变化，着力解决好发展不平衡不充分问题，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，都需要在经济建设上找到突破口，扎实推动经济高质量发展，以经济高质量发展为各领域高质量发展奠定坚实的物质技术基础和提供有力支撑。只有坚定不移走高质量发展之路，不断破解发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题，才能不断把人民对美好生活的向往变为现实。

Fourth, grasp high-quality economic development based on the laws of economic development.

第四，基于经济发展规律把握经济高质量发展。

Economic development is a spiraling upward process; the ascent is not linear. When quantitative accumulation reaches a certain stage, it must shift to qualitative improvement. China’s economic development must also follow this law. Achieving high-quality development is an inevitable requirement for following the laws of economic development.

经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，上升不是线性的，量积累到一定阶段，必须转向质的提升，我国经济发展也要遵循这一规律。实现高质量发展，是遵循经济发展规律的必然要求。

The development laws of countries around the world show that moving from a middle-income country to a high-income country all requires an overall transformation from pursuing speed to pursuing quality. Since the 1960s, among more than 100 middle-income economies globally, only a dozen have become high-income economies. Those countries and regions that have achieved success, after experiencing a stage of high-speed growth, have realized a shift in economic development from quantitative expansion to qualitative improvement. Empirical research in economics indicates that the development of most economies in the world has experienced or will experience two processes: “structural acceleration” and “structural deceleration.”

世界各国发展规律表明，从中等收入国家迈向高收入国家，都要经历从追求速度到追求质量的整体性转变。20世纪60年代以来，全球100多个中等收入经济体中只有十几个成为高收入经济体。那些取得成功的国家和地区，都在经历高速增长阶段后实现了经济发展从量的扩张转向质的提高。经济学的实证研究表明，世界上大多数经济体的发展经历了或即将经历“结构性增速”和“结构性减速”两个过程。

After reform and opening up, China’s high-speed economic growth was a process of “structural acceleration,” whose economic mechanism was that both the factor structure and the industrial structure drove “acceleration.” In terms of production factors, the growth of labor input and the increase in the labor participation rate, the capitalization of resource factors and the enhancement of capital formation capacity, and the widespread adoption of industrial technology; in terms of industrial structure, the transfer of resource allocation from the low-efficiency primary industry to the higher-efficiency secondary industry, etc., all supported China’s rapid economic growth. Since the New Era, China’s economy has entered a process of “structural deceleration,” manifested in a declining labor participation rate, a decline in the growth rate of capital input due to diminishing returns on capital, bottlenecks in technological innovation in the secondary industry, and challenges of insufficient momentum for technological innovation in the tertiary industry and efficiency improvement in traditional industries. When the quantitative accumulation in economic development reaches a certain level, it must shift to qualitative improvement.

改革开放后，我国经济高速增长是一个“结构性增速”的过程，其经济机理是生产要素结构和产业结构都推动“增速”。在生产要素方面劳动投入增长和劳动参与率的提高、资源要素资本化和资本形成能力的增强、工业技术的广泛采用，在产业结构方面资源配置从效率低的第一产业向效率高的第二产业转移等，都支撑了我国经济的快速增长。新时代以来，我国经济已进入“结构性减速”的过程，表现为劳动参与率下降，资本报酬递减导致资本投入增速亦呈下降之势，第二产业的技术创新面临瓶颈，第三产业的技术创新以及传统行业的效率提高都面临动力不足的挑战。当经济发展中量的积累达到一定程度后，就必须转向质的提升。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the new situations, new problems, and new challenges facing China's economic development, has made the important judgment that China's economic development is in a "three-phase superposition" stage of a shift in growth rate, the growing pains of structural adjustment, and the digestion of earlier stimulus policies [3]3 "Three-phase superposition" (三期叠加) refers to the simultaneous occurrence of a shift in the growth rate, the pains of structural adjustment, and the digestion of earlier stimulus policies, a diagnosis of the Chinese economy around 2013-2014.. On this basis, it further judged that China's economic development has entered a new normal [4]4 "New normal" (新常态) is a term popularized by Xi Jinping from 2014 onward to describe a stage characterized mainly by changes in speed, structural optimization, and power conversion, pointing out that in terms of consumer demand, investment demand, exports and the balance of payments, production capacity and industrial organization methods, the relative advantages of production factors, the characteristics of market competition, resource and environmental constraints, the accumulation and resolution of economic risks, and resource allocation models and macro-control methods, the new normal of economic development brings about trend-based changes. Under the new normal, the main features of China's economic development are: the growth rate must shift from high speed to medium-high speed; the development mode must shift from scale-speed type to quality-efficiency type; economic structural adjustment must shift from mainly expanding increments and capacity to simultaneously adjusting stock and optimizing increments; and the development impetus must shift from mainly relying on factor inputs such as resources and low-cost labor to innovation-driven. These changes are a necessary process for China's economy to evolve to a stage with a more advanced form, a more optimized division of labor, and a more reasonable structure.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央依据我国经济发展面临的新形势新问题新挑战，作出了我国经济发展正处于增长速度换挡期、结构调整阵痛期、前期刺激政策消化期“三期叠加”阶段的重要判断，并在此基础上进一步作出我国经济发展进入以速度变化、结构优化、动力转换为主要特点的新常态的判断，指出在消费需求、投资需求、出口和国际收支、生产能力和产业组织方式、生产要素相对优势、市场竞争特点、资源环境约束、经济风险积累和化解、资源配置模式和宏观调控方式等方面，经济发展新常态带来的趋势性变化。新常态下，我国经济发展的主要特点是：增长速度要从高速转向中高速，发展方式要从规模速度型转向质量效率型，经济结构调整要从增量扩能为主转向调整存量、做优增量并举，发展动力要从主要依靠资源和低成本劳动力等要素投入转向创新驱动。这些变化，是我国经济向形态更高级、分工更优化、结构更合理的阶段演进的必经过程。

On the new journey of the New Era, China's potential growth rate cannot achieve the high-speed growth of the past; with the larger economic aggregate and base, it is difficult for the economy to achieve high-speed growth like before; and the existing resources and environment can no longer sustain the high-speed growth of the economy as in the past. Our Party, in the practice of economic development, has continuously deepened its understanding of China's economic development stage and laws, and put forward the major thesis that China's economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development.

新时代新征程，我国潜在增长率做不到像过去那样高速增长，经济总量和基数变大后经济难实现像过去那样高速增长，现有资源环境也难以承受经济像过去那样高速增长。我们党在经济发展实践中不断深化对我国经济发展阶段和经济发展规律的认识，提出我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的重大论断。

Fifth, grasp high-quality economic development based on strategic arrangements.

第五，基于战略安排把握经济高质量发展。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed that the overall strategic arrangement for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country is to be carried out in two steps: basically realizing socialist modernization from 2020 to 2035; and building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful from 2035 to the middle of this century.

党的二十大报告提出，全面建成社会主义现代化强国，总的战略安排是分两步走：从2020年到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化；从2035年到本世纪中叶把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。

To promote high-quality economic development, we must steadily advance according to the strategic arrangements charted by the Party Central Committee. Specifically, in the short term, it refers to the main goals and tasks for the five years after the 20th National Congress of the CPC; in the medium term, it refers to the overall goals for China's development by 2035; in the long term, it refers to the strategic goal of building China into a leading great modern socialist country in terms of comprehensive national power and international influence by the middle of this century. Guided by Xi Jinping's economic thought, we must achieve new breakthroughs in promoting high-quality economic development, significantly enhance China's economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power, and solidly advance the realization of short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals.

推动经济高质量发展，要按照党中央擘画的战略安排稳步推进。具体而言，从短期看，是指党的二十大召开后五年的主要目标任务；从中期看，是指到2035年我国发展的总体目标；从长期看，是指到本世纪中叶，把我国建设成为综合国力和国际影响力领先的社会主义现代化强国的战略目标。要以习近平经济思想为指引，推动经济高质量发展取得新突破，使我国经济实力、科技实力、综合国力大幅跃升，扎实推进短期、中期、长期目标的实现。

Contains the Basic Principles of Marxism

蕴含马克思主义基本原理

The major thesis that China's economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development contains rich basic principles of Marxism.

我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的重大论断，蕴含丰富的马克思主义基本原理。

Contains the principle of the dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness. Practice tells us that development is a constantly changing process; the development environment will not remain unchanged, the development conditions will not remain unchanged, and naturally, the development philosophy will not remain unchanged. At the same time, philosophy is the guide to action, and a certain development practice is always led by a certain development philosophy. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has made scientific judgments on the economic situation, made timely adjustments to development philosophies and ideas, and put forward the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. We have implemented the new development philosophy throughout the entire process and in all fields of economic and social development, pushing the economy onto a path of higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and safer development. This process highlights the guiding role of the new development philosophy. Whether the development philosophy is correct fundamentally determines the effectiveness or even success or failure of development.

蕴含物质与意识的辩证关系原理。实践告诉我们，发展是一个不断变化的进程，发展环境不会一成不变，发展条件不会一成不变，发展理念自然也不会一成不变。同时，理念是行动的先导，一定的发展实践都是由一定的发展理念来引领的。党的十八大以来，我们党对经济形势进行科学判断，对发展理念和思路作出及时调整，提出了创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念。我们把新发展理念贯彻到经济社会发展全过程和各领域，推动经济迈上更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展之路。这一进程彰显了新发展理念的引领作用。发展理念是否对头，从根本上决定着发展成效乃至成败。

Embodies the law of the transformation of quantity into quality. Economic development is a spiraling upward process. When quantity accumulates to a certain stage, it must turn to qualitative improvement. This is an objective law of economic development and also embodies the basic principles of dialectical materialism. It must be recognized that the new stage of development is an important stage in the process of China's socialist development. Entering the new stage of development is not only the result of the Party uniting and leading the people to strive and make positive achievements, but also puts forward new requirements for development at a new starting point. Promoting high-quality development in the new stage of development is itself a process from quantitative change to qualitative change.

体现质量互变规律。经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，量积累到一定阶段，必须转向质的提升，这是经济发展的客观规律，也体现唯物辩证法的基本原理。必须认识到，新发展阶段是我国社会主义发展进程中的一个重要阶段。进入新发展阶段，既是我们党团结带领人民奋发进取、积极有为的结果，又在新的起点上对发展提出新的要求。在新发展阶段推动高质量发展，本身就是一个从量变到质变的过程。

Reflects the viewpoint of universal connection. All things are interconnected and interdependent. Only by observing things from the perspective of universal connection, comprehensive system, and development and change can we grasp the laws of development. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, "High-quality development is not just an economic requirement, but a general requirement for all aspects of economic and social development; it is not just a requirement for economically developed regions, but a requirement that must be implemented in the development of all regions; it is not a requirement for one time or one thing, but a requirement that must be adhered to for a long time." We must proceed from the viewpoint of universal connection, use systematic thinking, and grasp promoting high-quality economic development as a whole, together with building a high-standard market system, constructing a unified national market, implementing high-level opening up, and improving people's well-being.

反映普遍联系的观点。万事万物是相互联系、相互依存的。只有用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察事物，才能把握事物发展规律。习近平总书记强调，“高质量发展不只是一个经济要求，而是对经济社会发展方方面面的总要求；不是只对经济发达地区的要求，而是所有地区发展都必须贯彻的要求；不是一时一事的要求，而是必须长期坚持的要求”。必须从普遍联系的观点出发，运用系统思维，把推动经济高质量发展同建设高标准市场体系、构建全国统一大市场、实行高水平对外开放、增进民生福祉等作为一个整体来把握。

Embodies the viewpoint of contradiction theory. All existing things are composed of contradictions that are both opposing and unified. We must adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key-point theory, be good at clarifying the principal contradiction and secondary contradictions, the principal aspect and secondary aspect of contradictions, distinguish priorities, and while taking into account the general, firmly grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of contradictions, drive overall progress with breakthroughs in key areas, and achieve key breakthroughs in overall progress. The principal contradiction in Chinese society is the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Promoting high-quality economic development must adapt to the new features and new requirements brought about by the change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society.

体现矛盾论的观点。一切存在的事物都由既相互对立又相互统一的矛盾组合而成。要坚持两点论和重点论的统一，善于厘清主要矛盾和次要矛盾、矛盾的主要方面和次要方面，区分轻重缓急，在兼顾一般的同时紧紧抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，以重点突破带动整体推进，在整体推进中实现重点突破。我国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，推动经济高质量发展要适应我国社会主要矛盾变化带来的新特征新要求。

Clarifying the Key to Promoting High-Quality Economic Development

明晰推动经济高质量发展的关键

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, "Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is a strategic decision based on achieving the second centenary goal and coordinating development and security, and is a strategic deployment to grasp the initiative in future development." Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the strategic basis for promoting high-quality development. We must accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the main body and domestic and international circulations promoting each other, firmly grasp the initiative in future development, promote high-quality development by constructing a new development pattern, and provide a solid material and technological foundation for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country.

习近平总书记指出，“加快构建新发展格局，是立足实现第二个百年奋斗目标、统筹发展和安全作出的战略决策，是把握未来发展主动权的战略部署”。加快构建新发展格局，是推动高质量发展的战略基点。必须加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，牢牢把握未来发展主动权，以构建新发展格局推动高质量发展，为全面建成社会主义现代化强国提供坚实的物质技术基础。

Constructing a new development pattern is a strategic choice to enhance the level of China's economic development in keeping with the times.

构建新发展格局，是与时俱进提升我国经济发展水平的战略抉择。

Since reform and opening up, especially after joining the World Trade Organization, China joined the international circulation, with markets and resources "both ends abroad," forming a "world factory" development model. In this process, China has acquired a solid material foundation, rich human resources, a complete industrial system, and formed a strong supply system, possessing the advantages of a super-large-scale market.

改革开放以来特别是加入世界贸易组织后，我国加入国际大循环，市场和资源“两头在外”，形成“世界工厂”发展模式。在这个过程中，我国拥有了雄厚的物质基础、丰富的人力资源、完整的产业体系，并形成了强大的供给体系，具有超大规模市场优势。

The 2008 international financial crisis had a huge impact. Facing severe external crisis shocks, we made expanding domestic demand the basic foothold for maintaining stable and relatively fast economic development, promoting the transformation of economic development towards domestic demand-led, and the role of domestic circulation in China's economy began to rise significantly.

2008年国际金融危机影响巨大，面对严重的外部危机冲击，我们把扩大内需作为保持经济平稳较快发展的基本立足点，推动经济发展向内需主导转变，国内循环在我国经济中的作用开始显著上升。

In recent years, with changes in the global political and economic environment, the trend of deglobalization has intensified, some countries have engaged in unilateralism and protectionism, and the traditional international circulation has significantly weakened. At the same time, domestic reform, development, and stability face many deep-seated contradictions that cannot be avoided or bypassed, and development has entered a period with increased strategic opportunities and risk challenges, and more uncertain and unpredictable factors. In this situation, the foothold of development must be placed on the domestic front, relying more on the domestic market to achieve economic development. China is a super-large-scale economy, and a super-large-scale economy can and must achieve internal circulation. In the coming period, the characteristic of China's domestic market dominating economic circulation will become more apparent, and the potential of domestic demand for economic growth will continue to be released.

近几年，随着全球政治经济环境变化，逆全球化趋势加剧，有的国家大搞单边主义、保护主义，传统国际循环明显弱化。与此同时，国内改革发展稳定面临不少深层次矛盾躲不开、绕不过，发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期。在这种情况下，必须把发展立足点放在国内，更多依靠国内市场实现经济发展。我国是一个超大规模经济体，而超大规模经济体可以也必须内部可循环。未来一个时期，我国国内市场主导经济循环的特征会更加明显，经济增长的内需潜力会不断释放。

Constructing a new development pattern is a strategic choice to shape new advantages for China's international economic cooperation and competition.

构建新发展格局，是塑造我国国际经济合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择。

The new pattern of development is by no means a closed domestic cycle, but an open dual circulation of domestic and international cycles. From the demand side, China has a population of over 1.4 billion, including more than 400 million middle-income groups, making it the most promising consumer market globally, with enormous room for growth. From the supply side, the strong production capacity formed on the basis of the large domestic market can promote the integration and innovation of global factor resources, maximizing the scale effect and agglomeration effect. Promoting the formation of a grand and smooth domestic economic cycle will better attract global resource factors, both meeting domestic demand and raising the level of China's industrial technology development, thereby forming new advantages for participation in international economic cooperation and competition.

新发展格局决不是封闭的国内循环，而是开放的国内国际双循环。从需求看，我国拥有14亿多人口，其中有4亿多中等收入群体，是全球最有潜力的消费市场，具有巨大增长空间。从供给看，我国基于国内大市场形成的强大生产能力，能够促进全球要素资源整合创新，使规模效应和集聚效应最大化发挥。推动形成宏大顺畅的国内经济循环，就能更好吸引全球资源要素，既满足国内需求，又提升我国产业技术发展水平，形成参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势。

In the next stage, it is necessary to firmly grasp the construction of the new pattern of development as the strategic foundation for promoting high-quality development, and better coordinate the domestic and international cycles. We must better coordinate the expansion of domestic demand and the deepening of supply-side structural reform, enhance the endogenous driving force and reliability of the domestic cycle, improve international competitiveness, and strengthen the appeal and driving force of the international cycle; we must accelerate the pace of achieving self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, promptly make up for the shortcomings in China's industrial and supply chains, solve the "bottleneck" problems [5]5 "Bottleneck" problems (卡脖子问题) refers to key technologies or components that China relies on foreign countries for, which could be used to exert pressure or restrict China's development, especially in the context of US-China technology competition., and be capable of self-circulation at critical moments to ensure normal economic operation under extreme circumstances; we must accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, actively promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, focus on cultivating new industries, new business forms, and new models, and simultaneously advance new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization; we must comprehensively promote rural revitalization and coordinated regional development, expanding the coverage of the domestic cycle; we must further deepen reform and opening up, enhance the driving force and vitality of both domestic and international cycles, promote high-quality development through higher-level opening up to the outside world, maintain the stable and healthy operation of China's economy and the overall stability of the social situation, and firmly keep the leading power of development in our own hands.

下一阶段，需牢牢抓住构建新发展格局这个推动高质量发展的战略基点，更好统筹国内循环和国际循环。要更好统筹扩大内需和深化供给侧结构性改革，提升国内大循环内生动力和可靠性，提高国际竞争力，增强对国际循环的吸引力、推动力；要加快科技自立自强步伐，有针对性地加快补齐我国产业链供应链短板，解决“卡脖子”问题，在关键时刻可以做到自我循环，确保在极端情况下经济正常运转；要加快建设现代化产业体系，积极推动数字经济与实体经济深度融合，着力培育新产业、新业态、新模式，同步推进新型工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化；要全面推进乡村振兴、促进区域协调发展，提高国内大循环的覆盖面；要进一步深化改革开放，增强国内外大循环的动力和活力，以更高水平对外开放推动高质量发展，保持我国经济平稳健康运行和社会大局总体稳定，把发展的主导权牢牢掌握在自己手中。

Online editor: Zhang Fujun

网络编辑：张福军