Grasp the General Trend of International Trade Development and Accelerate the Building of a Trading Power

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “We should work to upgrade the trade in goods, develop new mechanisms for trade in services, develop digital trade, and accelerate the building of a trader of quality.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects – Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 16, 2022. With the development of global economic integration, the penetration of digital technology into trade, the collective rise of developing countries, and the popularization of high-standard international economic and trade rules, international trade has shown new trends toward inclusiveness, digitalization, greening, integration, servitization, re-globalization, and securitization. Standing at the new starting point of human social development in the digital era and facing the new goal of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, the building of a trading power should fully recognize and grasp the general trends of international trade development, implement precise policies on the new track of international trade competition, and strive to enhance China’s trade innovation, competitiveness, radiation, influence, and security.

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出：“推动货物贸易优化升级，创新服务贸易发展机制，发展数字贸易，加快建设贸易强国。”随着全球经济一体化发展、数字技术对贸易的渗透、发展中国家群体性崛起、高标准国际经贸规则的普及，国际贸易出现了普惠化、数字化、绿色化、融合化、服务化、再全球化、安全化发展新趋势。站在数字时代人类社会发展的新起点，面向全面建成社会主义现代化强国新目标，贸易强国建设应充分认识和把握国际贸易发展大势，在国际贸易竞争的新赛道上精准施策，着力提升我国贸易的创新力、竞争力、辐射力、影响力和安全力。

I. Grasp the General Trend of Inclusiveness in International Trade Entities, Optimize the Business Environment for Enterprises, and Establish Cooperation Platforms for Large, Medium, and Small Enterprises

一、把握国际贸易主体普惠化发展大势，优化企业营商环境，建立大中小企业合作平台

In recent years, with the continuous deepening of global value chain division of labor and the enhanced penetration of digital technology into trade, small and medium-sized enterprises have entered the international market by participating in global value chain division of labor and cross-border e-commerce, becoming a new force in international trade. International trade entities have shown a new trend toward inclusive development.

近年来，随着全球价值链分工的不断深化和数字技术对贸易的渗透加强，中小企业以参与全球价值链分工和跨境电子商务等方式进入国际市场，成为国际贸易的新生力量，国际贸易主体出现普惠化发展新趋势。

An important hallmark of a trading power is that trade has a significant radiation and influence on economic growth, people’s well-being, and employment. The participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in cross-border e-commerce and global value chains is conducive to meeting diverse international demands, stimulating enterprise innovation, improving enterprise productivity and returns, expanding employment, and achieving inclusive growth. At present, private enterprises already account for half of China’s foreign trade import and export. In 2022, private enterprises accounted for 50.9% of the total import and export value, contributing 80.8% to foreign trade growth. [2]2 General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China, “Press Conference on Import and Export Situation for 2022,” January 13, 2023. To seize the general trend of inclusiveness in trade entities and enhance the radiation and influence of China’s foreign trade, we should optimize the business environment for enterprises, fully implement the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Development and Growth of the Private Economy,” optimize the development environment for the private economy, increase policy support for the private economy, accelerate the cultivation of foreign trade business entities, and strive to promote high-quality development of the private economy; we should establish cooperation platforms for large, medium, and small enterprises, providing small and medium-sized enterprises with public trade platforms, integrated innovation platforms, and industrial chain and supply chain cooperation platforms, enhancing the digital capabilities, innovation capabilities, and management capabilities of small and medium-sized enterprises, promoting small and medium-sized enterprises to expand direct exports through cross-border e-commerce, driving small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in global value chains by providing intermediate products to large enterprises, expanding indirect exports, and creating employment; we should strengthen international cooperation, attach great importance to small and medium-sized enterprise clauses in bilateral, regional, and cross-regional trade negotiations, reduce non-tariff barriers affecting the exports of small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote international cooperation and market development for small and medium-sized enterprises.

贸易强国的重要标志是贸易对经济增长、人民生活福祉和就业，具有较大的辐射力和影响力。中小企业参与跨境电子商务和全球价值链，有利于满足多样化国际需求、激励企业创新，提高企业生产率和收益，扩大就业，实现包容性增长。目前民营企业已经占我国外贸进出口的半壁江山，2022年，民营企业占进出口总值比重达50.9%，对外贸增长贡献率达80.8%。抓住贸易主体普惠化发展大势，提升我国外贸的辐射力和影响力，要优化企业营商环境，全面落实《中共中央国务院关于促进民营经济发展壮大的意见》，优化民营经济发展环境，加大对民营经济政策支持力度，加快培育外贸经营主体，着力推动民营经济实现高质量发展；要建立大中小企业合作平台，为中小企业提供公共贸易平台、融通创新平台、产业链供应链合作平台，提升中小企业数字化能力、创新能力和管理能力，促进中小企业通过跨境电商扩大直接出口，带动中小企业通过为大企业提供中间产品参与全球价值链，扩大间接出口，创造就业；要强化国际合作，高度重视双边、区域和跨区域贸易谈判的中小企业条款，降低影响中小企业出口的非关税壁垒，推动中小企业国际合作和市场开拓。

II. Grasp the General Trend of Digitalization and Greening in International Trade Objects, Deepen International Trade Innovation, and Promote the Digital and Green Transformation of Trade

二、把握国际贸易对象数字化、绿色化发展大势，深化国际贸易创新，推动贸易数字化和绿色化转型

Digital technology has changed trade objects, trade methods, and trade scale. Purchasing products and services through digital ordering and digital delivery has promoted the development of digital trade. Since 2005, the export of digitally delivered services has more than tripled, far exceeding the growth rate of trade in goods and other services. In 2019, global e-commerce sales jumped to USD 26.7 trillion, equivalent to 30% of global GDP. [3]3 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), “Global E-Commerce Jumps to $26.7 Trillion, COVID-19 Boosts Online Sales,” May 3, 2021. At the same time, the relatively high greenhouse gas emissions from the production, transportation, distribution, and consumption of traded goods have given rise to new low-carbon trade regulations such as carbon tariffs, carbon labels, carbon certification, and carbon footprints, and have also promoted the development of green trade with environmental goods and services as transaction objects. Data from the World Trade Organization shows that as of 2018, carbon dioxide emissions related to the export of international goods and services accounted for 30% of global carbon emissions. [4]4 World Trade Organization (WTO), “World Trade Report 2022: Climate Change and International Trade,” 2022. As countries seize new tracks for digital economy development, address new challenges of climate change, and promote sustainable economic development, the digitalization and greening of international trade objects have become new trends in future international trade development.

数字技术改变了贸易对象、贸易方式、贸易规模，以数字订购和数字交付方式购买产品和服务，促进了数字贸易的发展。自2005年以来，数字交付服务的出口增长了两倍多，远远超过了商品和其他服务的贸易增速，2019年全球电子商务销售额跃升至26.7万亿美元，相当于全球生产总值的30%。与此同时，贸易产品的生产、运输、分销和消费带来的较高温室气体排放，催生碳关税、碳标签、碳认证、碳足迹等低碳贸易新规制，也促进了以环境产品和服务为交易对象的绿色贸易发展。世界贸易组织数据显示，截至2018年，与国际货物和服务出口有关的二氧化碳排放占全球碳排放的30%。各国抢占数字经济发展新赛道，应对气候变化新挑战，推动经济可持续发展，国际贸易对象数字化、绿色化成为未来国际贸易发展新趋势。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that in the current era, digital technology and the digital economy are the vanguard of the world’s scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and are key areas of the new round of international competition. We must seize the vanguard and occupy the commanding heights of future development. [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 34th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee,” October 18, 2021. Innovation is the key to building a trading power, and innovation determines the competitiveness and influence of international trade. To occupy the commanding heights of future international trade competition, China should strive to deepen international trade innovation. Centered on reshaping digital supply chains, promoting the digital transformation of trade, we should formulate trade and investment policies aimed at promoting enterprise technological innovation and cultivate innovation entities; around building a new digital supply chain ecosystem, promote the digital transformation of traditional foreign trade enterprises and service enterprises; use digital tools to promote innovation in regulatory models, through Internet + regulation, establish digital public service platforms, promote cross-departmental, cross-level, and cross-regional collaborative regulation, and form a diversified governance system involving the government, platforms, enterprises, industry organizations, and the public. We should improve the green trade system and accelerate the promotion of green transformation. We should coordinate technology policy, trade policy, investment policy, environmental policy, and ecological security policy, establish a green trade statistical system, a green low-carbon trade standard and certification system, and an ecological environment risk prevention mechanism, and improve the green trade system; reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers on environmental goods and services, and expand imports of environmental technologies and services. Strengthen international cooperation and actively participate in global digital trade and green trade rule negotiations. As a major digital trading country, China should strengthen multi-level international cooperation, benchmark against new WTO rules, and promptly revise and improve laws adapted to the development of the digital economy and society; accelerate the negotiations on the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, expand international cooperation in the digital economy under the framework of regional and cross-regional trade agreements; as a major green trading country, China should actively set agendas in multilateral trade negotiations and actively participate in the formulation of international rules, standards, and management for green trade; prioritize the inclusion of environmental clauses in bilateral and regional trade and investment negotiations, reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers; build specialized international cooperation platforms for green trade development, and promote international transactions in green technologies, products, and services.

习近平总书记指出，当今时代，数字技术、数字经济是世界科技革命和产业变革的先机，是新一轮国际竞争重点领域，我们一定要抓住先机、抢占未来发展制高点。创新是贸易强国建设的关键，创新决定国际贸易的竞争力和影响力。占领未来国际贸易竞争的制高点，我国应着力深化国际贸易创新。以重塑数字供应链为核心，推动贸易数字化转型，应制定旨在推动企业技术创新的贸易投资政策，培育创新主体；围绕建立新的数字供应链生态体系，推动传统外贸企业和服务企业数字化转型；利用数字化工具推动监管模式创新，通过互联网+监管，建立数字化公共服务平台，推动跨部门、跨层级、跨区域协同监管，形成政府、平台、企业、行业组织和社会公众共同参与的多元治理体系。应完善绿色贸易体系，加快推动绿色化转型，应统筹技术政策、贸易政策、投资政策、环境政策和生态安全政策，建立绿色贸易统计体系、绿色低碳贸易标准和认证体系、生态环境风险防范机制，完善绿色贸易体系；降低环境产品和服务的关税和非关税壁垒，扩大环境技术和服务进口。加强国际合作，积极参与全球数字贸易和绿色贸易规则谈判，作为数字贸易大国，我国应加强多层次的国际合作，对标世界贸易组织新规则，及时修改和完善适应数字经济和社会发展的法律等；加快推进《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》谈判、《数字经济伙伴关系协定》谈判，在区域、跨区域贸易协定框架下拓展数字经济国际合作，作为绿色贸易大国，我国应在多边贸易谈判中主动设置议题，积极参与绿色贸易国际规则、标准和管理制定；在双边和区域贸易和投资谈判中优先纳入环境条款，降低关税和非关税壁垒；打造绿色贸易发展国际合作专业平台，推动绿色技术、产品和服务国际交易。

III. Grasp the General Trend of Servitization in International Trade Structure, Promote Industrial Integration and Development, and Enhance International Competitiveness through Digital Empowerment and High-Level Opening Up

三、把握国际贸易结构服务化发展大势，推动产业融合发展，以数字化赋能和高水平对外开放提升国际竞争力

For a long time, the share of trade in services in international trade has remained above 20%. In recent years, the development of digital technology has broken through the limitations of non-tradable services. With the advancement of global trade liberalization in services, the growth rate of trade in services has exceeded that of trade in goods. The World Trade Organization predicts that, according to traditional trade statistics, the share of trade in services in international trade will increase from 18% in 1995 to 25% in 2030, and may reach 30% by 2040. If calculated by value added, the share of service value added in international goods trade and services trade is close to half. [6]6 World Trade Organization (WTO), “World Trade Report 2019: The Future of Services Trade,” 2019. The servitization of international trade structure will become a major trend in trade development.

长期以来，服务贸易在国际贸易中的占比一直保持在20%以上。近年来，数字技术的发展突破了服务不可贸易的限制，随着全球服务贸易自由化的推进，服务贸易的增速超过货物贸易增速。世界贸易组织预测，按照传统贸易统计，2030年服务贸易在国际贸易中的占比将由1995年的18%提高至25%，到2040年可能达到30%，如果按照增加值统计，国际货物贸易和服务贸易中服务增加值占比接近一半。国际贸易结构服务化将成为贸易发展的大势。

The essence of a trading power is that its industries possess relatively strong international competitiveness. The service industry and service trade are weak links in China’s economic development. In 2022, service trade accounted for 12.3% of China’s total foreign trade, far below the world average (21.1%). The service trade has long been in deficit, most industries have relatively weak international competitiveness, and the management system and mechanism for service trade urgently need improvement, all of which have become obstacles to building a trading power. To enhance the international competitiveness of China’s service trade, it is necessary to strengthen a new understanding of the value-added role of services, promote the integrated development of service trade with modern service industries, high-end manufacturing, and modern agriculture, accelerate industrial structural transformation and upgrading, and increase trade gains; to expand the opening up of the service industry, seize the development opportunities of global service trade liberalization, align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, steadily expand institutional opening up, improve the negative list management system for cross-border service trade, and expand the opening up of service sectors such as telecommunications, tourism, law, and professional examinations to attract high-end service factors to gather in China; to promote digital transformation, seize the new opportunities for the tradability of services brought by digital globalization, accelerate the reform of production relations adapted to the development of digital technology, promote institutional innovation around digital transformation, establish and improve legal systems, facilitation systems, and regulatory systems that promote the development of service trade, accelerate the cultivation of new digital drivers for service trade, and achieve leapfrog development of service trade.

贸易强国的本质是产业具有较强的国际竞争力。服务业和服务贸易是我国经济发展的短板。2022年，服务贸易在我国对外贸易总额中占12.3%，远低于世界平均水平（21.1%），服务贸易长期逆差，多数产业国际竞争力较弱，服务贸易管理体制机制亟待完善，成为制约贸易强国建设的障碍。着力提升我国服务贸易的国际竞争力，要强化服务对价值增值的新认识，推动服务贸易与现代服务业、高端制造业、现代农业融合发展，加快产业结构转型升级，提升贸易收益；要扩大服务业对外开放，抓住全球服务贸易自由化的发展机遇，对标高标准国际经贸规则，稳步扩大制度型开放，完善跨境服务贸易负面清单管理制度，扩大电信、旅游、法律、职业考试等服务领域对外开放，吸引高端服务要素在华集聚；要推动数字化转型，抓住数字全球化带来的服务可贸易化新机遇，加快推进适应数字技术发展的生产关系变革，围绕数字化转型推动制度创新，建立健全促进服务贸易发展的法律制度、便利化制度和监管制度，加快培育服务贸易数字化新动能，实现服务贸易跨越式发展。

IV. Grasping the General Trend of the Re-Globalization of the International Trade Market Structure, High-Quality Jointly Building the Belt and Road Initiative, and Building a Global Development Community

四、把握国际贸易市场结构再全球化发展大势，高质量共建“一带一路”，构建全球发展共同体

After World War II, developed countries, with their unique technological advantages, industrial advantages, and monopoly advantages, long dominated the international market. Since the 1980s, developing countries represented by China have risen collectively. The share of developing economies in world output has risen from 24% to over 40%, their share in total merchandise trade has increased from less than one-third to nearly one-half, and their share in total service trade has risen from one-quarter to one-third. In the past decade, the BRICS countries’ contribution rate to world economic growth has exceeded 50%, making them an important engine of world economic growth and changing the structure of the international trade market. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that in today’s world, the people of all countries are in a community with a shared future where they share weal and woe, and markets, capital, resources, information, talent, etc., are all highly globalized. Only when the world develops can all countries develop; only when all countries develop can the world develop. Currently, the BRICS countries have expanded from 5 to 11 members, the African Union has joined the G20, and the ten-year joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative has attracted the participation of more than three-quarters of the world’s countries and 32 international organizations. The collective rise of developing countries will continue to be a force driving world economic growth. The World Trade Organization predicts that by 2040, the share of developing countries in service trade will rise from 35% to nearly 40%, and their share in total trade will exceed 50%. Unilateralism, hegemonism, and protectionism cannot stop the trend of globalization, and the re-globalization of the international trade market structure is unstoppable.

二战后，发达国家以独特的技术优势、产业优势和垄断优势，长期主导国际市场。20世纪80年代以来，以中国为代表的发展中国家群体性崛起，发展中经济体在世界产出的占比从24%上升到40%以上，在货物贸易总额的占比从不足1/3提升至近1/2，在服务贸易总额的占比从1/4提高到1/3，近十年来，金砖国家对世界经济增长的贡献率超过50%，成为世界经济增长的重要引擎，正在改变国际贸易市场结构。习近平总书记指出，当今世界，各国人民是一个休戚与共的命运共同体，市场、资金、资源、信息、人才等等都是高度全球化的。只有世界发展，各国才能发展；只有各国发展，世界才能发展。目前，金砖国家由5国扩容至11国，非盟加入G20，共建“一带一路”十年，吸引了世界超过3/4的国家和32个国际组织参与，发展中国家群体性崛起将继续成为推动世界经济增长的力量。世界贸易组织预测，到2040年，发展中国家在服务贸易中所占的份额将从35%提高到近40%，在贸易总额中的占比将超过50%。单边主义、霸权主义、保护主义阻挡不了全球化潮流，国际贸易市场结构再全球化势不可挡。

An important hallmark of a trading power is that a country’s trade has a relatively large radiating and influencing power on world economic growth, sustainable development, and employment. To grasp the general trend of the re-globalization of the international trade market structure, build a global development community, and enhance the radiating and influencing power of China’s trade, it is necessary to accelerate the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, practice the Global Development Initiative, focus on key areas such as green development, new industrialization, and the digital economy, strengthen cooperation in areas such as poverty reduction, education, and health, build a global development community, and jointly create a development pattern that is inclusive and balanced, coordinated and inclusive, win-win cooperation, and common prosperity; to high-quality jointly build the Belt and Road Initiative, with high standards, sustainability, and benefiting people’s livelihoods as goals, adhere to the direction of high-quality and high-standard cooperation, take poverty reduction and eradication, food security, education and health, development financing, green development, industrialization, the digital economy, and connectivity as key areas of cooperation, enable developing countries to better integrate into the international division of labor, share the fruits of economic globalization, and strive to achieve higher levels of cooperation, higher investment efficiency, higher supply quality, and higher development resilience; to strengthen South-South cooperation, leverage the role of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, an important platform for South-South cooperation, implement the outcomes of the 2023 China-Africa Leaders’ Dialogue, practice the Initiative on Supporting Africa’s Industrialization, steadily implement the Plan for China to Assist Africa in Agricultural Modernization and the China-Africa Cooperation Plan on Talent Development, promote Africa’s integration and modernization, and achieve common prosperity and sustainable development for the Chinese and African peoples.

贸易强国的重要标志是一国贸易对世界经济增长、可持续发展和就业具有较大的辐射力和影响力。把握国际贸易市场结构再全球化发展大势，构建全球发展共同体，提升我国贸易的辐射力和影响力，要加快落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，践行全球发展倡议，聚焦绿色发展、新型工业化、数字经济等重点领域，加强减贫、教育、卫生等领域合作，构建全球发展共同体，共创普惠平衡、协调包容、合作共赢、共同繁荣的发展格局；要高质量共建“一带一路”，以高标准、可持续、惠民生为目标，坚持高质量、高标准的合作方向，将减贫脱贫、粮食安全、教育卫生、发展筹资、绿色发展、工业化、数字经济、互联互通作为重点合作领域，让发展中国家更好融入国际分工，共享经济全球化成果，努力实现更高合作水平、更高投入效益、更高供给质量、更高发展韧性；要加强南南合作，发挥南南合作的重要平台——中非合作论坛的作用，落实2023年中非领导人对话成果，践行《支持非洲工业化倡议》，稳步实施《中国助力非洲农业现代化计划》《中非人才培养合作计划》，推动非洲一体化和现代化建设，实现中非人民共同富裕与可持续发展。

V. Grasping the General Trend of the Universalization of High-Standard International Economic and Trade Rules, Aligning with High-Standard International Economic and Trade Rules, and Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Expanding Opening Up

五、把握高标准国际经贸规则普适化发展大势，对标高标准国际经贸规则，全面深化改革和扩大开放

Regional and cross-regional negotiations such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership have restructured high-standard international economic and trade rules, triggering the domestication of international economic and trade rules; the negative list management of service trade has moved from the regional trade agreement of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement into cross-regional partnership agreements such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, leading to the cross-regionalization of regional economic and trade rules. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership is by far the world’s largest free trade agreement, with its total population, economic scale, and total trade each accounting for one-third of the global total. The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership involves a population of over 500 million, and after the United Kingdom joins, its trade scale will exceed that of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, with its influence covering the Eurasian continent. The trend of the universalization of high-standard international economic and trade rules is taking shape.

《美墨加协定》《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》等区域和跨区域谈判重构高标准国际经贸规则，引发国际经贸规则国内化；服务贸易负面清单管理从《美墨加协定》区域贸易协定进入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》等跨区域伙伴关系协定，导致区域经贸规则跨区域化。《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》是迄今为止全球规模最大的自由贸易协定，其总人口、经济规模、贸易总额均占全球总量的1/3，《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》涉及人口规模超过5亿，英国加入后，贸易规模超过《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》，影响覆盖欧亚大陆，高标准国际经贸规则普适化趋势正在形成。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that we should focus on promoting high-level opening up, continue to comprehensively deepen reform, and steadily expand institutional opening up in terms of rules, regulations, management, and standards. International economic and trade rules determine the content and scale of trade, determine the competitiveness, radiating power, and influencing power of trade, and determine the future of trade. To conform to the contemporary general trend of the universalization of high-standard international economic and trade rules and enhance the competitiveness, radiating power, and influencing power of China’s foreign trade, it is necessary to align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, domestically promote reform through opening up, seize the development opportunities of the domestication of international economic and trade rules, comprehensively deepen reform, and leverage the driving force of trade on domestic economic reform, the traction force on economic growth, and the radiating power on sustainable development; to participate in negotiations on high-standard international economic and trade rules, promote cooperation through opening up, enhance the international competitiveness of China’s foreign trade in broader, wider, and deeper international cooperation, and, in the linkage with the global economy, leverage the traction force of the Chinese economy on the world economy, and enhance the radiating power and influencing power of China’s foreign trade.

习近平总书记指出，我们要围绕推进高水平对外开放，继续全面深化改革，稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放。国际经贸规则决定贸易的内容和规模，决定贸易的竞争力、辐射力和影响力，决定贸易的未来。顺应当代高标准国际经贸规则普适化发展大势，提升我国外贸的竞争力、辐射力和影响力，要对标高标准国际经贸规则，对内以开放促改革，抓住国际经贸规则国内化的发展机遇，全面深化改革，发挥贸易对国内经济改革的推动力、经济增长的牵引力和可持续发展的辐射力；要参与高标准国际经贸规则谈判，以开放促合作，在更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的国际合作中，提升我国外贸的国际竞争力，在与全球经济的联动中，发挥中国经济对世界经济的牵引力，提升我国对外贸易的辐射力和影响力。

VI. Grasping the General Trend of the Securitization of the International Trade Environment, Strengthening International Cooperation, and Establishing and Improving the International Trade Security System

六、把握国际贸易环境安全化发展大势，加强国际合作，建立健全国际贸易安全体系

The impact of external shocks such as the Sino-US trade friction, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Ukraine crisis on international trade has aroused high concern in the international community about trade security. To maintain its global hegemonic position, the United States, on the pretext of ensuring economic security and based on Western democratic values, forcibly promotes friend-shoring, near-shoring, decoupling, and severing supply chains to reshape global value chains; the European Commission has released the European Economic Security Strategy, formulating a policy framework to safeguard the EU’s economic security, preventing risks to supply chain and energy security, critical infrastructure and cybersecurity risks, and technology leakage risks; Japan has passed the Economic Security Promotion Act, strengthening the security of key products and important material supply chains, and enhancing the review of critical infrastructure. Industrial chain and supply chain security, data security, food security, energy security, science and technology security, financial security, and biosecurity—the new changes in the trade environment amid the accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century—ensuring trade security has become a major trend in global trade development.

中美贸易摩擦、新冠肺炎疫情大流行、乌克兰危机等外部冲击对国际贸易的影响，引发国际社会对贸易安全的高度关注。美国为维护全球霸权地位，以确保经济安全为由，基于西方民主价值观，强制推行友岸外包、近岸外包、脱钩断链，重塑全球价值链；欧盟委员会发布《欧洲经济安全战略》，制定保障欧盟经济安全的政策架构，防范供应链和能源安全风险、关键基础设施和网络安全风险、技术泄漏风险等；日本通过《经济安全保障推进法》，强化关键产品和重要物资供应链安全、加强关键基础设施审查等。产业链供应链安全、数据安全、粮食安全、能源安全、科技安全、金融安全、生物安全，百年未有之大变局加速演进的贸易环境新变，确保贸易安全成为全球贸易发展大势。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that we must adhere to coordinating development and security, giving equal weight to development and security, and achieving a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security. Trade security is the foundation and prerequisite for building a trading power; a strong trading nation must first be strong in security. To respond to changes in the external trade security environment and comprehensively enhance the security capability of China’s foreign trade, we must accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, achieving security and controllability in key areas such as important industries, infrastructure, strategic resources, and major science and technology, firmly grasping the strategic initiative of coordinating national development and security in our own hands; we must improve the international trade security system, strengthen trade security risk early warning, prevention and control mechanisms, and capacity building, improve the modern export control system, the industrial injury early warning system, and the national security review system for foreign investment, strengthen the protection of overseas interests and risk early warning, safe and efficient trade risk management, and establish a trade security governance system with supply chain security as its core; we must strengthen international cooperation, fully leverage the important role of international trade in maintaining peace and security, uphold the authority of the rules-based multilateral trading system, strengthen regional and cross-regional cooperation, use trade diversification to resist the risks that may arise from trade concentration, and promote world peace and development through open cooperation, interconnection, and interaction.

习近平总书记指出，坚持统筹发展和安全，坚持发展和安全并重，实现高质量发展和高水平安全的良性互动。贸易安全是贸易强国建设的基础和前提，贸易强首先必须是安全强。应对外部贸易安全环境变化，全面提升我国外贸的安全力，要加快构建新发展格局，实现重要产业、基础设施、战略资源、重大科技等关键领域安全可控，把统筹国家发展和安全的战略主动权牢牢掌握在自己手中；要健全国际贸易安全体系，强化贸易安全风险预警、防控机制和能力建设，健全现代化出口管制体系、产业损害预警体系、外商投资国家安全审查制度，加强海外利益保护和风险预警、安全与高效贸易风险管理，建立以供应链安全为核心的贸易安全治理体系；要加强国际合作，充分发挥国际贸易在维护和平和安全中的重要作用，维护以规则为基础的多边贸易体制权威性，加强区域和跨区域合作，以贸易多元化抵御贸易集中可能带来的风险，在开放合作互联互动中，促进世界和平与发展。

Online editor: Zhang Fujun

网络编辑：张福军