Several Important Dimensions for Deeply Understanding Chinese-Path Modernization

At the opening ceremony of the study seminar for newly elected members and alternate members of the Central Committee and leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Summarizing and proposing and deeply elaborating the theory of Chinese-path modernization is a major theoretical innovation of the 20th National Congress of the CPC and the latest major achievement of scientific socialism.” This is of great significance for the entire Party to correctly understand Chinese-path modernization. We need to deeply recognize and grasp Chinese-path modernization from several important dimensions, so as to continuously achieve new victories in comprehensively building a modern socialist country in practice.

在新进中央委员会的委员、候补委员和省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的二十大精神研讨班开班式上，习近平总书记指出：“概括提出并深入阐述中国式现代化理论，是党的二十大的一个重大理论创新，是科学社会主义的最新重大成果。”这对于全党正确理解中国式现代化，具有十分重要的意义。我们需要从几个重要维度深刻认识和把握中国式现代化，从而在实践中不断夺取全面建设社会主义现代化国家新胜利。

From the Dimension of the Unity of Universality and Particularity in Recognizing Chinese-Path Modernization

从共性与个性相统一的维度认识中国式现代化

The relationship between universality and particularity is an important principle of dialectical materialism. The dialectical unity of universality and particularity is the law of the development of things, and it is also the law of the development of world modernization. Chinese-path modernization has both the common features of modernization in various countries and distinctive characteristics based on its own national conditions. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC clearly summarized the five characteristics of Chinese-path modernization, namely, Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all the people, the modernization of the coordination of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and the modernization of taking the path of peaceful development. These five aspects are both theoretical summaries and practical requirements, profoundly revealing the scientific connotation and essential characteristics of Chinese-path modernization.

共性与个性的关系是唯物辩证法重要原理。共性与个性的辩证统一是事物发展的规律，也是世界现代化发展的规律。中国式现代化既有各国现代化的共同特征，更有基于自己国情的鲜明特色。党的二十大报告明确概括了中国式现代化的五个特征，即中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化，是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，是走和平发展道路的现代化。这五个方面既是理论概括，也是实践要求，深刻揭示了中国式现代化的科学内涵和本质特征。

Regarding Western modernization, which is different from Chinese-path modernization, General Secretary Xi Jinping also discussed its characteristics: “Our Party has led the people not only to create the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability rarely seen in the world, but also to successfully blaze the path of Chinese-path modernization and create a new form of human civilization. These unprecedented pioneering achievements have solved many difficult problems in the development of human society and abandoned the old path of Western modernization centered on capital, polarized modernization, materialistic expansion, and external expansion and plunder.” Western developed countries embarked on the road of industrialization hundreds of years earlier than developing countries, forming the Western modernization model, which contains experiences and laws of modernization that conform to Western conditions. We need to study the experiences and regular content that can be drawn upon. However, some Westerners (including scholars) regard the Western modernization model as a universally applicable model, thus forming a myth, that is, the myth of “modernization = Westernization.” From a methodological perspective, this commits the error of only emphasizing universality without particularity, or replacing particularity with universality.

对于不同于中国式现代化的西方现代化，习近平总书记也对其特征进行了论述：“我们党领导人民不仅创造了世所罕见的经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹，而且成功走出了中国式现代化道路，创造了人类文明新形态。这些前无古人的创举，破解了人类社会发展的诸多难题，摒弃了西方以资本为中心的现代化、两极分化的现代化、物质主义膨胀的现代化、对外扩张掠夺的现代化老路。”西方发达国家先于发展中国家几百年走上工业化的道路，形成了西方现代化模式，在这个模式中包含着符合西方情况的现代化的经验和规律。对于其中可以借鉴的经验和规律性内容，我们需要加以研究。但是，西方一些人（包括学者）把西方现代化模式当作放之四海而皆准的模式，从而形成了一种迷思，即“现代化=西方化”的迷思，从方法论上看，就是犯了只讲共性不讲个性，或以共性取代个性的错误。

From the perspective of modernization practice, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, we have completed the industrialization process that took Western developed countries several hundred years in just a few decades, creating the miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, and opening up broad prospects for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” This fully demonstrates that achieving modernization does not only have the Western modernization model as the only path. Chinese-path modernization has opened up a new path for developing countries to achieve modernization, showing a new picture different from the Western modernization model, which is a completely new form of human civilization.

从现代化实践上看，习近平总书记指出：“新中国成立特别是改革开放以来，我们用几十年时间走完西方发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定的奇迹，为中华民族伟大复兴开辟了广阔前景。”这充分表明：实现现代化，并不只有西方现代化模式这一条路。中国式现代化开辟了发展中国家走向现代化的新路径，展现出不同于西方现代化模式的新图景，这是一种全新人类文明形态。

Viewing issues from the perspective of dialectical materialism, understanding and studying modernization (including Chinese-path modernization) must also prevent the tendency to depart from universality and talk only about particularity. In the preface to *Capital*, Marx put forward his definition of modernization: “The country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future.” This definition embodies the unity of universality and particularity. Chinese-path modernization has the basic characteristics of modernization in various countries, which is determined by the universality of modernization (the general laws of modernization). Therefore, as long as it is called modernization, it has characteristics such as industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. Of course, these commonalities of modernization can be further decomposed into several recognized important indicators, such as total GDP, per capita GDP, urbanization rate, development index, size of the middle-income group, and Engel coefficient.

用唯物辩证法观点看问题，认识和研究现代化（包括中国式现代化）也要防止离开共性讲个性的倾向。马克思在《资本论》序言中提出了他对现代化的界定：“工业较发达的国家向工业较不发达的国家所显示的，只是后者未来的景象。”这个界定就体现了共性与个性的统一。中国式现代化具有各国现代化的基本特征，这是由现代化的共性（现代化一般规律）所决定的。因此，只要称之为现代化的，就具有工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化等特质。当然，对于现代化的这些共性还可以进一步分解为若干公认的重要指标，如GDP总量、人均GDP、城镇化率、发展指数、中等收入群体规模、恩格尔系数等。

Viewing issues from the perspective that universality resides in particularity also requires that we cannot talk about particularity while departing from universality. The best embodiment of this viewpoint is building a community with a shared future for mankind. An important feature of Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of taking the path of peaceful development. The basis (universality) for jointly building a community with a shared future for mankind is: “Humanity is a whole, and the Earth is a common home. No one and no country can thrive in isolation. Humanity should work together in solidarity, pursue harmony and coexistence, and continuously move towards building a community with a shared future for mankind, jointly creating a better future.” Jointly building a community with a shared future for mankind gathers the greatest common denominator of the aspirations of people of all countries for peace, development, and prosperity, and reflects the pursuit of the common values of all mankind, namely peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom. With this common foundation (universality), it is possible to jointly build a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness and inclusiveness, and clean and beautiful. It is in this sense that jointly building a community with a shared future for mankind provides Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions for the common development and sustainable prosperity of human society.

从共性寓于个性之中这个观点看问题，也要求我们不能离开共性谈个性。最能体现这个观点的是构建人类命运共同体。中国式现代化的重要特色是走和平发展道路的现代化，共同构建人类命运共同体提出的依据（共性）是：“人类是一个整体，地球是一个家园。任何人、任何国家都无法独善其身。人类应和衷共济、和合共生，朝着构建人类命运共同体方向不断迈进，共同创造更加美好未来。”共同构建人类命运共同体，汇聚了世界各国人民对和平、发展、繁荣向往的最大公约数，反映了对全人类共同价值即和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的追求，有了这个共同基础（共性），才有可能做到共同建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界。正是从这个意义上说，共同构建人类命运共同体，为人类社会实现共同发展、持续繁荣提供了中国智慧、中国方案。

From the Dimension of the Unity of Importance and Difficulty in Recognizing Chinese-Path Modernization

从重要性与艰巨性相统一的维度认识中国式现代化

First, from the height of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the common dream of the Chinese people since modern times. More than a hundred years ago, countless people with lofty ideals in China made arduous explorations, striving unremittingly for national rejuvenation and campaigning for national modernization. Comrade Mao Zedong, in *On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship*, mentioned the four historical figures Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Yan Fu, and Sun Yat-sen, who “represented a group of people who, before the birth of the Communist Party of China, sought truth from the West.” [1]1 Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) led the Taiping Rebellion; Kang Youwei (1858–1927) was a reformist scholar-official; Yan Fu (1854–1921) translated Western works; Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) was the founding father of the Republic of China. Mao’s essay *On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship* (1949) discusses their role as pre-Communist seekers of Western ideas. In particular, Mr. Sun Yat-sen’s *The International Development of China* is known as the first blueprint for China’s modernization in modern times. However, under the conditions of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, this could not succeed. The task of realizing China’s modernization historically fell upon the Communist Party of China.

第一，从实现中华民族伟大复兴的高度来看，实现中华民族伟大复兴是近代以来中国人民的共同梦想，一百多年前，中国无数仁人志士进行了艰难探索，为民族振兴不懈奋斗、为国家现代化奔走呐喊。毛泽东同志在《论人民民主专政》中提到的洪秀全、康有为、严复和孙中山这4位历史人物，“代表了在中国共产党出世以前向西方寻找真理的一派人物”。尤其是孙中山先生的《建国方略》，被称为近代中国谋求现代化的第一份蓝图，但是在半殖民地半封建社会的条件下这是不能成功的，实现中国现代化的重任，历史地落到中国共产党身上。

Chinese-path modernization has its profound historical origins. Continuously exploring and advancing Chinese-path modernization has been the ideal and goal of the Communist Party of China for more than a hundred years of long-term struggle. The victory of the New Democratic Revolution created the fundamental social conditions for realizing Chinese-path modernization. Laying the valuable experience and material foundation for realizing Chinese-path modernization cannot be separated from the great achievements made during the period of socialist revolution and construction. Providing the institutional guarantee for realizing Chinese-path modernization cannot be separated from the great success achieved in the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization. And the historic achievements made in the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics have provided a more complete institutional guarantee and a more solid material foundation for realizing Chinese-path modernization. It is certain that the realization of the goal of Chinese-path modernization will completely change the landscape of world modernization today and innovate world modernization theory.

中国式现代化有其深厚的历史渊源。不断探索和推进中国式现代化，是中国共产党一百多年来长期奋斗的理想与目标。新民主主义革命胜利，为实现中国式现代化创造了根本社会条件。奠定实现中国式现代化的宝贵经验和物质基础，离不开社会主义革命和建设时期取得的巨大成就。提供实现中国式现代化的体制保证，离不开改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期取得的巨大成功。而中国特色社会主义新时代取得历史性成就，则为实现中国式现代化提供了更为完善的制度保证、更为坚实的物质基础。可以肯定的是：中国式现代化目标的实现，将彻底改变当今世界现代化的版图，创新世界现代化理论。

Second, from the height of the historical process of socialism, today, we are still in the historical era indicated by Marxism, and socialism is already an irresistible world historical process. In the mid-19th century, Marx and Engels put forward historical materialism and the theory of surplus value, founded scientific socialism, and socialism thus developed from utopian socialism into science. The combination of scientific socialism with the workers’ movement promoted the success of the October Revolution, established the first socialist country in the world, and scientific socialism thus moved from theory to practice. After the end of World War II, a number of socialist countries were born, especially our Party led the people to establish New China and establish the socialist system, and scientific socialism thus moved from the practice of one country to the development of multiple countries.

第二，从社会主义历史进程的高度来看，今天，我们依然处在马克思主义所指明的历史时代，社会主义已经是不可阻挡的世界历史进程。19世纪中叶，马克思、恩格斯提出唯物史观和剩余价值学说，创立了科学社会主义，社会主义由此从空想发展为科学。科学社会主义同工人运动相结合，推动十月革命取得成动，建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家，科学社会主义由此从理论走向实践。第二次世界大战结束后，一批社会主义国家诞生，特别是我们党领导人民建立了新中国并建立了社会主义制度，科学社会主义由此从一国实践走向多国发展。

However, “historical development has never been a straight line, but is full of twists and turns.” [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of the reform and opening-up era and the shift away from Maoist class struggle as the central task of the Party. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the collapse of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe not only led to the disappearance of the first socialist state and the socialist states of Eastern Europe, but also dealt a severe blow to the vast number of developing countries that aspired to socialism. During that period, voices denigrating socialism and the “China collapse theory” were incessant. “But China did not collapse; on the contrary, its comprehensive national strength grew with each passing day, the people’s living standards continuously improved, and ‘the scenery here is uniquely splendid.’ Both history and reality tell us that only socialism can save China, and only socialism with Chinese characteristics can develop China. This is the conclusion of history and the choice of the people.” As discussed earlier, on the basis of long-term exploration and practice since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, and through theoretical and practical innovations and breakthroughs since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has successfully advanced and expanded Chinese-path modernization. This is of great significance for advancing the historical process of world socialism. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “Scientific socialism is radiating new vitality in twenty-first-century China.” We have the confidence and self-assurance to make this judgment. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Due to the continuous success of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the situation of world socialism being utterly silent after the end of the Cold War has been reversed to a large extent, the passive position of socialism in competition with capitalism has been reversed to a large extent, and the superiority of socialism has been demonstrated to a large extent.” This also corroborates the achievements of Chinese-path modernization and its great significance in advancing the historical process of world socialism.

然而，“历史发展从来不是笔直的，而是充满曲折和波折”。20世纪80年代末90年代初，苏联解体、苏共垮台、东欧剧变，不仅导致第一个社会主义国家和东欧社会主义国家不复存在，而且对向往社会主义的广大发展中国家带来严重冲击。那一时期唱衰社会主义，“中国崩溃论”不绝于耳，“但是，中国非但没有崩溃，反而综合国力与日俱增，人民生活水平不断提高，‘风景这边独好’。历史和现实都告诉我们，只有社会主义才能救中国，只有中国特色社会主义才能发展中国，这是历史的结论、人民的选择。”前已论及，在新中国成立特别是改革开放以来长期探索和实践基础上，经过党的十八大以来在理论和实践上的创新突破，我们党成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。这对于推进世界社会主义历史进程的意义重大。党的二十大报告指出：“科学社会主义在二十一世纪的中国焕发出新的蓬勃生机。”作出这番论断，我们是有底气和自信的。正如习近平总书记指出的：“由于中国特色社会主义不断成功，冷战结束后世界社会主义万马齐喑的局面得到很大程度的扭转，社会主义在同资本主义竞争中的被动局面得到很大程度的扭转，社会主义优越性得到很大程度的彰显。”这也佐证了中国式现代化取得的成就，中国式现代化对于推动世界社会主义历史进程具有重大意义。

Advancing Chinese-path modernization is an unprecedented pioneering undertaking. Only by profoundly grasping the connotation of this arduous undertaking can we calmly analyze and bravely respond to difficulties or challenges encountered in reality. If we regard the continuous advancement of Chinese-path modernization as a struggle, then it is a great struggle with many new historical features. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have clearly recognized that continuously advancing Chinese-path modernization in the New Era is an arduous and great social revolution. Based on this, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has repeatedly emphasized to the entire Party, “We must carry out a great struggle with many new historical features, we must be prepared to make more arduous and harder efforts, and we must attach great importance to and effectively prevent and resolve various major risks.”

推进中国式现代化是一项前无古人的开创性事业，只有对这项艰巨性事业的内涵加以深刻把握，才能在现实中遇到困难或挑战时做到冷静分析、勇敢应对。如果我们把不断推进中国式现代化看作是一场斗争，那么它就是具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争。党的十八大以来，我们清醒认识到，新时代不断推进中国式现代化是一场艰巨而伟大的社会革命，基于此，以习近平同志为核心的党中央反复向全党强调，“必须进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争，必须准备付出更为艰巨、更为艰苦的努力，必须高度重视和切实防范化解各种重大风险”。

Chinese-path modernization requires persisting in carrying forward the spirit of struggle. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese people have grown and strengthened through struggle, and the spirit of struggle runs through all periods of China’s revolution, construction, and reform. History and practice have proven that only by always daring to struggle and being adept at struggle, advancing in the face of difficulties and rising to challenges, can we usher in the bright prospect of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the face of changes unseen in a century in the world, as well as extremely complex international situations and extremely difficult reform tasks, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with tenacious struggle will and resolute struggle spirit, has led the people in carrying out a great struggle with many new historical features and overcoming a series of major risks and challenges. We must understand Chinese-path modernization from the unity of its importance and arduousness, strengthen our struggle will, enhance our struggle capabilities, and achieve tomorrow’s brilliance through today’s struggle.

中国式现代化要求坚持发扬斗争精神。中国共产党和中国人民是在斗争中成长和壮大起来的，斗争精神贯穿于中国革命、建设、改革各个时期。历史和实践证明，始终敢于斗争、善于斗争，知难而进、迎难而上，才能迎来实现中华民族伟大复兴的光明前景。党的十八大以来，面对世界百年未有之大变局，以及面对极其复杂的国际局势和极其艰难的改革重任，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以顽强的斗争意志、果敢的斗争精神，带领人民进行了具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争，战胜一系列重大风险挑战。我们一定要从重要性与艰巨性相统一上认识中国式现代化，坚定斗争意志，增强斗争本领，以今天的奋斗成就明天的辉煌。

Understanding Chinese-Path Modernization from the Dimension of the Unity of Historical Continuity and Stages

从历史连续性与阶段性相统一的维度认识中国式现代化

Historical development is the unity of continuity and stages. Adhering to this viewpoint in examining Chinese-path modernization allows us to deeply understand the arduous and tortuous process by which the Communist Party of China united and led the Chinese people in continuously exploring and advancing Chinese-path modernization, as well as the two leaps in our Party’s understanding of the laws of Chinese-path modernization.

历史发展是连续性与阶段性的统一。坚持用这个观点考察中国式现代化，就可以深刻理解：中国共产党团结带领中国人民不断探索和推进中国式现代化艰辛曲折的历程，以及我们党对中国式现代化规律认识的两次飞跃。

From the perspective of historical continuity, after the Opium War of 1840, the country suffered humiliation, the people endured hardship, and civilization was covered in dust, as the Chinese nation experienced unprecedented calamities. To save the nation from peril, countless people with lofty ideals cried out and various plans for national salvation were put forward, but all ended in failure. The heavy responsibility of exploring the path of China’s modernization historically fell on the Communist Party of China. It should be noted that at this time, the Chinese Communists were waging revolutionary struggles in the most remote and backward rural areas. Even so, the Communist Party of China, guided by Marxism, always held a strong desire and full confidence that China must embark on the path of modernization. After gaining a firm foothold in the Yan’an revolutionary base area, our Party clearly stated: “Our Communist Party is to strive for China’s industrialization.” The 7th National Congress of the CPC held in 1945 explicitly pointed out: “The task of the Chinese working class is not only to struggle for the establishment of a new democratic state, but also to struggle for China’s industrialization and agricultural modernization.”

从历史连续性角度来看，1840年鸦片战争以后，国家蒙辱、人民蒙难、文明蒙尘，中华民族遭受了前所未有的劫难。为了拯救民族危亡，无数仁人志士奔走呐喊，各种救国方案纷纷出台，但都以失败告终。探索中国现代化道路的重任，历史地落在了中国共产党身上。应该看到，这时候中国共产党人是在最偏僻落后的农村进行革命斗争。即便如此，以马克思主义为指导的中国共产党对中国一定要走上现代化发展道路，始终抱有强烈愿望并充满信心。我们党在延安革命根据地站稳脚跟之后就鲜明提出：“我们共产党是要努力于中国的工业化的。”1945年召开的党的七大明确指出：“中国工人阶级的任务，不但是为着建立新民主主义的国家而斗争，而且是为着中国的工业化和农业近代化而斗争。”

At the beginning of the founding of New China, the country was poor and blank, with

新中国成立之初，一穷二白、百废待兴。即便如此，我们党团结带领中国人民对中国现代化建设进行了艰辛探索。从提出“四个现代化”，到制定“两步走”战略安排，体现出我们党对实现中国现代化的孜孜追求。在社会主义革命和建设时期，我们党领导人民在旧中国落后的经济基础上建立起独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，有效维护了国家主权和安全，我国社会主义建设事业迈出了坚实步伐。

The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of the reform and opening-up era and the shift away from Maoist class struggle as the central task of the Party. achieved a great turning point of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party since the founding of New China. The session made the historic decision to shift the focus of the Party and the state's work to socialist modernization and to implement reform and opening up. Comrade Deng Xiaoping clearly stated: "What is our main task for the present and for a considerable historical period to come? In a word, it is to carry out modernization. Whether we can achieve the four modernizations determines the destiny of our nation and the fate of our country." [3]3 The "four modernizations" (四个现代化) refer to the goals set by Zhou Enlai in 1964 and reaffirmed by Deng Xiaoping: modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. After the country opened its doors, we saw the gap between China and the developed countries. During this period, we eliminated various disturbances and concentrated wholeheartedly on socialist modernization. The great achievements of the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization have attracted worldwide attention. "Our Party made the historic decision to shift the focus of the Party and the state's work to economic development and to implement reform and opening up, vigorously promoted theoretical, institutional, cultural, and other innovations on the basis of practice, implemented the socialist market economy system, achieved a historic breakthrough from a state of relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world's second-largest economy, and realized a historic leap from a situation where the people's livelihood was insufficient to an overall moderate prosperity and a march toward moderate prosperity in all respects, providing a new and dynamic institutional guarantee and material conditions for rapid development for Chinese-path modernization." [4]4 This quotation is from the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century, adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee in November 2021.

党的十一届三中全会实现了新中国成立以来党的历史上具有深远意义的伟大转折。会议作出把党和国家的工作重点转移到社会主义现代化建设上来和实行改革开放的历史性决策。邓小平同志明确指出：“我们当前以及今后相当长一个历史时期的主要任务是什么？一句话，就是搞现代化建设。能否实现四个现代化，决定着我们国家的命运、民族的命运。”国门打开后，我们看到了中国与发达国家的差距。这一时期，我们排除各种干扰，一心一意搞社会主义现代化建设。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期取得的伟大成就举世瞩目，“我们党作出把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策，大力推进实践基础上的理论创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新，实行社会主义市场经济体制，实现了从生产力相对落后的状况到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破，实现了人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、奔向全面小康的历史性跨越，为中国式现代化提供了充满新的活力的体制保证和快速发展的物质条件”。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era. The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative, have continued to advance on the existing foundation, constantly achieving innovative breakthroughs in theory and practice, and successfully advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. In terms of guiding ideology, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We have deepened our understanding, established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, achieved a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and provided fundamental guidance for Chinese-path modernization. We have further deepened our understanding of the connotation and essence of Chinese-path modernization, summarized and formed its Chinese characteristics, essential requirements, and major principles, initially constructed a theoretical system for Chinese-path modernization, and made Chinese-path modernization clearer, more scientific, and more tangible and feasible.” In terms of strategic deployment, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We have deeply implemented a series of major strategies, such as the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, and the strategy of rural revitalization, providing solid strategic support for Chinese-path modernization.” In practice, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We have promoted a series of transformative practices, achieved a series of breakthrough advances, and obtained a series of landmark achievements, driving historic achievements and historic changes in the cause of the Party and the state. In particular, we have eliminated absolute poverty, built a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and provided more complete institutional guarantees, a more solid material foundation, and a more proactive spiritual force for Chinese-path modernization.”

党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人在已有基础上继续前进，不断实现理论和实践上的创新突破，成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。在指导思想上，习近平总书记指出：“我们在认识上不断深化，创立了新时代中国特色社会主义思想，实现了马克思主义中国化时代化新的飞跃，为中国式现代化提供了根本遵循。我们进一步深化对中国式现代化的内涵和本质的认识，概括形成中国式现代化的中国特色、本质要求和重大原则，初步构建中国式现代化的理论体系，使中国式现代化更加清晰、更加科学、更加可感可行。”在战略部署上，习近平总书记指出：“深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、乡村振兴战略等一系列重大战略，为中国式现代化提供坚实战略支撑。”在实践上，习近平总书记指出：“推进一系列变革性实践、实现一系列突破性进展、取得一系列标志性成果，推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，特别是消除了绝对贫困问题，全面建成小康社会，为中国式现代化提供了更为完善的制度保证、更为坚实的物质基础、更为主动的精神力量。”

Only by understanding history can one see far; only by comprehending history can one go far. The CPC has united and led the people in unremitting struggle, profoundly changing the direction and process of the development of the Chinese nation since modern times, profoundly changing the future and destiny of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, and profoundly changing the trends and patterns of world development. The heavy responsibility of exploring the path of Chinese modernization has historically fallen on the CPC. More than one hundred years of history and practice fully demonstrate that our Party, leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country through countless hardships and at great cost, has only through long-term exploration and practice been able to achieve the major results of Chinese-path modernization.

了解历史才能看得远，理解历史才能走得远。中国共产党团结带领人民不懈奋斗，深刻改变了近代以后中华民族发展的方向和进程，深刻改变了中国人民和中华民族的前途和命运，深刻改变了世界发展的趋势和格局。探索中国现代化道路的重任，历史地落在了中国共产党身上。一百多年历史和实践充分表明，我们党领导全国各族人民历经千辛万苦、付出巨大代价，在长期探索和实践中才得以取得中国式现代化重大成果。

From the perspective of historical stages, in the continuous process of exploring socialist modernization, our Party’s understanding of the laws of Chinese-path modernization has also been constantly deepened and expanded. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, put forward the goal of the “Four Modernizations” [5]5 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022 and formally introduced the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization as a major policy outcome. and made a strategic plan of “two steps”: the first step was to establish an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system; the second step was to comprehensively realize the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology, enabling our country’s economy to be at the forefront of the world. Although, due to various reasons, the completion of the first step of the strategic plan was extremely difficult, after all, an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system were established in our country.

从历史阶段性角度来看，在不断探索社会主义现代化过程中，我们党对中国式现代化规律的认识也在不断深化和拓展。20世纪50、60年代，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人提出“四个现代化”的目标，并作出分“两步走”的战略部署：第一步，建立一个独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系；第二步，全面实现农业、工业、国防和科学技术的现代化，使我国经济走在世界的前列。虽然由于种种原因，第一步战略部署完成得异常艰难，但毕竟在我国建立起了独立的、比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系。

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping as their chief representative, based on changes in the theme of the times, proceeded from China’s actual conditions, absorbed and drew on foreign modernization experience, and in the process of continuing to advance the Four Modernizations, put forward “Chinese-style modernization,” deepening and expanding the understanding of the laws of our country’s modernization. In 1979, Comrade Deng Xiaoping spoke about Chinese-style modernization in two meetings with foreign guests. The first was on March 21 of that year, when he met with Malcolm MacDonald, head of the delegation of the Executive Committee of the Sino-British Cultural Association; the second was on December 6 of that year, when he met with Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira. Subsequently, Comrade Deng Xiaoping said at a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee: “In my conversations with foreigners, I used a new term: Chinese-style modernization. By the end of this century, we can probably only reach the level of the developed countries in the 1970s, and per capita income cannot be very high.” The core meaning of “Chinese-style modernization” proposed by Comrade Deng Xiaoping had two points: first, the standard of our country’s modernization cannot completely take the level of modernization development in Western developed countries as a reference or comparative coordinate; second, the key indicator is not gross national product but per capita gross national product, with the target set at 800 to 1,000 US dollars. Comrade Deng Xiaoping also used “moderately prosperous” (xiaokang) to interpret Chinese-style modernization. The 16th National Congress of the CPC further divided moderately prosperous society into overall moderate prosperity and comprehensive moderate prosperity. The proposal of these important viewpoints marked a leap in our Party’s understanding of the laws of Chinese-path modernization.

党的十一届三中全会以后，以邓小平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人依据时代主题的变化，从中国实际出发，吸收借鉴国外现代化经验，在继续推进四个现代化过程中提出了“中国式的现代化”，深化和拓展了对我国现代化规律的认识。1979年，邓小平同志在两次同外宾讲话中谈到了中国式的现代化。第一次是同年3月21日会见英中文化协会执行委员会代表团团长马尔科姆·麦克唐纳，第二次是同年12月6日会见日本首相大平正芳。之后，邓小平同志在中央政治局会议上谈到：“我同外国人谈话，用了一个新名词：中国式的现代化。到本世纪末，我们大概只能达到发达国家七十年代的水平，人均收入不可能很高。”邓小平同志提出的“中国式的现代化”，其核心要义有二：一是我国现代化的标准不能完全以西方发达国家的现代化发展水平为参照系或比较坐标；二是不以国民生产总值而以人均国民生产总值为关键性指标，目标定在800美元—1000美元。邓小平同志还用小康来诠释中国式现代化。党的十六大又进一步把小康划分为总体小康和全面小康。这些重要观点的提出，标志着我们党对中国式现代化规律认识的一次飞跃。

Chinese-path modernization is the fundamental path to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and it is also a path to promote world peace and development. The 20th National Congress of the CPC comprehensively elaborated on the fundamental tasks, scientific connotation, Chinese characteristics, essential requirements, strategic arrangements, overall goals, main tasks, and major principles of Chinese-path modernization, initially establishing the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization. It should be pointed out that the connotation of “Chinese-style modernization” proposed by Comrade Deng Xiaoping referred to a moderately prosperous society, and the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has now been achieved. The connotation of “Chinese-path modernization” proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping refers to building a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful, a grand goal to be achieved by the middle of this century. Here, “Chinese-style modernization” and “Chinese-path modernization” are not merely a deletion of the word “style” in the wording; it embodies a major breakthrough in our Party’s understanding of the laws of socialist construction and the laws of human social development, marking another leap in the understanding of the laws of Chinese-path modernization by the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative.

中国式现代化是实现中华民族伟大复兴的根本之路，也是促进世界和平与发展之路。党的二十大对中国式现代化的根本任务、科学内涵、中国特色、本质要求、战略安排、总体目标、主要任务、重大原则等进行全面阐述，初步创立了中国式现代化理论体系。需要指出的是，邓小平同志提出的“中国式的现代化”，其内涵是指小康社会，如今全面建成小康社会这个目标己经实现。习近平总书记提出的“中国式现代化”，其内涵是指建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，这是要到本世纪中叶才能实现的宏伟目标。在这里，“中国式的现代化”和“中国式现代化”，不仅仅是字面上一个“的”的删减，它蕴含着我们党对社会主义建设规律和人类社会发展规律认识的重大突破，标志着以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人对中国式现代化规律认识的又一次飞跃。

Understanding Chinese-Path Modernization from the Dimension of the Unity of Strategic Thinking and Pragmatic Spirit

从战略思维与务实精神相统一的维度认识中国式现代化

Advancing Chinese-path modernization is a systematic project that requires full use of strategic thinking. The importance of strategic thinking is determined by the significant role that attention to strategic issues has played in China’s revolution, construction, and reform. “Over the past century, the Party has always been able to understand, analyze, and judge the major historical issues it faces from a strategic perspective at critical historical junctures, and formulate correct political strategies and tactics. This is a powerful guarantee for the Party to overcome countless risks and challenges and continuously move from victory to victory.”

推进中国式现代化是一个系统工程，需要充分运用战略思维。战略思维的重要性，是由重视战略问题在中国革命、建设和改革中所起的重要作用来决定的。“一百年来，党总是能够在重大历史关头从战略上认识、分析、判断面临的重大历史课题，制定正确的政治战略策略，这是党战胜无数风险挑战、不断从胜利走向胜利的有力保证”。

The same applies to modernization construction. From a small locality to the entire country, strategic thinking is needed to guide modernization construction. During his work in Fuzhou, Comrade Xi Jinping personally presided over the formulation of the “Fuzhou City

现代化建设也是这样，小到一个地方，大到整个国家都需要运用战略思维来指导现代化建设。习近平同志在福州工作期间就亲自主持编制了《福州市20年经济社会发展战略设想》（简称“3820”战略工程），并指出：“历史的经验和教训告诉我们，一个地方的建设，如果没有长远规划，往往会导致严重的失误，甚至留下永久的遗憾。”对整个国家而言，“用中长期规划指导经济社会发展，是我们党治国理政的一种重要方式”。从第一个五年计划到第十四个五年规划，一以贯之的主题是把我国建设成为社会主义现代化国家。我们走过弯路，也遭遇过一些意想不到的困难和挫折。在这个过程中，由于我们党高度重视战略问题，充分运用战略思维，对社会主义现代化建设在认识上不断深入、在战略上不断成熟、在实践上不断丰富，加速了我国现代化发展进程，为以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴奠定了实践基础、理论基础、制度基础。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC points out: “The entire Party must fortify its confidence, forge ahead with enterprise, take the initiative to identify, respond to, and drive changes, take the initiative to prevent and defuse risks, and continuously win new victories in building a modern socialist country in all respects!” “We must always think, make decisions, and act in light of our national conditions, neither aiming too high nor sticking to old ways. We must maintain historical patience, adhere to the principles of making progress while maintaining stability, advancing step by step, and pushing forward continuously.” Chinese-path modernization is grounded in the country’s historical and cultural traditions and basic national conditions, highlighting its pragmatic nature. These important statements are precisely a manifestation of the pragmatic spirit. In advancing Chinese-path modernization, it is essential to always maintain strategic sobriety, strategic confidence, and strategic initiative. Maintaining strategic sobriety means having a clear understanding of various risks and challenges; maintaining strategic confidence means strengthening the resolve to struggle; maintaining strategic initiative means enhancing the ability to struggle. The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative, attach great importance to strategic issues and fully apply strategic thinking to guide the practice of building a modern socialist country in all respects, vividly embodying the unity of strategic thinking and the pragmatic spirit.

党的二十大报告指出：“全党必须坚定信心、锐意进取，主动识变应变求变，主动防范化解风险，不断夺取全面建设社会主义现代化国家新胜利！”“我们始终从国情出发想问题、作决策、办事情，既不好高骛远，也不因循守旧，保持历史耐心，坚持稳中求进、循序渐进、持续推进。”中国式现代化立足本国历史文化传统和基本国情，凸显务实性。这些重要论述正是务实精神的体现。在推进中国式现代化过程中要始终保持战略清醒、战略自信和战略主动。保持战略清醒，就是对各种风险挑战做到胸中有数；保持战略自信，就是要增强斗争的底气；保持战略主动，就是要增强斗争本领。以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人高度重视战略问题，充分运用战略思维来指导全面建设社会主义现代化国家实践，生动体现了战略思维和务实精神的统一。

In summary, today, our understanding and grasp of the laws of Chinese-path modernization have reached an unprecedented new height—this is beyond doubt. The 20th National Congress of the CPC revealed the connotations and essence of Chinese-path modernization, summarized its Chinese characteristics, essential requirements, and major principles, and initially constructed the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization. This is a major achievement of our Party in deeply understanding the laws of socialist construction and the laws of human social development. However, it should also be recognized that there are still many unresolved problems in Chinese-path modernization, and our understanding and grasp of many major issues concerning Chinese-path modernization are still in the process of continuous deepening—this is also beyond doubt. In particular, we are facing changes unseen in a century in the world. Such changes are not changes in a single event, a single domain, or a single country, but changes of the world, of the times, and of history. Therefore, the entire Party must fortify its confidence, forge ahead with enterprise, take the initiative to identify, respond to, and drive changes, take the initiative to prevent and defuse risks, and continuously win new victories in building a modern socialist country in all respects.

综上所述，今天，我们对中国式现代化规律的认识和把握，已经达到前所未有的新的高度，这一点是不容置疑的。党的二十大揭示了中国式现代化的内涵和本质，概括了中国式现代化的中国特色、本质要求和重大原则等，初步构建了中国式现代化理论体系，这是我们党深刻认识社会主义建设规律和人类社会发展规律的重大成果。但是，也应该看到，中国式现代化还有很多待解的难题，我们对中国式现代化的很多重大问题的认识和把握还处在不断深化的过程中，这一点也是不容置疑的。尤其是我们正面临世界百年未有之大变局，这样的大变局不是一时一事、一域一国之变，而是世界之变、时代之变、历史之变。因此，全党必须坚定信心、锐意进取，主动识变应变求变，主动防范化解风险，不断夺取全面建设社会主义现代化国家新胜利。

Online editor: Zhang Fujun

网络编辑：张福军