The Historic Contributions of the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

Marxist political economy is the economic doctrine founded by Marx. In the course of its continuous enrichment and development, this doctrine has formed two main components. The first is the capitalist part, or capitalist political economy, which takes the capitalist economic formation as its object of study; its basic theory derives from Marx’s *Capital* and constitutes the origin and foundation of Marxist political economy. Capitalist political economy scientifically reveals the essence and laws of motion of the capitalist economy, elucidates the historical inevitability of socialism replacing capitalism, and provides a powerful theoretical weapon for the proletarian revolution. The second is the socialist part, or socialist political economy, which takes the socialist economic formation as its object of study; its basic theory derives from the scientific predictions of Marxist classical writers concerning the future society and from the summarised generalisations of the practice of socialist economic development. It is the application and development of Marxist political economy under socialist conditions. Socialist political economy scientifically reveals the essence and laws of motion of the socialist economy, provides a scientific guide for socialist economic construction, and explores the practical path for the transition from socialist society to communist society. It occupies a very important position within Marxist political economy.

马克思主义政治经济学是马克思开创的经济学说，这一学说在不断丰富发展的过程中形成了两个主要组成部分。一是资本主义部分或资本主义政治经济学，以资本主义经济形态为研究对象，基本理论来源于马克思的《资本论》，是马克思主义政治经济学的本源和基础。资本主义政治经济学科学揭示了资本主义经济的本质和运动规律，阐明了社会主义代替资本主义的历史必然性，为无产阶级革命提供了强大理论武器。二是社会主义部分或社会主义政治经济学，以社会主义经济形态为研究对象，基本理论来源于马克思主义经典作家关于未来社会的科学预测和对社会主义经济发展实践的概括总结，是马克思主义政治经济学在社会主义条件下的运用和发展。社会主义政治经济学科学揭示了社会主义经济的本质和运动规律，为社会主义经济建设提供了科学指南，也为社会主义社会向共产主义社会的过渡探索现实路径，在马克思主义政治经济学中具有十分重要的地位。

After the establishment of the socialist system in China, the status of socialist political economy became even more important and its role even more prominent, as it served as the scientific guide for socialist economic construction. The Communist Party of China, taking Marxism as its guiding ideology, insists on using the scientific theory of Marxist political economy to guide the practice of economic construction, and continuously advances the adaptation of Marxist political economy, especially socialist political economy, to the Chinese context and the needs of the times [n1]. After the founding of New China, faced with the arduous historical task of building a socialist economy in a large country that accounted for nearly one-quarter of the world’s population and was extremely backward economically and culturally, Comrade Mao Zedong called on all Party cadres to earnestly study and research socialist political economy, to take the Soviet Union as a mirror, to follow our own path, to create new theories, to write new works, to produce our own theorists, and, integrating with China’s actual conditions, put forward a series of original theoretical viewpoints on developing the socialist economy. After reform and opening up, centering on the entirely new historical task of developing the economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Communist Party of China strove to forge and create in the integration of theory and practice, successfully achieving the transformation from a highly centralised planned economic system to a vibrant socialist market economic system. Taking as its direction Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s proposal to develop a “political economy that integrates the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of Chinese socialism,” [n2] based on the primary stage of socialism, and highlighting the distinctive feature of developing a market economy under socialist conditions while constantly liberating and developing the productive forces, our country gradually formed the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, centering on how to uphold and develop the economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era and achieve higher-quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and more secure development, has put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, forming and developing Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Xi Jinping’s economic thought comprehensively, concentratedly, and profoundly reflects the Communist Party of China’s new understanding of the laws of economic development. It is the latest achievement of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics for the New Era, and the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the world of the 21st century. It provides a scientific guide for our country’s high-quality development and the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.

社会主义制度在中国建立后，作为社会主义经济建设的科学指南，社会主义政治经济学的地位更加重要、作用更加突出。中国共产党以马克思主义为指导思想，坚持运用马克思主义政治经济学的科学理论指导经济建设实践，不断推进马克思主义政治经济学特别是社会主义政治经济学中国化时代化。新中国成立后，面对在中国这样一个占世界人口近四分之一、经济文化十分落后的大国建设社会主义经济的艰难历史任务，毛泽东同志号召全党干部认真学习研究社会主义政治经济学，以苏为鉴，走自己的路，创造新的理论，写出新的著作，产生自己的理论家，并结合中国实际提出了发展社会主义经济的一系列独创性理论观点。改革开放后，围绕发展中国特色社会主义经济这一全新的历史课题，中国共产党在理论和实践的结合上奋力开拓创造，成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制向充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的转变。以邓小平同志提出的发展“马克思主义基本原理和中国社会主义实践相结合的政治经济学”为方向，立足社会主义初级阶段，突出社会主义条件下发展市场经济、不断解放和发展生产力这一鲜明特色，我国逐步形成了中国特色社会主义政治经济学。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央围绕新时代如何坚持和发展中国特色社会主义经济，实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展，提出了一系列新理念新思想新战略，形成和发展了习近平经济思想。习近平经济思想全面、集中、深刻地反映了中国共产党对经济发展规律的新认识，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的最新成果、新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学，是马克思主义政治经济学在当代中国、21世纪世界的最新理论成果，为我国经济高质量发展、全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供了科学指南。

The formation and development of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is of great significance in the history of the development of Marxist political economy. As the theoretical summation of the great practice of China’s economic development, and as the theoretical crystallization of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics integrates the basic principles of Marxist political economy with China’s specific realities and with the fine traditional Chinese culture. In the sublimation of “practice—knowledge—re-practice—re-knowledge,” it guides our country’s economic development to continuously create new miracles and achieve new accomplishments, and in the New Era it has accumulated rich resources and achieved a new leap in theoretical development. This is mainly manifested in its distinct subjectivity, outstanding originality, complete systematicity, and rich results in fundamental principles. Distinct subjectivity means that our consciousness, autonomy, initiative, and creativity have been greatly enhanced, and theoretical development has gained a fundamental support, endogenous driving force, and historical foundation. Outstanding originality means that we have a stronger capacity for theoretical creation, enabling us to provide scientific answers to unprecedented epochal questions. Complete systematicity means that we grasp and understand the inherent laws of economic development in the totality of thought, forming a systematised economic doctrine. Rich results in fundamental principles mean that we have elevated Chinese experience into Chinese theory with universal significance, enriching the treasure trove of the basic principles of Marxist political economy. The four aspects mentioned above interpenetrate and are organically unified, advancing the development of socialist political economy to a new stage and making historic contributions to the innovative development of Marxist political economy.

中国特色社会主义政治经济学的形成和发展，在马克思主义政治经济学发展史上具有重大意义。作为中国经济发展伟大实践的理论总结，作为马克思主义中国化时代化的理论结晶，中国特色社会主义政治经济学把马克思主义政治经济学基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，在“实践—认识—再实践—再认识”的升华中，指导我国经济发展不断创造新奇迹、取得新成就，并在新时代厚积薄发，实现了理论发展的新飞跃，主要表现为鲜明的主体性、突出的原创性、完备的系统性，以及丰富的原理性理论成果。鲜明的主体性，意味着我们的自觉性、自主性、能动性和创造性极大增强，理论发展具有了根本依托、内生动力和历史根基。突出的原创性，意味着我们有了更强的能力进行理论创造，对前无古人的时代课题作出科学解答。完备的系统性，意味着我们在思维总体上认识把握经济发展的内在规律，形成了系统化的经济学说。丰富的原理性理论成果，意味着我们把中国经验升华为具有普遍意义的中国理论，丰富了马克思主义政治经济学基本原理的宝库。上述四个方面相互贯通、有机统一，将社会主义政治经济学的发展推进到新阶段，为马克思主义政治经济学的创新发展作出了历史性贡献。

I. The Distinct Subjectivity of the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

一、中国特色社会主义政治经济学的鲜明主体性

Whether our theory possesses Chinese characteristics and global significance, and whether it can stand on its own in the world’s forest of thought and contribute to the development of human civilisation, ultimately depends on whether it has distinct subjectivity, thereby forming a powerful creativity and leading force. The political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is precisely an economic theory with distinct subjectivity that is in the process of forming a powerful creativity and leading force. Creatively putting forward the scientific category of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics and continuously advancing the development of this science is a solemn declaration of its distinct subjectivity.

我们的理论有没有中国特色和世界意义，能否自立于世界思想之林、为人类文明发展作出贡献，归根到底要看有没有鲜明的主体性，进而形成强大创造力和引领力。中国特色社会主义政治经济学就是具有鲜明主体性、正在形成强大创造力和引领力的经济理论，而创造性地提出中国特色社会主义政治经济学这一科学范畴并不断推进这一科学的发展，是对其鲜明主体性的郑重宣示。

Since the founding of New China, China’s economic development has achieved remarkable successes that have attracted worldwide attention, and the development of Chinese economic theory reflecting these great achievements has also yielded fruitful results. Academic and theoretical circles have conducted in-depth discussions on what categories should be used to summarise the scientific attributes of these theoretical achievements, and on whether these theories possess subjectivity and originality and can become an independent science. Many important consensuses have been reached, but some differing views also exist. Can China establish an independent economics? Where should China’s economics go? These are questions of great concern to people. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has creatively put forward the scientific category of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, emphasising the need to uphold and develop the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, to continuously improve the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and to advance the construction of an economic discipline that fully embodies Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner. This has provided a very clear answer to the major question of the nature and development direction of Chinese economics, greatly enhancing people’s consciousness and confidence in developing the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and making people’s understanding of the subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics suddenly clear. This is a revolution in economic terminology and also a revolution in economic theory, marking a milestone in the history of the development of Marxist political economy.

新中国成立以来，中国经济发展取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就，反映这一巨大成就的中国经济理论的发展，也取得了丰硕的成果。学术界、理论界对于用什么样的范畴概括这些理论成果的科学属性，以及这些理论是否具有主体性、原创性，能否成为独立的科学等问题进行了深入的探讨，取得了许多重要共识，也存在一些不同认识。中国能否建立起自主的经济学？中国的经济学该向何处去？这是人们十分关注的问题。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记创造性地提出了中国特色社会主义政治经济学这一科学范畴，强调坚持和发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学，不断完善中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系，推进充分体现中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的经济学科建设，十分明确地回答了中国经济学的性质和发展方向的重大问题，极大增强了人们对发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学的自觉和自信，使人们对中国特色社会主义政治经济学主体性的认识豁然明亮起来，这是经济学术语的革命，也是经济学理论的革命，在马克思主义政治经济学发展史上具有里程碑意义。

Subjectivity is the general term for human consciousness, autonomy, initiative, and creativity. The political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a theory with distinct subjectivity, independently and creatively created by the Chinese people, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, as the practical subject of socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics. It is based on China’s actual conditions, exerts subjective initiative, carries forward the historical initiative spirit, systematically summarises the practical experience of socialist economic construction, consciously understands, grasps, and applies economic laws, and plans to promote sustained and rapid economic development, thereby achieving a theory with distinct subjectivity in the interaction of theory and practice. This distinct subjectivity is the concentrated expression in economic theory of the spiritual bearing of self-confidence and self-reliance of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people; it is the concentrated expression in economic theory of the organic unity of the Party’s leading role, the people’s principal position, and the country’s independence and self-determination; it is the concentrated expression in economic theory of the subjectivity of Chinese culture.

主体性是人的自觉性、自主性、能动性和创造性的总称。中国特色社会主义政治经济学是中国共产党领导的中国人民作为中国特色社会主义经济建设的实践主体，立足中国实际，发挥主观能动性，发扬历史主动精神，系统总结社会主义经济建设的实践经验，自觉认识、把握和运用经济规律，有计划推动经济持续快速发展，进而在理论和实践的互动中独立自主创造的具有鲜明主体性的理论。这一鲜明的主体性，是中国共产党和中国人民自信自立的精神气度在经济理论上的集中体现，是党的领导作用、人民的主体地位和国家的独立自主的有机统一在经济理论上的集中体现，是中华文化主体性在经济理论上的集中体现。

How has the distinct subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics taken shape?

中国特色社会主义政治经济学的鲜明主体性何以形成？

First, a sober theoretical self-awareness. Independently exploring a path of socialist economic construction suited to China’s national conditions, and striving to create a political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, has been the unwavering theoretical self-awareness of the Communist Party of China and the unremitting theoretical pursuit of generations of Chinese Communists. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, with an even more proactive historical sense of responsibility, has promoted the formation of a philosophy and social science with Chinese characteristics that possesses subjectivity and originality, constructed an independent Chinese knowledge system, and developed the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This has not only opened up new horizons for contemporary Marxist political economy in China but also inaugurated a new era for the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

第一，清醒的理论自觉。独立自主探索符合中国国情的社会主义经济建设道路，努力创建具有中国特色的社会主义政治经济学，是中国共产党坚定不移的理论自觉，是一代又一代中国共产党人不懈的理论追求。特别是党的十八大以来，习近平总书记以更加积极的历史担当，推动形成具有主体性、原创性的中国特色哲学社会科学，建构中国自主的知识体系，发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学，不仅开拓了当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，也开创了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的新时代。

Second, a unique economic form. In discussing the method of political economy, Marx pointed out that “in the theoretical method, the subject, namely society, must also always be kept in mind as the presupposition.” [1]1 Karl Marx, *Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy* (Rough Draft), “Introduction” (1857). This subject is the “real subject,” which is the object of cognition and the real basis on which theoretical subjectivity is generated. The economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the “real subject” of research in the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it is also the real basis on which its distinct theoretical subjectivity is generated. What is the basic connotation of the economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics? The report to the 15th National Congress of the CPC has already clearly articulated it: building a socialist economy with Chinese characteristics means developing a market economy under socialist conditions, continuously liberating and developing the productive forces. [2]2 The 15th National Congress of the CPC was held in 1997. Its report formally defined the basic economic system and the goal of establishing a socialist market economy. With the development and improvement of the socialist market economy system, the economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become increasingly mature and well-defined, and its connotation has been continuously enriched and expanded. As an important component and material foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and as an important component and material foundation of the new form of human civilization created by Chinese-path modernization, the economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics has attracted widespread global attention due to its unique development model, profound historical significance, and major worldwide impact. We cannot fail to provide a full theoretical explanation of this, nor can we fail to fully demonstrate it in terms of theoretical subjectivity.

第二，独创的经济形态。马克思在讨论政治经济学方法时指出，“在理论方法上，主体，即社会，也必须始终作为前提浮现在表象面前”。这个主体，是“实在主体”，它是认识的对象和理论主体性得以生成的现实基础。中国特色社会主义经济形态是中国特色社会主义政治经济学研究的“实在主体”，也是其鲜明的理论主体性得以生成的现实基础。中国特色社会主义经济形态的基本内涵是什么？党的十五大报告已有明确阐述，即建设有中国特色的社会主义经济，就是在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，不断解放和发展生产力。随着社会主义市场经济体制的发展改善，中国特色社会主义经济形态日益成熟定型，内涵不断丰富拓展。作为中国特色社会主义的重要组成部分和重要物质基础，作为中国式现代化创造的人类文明新形态的重要组成部分和重要物质基础，中国特色社会主义经济形态以其独特的发展模式、深刻的历史意义、重大的世界影响引起了全世界的广泛关注。对此，我们不能不在理论上予以充分说明，不能不在理论的主体性上予以充分展现。

Third, a scientific worldview and methodology. A scientific worldview and methodology are the “master key” for us to study and solve problems. The political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics adheres to the worldview and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, as well as the basic principles for analyzing economic phenomena formed on this basis. For example: productive forces determine the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure; the unity of scientificity and people-centeredness, and the unity of economics and politics; determining the nature of the entire socio-economic system on the basis of the ownership of the means of production; social reproduction is divided into four links—production, distribution, exchange, and consumption—with production occupying a dominant position, etc. In the New Era, to accelerate the innovation and development of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, it is also necessary to grasp the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to uphold and apply the positions, viewpoints, and methods that run through it. Upholding the primacy of the people is concentratedly embodied in upholding the principal position of the people and implementing the people-centered development thought; upholding self-confidence and self-reliance is concentratedly embodied in proceeding from China’s actual conditions and developing China’s independent economic knowledge system; upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground is concentratedly embodied in adhering to the basic principles of Marxist political economy and continuously advancing theoretical innovation and development; upholding a problem-oriented approach is concentratedly embodied in focusing on solving practical problems in economic development in the New Era and making correct answers that conform to China’s actual conditions and the requirements of the times; upholding systemic thinking is concentratedly embodied in observing economic phenomena from the perspective of universal connection, comprehensive system, and development and change, and striving to elevate practical experience into a systematized economic theory; upholding a global vision is concentratedly embodied in establishing an international perspective and exploring common issues facing humanity from the interaction between China and the world. “To solve China’s problems and propose Chinese solutions to human problems, we must adhere to the Chinese people’s worldview and methodology.” With our own worldview and methodology, we have the “master key” to understand and solve China’s problems, and we have a reliable ideological foundation for exerting subjective initiative.

第三，科学的世界观方法论。科学的世界观方法论是我们研究问题、解决问题的“总钥匙”。中国特色社会主义政治经济学坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观方法论，以及在此基础上形成的分析经济现象的基本原则。比如：生产力决定生产关系、经济基础决定上层建筑，科学性和人民性相统一、经济和政治相统一，以生产资料所有制为基础确定整个社会经济制度的性质，社会再生产分为生产、分配、交换、消费四个环节和生产在其中居于支配地位等。在新时代，加快推进中国特色社会主义政治经济学的创新和发展，还要把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论，坚持好、运用好贯穿其中的立场观点方法。坚持人民至上，集中体现为坚持人民的主体地位，贯彻以人民为中心的发展思想；坚持自信自立，集中体现为从中国实际出发，发展中国自主的经济学知识体系；坚持守正创新，集中体现为坚持马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理，不断推进理论的创新发展；坚持问题导向，集中体现为着眼解决新时代经济发展的实际问题，作出符合中国实际和时代要求的正确回答；坚持系统观念，集中体现为用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察经济现象，努力把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说；坚持胸怀天下，集中体现为树立国际视野，从中国和世界的联系互动中探讨人类面临的共同课题。“解决中国的问题，提出解决人类问题的中国方案，要坚持中国人的世界观、方法论。”有了自己的世界观和方法论，就有了认识和解决中国问题的“总钥匙”，就有了发挥主体能动性的可靠思想基础。

Fourth, outstanding practical achievements. The political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics originates from China’s economic development practice and further guides China’s economic development. Since the founding of New China, we have completed the industrialization process that took Western developed countries several centuries in just a few decades, achieving a historic leap from relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world’s second-largest economy, and a historic leap in people’s lives from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity in all respects. We have created a miracle of sustained and rapid economic development, with the country’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power continuously reaching new heights. The Chinese nation has achieved a great leap from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong. The remarkable practical achievements of socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics have fully tested the scientificity and truth of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and are the vigorous source for the continuous enrichment and strengthening of its subjectivity.

第四，优异的实践成就。中国特色社会主义政治经济学源于中国经济发展实践，又进一步指导着中国经济发展。新中国成立以来，我们用几十年时间走完西方发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，实现了从生产力相对落后到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破，实现了人民生活从温饱不足到全面小康的历史性跨越，创造了经济持续快速发展的奇迹，国家经济实力、科技实力、综合国力不断跃上新台阶，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃。中国特色社会主义经济建设举世瞩目的实践成就，充分检验了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的科学性和真理性，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学主体性不断充实壮大的旺盛源泉。

The distinct subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is constantly being demonstrated. It represents a new awakening of Marxist political economy in China, an ideological liberation in which socialist political economy in China breaks free from the traditional dogmas of the Soviet model and the new dogmas of Western economics, achieving spiritual independence and leading the development of the times in practice. On the new journey of building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation, deeply understanding and vigorously promoting the distinct subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is of great significance.

中国特色社会主义政治经济学的鲜明主体性不断彰显，是马克思主义政治经济学在中国的新觉醒，是社会主义政治经济学在中国摆脱苏联模式的传统教条和西方经济学的新教条，精神上走向独立自主、实践上引领时代发展的一次思想解放。在强国建设、民族复兴的新征程上，深刻认识和努力弘扬中国特色社会主义政治经济学的鲜明主体性，意义重大。

With this subjectivity, our autonomy in economic theory has a fundamental foundation. There was once a popular view that Western economics is a universal science like the natural sciences, and it can be used directly, so China does not need to establish its own economics. This view also held that so-called Chinese economics is merely a specific application of Western economics in China, which can only be called “transitional economics,” “China’s economic problems,” “the Chinese case of economics,” etc., and cannot become an independent science. But in fact, Western economics is only a theoretical summary and refinement of Western economic practice. It contains aspects that reflect the general laws of large-scale socialized production and the market economy, while also having obvious ideological attributes and undeniable flaws. For example, in terms of value orientation, it advocates individualism, taking the hypothesis of the economic man who pursues the maximization of his own interests as the starting point for analyzing all problems; it regards the capitalist market economy as the eternal and unchanging economic form of humanity; and it takes abstract mathematical logic as the main criterion for judging whether economics is scientific. These contents with obvious ideological attributes are precisely the manifestation of the subjectivity of Western economics. As for the reasonable and useful components of Western economics, we must adhere to putting ourselves first and learn from and draw on them based on actual conditions. As Comrade Mao Zedong said, “We should absorb foreign things on the basis of China,” and “We should learn from the strengths of foreign countries to organize China’s own things and create things with a unique national style. Only then can the truth be explained clearly, and will we not lose national confidence.” [3]3 Mao Zedong, “Conversation with Music Workers” (1956). Blindly copying and transplanting Western economics will not only divorce from China’s actual conditions and fail to solve China’s problems, but will also make us ideological appendages to certain erroneous economic dogmas. Only by resolutely breaking the deception of the vulgar trend of dogmatism in Western economics can we form an independent Chinese economic knowledge system and radiate a powerful historical initiative spirit in guiding China’s economic development.

有了这种主体性，我们在经济理论上的自主性就有了根本依托。曾经有一种流行观点认为，西方经济学是像自然科学一样的普适性科学，拿来用就可以了，中国无须建立自己的经济学。这种观点还认为，所谓中国经济学只是西方经济学在中国的具体应用，只能称之为“过渡经济学”“中国经济问题”“经济学的中国案例”等，不可能成为一门独立的科学。但事实上，西方经济学只是西方经济实践的理论总结和提炼，包含着反映社会化大生产和市场经济一般规律的方面，同时具有明显的意识形态属性，存在不可否认的缺陷。比如，在价值取向上宣扬个人主义，把追求自身利益最大化的经济人假设作为分析一切问题的出发点，把资本主义市场经济当作人类永恒不变的经济形式，把抽象的数理逻辑当作判断经济学是否科学的主要标准等。这些具有明显意识形态属性的内容，正是西方经济学主体性的表现。对西方经济学中合理有用的成分，我们要坚持以我为主，从实际出发加以学习和借鉴。正如毛泽东同志所说，“应该是在中国的基础上面，吸取外国的东西”，“应该学习外国的长处，来整理中国的，创造出中国自己的、有独特的民族风格的东西。这样道理才能讲通，也才不会丧失民族信心”。盲目照抄照搬西方经济学，不仅会脱离中国实际，无法解答中国的问题，更会使我们成为某些错误的经济学教条的思想附庸。只有坚决打破迷信西方经济学教条主义流俗的蒙蔽，才能形成中国自主的经济学知识体系，并在指导中国经济发展过程中焕发出强大的历史主动精神。

With this subjectivity, our creativity in economic theory gains an endogenous driving force. It is man who can broaden the Way; the Way does not broaden man.[1]1 Karl Marx, *Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy* (Rough Draft), “Introduction” (1857). People make their own history, and they also make their own theory. Looking back at the history of the development of economic thought, it is not difficult to see that economics, as a form of social consciousness, has never evolved naturally but has been generated through practice; it is not a priori and self-existing but is constructed by human beings. Specifically, it is built by people in certain countries, regions, classes, and strata, based on subjective characteristics such as particular standpoints, viewpoints, methods, thinking, traditions, temperament, style, and language, through intellectual activities that observe, analyze, summarize, abstract, generalize, and refine objective economic facts. Many schools of economics and theoretical viewpoints formed in history are often named after a country, region, or representative figure, which serves as a marker of their subjectivity. For example, the French Physiocrats, British Classical Economics, the German Historical School, American Institutionalism, Keynesianism, Neoclassical Economics, the Austrian School, the Stockholm School, Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” theory, David Ricardo’s theory of comparative costs, Malthus’s theory of population, Say’s “trinity formula,” Marshall’s theory of equilibrium price, Schumpeter’s theory of innovation, Friedman’s monetary theory, the Coase theorem, and so on. It is precisely through the exchange, integration, and confrontation of these different theoretical schools and ideological viewpoints that economics gradually acquires rational knowledge of objective economic laws, developing from the particular knowledge of individual subjects into universal knowledge with scientific significance. Of course, whether such subjective theory is scientific ultimately needs to be tested by practice. But this does not mean that the subjectivity of theory is dispensable or can be strong or weak at will; on the contrary, the subjectivity of theory is closely related to its scientific character. Theory originates from practice, and practice is subjective, creative, dynamic, and vibrant. Lenin profoundly pointed out that the “irresistible attraction” of Marxist theory “for socialists of all countries lies in the fact that it combines strict and supreme scientificness (being the last word in social science) with revolutionism, and it does so not accidentally, not only because the founder of the doctrine combined in his own person the qualities of a scholar and a revolutionary, but because it combines them intrinsically and inseparably within the theory itself.”[2]2 The 15th National Congress of the CPC was held in 1997. Its report formally defined the basic economic system and the goal of establishing a socialist market economy. Western economics, as “the notions of the agents of bourgeois production in bourgeois relations of production,”[3]3 Mao Zedong, “Conversation with Music Workers” (1956). inevitably bears the stamp of vulgar economics due to the limitations of its class standpoint. Marxism is a scientific theory, but also a theory of the people and of practice. The people’s creative practice is the inexhaustible source of innovation in Marxist theory and the fundamental basis of the subjectivity of Marxist theory. The historical facts of the success of the Chinese revolution and construction have long proven that “the objective world of China, taken as a whole, is understood by the Chinese people.”[4]4 A classical allusion from the *Analects of Confucius* (15.29): “It is man who can broaden the Way; the Way does not broaden man.” It emphasizes human agency in realizing moral and social ideals. The successful experience of reform and opening up and socialist modernization has made us even more convinced that “China’s problems must be solved from China’s basic national conditions and by the Chinese people themselves.”[5]5 V. I. Lenin, “What the ‘Friends of the People’ Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats” (1894). The translation follows the standard English edition. The reason why the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics can become a science and can guide our country’s economy to create a miracle of sustained and rapid development is, fundamentally, because we have firmly established the subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, insisted on proceeding from China’s actual conditions, focused on summarizing fresh experience from the people’s creative practice, fully unleashed the people’s initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity, and achieved the unity of giving play to subjective initiative and respecting objective laws, the unity of purposiveness and regularity.

有了这种主体性，我们在经济理论上的创造性就有了内生动力。人能弘道，非道弘人。人们自己创造自己的历史，也自己创造自己的理论。回顾经济思想发展的历史，我们不难发现，作为一种社会意识的经济学，从来不是自然演进的，而是实践生成的；不是先验自在的，而是人为建构的；具体来说，就是一些国家和地区、一些阶级和阶层的人基于特定的立场、观点、方法、思维、传统、气质、风格、语言等主体性特点，通过思维活动对客观经济事实进行观察、分析、总结和抽象、概括、提炼构建起来的。历史上形成的许多经济学流派和理论观点往往冠以某个国家、地区或者代表人物之名，就是对其主体性的一种标识。比如，法国重农学派，英国古典经济学，德国历史学派，美国制度主义、凯恩斯主义、新古典经济学，奥地利学派，瑞典学派，亚当·斯密“看不见的手”理论，大卫·李嘉图的比较成本学说，马尔萨斯的人口论，萨伊的“三位一体”公式，马歇尔的均衡价格理论，熊彼特的创新理论，弗里德曼的货币理论，科思定理，等等。正是在这些不同理论流派和思想观点的交流交融交锋中，经济学逐步获得对客观经济规律的理性认识，从个别主体的特殊性知识发展为具有科学意义的普遍性知识。当然，这种主体性理论是否科学，最终需要由实践来检验。但这并不表示，理论的主体性可有可无、可强可弱，相反，理论的主体性与理论的科学性密切相关。理论来源于实践，而实践是有主体性、创造性、能动而鲜活的。列宁深刻地指出，马克思主义理论“对世界各国社会主义者所具有的不可遏止的吸引力，就在于它把严格的和高度的科学性（它是社会科学的最新成就）同革命性结合起来，并且不仅仅是因为学说的创始人兼有学者和革命家的品质而偶然地结合起来，而是把二者内在地和不可分割地结合在这个理论本身中”。西方经济学作为“资产阶级生产关系中的生产当事人的观念”，由于其阶级立场的局限难免打上庸俗经济学的烙印。马克思主义是科学的理论，也是人民的理论、实践的理论，人民的创造性实践是马克思主义理论创新的不竭源泉，是马克思主义理论主体性的根本所在。中国革命和建设成功的历史事实早已证明，“中国这个客观世界，整个地说来，是由中国人认识的”。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的成功经验，使我们更加坚信，“中国的问题必须从中国基本国情出发，由中国人自己来解答”。中国特色社会主义政治经济学之所以能够成为一门科学，之所以能够指导我国经济创造持续快速发展的奇迹，从根本上来说，就是因为我们牢固地树立了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的主体性，坚持从中国实际出发，注重从人民的创造性实践中总结新鲜经验，充分地发挥人民的主动性、积极性和创造性，实现了发挥主观能动性与尊重客观规律的统一、合目的性与合规律性的统一。

With this subjectivity, our confidence in economic theory gains a deep historical foundation. The subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is rooted in the subjectivity of Chinese culture, especially the subjectivity of its excellent economic thought. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, ancient Chinese thought formed schools such as Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, and Agrarianism. A group of ancient thinkers, represented by Guan Zhong, with the ideological self-awareness of “governing the state and benefiting the people,”[6]6 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. III, Chapter 48, “The Trinity Formula.” The phrase refers to the ideological character of bourgeois economic categories. put forward many important ideas on the economic development of ancient agricultural societies and government economic policies. In areas such as the division of labor, exchange, currency, taxation, land systems, land, population, state expenditure, trade and the economy, the state and the market, they formed original viewpoints such as the concept of righteousness and profit, the theory of constant property, the theory of enriching the state, the theory of enriching the people, the theory of moderate prosperity, the theory of great harmony, the theory of light and heavy, and the method of balancing prices.[7]7 Mao Zedong, “The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party” (1939), paraphrased. The original statement is: “The objective world of China, taken as a whole, is understood by the Chinese people.” These were unique in the world at that time, enough to make those who “always talk about Greece”[8]8 Xi Jinping, speech at the Conference Marking the Centenary of the Communist Party of China (July 1, 2021). The phrase is a standard formulation in contemporary CPC discourse. marvel as if at a miracle. Since modern times, in order to shake off the “encroachment” of bourgeois political economy imported as a foreign product and to contribute to the transformation of China’s society and economy, Chinese Marxist economists have worked tirelessly and explored unremittingly, advocating “studying political economy in the capacity of a Chinese person.”[9]9 “经国济民” (jīng guó jì mín) is a classical four-character idiom meaning “to govern the state and bring benefit to the people,” often associated with Guan Zhong (c. 720–645 BCE), a statesman and reformer of the State of Qi. They used Marxist political economy to analyze the nature and economic characteristics of China’s semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, providing a scientific basis for the establishment of the New Democratic economic program. Since the founding of New China, especially after reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people in the arduous exploration of guiding socialist economic construction, forming the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics and making its subjectivity stand tall in the New Era. If the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been obtained from the great practice of reform and opening up over more than 40 years, from the continuous exploration over more than 70 years since the founding of New China, from the profound summary of the development process of the Chinese nation over more than 180 years since modern times, and from the inheritance and development of the more than 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, possessing a profound historical origin and a broad practical foundation, then, as the scientific summary of the successful experience of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics in economic practice, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics possesses an equally profound historical origin and broad practical foundation. Its subjectivity will inevitably become increasingly solid and thick, and will be continuously carried forward on the new journey of building a strong country and realizing national rejuvenation.

有了这种主体性，我们在经济理论上的自信心就有了深厚历史根基。中国特色社会主义政治经济学的主体性扎根于中华文化的主体性，特别是其中的优秀经济思想的主体性。春秋战国时期，中国古代思想就形成了儒、法、墨、农等思想派别，以管仲为代表的一批古代思想家就曾以“经国济民”的思想自觉，对古代农业社会经济发展和政府经济政策提出了许多重要思想，在分工、交换、货币、赋税、田制、土地、人口、国用、贸易与经济、国家与市场等方面，形成了义利观、恒产论、富国论、富民论、小康论、大同论、轻重论、平准术等独创性观点，这在当时的世界上也是独一无二的，足以使那些“言必称希腊”的人惊为奇迹。近代以来，为了摆脱被当作舶来品输入的资产阶级政治经济学的“侵害”，对中国社会经济改造有所贡献，中国的马克思主义经济学者孜孜以求、不懈探索，力倡“以中国人的资格来研究政治经济学”，运用马克思主义政治经济学分析中国半殖民地半封建社会性质和经济特点，为新民主主义经济纲领的建立提供了科学依据。新中国成立以来特别是改革开放后，中国共产党领导中国人民在指导社会主义经济建设的艰辛探索中，形成了中国特色社会主义政治经济学，并使其主体性在新时代巍然耸立起来。如果说，中国特色社会主义道路是在改革开放40多年的伟大实践中得来的，是在新中国成立70多年的持续探索中得来的，是对近代以来180多年中华民族发展历程的深刻总结中得来的，是对中华民族5000多年悠久文明的传承发展中得来的，具有深厚的历史渊源和广泛的现实基础，那么，作为中国特色社会主义道路在经济实践上成功经验的科学总结，中国特色社会主义政治经济学具有同样深厚的历史渊源和广泛的现实基础，其主体性必将在强国建设、民族复兴的新征程上愈加牢固厚实、不断发扬光大。

II. The Outstanding Originality of the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

二、中国特色社会主义政治经济学的突出原创性

Outstanding originality is the vivid expression and powerful proof of the distinct subjectivity of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This characteristic indicates that our theory is formed through independent innovation, not through replication, imitation, splicing, or adaptation; it is the discovery of new knowledge, not the reproduction of old knowledge. More specifically, our theory is not a simple application of the template of classical Marxist writers’ visions of future society, nor a reprint of traditional socialist political economy, and even less a copy of Western economics; it is a new edition of the Sinicization and modernization of socialist political economy.

突出原创性是中国特色社会主义政治经济学鲜明主体性的生动表现与有力证明。这一特性表明，我们的理论是独立自主创新而成的，不是复制、模仿、拼接、改编而成的；是新知识的发现，不是旧知识的再现。更明确地说，我们的理论不是简单套用马克思主义经典作家关于未来社会设想的模板，不是传统社会主义政治经济学的再版，更不是西方经济学的翻版，而是社会主义政治经济学中国化时代化的新版。

Every new insight proposed by a science involves a revolution in the terminology of that science.[10]10 These are classical Chinese economic concepts: “义利观” (view on righteousness and profit), “恒产论” (theory of constant property, from Mencius), “富国论” (theory of enriching the state), “富民论” (theory of enriching the people), “小康论” (theory of moderate prosperity), “大同论” (theory of great harmony, from the *Book of Rites*), “轻重论” (theory of light and heavy, a monetary and price theory from the *Guanzi*), and “平准术” (method of balancing prices, a state intervention mechanism from the Han dynasty). The outstanding originality of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is embodied in a complete set of new concepts, categories, expressions, and judgments that reflect the essence and laws of movement of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, and is embodied in a series of important original theoretical achievements.

一门科学提出的每一种新见解，都包含这门科学的术语的革命。中国特色社会主义政治经济学突出的原创性，体现为一整套反映中国特色社会主义经济本质和运动规律的新概念、新范畴、新表述、新论断，体现为一系列重要的原创性理论成果。

On the theory of the essence of socialism. It proposes that the essence of socialism is to liberate and develop the productive forces, eliminate exploitation and polarization, and ultimately achieve common prosperity, promote social fairness and justice, promote the all-round development of people, and enable all the people to make solid progress toward the goal of common prosperity. It creatively answers the question of how to achieve common prosperity on the basis of liberating and developing the productive forces, enriching and developing the Marxist political economy theory on the essence of socialism.

关于社会主义本质的理论。提出社会主义的本质，是解放生产力，发展生产力，消灭剥削，消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕，促进社会公平正义，促进人的全面发展，使全体人民朝着共同富裕目标扎实迈进，创造性地回答了如何在解放和发展生产力的基础上实现共同富裕的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义本质的理论。

On the theory of the Party’s overall leadership over economic work. It proposes that economic work is the central task, and that Party leadership must be fully reflected in this central work. It gives play to the Party’s core leadership role in exercising overall leadership and coordinating all parties, improves the systems and mechanisms for the Party to lead economic work, effectively transforms the institutional advantages of the Party’s leadership over economic work into governance effectiveness, and continuously improves the Party’s ability and level in leading economic work. It creatively answers the question of the status and role of Party leadership in the socialist economy, enriching and developing the Marxist political economy theory on the dialectical relationship between the economy and politics.

关于党对经济工作全面领导的理论。提出经济工作是中心工作，党的领导要在中心工作中得到充分体现，发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，完善党领导经济工作体制机制，切实把党领导经济工作的制度优势转化为治理效能，不断提高党领导经济工作的能力和水平，创造性地回答了党的领导在社会主义经济中的地位和作用问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济和政治辩证关系的理论。

The theory of a people-centered development thought. It proposes that development is for the people, development relies on the people, and the fruits of development are shared by the people; it takes enhancing the people’s well-being, promoting the people’s all-round development, and steadily advancing toward common prosperity as the starting point and ultimate goal of economic development; it upholds putting the people and their lives above all else; it insists on safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods in the course of development, so as to better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life; it creatively answers the question of the leading factor and fundamental purpose of socialist economic development, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of the basic economic law of socialism.

关于以人民为中心的发展思想的理论。提出发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展、朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进作为经济发展的出发点和落脚点，坚持人民至上、生命至上，坚持在发展中保障和改善民生，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，创造性回答了社会主义经济发展的主导因素和根本目的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义基本经济规律的理论。

The theory of the stages of socialist economic development. It proposes that China is in the primary stage of socialism for a long time to come, that the new stage of development is a stage in which, after decades of accumulation in the primary stage of socialism, China has stood at a new starting point, and that it is an important stage in the process of China’s socialist development; it takes high-quality development as the basic feature of the new stage of development; it creatively answers the question of the historical direction and historical position of the evolution and development of the socialist economy from a lower stage to a higher stage, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of the stages of socialist economic development.

关于社会主义经济发展阶段的理论。提出我国长期处于社会主义初级阶段，新发展阶段是社会主义初级阶段中经过几十年积累、站到了新的起点上的一个阶段，是我国社会主义发展进程中的一个重要阶段，高质量发展是新发展阶段的基本特征，创造性地回答了社会主义经济从低级阶段到高级阶段演化发展的历史方向和历史方位的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义经济发展阶段的理论。

The theory of adhering to the new development philosophy. It proposes that we must establish and adhere to the development concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing; innovation is the primary driving force for development, coordination is an inherent requirement for sustained and healthy development, greenness is a necessary condition for sustainable development and an important manifestation of the people’s pursuit of a better life, openness is the only way for national prosperity and development, and sharing is the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics; the new development philosophy must be implemented throughout the entire process and in all fields of development; it creatively answers the question of the basic principles to follow in socialist economic development, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of the basic principles of socialist economic development.

关于坚持新发展理念的理论。提出要树立和坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，创新是引领发展的第一动力，协调是持续健康发展的内在要求，绿色是永续发展的必要条件和人民对美好生活追求的重要体现，开放是国家繁荣发展的必由之路，共享是中国特色社会主义的本质要求，必须把新发展理念贯穿发展全过程和各领域，创造性地回答了关于社会主义经济发展的基本遵循问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义经济发展基本原则的理论。

The theory of developing new quality productive forces. It proposes that developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and an important focal point for promoting high-quality development. Facing a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, China must seize opportunities, increase the intensity of innovation, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, plan and build future industries, and improve the modern industrial system; it creatively answers the fundamental question of “what is advanced productive forces and how to develop advanced productive forces” against the background of the deepening advancement of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of productive forces.

关于发展新质生产力的理论。提出发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，我国必须抢抓机遇，加大创新力度，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系，创造性回答了数字化、网络化、智能化深入推进的发展背景下，“什么是先进生产力、怎样发展先进生产力”的根本问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于生产力的理论。

The theory of upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system. It proposes that the basic socialist economic system, which features the coexistence of public ownership as the mainstay with diverse forms of ownership, the coexistence of distribution according to work as the mainstay with multiple modes of distribution, and the socialist market economy system, both reflects the superiority of the socialist system and is compatible with the level of development of the social productive forces in the primary stage of socialism in China; it is a great creation of the Party and the people; it creatively answers the question of the basic characteristics of the relations of production in the primary stage of socialism, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of the socialist economic system.

关于坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度的理论。提出公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度，既体现了社会主义制度优越性，又同我国社会主义初级阶段社会生产力发展水平相适应，是党和人民的伟大创造，创造性地回答了社会主义初级阶段生产关系的基本特征问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义经济制度的理论。

The theory of developing the socialist market economy. It proposes that the socialist market economy is a market economy integrated with the basic system of socialism; efforts must be made to combine the basic socialist system with the market economy, giving full play to the advantages of both; the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources, and the government plays its role better; it promotes a better combination of an effective market and a competent government, and builds a high-level socialist market economy system; it creatively answers the question of whether socialism and the market economy can be combined and how to combine them, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of the market economy.

关于发展社会主义市场经济的理论。提出社会主义市场经济是同社会主义基本制度结合在一起的市场经济，在社会主义基本制度与市场经济的结合上下功夫，把两方面优势都发挥好，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，创造性地回答了社会主义与市场经济能否结合及如何结合的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于市场经济的理论。

The theory of building a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other. It proposes adhering to the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand, achieving a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, deepening supply-side structural reform and making coordinated efforts to expand effective demand, giving full play to the advantages of the super-large market and strong production capacity, so that domestic circulation is based on the driving force of domestic demand, and improving the quality and level of international circulation; it creatively answers the question of how to achieve smooth economic circulation under the conditions of the socialist market economy, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of social reproduction.

关于构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局的理论。提出坚持扩大内需战略基点，实现高水平的科技自立自强，深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力，发挥超大规模市场和强大生产能力的优势，使国内大循环建立在内需主动力的基础上，提升国际循环质量和水平，创造性地回答了社会主义市场经济条件下如何实现经济循环畅通的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会再生产的理论。

The theory of promoting new-type industrialization. It proposes adhering to using informatization to drive industrialization and using industrialization to promote informatization, taking a new path of industrialization that features high scientific and technological content, good economic returns, low resource consumption, little environmental pollution, and full utilization of human resource advantages; promoting the intelligent, green, and integrated development of industries; building a modern industrial system that is complete, advanced, and secure; it creatively answers the question of how to achieve industrialization and informatization under the conditions of the deepening advancement of the new scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of industrialization.

关于推进新型工业化理论。提出坚持以信息化带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化，走出一条科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化路子，推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化，建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系，创造性地回答了新科技革命和产业革命深入推进条件下如何实现工业化和信息化的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于工业化的理论。

The theory of adhering to opening up and promoting the healthy development of economic globalization. It proposes firmly implementing the basic state policy of opening up, making good use of both domestic and international markets and resources, building a new system for a higher-level open economy, promoting the building of an open world economy, promoting the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative, and promoting the development of economic globalization in a more open, inclusive, balanced, and win-win direction; it creatively answers the question of how to implement opening up and promote a new type of economic globalization under socialist conditions, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of foreign economic relations and economic globalization.

关于坚持对外开放和推进经济全球化健康发展的理论。提出坚定实施对外开放基本国策，用好国际国内两个市场、两种资源，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制，推动建设开放型世界经济，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展，创造性地回答了在社会主义条件下如何实行对外开放和推动新型经济全球化的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于对外经济关系和经济全球化的理论。

The theory of coordinating development and security. It proposes that security is the prerequisite for development, and development is the guarantee of security; promoting high-level security through high-quality development, and ensuring high-quality development with high-level security; making efforts to prevent and defuse major risks, and resolutely holding the bottom line of preventing systemic financial risks; it creatively answers the question of the relationship between development and security, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of economic security.

关于统筹发展和安全的理论。提出安全是发展的前提，发展是安全的保障，以高质量发展促进高水平安全，以高水平安全保障高质量发展，着力防范化解重大风险，坚决守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线，创造地回答了发展和安全的关系问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济安全的理论。

The theory of promoting integrated urban-rural development. It proposes accelerating the building of an agricultural powerhouse, advancing agricultural and rural modernization, comprehensively promoting rural revitalization, taking the path of socialist rural revitalization with Chinese characteristics, promoting the formation of a new type of industry-agriculture relationship featuring mutual promotion, urban-rural complementarity, coordinated development, and common prosperity; promoting people-centered new-type urbanization; upholding and improving the basic rural management system; developing new-type rural collective economies; it creatively answers the question of how to achieve integrated urban-rural development under socialist conditions, and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of urban-rural relations.

关于推动城乡融合发展的理论。提出加快建设农业强国，推进农业农村现代化，全面推进乡村振兴，走中国特色社会主义乡村振兴道路，推动形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系，推进以人为核心的新型城镇化,坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，发展新型农村集体经济，创造性地回答了社会主义条件下如何实现城乡融合发展的问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于城乡关系的理论。

The theory of the methodology for doing economic work well. It proposes adhering to correct work strategies and methods, adhering to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, adhering to the combination of goal orientation and problem orientation, adhering to viewing China’s development with a comprehensive, dialectical, and long-term perspective, concentrating on doing our own things well, striving to foster new opportunities amidst crises and open up new horizons amidst changes, and enabling China’s economy to ride the wind and waves and move forward steadily; it creatively answers the methodological question of “how to view the economic situation” and “how to do economic work,” and enriches and develops the Marxist political economy theory of economic governance.

关于做好经济工作的方法论的理论。提出坚持正确的工作策略和方法，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，坚持用全面、辩证、长远的眼光看待我国发展，集中精力办好自己的事，努力在危机中育新机、于变局中开新局，推动我国经济乘风破浪、行稳致远，创造性地回答了“经济形势怎么看”“经济工作怎么干”的方法论问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济治理的理论。

There are many more original theoretical achievements of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, such as the theory of high-quality development, the theory of ecological civilization construction, the theory of coordinated regional development, the theory of capital under the socialist system, and the theory of taking a path of financial development with Chinese characteristics. The reason these theoretical achievements have become original achievements is that they are grounded in the reality of the economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, excavating new materials from the living practice of China’s economic development, discovering new problems, revealing new laws, putting forward new viewpoints, opening up new horizons, and constructing new systems, thereby, as an organic whole, providing creative answers to the new questions of the era. What are these new questions of the era? To sum them up: developing a market economy under socialist conditions and achieving economic modernization; establishing a more mature and more定型 socialist economic system; providing a solid economic foundation for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; and contributing China’s strength to promoting the healthy development of economic globalization and advancing the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. This task is unprecedented in practice, profoundly influencing not only China’s future and destiny but also the future and destiny of the world; it is also unprecedented in theory, as the classical Marxist writers never discussed it, our predecessors never encountered it, and Western economic theory cannot solve it. Lenin once vividly compared building socialism to climbing a rugged, unexplored, and uninhabited high mountain. This is a great pioneering feat of humanity’s leap from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. Its originality is self-evident, and it is particularly prominent in China.

中国特色社会主义政治经济学的原创性理论成果还有许多，比如高质量发展理论、生态文明建设理论、区域协调发展理论、社会主义制度下的资本理论、走中国特色金融发展之路理论，等等。这些理论成果之所以成为原创性成果，是因为立足于中国特色社会主义经济的现实，从我国经济发展的鲜活实践中挖掘新材料，发现新问题，揭示新规律，提出新观点，开拓新视野，构建新体系，进而作为一个有机整体对时代新课题作出了创造性解答。这个时代新课题是什么？归结起来就是：在社会主义条件下发展市场经济、实现经济现代化，建立更加成熟、更加定型的社会主义经济制度，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供坚实经济基础，为推动经济全球化健康发展、推动构建人类命运共同体贡献中国力量。这个课题，在实践上是前无古人的，不仅深刻影响中国的前途命运，而且深刻影响世界的前途命运；在理论上也是前无古人的，马克思主义经典作家没有讲过、我们的前人从未遇到过、西方经济理论不可能解决。列宁曾形象地比喻，建设社会主义就像攀登一座崎岖险阻、未经勘察、人迹罕至的高山，这是人类从必然王国进入自由王国的飞跃的伟大创举，其原创性不言而喻，在中国尤显突出。

Since the founding of New China, and especially since reform and opening up, China has undergone profound changes. The Chinese people, situated in the midst of this historic transformation, are more qualified and more capable of revealing the historical experience and developmental laws contained within it, and of making original Chinese contributions to the development of Marxism. We must have such theoretical consciousness, and even more so, such theoretical confidence. The outstanding originality of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics sets a model for us to establish such theoretical consciousness and such theoretical confidence.

新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，中国发生了深刻变革，置身这一历史巨变之中的中国人更有资格、更有能力揭示这其中所蕴含的历史经验和发展规律，为发展马克思主义作出中国的原创性贡献。要有这样的理论自觉，更要有这样的理论自信。中国特色社会主义政治经济学的突出原创性，为我们建立这样的理论自觉、这样的理论自信树立了典范。

III. The Systematization of the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

三、中国特色社会主义政治经济学的体系化

A complete theoretical system is an important sign of theoretical maturity and a scientific theoretical form through which people understand and grasp objective things and their laws of motion as a whole. “The reason Marxism has such a far-reaching influence is that it reveals the truth of the development of human society with profound scholarly reasoning and demonstrates the scientific nature of its theory with a complete system.” [14]14 Source: Xi Jinping, speech at the conference marking the 200th anniversary of the birth of Karl Marx, May 4, 2018. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has explicitly put forward the major tasks of “refining and summarizing the regular achievements of China’s economic development practice, elevating practical experience into a systematized economic theory” and “perfecting the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics,” reflecting the objective situation and urgent demands of the increasing maturity of the theory and practice of socialist economic development with Chinese characteristics.

完备的理论体系是理论成熟的重要标志,是人们从整体上认识把握客观事物及其运动规律的科学理论形式。“马克思主义之所以影响深远，在于其以深刻的学理揭示人类社会发展的真理性、以完备的体系论证其理论的科学性”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记明确提出“提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说”和“完善中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系”的重大课题，反映了中国特色社会主义经济发展在理论和实践上日益成熟的客观形势与迫切要求。

The *Political Economy Textbook* published in the Soviet Union in the 1950s established the basic framework of the traditional socialist political economy theoretical system. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Comrade Mao Zedong systematically studied the Soviet *Political Economy Textbook* and expressed opinions on the construction of the system of political economy. For example, regarding the object of study of political economy, he pointed out, “The main object of study of political economy is the relations of production, but to study the relations of production clearly, one must, on the one hand, link them to the study of the productive forces, and on the other hand, link them to the study of the positive and negative effects of the superstructure on the relations of production.” Regarding the method of study of political economy, he pointed out, “Proceed from phenomena to find the essence, and then use the essence to explain phenomena; therefore, one can grasp the essentials.” Regarding the starting point of political economy, he pointed out, “If we write a socialist political economy, we can also start from ownership.” Regarding the main thread of study of political economy, he pointed out, “We should take the balance and imbalance between productive forces and relations of production, and the balance and imbalance between relations of production and the superstructure, as the key link to study the economic problems of socialist society.” During this period, China’s understanding of the theoretical system of socialist political economy generally fell within the scope of traditional socialist political economy, but it also had its own independent explorations. For example, ideas about contradictions in socialist society, ideas about combining Party leadership with the mass movement, and ideas about combining compliance with objective laws with the exertion of subjective initiative reflected the Communist Party of China’s profound thinking on the path of socialist economic construction suited to national conditions, displaying distinct Chinese characteristics. After reform and opening up, academia conducted more in-depth discussions on how to construct the theoretical system of socialist political economy, including its object and method, logical starting point, core categories, theme and main thread, and theoretical structure. The understanding of the basic characteristics distinguishing the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics from that of traditional socialist political economy gradually became clear, and some important consensuses were reached.

20世纪50年代苏联出版的《政治经济学教科书》，确立了传统社会主义政治经济学理论体系的基本框架。50年代末60年代初，毛泽东同志系统研读了苏联《政治经济学教科书》，并就政治经济学的体系构建问题发表了意见。比如，关于政治经济学的研究对象，他指出，“政治经济学研究的对象主要是生产关系,但是要研究清楚生产关系,就必须一方面联系研究生产力,另一方面联系研究上层建筑对生产关系的积极作用和消极作用”。关于政治经济学的研究方法，他指出，“从现象出发，找出本质，然后又用本质解释现象，因此，能够提纲挈领”。关于政治经济学的起点，他指出，“如果我们写社会主义政治经济学，也可以从所有制出发。”关于政治经济学的研究主线，他指出，“我们要以生产力和生产关系的平衡和不平衡，生产关系和上层建筑的平衡和不平衡，作为纲，来研究社会主义社会的经济问题”。这一时期我国对社会主义政治经济学理论体系的认识总体属于传统社会主义政治经济学的范畴，但也有自己的独立探索。比如，关于社会主义社会的矛盾的思想，关于党的领导和群众运动相结合的思想，关于遵从客观规律和发挥主观能动性相结合等方面的思想，体现了中国共产党对符合国情的社会主义经济建设道路的深刻思考，表现出鲜明的中国特色。改革开放后，学术界对如何构建社会主义政治经济学理论体系包括对象方法、逻辑起点、核心范畴、主题主线和理论结构等问题进行了更为深入的探讨，对中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系不同于传统社会主义政治经济学理论体系的基本特点的认识逐步清晰，形成了一些重要共识。

First, traditional socialist political economy is mainly based on Marx and Engels’ scientific predictions about the economic characteristics of future society, focusing on the analysis of the basic characteristics and general laws of the socialist economy. In contrast, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics explicitly states that socialism is the primary stage of communism, and that China is in the primary stage of socialism. It needs to undergo a fairly long historical period to achieve industrialization, informatization, urbanization, marketization, and internationalization, gradually shake off its underdeveloped state, and then realize socialist modernization. This is the basic national condition of contemporary China and also the historical basis for the emergence and development of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

第一，传统社会主义政治经济学主要依据马克思恩格斯关于未来社会经济特征的科学预测展开，侧重对社会主义经济基本特征和一般规律的分析。而中国特色社会主义政治经济学明确提出，社会主义是共产主义的初级阶段，中国又处在社会主义初级阶段，需要经历一个相当长的历史时期实现工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化，逐步摆脱不发达状态，进而实现社会主义现代化，这是当代中国的基本国情，也是中国特色社会主义政治经济学产生和发展的历史依据。

Second, traditional socialist political economy presupposes a planned economy and is the political economy of a socialist planned economy. In contrast, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics presupposes a socialist market economy and is the political economy of a socialist market economy. Combining the basic socialist system with the market economy, giving play to both the advantages of the socialist system and the strengths of the market economy, and striving to solve this worldwide economic problem in practice is the key factor in the success of the economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in practice, and also the key factor in the success of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in theory.

第二，传统社会主义政治经济学以计划经济为前提，是关于社会主义计划经济的政治经济学。而中国特色社会主义政治经济学以社会主义市场经济为前提，是关于社会主义市场经济的政治经济学。把社会主义基本制度与市场经济相结合，既发挥社会主义制度的优势，又发挥市场经济的长处，努力在实践中破解这道经济学上的世界性难题，是中国特色社会主义经济能够在实践中获得成功的关键因素，也是中国特色社会主义政治经济学能够在理论上获得成功的关键因素。

Third, traditional socialist political economy tends to adopt a negative attitude towards Western economics, mostly analyzing and criticizing it from the perspective of ideology and class attributes. In contrast, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics adopts an attitude of critical reference towards Western economics. On the one hand, it focuses on drawing on and absorbing the reasonable and useful components that reflect the general laws of large-scale socialized production and the market economy, such as knowledge and analytical tools concerning finance, prices, currency, markets, competition, trade, exchange rates, industries, enterprises, growth, and management. On the other hand, it focuses on refuting and discarding those contents that reflect the attributes of the capitalist system, values, and ideological overtones.

第三，传统社会主义政治经济学对西方经济学更多采取否定态度，多从意识形态和阶级属性的角度进行分析与批判。而中国特色社会主义政治经济学对西方经济学采取批判性借鉴的态度。一方面，注重借鉴和吸收其中反映社会化大生产和市场经济一般规律的合理有用成分，如关于金融、价格、货币、市场、竞争、贸易、汇率、产业、企业、增长、管理等方面的知识和分析工具。另一方面，注重批驳和摒弃其中反映资本主义制度属性、价值观念和意识形态色彩的内容。

Fourth, traditional socialist political economy focuses on the analysis of socialist relations of production, and its understanding of relations of production is limited to Marx’s four links of social reproduction [15]15 Marx’s four links of social reproduction refer to the interconnected processes of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. and Stalin’s three-part classification of relations of production. [16]16 Stalin’s three-part classification of relations of production refers to: (a) the form of ownership of the means of production; (b) the mutual relations arising from this ownership in the process of production, exchange, and distribution; and (c) the form of distribution of the products of labor. Its research content mainly includes the socialist production process, the socialist circulation process, the socialist distribution process, and the socialist consumption and accumulation process, expounding on the basic economic laws of socialism, the law of planned and proportionate development of the national economy, and the law of distribution according to work under socialism. In contrast, the content of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is richer, its scope is greatly expanded, its focus is clearly shifted, and its framework is profoundly changed.

第四，传统社会主义政治经济学聚焦于社会主义生产关系的分析，而对生产关系的理解又限于马克思提出的社会再生产四环节和斯大林提出的生产关系的三分法，研究内容主要包括社会主义生产过程、社会主义流通过程、社会主义分配过程、社会主义消费和积累过程，阐述其中的社会主义基本经济规律、国民经济有计划按比例发展规律、社会主义按劳分配规律等。而中国特色社会主义政治经济学的内容更加丰富、范围大大拓展、重点明显转换、框架深刻变化。

First, research on the basic economic system has been strengthened. The basic economic system is the part of the economic system that is long-term and stable, occupying a foundational and decisive position. After reform and opening up, China established a basic economic system in which public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop side by side. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC[17]17 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2019. It focused on upholding and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China's system and capacity for governance. further listed public ownership as dominant with diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, distribution according to work as dominant with multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system as parallel components of the basic socialist economic system.

一是加强了对基本经济制度的研究。基本经济制度是经济制度体系中具有长期性和稳定性的部分，处于基础性、决定性地位。改革开放后，我国确立了公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度。党的十九届四中全会进一步将公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等并列作为社会主义基本经济制度。

Second, research on the economic system has been strengthened. The economic system is the concrete form of the basic socialist economic system, encompassing various specific institutional arrangements, including the relationship between the state and enterprises, the relationship between the central and local authorities, the relationship between the state and the market, the relationship between domestic and international spheres, as well as the government system, enterprise system, market system, distribution system, fiscal system, financial system, foreign trade system, and social security system.

二是加强了对经济体制的研究。经济体制是社会主义基本经济制度的具体形式，包括国家与企业的关系、中央与地方的关系、国家与市场的关系、国内与国际的关系，以及政府体制、企业体制、市场体制、分配体制、财政体制、金融体制、外贸体制、社会保障体制等在内的各种具体制度安排。

Third, research on economic operation has been strengthened. Economic operation is the process through which the basic socialist economic system unfolds in economic activities. Among these, microeconomic operation is the foundation for market allocation of resources and is realized through the economic activities of enterprises, rural households, and residents; meso-economic operation is mainly reflected in changes in industrial and regional economies; macroeconomic operation is the balance and fluctuation of aggregate social supply and demand.

三是加强了对经济运行的研究。经济运行是社会主义基本经济制度在经济活动中的展开过程。其中，微观经济运行是市场配置资源的基础，并通过企业、农户、居民的经济活动得以实现；中观经济运行主要体现为产业经济和区域经济的变动；宏观经济运行是社会总供给与总需求的平衡及其波动。

Fourth, research on economic development has been strengthened. Economic development is the long-term cumulative result of socialist economic operation. The fundamental task of socialism is to develop the productive forces; development is the absolute principle and is the foundation and key to solving all problems. This is especially true for China, a large developing socialist country in the historical process of transitioning from a traditional economic structure to a modern one, where the task of economic development is extremely heavy.

四是加强了对经济发展的研究。经济发展是社会主义经济运行长期积累的结果。社会主义的根本任务是发展生产力，发展是硬道理，是解决一切问题的基础和关键。特别是中国这样一个发展中的社会主义大国，正处在传统经济结构向现代经济结构转型的历史过程之中，经济发展的任务十分繁重。

Fifth, research on opening up has been strengthened. Opening up is the inevitable requirement and inevitable result of the development of a market economy. After reform and opening up, China successfully achieved a historic transformation from a closed and semi-closed state to all-round opening up, actively participated in the process of economic globalization, and the trend of deep integration and interaction with the world economy has continuously deepened. Its contribution to the world economy has grown, and its influence in the global economic governance system has continuously expanded.

五是加强了对外开放的研究。对外开放是市场经济发展的必然要求和必然结果。改革开放后，中国成功实现了从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的历史转变，积极参与到经济全球化进程之中，与世界经济高度融合、深度互动的趋势不断加深，对世界经济的贡献不断增长，在全球经济治理体系中的影响不断扩大。

The above consensus constitutes the basic framework of the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Entering the New Era, the economic theory, economic system, and economic practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics have become increasingly rich and mature. Therefore, we have a greater necessity and possibility to construct a "systematic economic theory" and to demonstrate the scientific nature of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics with a more complete system. Xi Jinping's economic thought is the systematic economic theory of China's economic development in the New Era and a more complete theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

以上共识，构成了中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系的基本框架。进入新时代，中国特色社会主义经济理论、经济制度、经济实践日益丰富、日趋成熟，我们因此有了更大的必要和可能构建“系统化的经济学说”，用更加完备的体系论证中国特色社会主义政治经济学的科学性。习近平经济思想就是新时代我国经济发展系统化的经济学说、中国特色社会主义政治经济学更加完备的理论体系。

First, a clearer theoretical main line, namely, adhering to the people-centered development thought. The question of for whom production is carried out, on whom it relies, and who enjoys its results—that is, the social purpose of production—embodies the essence of a society's economic system and constitutes the main content of a society's basic economic law. The emergence of socialist political economy as an independent science was marked precisely by the establishment of the socialist purpose of production and the basic socialist economic law. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "The so-called socialist relations of production are more capable of adapting to the nature of the development of the productive forces than the relations of production of the old era, meaning that they allow the productive forces to develop at a speed impossible in the old society, thereby continuously expanding production and gradually satisfying the constantly growing needs of the people." Comrade Deng Xiaoping emphasized: "The superiority of socialism must ultimately be reflected in its productive forces developing faster and at a higher level than under capitalism, and on the basis of developing the productive forces, continuously improving the people's material and cultural life." On the basis of the above expositions, General Secretary Xi Jinping has clarified the core of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, clearly put forward the development thought of adhering to a people-centered approach, and made it a red thread running through all links and the entire process of the social economy, becoming the "root" and "soul" of the new development concept. This profoundly reveals the core position of the people-centered development thought in the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, raising the systematization of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new level.

其一，更加清晰的理论主线，即坚持以人民为中心的发展思想。生产为了谁、依靠谁、成果由谁享用的问题即社会的生产目的，体现了一个社会经济制度的本质，构成了一个社会基本经济规律的主要内容。社会主义政治经济学作为一门独立科学的产生，就是以社会主义生产目的和社会主义基本经济规律的确立为重要标志。毛泽东同志指出：“所谓社会主义生产关系比较旧时代生产关系更能够适合生产力发展的性质，就是指能够容许生产力以旧社会所没有的速度迅速发展，因而生产不断扩大，因而使人民不断增长的需要能够逐步得到满足的这样一种情况。”邓小平同志强调，“社会主义的优越性归根到底要体现在它的生产力比资本主义发展得更快一些、更高一些，并且在发展生产力的基础上不断改善人民的物质文化生活”。习近平总书记在以上论述的基础上，点明了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的核心，鲜明地提出了坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，并将之作为一根红线贯穿于社会经济的各个环节和全部过程，成为新发展理念的“根”和“魂”，深刻揭示以人民为中心的发展思想在中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系中的核心地位，将中国特色社会主义政治经济学体系化提高到一个新的水平。

Second, a clearer theoretical theme, namely, promoting high-quality development. Taking high-quality development as the theme is a distinctive marker of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, and also a distinctive marker of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a New Era, China's economic development has also entered a New Era, the basic feature of which is that China's economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development; high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects, is the theme of China's economic and social development, and adhering to high-quality development must be taken as the absolute principle of the New Era; high-quality development is development that can well meet the people's ever-growing needs for a better life, is development that embodies the new development concept, and is development where innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green becomes a universal form, opening up becomes the necessary path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal. These expositions systematically answer major theoretical and practical questions such as why to promote high-quality development, what high-quality development is, and how to promote high-quality development. Essentially, high-quality development is the better realization of the socialist purpose of production and the better realization of people-centered development at a higher level of productive forces; it is the leap in China's socialist economic development from quantitative change to qualitative change, towards a higher form of development with more advanced productive forces, more perfected relations of production, and richer material and spiritual wealth.

其二，更加鲜明的理论主题，即推动高质量发展。以高质量发展为主题，是新时代中国特色社会主义经济的鲜亮标识，也是新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学的鲜亮标识。习近平总书记强调，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国经济发展也进入了新时代，基本特征就是我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段；高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，是我国经济社会发展的主题，必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理；高质量发展就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展。这些论述系统回答了为什么要推动高质量发展、什么是高质量发展、怎样推动高质量发展等重大理论和实践问题。从本质上说，高质量发展就是在更高生产力水平上更好实现社会主义生产目的、更好实现以人民为中心的发展；就是我国社会主义经济发展从量变到质变，向着生产力更发达、生产关系更完善、物质和精神财富更丰富的高级形态不断发展的跃升。

Third, a more complete theoretical system, namely, the theoretical system of high-quality development. Strengthening the Party's overall leadership over economic work is the fundamental guarantee for China's economic development; adhering to the people-centered development thought is the fundamental stance of China's economic development; entering the new stage of development is the historical orientation of China's economic development; adhering to the new development concept is the guiding principle of China's economic development; building a new development pattern is the path choice for China's economic development; promoting high-quality development is the distinctive theme of China's economic development; adhering to building a modern economic system is the strategic goal of China's economic development; adhering to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas is the top priority of China's economic development; adhering to and improving the basic socialist economic system is the institutional foundation of China's economic development; adhering to a problem-oriented approach in deploying and implementing major national development strategies is the strategic measure of China's economic development; adhering to innovation-driven development is the primary driving force of China's economic development; vigorously developing manufacturing and the real economy is the main focus of China's economic development; unswervingly expanding all-round opening up is an important magic weapon for China's economic development; coordinating development and security is an important guarantee for China's economic development; adhering to correct work strategies and methods is the methodology for doing economic work well. The above theoretical viewpoints run through the contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production, and economic base and superstructure, covering the main links of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, as well as the main aspects of the basic economic system, economic system, economic operation, economic development, opening up, macro governance, and working methods. They have reached a new height in constructing a more systematic and complete theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

其三，更加完整的理论体系，即高质量发展的理论体系。加强党对经济工作的全面领导，是我国经济发展的根本保证；坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，是我国经济发展的根本立场；进入新发展阶段，是我国经济发展的历史方位；坚持新发展理念，是我国经济发展的指导原则；构建新发展格局，是我国经济发展的路径选择；推动高质量发展，是我国经济发展的鲜明主题；坚持建设现代化经济体系，是我国经济发展的战略目标；坚持农业农村现代化，是我国经济发展的重中之重；坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，是我国经济发展的制度基础；坚持问题导向部署实施国家重大发展战略，是我国经济发展的战略举措；坚持创新驱动发展，是我国经济发展的第一动力；大力发展制造业和实体经济，是我国经济发展的主要着力点；坚定不移全面扩大开放，是我国经济发展的重要法宝；统筹发展和安全，是我国经济发展的重要保障；坚持正确工作策略和方法，是做好经济工作的方法论。上述理论观点，贯穿了生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾运动，涵盖了生产、分配、交换、消费等主要环节和基本经济制度、经济体制、经济运行、经济发展、对外开放、宏观治理、工作方法等主要方面，在构建更加系统完备的中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系上达到了新高度。

Standing at a new historical starting point, guided by Xi Jinping’s economic thought, the academic community has launched a new round of discussion on the construction of the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, further deepening understanding and broadening horizons. For example, some scholars take the people-centered development thought, the realisation of common prosperity, and the adherence to the Party’s overall leadership over economic work as the essential characteristics of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, and, following the logical structure of “system—operation—development—opening up,” highlight the original theoretical achievements of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era [n18], constructing a theoretical system for the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Some scholars take the liberation and development of the productive forces as the main line, the changes in the principal contradiction in society as the pivot, and the new development philosophy as the guide, constructing a theoretical system for the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics from aspects such as the direct production process, the circulation process, various forms of the total process, the state system and functions, and opening up and international economic relations under socialism with Chinese characteristics. Some scholars take developing the economy and meeting the people’s needs as the main line, constructing a theoretical system for the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics from aspects such as the economic system and economic reform, households and enterprises, regional economy and industrial structure, macroeconomy and government functions, economic development and improvement of people’s livelihoods, and open development and global governance. Some scholars, starting from the essential nature of the socialist economy and the basic characteristics of socialist relations of production, and integrating the reality of reform and development, expound the basic theories of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Some scholars, based on the new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, expound the basic theories of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Some scholars, from a methodological perspective, conduct systematic research on a series of major issues in the construction of the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, such as the significance, method, and national subjectivity of constructing the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics; the basic economic law, the state and the market, and economic and political issues; value theory, ownership theory, and distribution system issues; the new normal of the economy, the new development philosophy, and building a modernised economic system; and so on.

站在新的历史起点上，以习近平经济思想为指导，学术界对中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系的构建问题展开了新一轮探讨，进一步深化了认识，拓宽了视野。比如，有学者将以人民为中心的发展思想、实现共同富裕、坚持党对经济工作的全面领导作为中国特色社会主义经济的本质特征，按照“制度—运行—发展—开放”的逻辑结构，突出新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学的原创性理论成果，构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系；有学者以解放和发展社会生产力为主线，以社会主要矛盾变化发展为枢纽，以新发展理念为主导，从中国特色社会主义直接生产过程、流通过程、总过程的各种形式、国家制度与职能、对外开放与国际经济关系等方面，构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系；有学者以发展经济、满足人民需要为主线，从经济制度与经济改革、居民与企业、区域经济与产业结构、宏观经济与政府职能、经济发展与改善民生、开放发展与全球治理等方面，构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系；有学者从社会主义经济本质和社会主义生产关系的基本特征出发，结合改革发展实际，阐述了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的基本理论；有学者以新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学的新理念新思想新战略为基础，阐述了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的基本理论；有学者从方法论角度，对中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系构建中的一系列重大问题，如构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学的意义、方法和国家主体性问题，基本经济规律、国家与市场、经济与政治问题，价值理论、所有制理论、分配制度问题，经济新常态、新发展理念、建设现代化经济体系等进行了系统研究；等等。

The economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a brand-new, constantly reforming and developing special economic form formed by the combination of multiple modes of production, multiple forms of ownership, multiple modes of distribution, and multiple regulatory mechanisms. The construction of its theoretical system is naturally much more complex and much more novel. It can neither copy the theoretical system of *Capital* with capital at its core, nor copy the traditional socialist political economy theoretical system with the planned economy at its core, nor copy the Western economics theoretical system that systematises and theorises the notions of the agents of production within bourgeois relations of production. Instead, it must adhere to the basic theories and methodology of Marxist political economy, draw on and absorb the reasonable and useful components of Western economics, systematically summarise the experience of the theoretical and practical development of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, be all-embracing and inclusive, and conduct multifaceted comparison, exploration, reference, and pioneering. Now, this new theoretical system has taken shape and is demonstrating the unique value of Marxist political economy as a scientific theoretical system in the course of continuous enrichment and development.

中国特色社会主义经济形态是一种崭新的，处于不断改革发展中的，由多种生产方式、多种所有制形式、多种分配方式、多种调节机制结合形成的特殊经济形态，其理论体系的构建自然要复杂得多，新颖得多，既不能照搬《资本论》以资本为核心的理论体系，也不能照搬传统社会主义政治经济学以计划经济为核心的理论体系，更不能照搬西方经济学将资产阶级生产关系中的生产当事人的观念加以系统化和学理化的理论体系，而必须坚持马克思主义政治经济学基本理论和方法论，借鉴吸收西方经济学中的合理有用成分，系统总结中国特色社会主义经济理论和实践发展的经验，海纳百川、兼容并包，进行多方面的比较、探索、借鉴、开拓。现在，这个新的理论体系业已成形，并在不断丰富和发展中彰显马克思主义政治经济学作为一种科学理论体系的独特价值。

IV. The Rich Fundamental Theoretical Achievements of the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

四、中国特色社会主义政治经济学的丰富原理性理论成果

Focusing on researching and elucidating the fundamental theoretical achievements within the new concepts and new judgements put forward by the Chinese Communist Party is an important task in advancing the Party’s theoretical innovation. The political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics contains rich fundamental theoretical achievements of Marxist political economy. In-depth research and elucidation of these fundamental theoretical achievements are of great significance for further advancing the adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and for advancing the theoretical and practical development of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. To this end, the following questions need to be carefully considered and answered.

重点研究阐释中国共产党提出的新理念新论断中的原理性理论成果，是着力推进党的理论创新的一项重要任务。中国特色社会主义政治经济学包含着马克思主义政治经济学丰富的原理性理论成果，深入研究阐释这些原理性理论成果对于进一步推进马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化、推进中国特色社会主义经济理论和实践发展具有十分重要的意义。为此，需要认真思考和回答以下问题。

First, what are the fundamental theoretical achievements of Marxist political economy? They are the basic principles or basic theories of Marxist political economy. These theories embody the basic stance, viewpoint, and method of Marxist political economy, reveal the basic characteristics and general laws of the social economy, especially the capitalist economy and the socialist economy, and occupy a foundational position and have universal significance within the theoretical system of Marxist political economy. Marx and Engels scientifically revealed the basic characteristics and general laws of the capitalist economy, elucidating the basic principles of capitalist political economy such as the labour theory of value, the theory of surplus value, the theory of capital accumulation, the theory of social reproduction of capital, and the equalisation of the rate of profit. Through a profound analysis of the internal contradictions and the historical development trend of the capitalist mode of production, they scientifically revealed the inevitable trend of human society ultimately moving towards socialism and communism, and made scientific predictions about the basic economic characteristics and general laws of future society, elucidating the basic principles of socialist and communist political economy, such as the replacement of private ownership by public ownership of the means of production, planned regulation of social production, distribution according to work and distribution according to need, the free and comprehensive development of the individual, and the realisation of the integration of town and country.

第一，什么是马克思主义政治经济学的原理性理论成果？就是马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理或基本理论，这些理论体现了马克思主义政治经济学的基本立场和观点方法，揭示了社会经济特别是资本主义经济和社会主义经济的基本特征和一般规律，在马克思主义政治经济学理论体系中具有基础性地位和普遍意义。马克思恩格斯科学揭示了资本主义经济的基本特征和一般规律，阐明了劳动价值论、剩余价值论、资本积累论、社会资本再生产理论、利润平均化等资本主义政治经济学的基本原理。通过对资本主义生产方式内在矛盾运动和发展历史趋势的深刻分析，他们科学揭示了人类社会最终走向社会主义和共产主义的必然趋势，并对未来社会的基本经济特征和一般规律作了科学预测，阐明了生产资料公有制代替私有制、有计划调节社会生产、按劳分配和按需分配、人的自由全面发展、实现城乡融合等社会主义和共产主义政治经济学的基本原理。

Second, what are the rich fundamental theoretical achievements of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics? Many of the important original theoretical achievements of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics listed earlier are fundamental theoretical achievements of Marxist political economy, especially socialist political economy. For example, the theory on the essence of socialism, the theory on the Party’s overall leadership over economic work, the theory on the people-centered development thought, the theory on the stages of development of the socialist economy, the theory on developing new quality productive forces, the theory on the basic socialist economic system, the theory on developing the socialist market economy, the theory on promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas, and the theory on adhering to opening up and promoting the healthy development of economic globalisation. These fundamental theoretical achievements embody the basic stance, viewpoint, and method of Marxist political economy, reveal the basic characteristics and general laws of the social economy, especially the socialist economy, and occupy a foundational position and have universal significance within the theoretical system of socialist political economy. At the same time, the problems that these fundamental theoretical achievements confront and are committed to answering and solving are not only problems related to the development of China itself today but also problems related to the development of human society today. The economic laws they reveal have applicability not only to the Chinese economy but also to the world economy. The social impact they generate occurs both in contemporary China and in the contemporary world. Therefore, they possess not only particularity but also universality; not only national significance but also world significance. It can be said that these fundamental theoretical achievements, with a new vision, new practice, and new paradigm, have enriched and developed the basic principles of Marxist political economy and made important fundamental contributions to the innovative development of Marxist political economy.

第二，中国特色社会主义政治经济学的丰富原理性理论成果有哪些？前面所列举的中国特色社会主义政治经济学的许多重要原创性理论成果，都是马克思主义政治经济学特别是社会主义政治经济学的原理性理论成果。比如，关于社会主义本质的理论、关于党对经济工作全面领导的理论、关于以人民为中心的发展思想的理论、关于社会主义经济发展阶段的理论、关于发展新质生产力的理论、关于社会主义基本经济制度的理论、关于发展社会主义市场经济的理论、关于推动城乡融合发展的理论、关于坚持对外开放和推动经济全球化健康发展的理论等。这些原理性理论成果体现了马克思主义政治经济学的基本立场观点方法，揭示了社会经济特别是社会主义经济的基本特征和一般规律，在社会主义政治经济学理论体系中具有基础地位和普遍意义。同时，这些原理性理论成果所面对并致力于回答和解决的问题，不仅是关系当今中国自身发展的问题，也是关系当今人类社会发展的问题；所揭示的经济规律，不仅有适用于中国经济的一面，也有适用于世界经济的一面；所产生的社会影响，既发生于当代中国，又发生于当代世界。因此，它们不仅具有特殊性，而且具有普遍性；不仅具有民族意义，而且具有世界意义。可以说，这些原理性理论成果以全新的视野、全新的实践和全新的范式，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学基本原理，为马克思主义政治经济学的创新发展作出了重要原理性贡献。

Third, how does the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics inherit, develop, uphold fundamental principles, and break new ground in the basic principles of Marxist political economy? This question requires concrete analysis based on specific circumstances.

第三，中国特色社会主义政治经济学如何继承发展、守正创新马克思主义政治经济学基本原理？这一问题，需要根据具体情况作具体分析。

The first case is enriching the connotation of existing theories, making a deepening development of the basic principles of Marxist political economy. For example, the basic principles of Marxist political economy hold that the ownership of the means of production is the core of the relations of production, determining the basic nature and direction of development of a society, and that the replacement of capitalism by socialism is fundamentally marked by the replacement of private ownership of the means of production by public ownership of the means of production. After the founding of New China, China established a socialist economic system based on public ownership. After reform and opening up, China established the basic economic system for the primary stage of socialism, with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, and put forward the important policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has further clarified that upholding and improving the basic economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is an important pillar for consolidating and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics; that both the public sector and the non-public sector are important components of the socialist market economy and important foundations for China's economic and social development; that state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises should be strengthened, improved, and expanded; that the healthy development of the non-public sector and the healthy growth of those working in the non-public sector should be promoted; and that all forms of ownership should learn from each other's strengths, complement each other, and develop together. These important viewpoints both adhere to the Marxist basic principle concerning public ownership of the means of production and, proceeding from reality, elucidate the nature, status, role, specific characteristics, and forms of realization of socialist public ownership in the primary stage of socialism, endowing this principle with new connotations.

第一种情况，丰富原有理论的内涵，对马克思主义政治经济学基本原理作深化性发展。比如，马克思主义政治经济学基本原理认为，生产资料所有制是生产关系的核心，决定着社会的基本性质和发展方向，社会主义代替资本主义以生产资料公有制代替生产资料私有制为根本标志。新中国成立后，我国建立了以公有制为基础的社会主义经济制度。改革开放后，我国建立了以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度，提出了毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展的重要方针。党的十八大以来，我国进一步明确，坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，关系巩固和发展中国特色社会主义制度的重要支柱；公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济社会发展的重要基础，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，促进非公有制经济健康发展和非公有制经济人士健康成长，推动各种所有制取长补短、相互促进、共同发展。这些重要观点，既坚持了马克思主义关于生产资料公有制的基本原理，又从实际出发阐明了处于社会主义初级阶段的社会主义公有制的性质、地位、作用、具体特点和实现形式，赋予了这一原理以新的内涵。

The second case is putting forward new viewpoints, making an innovative development of the basic principles of Marxist political economy. For example, Marxism holds that modernization is an inevitable trend in the development of human society. Marx pointed out, "The country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future." [19]19 Karl Marx, "Preface to the First German Edition," *Capital*, Volume I. The original quotation is from Marx's preface. But the modern society Marx spoke of was capitalist society, and the laws of motion of the modern social economy he emphasized were precisely the laws of motion of the capitalist economy. Achieving industrialization and economic modernization under socialist conditions is a historic first. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has published a series of important expositions on the epochal topic of how to achieve economic modernization, emphasizing that building a modernized economic system is an urgent requirement for crossing the threshold and a strategic goal for China's development; that constructing a new development pattern clarifies the path choice for China's economic modernization; that achieving new-type industrialization is a key task; that promoting the synchronous development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization is essential; and that vigorously developing the digital economy and artificial intelligence is necessary. He has profoundly expounded the basic characteristics, main content, and development path of Chinese-path economic modernization, forming a systematic theory of Chinese-path economic modernization and promoting the innovative development of Marxist political economy's theory of economic modernization.

第二种情况，提出新观点，对马克思主义政治经济学基本原理作创新性发展。比如，马克思主义认为，现代化是人类社会发展的必然趋势。马克思指出，“工业较发达的国家向工业较不发达的国家所显示的，只是后者未来的景象。”但马克思所说的现代社会是资本主义社会，他强调的现代社会经济运动规律就是资本主义经济的运动规律。在社会主义条件下实现工业化和经济现代化是历史的首创。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记围绕如何实现经济现代化这一时代课题发表了一系列重要论述，强调建设现代化经济体系是跨越关口的迫切要求和我国发展的战略目标，构建新发展格局明确了我国经济现代化的路径选择，实现新型工业化是关键任务，推动工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展，大力发展数字经济和人工智能。他深刻阐述了中国式经济现代化的基本特征、主要内容和发展路径，形成了关于中国式经济现代化的系统理论，推动了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济现代化理论的创新发展。

The third case is revising existing theories, making a breakthrough development of the basic principles of Marxist political economy. For example, Marx believed that capital is "the foundation of bourgeois society" and "the all-dominating economic power of bourgeois society." [20]20 Karl Marx, *Grundrisse* (1857-1858). The first phrase is from the *Grundrisse*; the second is a paraphrase of Marx's description of capital's role in bourgeois society. Marx and Engels did not envision that a market economy could be practiced under socialist conditions, let alone that capital could exist and play a role under socialist conditions. After reform and opening up, we broke through the traditional concept of opposing socialism to the market economy and to capital, achieved a transformation from a highly centralized planned economic system to a vibrant socialist market economic system, creatively put forward the category of public capital, proposed strengthening the supervision of state-owned assets with a focus on managing capital and making state-owned capital stronger, better, and larger, and proposed leveraging the positive role of various types of capital. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our understanding of the nature of capital has gradually deepened, our understanding of the role of capital has become more comprehensive, our grasp of the laws of capital has become more profound, and our ability to govern the operation of capital has continuously improved. We have put forward the need to correctly understand and grasp the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, and to promote the healthy development of capital in accordance with the law; and we have put forward the need to deepen theoretical research on capital under the conditions of the socialist market economy, and to promote the sound and common development of all types of capital. General Secretary Xi Jinping has systematically expounded the special nature, important status, and positive role of capital under the conditions of the socialist market economy, offering a completely new interpretation of the issue of capital under the socialist system, and promoting a breakthrough development of Marxist political economy's theory of capital.

第三种情况，修正原有理论，对马克思主义政治经济学基本原理作突破性发展。比如，马克思认为，资本是“资产阶级社会的基础”，是“资产阶级社会的支配一切的经济权力”。马克思恩格斯没有设想社会主义条件下可以搞市场经济，更没有设想社会主义条件下可以存在资本、发挥资本的作用。改革开放后，我们突破了把社会主义与市场经济相对立、与资本相对立的传统观念，实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制向充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的转变，创造性地提出公有资本的范畴，提出以管资本为主加强国有资产监管、推动国有资本做强做优做大，提出发挥各类资本的积极作用。党的十八大以来，我们对资本性质的理解逐步深化，对资本作用的认识更趋全面，对资本规律的把握更加深入，对资本运行的治理能力不断提高，提出正确认识和把握资本的特性和行为规律，依法促进资本健康发展；提出深化社会主义市场经济条件下资本理论研究，促进各类资本良性发展、共同发展。习近平总书记系统阐述了社会主义市场经济条件下资本的特殊性质、重要地位和积极作用，对社会主义制度下的资本问题作了全新阐释，推动了马克思主义政治经济学关于资本理论的突破性发展。

Here, it is necessary to correct the one-sided view that the basic principles of Marxism, especially the basic principles of socialist political economy, exist only in the works of the classical Marxist writers, and that later Marxists can only apply these basic principles to the concrete realities of various countries, forming applied special theories. According to this reasoning, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics is merely the concrete application in China of the classical Marxist writers' theory of the basic economic features of a future society. That is to say, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics has only particularity, not universality; only applied value, not principle value. This view severs the dialectical relationship between particularity and universality and is incorrect. In fact, adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is both a process of concretely applying the basic principles of Marxist political economy in China, that is, a process of transformation from the general to the particular; and a process of enriching and developing the basic principles of Marxist political economy through Chinese practice, that is, a process of theoretical sublimation from the particular to the general. These two aspects are organically unified and inseparable.

这里，需要纠正这样一种片面认识，即马克思主义基本原理特别是关于社会主义政治经济学的基本原理，只存在于马克思主义经典作家的著作中，后来的马克思主义者能做的只是将这些基本原理运用于各个国家的具体实际，形成应用性的特殊理论。依照此理，中国特色社会主义政治经济学只是马克思主义经典作家关于未来社会基本经济特征的理论在中国的具体应用。也就是说，中国特色社会主义政治经济学只有特殊性没有普遍性，只有应用价值没有原理价值。这种认识割裂了特殊性和普遍性的辩证关系，是不正确的。事实上，马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化，既是马克思主义政治经济学基本原理在中国的具体运用过程，即从一般到特殊的转化过程；也是马克思主义政治经济学基本原理通过中国实践得到丰富发展的过程，即从特殊到一般的理论升华过程。这两个方面有机统一、不可分割。

On the one hand, from a global perspective, the development of the socialist economic form in breadth and depth is still insufficient; it has not yet become the dominant universal form. Some of the universal laws it contains are relatively clear, but more remain to be explored. It is not, as Marx envisioned for a future society, "all very simple." [21]21 Friedrich Engels, "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" (1880). The phrase refers to Engels's characterization of the simplicity of future socialist arrangements in contrast to the complexities of capitalist society. Engels profoundly pointed out, "The so-called 'socialist society' is not something immutable, but, like all other social systems, should be regarded as a society that is constantly changing and reforming." [22]22 Friedrich Engels, letter to Otto von Boenigk, 21 August 1890. Socialism is a society that constantly develops and reforms; naturally, the basic principles of socialist political economy cannot remain immutable either. If only the economic theories about future society expounded by Marx and Engels could be called general principles, and if these general principles could only be adhered to and not innovated, where would the vibrant socialism created by the masses of the people be? Where would the economic development miracle created by socialism with Chinese characteristics be? In fact, the questions of "what is socialism, how to build socialism" and "what is a socialist economy, how to build a socialist economy" are historical questions that require repeated reflection and unremitting exploration in practice; there are no once-and-for-all answers. It is necessary to deeply recognize that we are still in the historical era indicated by Marxism, the era of transition from capitalism to socialism and ultimately to communism. This is the scientific basis for our firm confidence in Marxism and our firm belief in socialism, and it is also the scientific basis for our firm confidence in Marxist political economy and socialist political economy. It is also necessary to deeply recognize that changes in the world, in the times, and in history are unfolding in ways unprecedented in a century. The breadth and depth of these changes far exceed what the classical Marxist writers could have imagined at the time, raising many new and complex major theoretical and practical issues for which ready-made answers cannot be found in the basic principles of Marxist political economy. We need to boldly explore in practice and continuously make breakthroughs in theory, providing new answers that conform to China's realities and the requirements of the times, arriving at new understandings that conform to objective laws. Only by summarizing and refining from these new understandings the principled theoretical results with universal significance, and continuously enriching and developing the basic principles of Marxist political economy, can we better adapt to and lead the development of the times, and better guide the practice of China's economic development.

一方面，从世界范围看，社会主义经济形态的发展在广度和深度上尚不充分，还没有成为占主导地位的普遍形态。其所包含的普遍规律有些比较清楚，更多还有待继续探索，并不像马克思所设想的未来社会那样，“都是简单明了的”。恩格斯深刻指出，“所谓‘社会主义社会’不是一种一成不变的东西，而应当和任何其他社会制度一样，把它看成是经常变化和改革的社会”。社会主义是不断发展和改革的社会，社会主义政治经济学的基本原理当然也不可能一成不变。如果只有马克思恩格斯阐述的关于未来社会的经济理论才可称之为一般原理，且这些一般原理只能坚守不能创新，哪里会有人民群众创造的生机勃勃的社会主义呢？哪里会有中国特色社会主义创造的经济发展奇迹呢？事实上，“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”“什么是社会主义经济、怎样建设社会主义经济”的问题，是需要在实践中反复思考、不懈探索的历史性问题，没有一劳永逸的答案。需深刻认识到，现在我们依然处在马克思主义所指明的从资本主义向社会主义并最终向共产主义过渡的历史时代。这是我们对马克思主义保持坚定信心、对社会主义保持必胜信念的科学根据，也是我们对马克思主义政治经济学、社会主义政治经济学保持坚定自信的科学根据。也需深刻认识到，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，这种变化的广度和深度远远超出了马克思主义经典作家当时的想象，提出了许多新的复杂的重大理论和实践问题，从马克思主义政治经济学基本原理中不可能找到现成的答案，需要我们在实践上大胆探索、在理论上不断突破，作出符合中国实际和时代要求的新回答，得出符合客观规律的新认识，并从这些新的认识中概括总结具有普遍意义的原理性理论成果，不断丰富和发展马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理，才能更好适应和引领时代的发展，更好指导我国经济发展的实践。

On the other hand, according to the law governing the movement of human cognition, it always proceeds from knowledge of the individual and the particular, gradually expanding to knowledge of the general; universality resides in particularity. “Political economy is essentially a historical science. It deals with material that is historical, that is, constantly changing; it first investigates the special laws of each individual stage of development of production and exchange, and only after completing this investigation can it establish the few, completely general laws that apply to production and exchange as such.” [23]23 Qiushi Journal (求是) is the flagship theoretical journal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Comrade Mao Zedong, when discussing the method of political economy, also pointed out, “One must discern the general from the study of the particular. If the special laws are not clearly understood, the general laws cannot be clearly understood either.” [24] General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “The more national it is, the more it belongs to the world. Solving national problems well gives one greater capacity to solve world problems; summarizing China’s practice well gives one greater capacity to provide ideas and methods for solving world problems. This is the law of development from particularity to universality.” [25] It should be recognized that the theories of the basic economic features of future society proposed by classical writers such as Marx and Engels have fundamental guiding significance for socialist economic construction and must be consistently upheld and continuously developed and improved. At the same time, it should be recognized that for a considerable period, the main task of the development of socialist political economy is to base itself on practice, sum up experience, grasp laws, carry out theoretical abstraction, and ascend from the particular to the general. *Capital* studies the laws of economic movement of capitalist society; the typical locus of this mode of production was England, so Marx mainly used England as an example in his theoretical exposition, revealing the general laws of the capitalist economy and summarizing the basic principles of capitalist political economy. In his preface to the English edition of *Capital*, Engels emphasized that Marx’s “whole theory is the result of a lifelong study of the economic history and economic conditions of England.” [26] Today, as we study socialist political economy, reveal the general laws of the socialist economy, and summarize the basic principles of socialist political economy, we must of course take as our main object the most typical and richest real-world form of socialist economic development, and that main object is the economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

另一方面，就人类认识运动的规律来说，总是由认识个别和特殊的事物，逐步扩大到认识一般的事物，普遍性寓于特殊性之中。“政治经济学本质上是一门历史的科学。它所涉及的是历史性的即经常变化的材料；它首先研究生产和交换的每个个别发展阶段的特殊规律，而且只有在完成这种研究以后，它才能确立为数不多的、适用于生产一般和交换一般的、完全普遍的规律”。毛泽东同志在讨论政治经济学的方法时也曾指出，“要从研究特殊中间，看出一般来。特殊规律搞不清楚，一般规律是搞不清楚的”。习近平总书记强调，“越是民族的越是世界的。解决好民族性问题，就有更强能力去解决世界性问题；把中国实践总结好，就有更强能力为解决世界性问题提供思路和办法。这是由特殊性到普遍性的发展规律”。应当看到，马克思恩格斯等经典作家提出的关于未来社会基本经济特征的理论，对社会主义经济建设具有根本指导意义，必须始终坚持、不断发展完善。同时应当看到，在相当长的时期内，社会主义政治经济学发展的主要任务是立足实践、总结经验、把握规律，进行理论抽象，从特殊上升到一般。《资本论》研究资本主义社会的经济运动规律，这种生产方式的典型地点是英国，因此，马克思在理论阐述上主要用英国做例证，揭示资本主义经济的一般规律，概括资本主义政治经济学的基本原理。恩格斯在《资本论》英文版序言中强调，马克思的“全部理论是他毕生研究英国的经济史和经济状况的结果”。今天我们研究社会主义政治经济学，揭示社会主义经济的一般规律，总结概括社会主义政治经济学的基本原理，当然要以社会主义经济发展最典型、最丰富的现实形态为主要对象，这个主要对象，就是中国特色社会主义经济形态。

If viewed from the perspective of world history, the understanding of this issue becomes even clearer. The shift in the center of gravity of Marxism and socialist development toward the East, taking root in China and achieving success in China, is a trend of great significance and far-reaching impact in the development

若从世界历史的视野看，对这个问题的认识会更加明了。马克思主义和社会主义发展的重心转向东方，扎根于中国、成就于中国，这是世界历史发展中意义重大、影响深远的一个趋向。列宁很早就提出了“落后的欧洲和先进的亚洲”的有名论断。毛泽东同志清楚地看到了中国革命和建设的世界意义。在1956年的一次谈话中，他提出，“现在世界的注意力正在逐渐转向东方，东方国家不发展自己的东西还行吗？” 在1958年成都会议的讲话提纲中，他进一步作出马克思主义的主流到了东方而不自觉的思考，发人深省。如今，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，中国特色社会主义正成为21世纪科学社会主义发展的旗帜，成为振兴世界社会主义的中流砥柱。中国式现代化拓展了发展中国家走向现代化的路径选择，为人类探索更好的社会制度提供了中国方案。作为世界第二大经济体，我国日益走近世界舞台中央，不断为人类作出更大贡献。在世界百年未有之大变局和中华民族伟大复兴战略全局相互激荡、风云变幻的历史时代，马克思主义政治经济学的发展面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战，也承担着重大的历史责任。习近平总书记深刻指出，我国经济发展进程波澜壮阔、成就举世瞩目，蕴藏着理论创造的巨大动力、活力、潜力，要立足我国国情和我们的发展实践，深入研究世界经济和我国经济面临的新情况新问题，揭示新特点新规律，提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说。伴随着中国特色社会主义从探索、创立、发展到完善的伟大飞跃，中国特色社会主义政治经济学以其更加鲜明的主体性、更加突出的原创性、更加完备的系统性和更加丰富的原理性理论成果向世人证明，中国共产党和中国人民有资格、有信心、有条件、有能力创造出既有中国特色又有世界意义，立足中国实践、引领时代发展的经济学说，在不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界中，为马克思主义政治经济学的创新发展贡献中国智慧。（注释略）

(The author is a research fellow at Qiushi Journal [23]23 Qiushi Journal (求是) is the flagship theoretical journal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.)

（作者系求是杂志社研究员）

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