Adhere to Reform and Innovation to Promote the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and key focus for promoting high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that “to develop new quality productive forces, we must further comprehensively deepen reform and form new relations of production compatible with them.” Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is both a development proposition and a reform proposition. On the new journey of the New Era, we must comprehensively deepen reform and opening up at a higher starting point, unblock the bottlenecks and blockages constraining the development of new quality productive forces, accelerate the cultivation and formation of new quality productive forces, and provide a continuous stream of new momentum for high-quality economic development.

发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。习近平总书记指出，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”。加快发展新质生产力，既是发展命题，也是改革命题。新时代新征程，要在更高起点上全面深化改革开放，打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，加快培育和形成新质生产力，为经济高质量发展提供源源不断的新动能。

Deepen Reform to Release Innovation Vitality

深化改革释放创新活力

The salient feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, encompassing innovation at the levels of technology and business models as well as innovation at the levels of management and institutions. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has continuously deepened the reform of its science and technology system, effectively advanced self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, and achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic transformations in its scientific and technological endeavors. To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, we must continue to do a good job in the great undertaking of innovation, persistently push forward the deepening of science and technology system reform, remove all ideological obstacles and institutional barriers that constrain scientific and technological innovation, release innovation vitality through reform, and transform scientific and technological innovation from a “key variable” into the “maximum increment” for high-quality development.

新质生产力的显著特点是创新，既包括技术和业态模式层面的创新，也包括管理和制度层面的创新。党的十八大以来，我国不断深化科技体制改革，有力推进科技自立自强，科技事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。加快发展新质生产力，要继续做好创新这篇大文章，持续推动科技体制改革向纵深推进，破除一切制约科技创新的思想障碍和制度藩篱，以改革释放创新活力，使科技创新从“关键变量”转化为高质量发展的“最大增量”。

Leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources. [1]1 “Ox nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key link or crucial point that, once grasped, drives the whole situation. When science and technology flourish, the nation flourishes; when science and technology are strong, the nation is strong. New quality productive forces are an advanced form of productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, conforming to the new development philosophy. China’s scientific and technological endeavors have made considerable progress, but compared with the goals and requirements of building a strong nation in science and technology, our original innovation capability remains relatively weak, some key core technologies are controlled by others, and the efficiency of transforming achievements needs improvement. Practice has repeatedly told us that key core technologies cannot be obtained by asking, buying, or begging. To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, we must improve the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, improve the system of the Party Central Committee’s centralized and unified leadership over scientific and technological work, strengthen coordination in strategic planning, policies and measures, major tasks, scientific research forces, resource platforms, and regional innovation, build a collaborative and efficient decision-making command system and organization implementation system, and gather a strong joint force to promote scientific and technological innovation. Leverage the advantage of our socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, build a strong system and capacity for science and technology governance, mobilize the enthusiasm of all links in industry, academia, and research, and form a work pattern that jointly promotes tackling key core technologies.

发挥新型举国体制优势。科技兴则民族兴，科技强则国家强。新质生产力是具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。我国科技事业发展取得了长足进步，但与建设科技强国的目标要求相比，原始创新能力还相对薄弱，一些关键核心技术受制于人，成果转化效率有待提高。实践反复告诉我们，关键核心技术是要不来、买不来、讨不来的。加快发展新质生产力，要完善新型举国体制，完善党中央对科技工作集中统一领导的体制，加强战略规划、政策措施、重大任务、科研力量、资源平台、区域创新等方面的统筹，构建协同高效的决策指挥体系和组织实施体系，凝聚推动科技创新的强大合力。发挥我国社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，建设强大的科技治理体系和治理能力，调动产学研各环节的积极性，形成共促关键核心技术攻关的工作格局。

Deepen the reform of the science and technology system and mechanism. To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, we must combine goal orientation with problem orientation, target issues such as the low degree of organization and coordination in China’s scientific and technological innovation, the dispersion and duplication of scientific and technological resources, anchor the strategic goal of building a strong nation in science and technology, adhere to the “dual-wheel drive” of scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation, deepen the reform of the science and technology management system, coordinate the construction of various innovation platforms, and strengthen the coordination and organization of innovation resources. Improve the regional layout of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen central-local coordination and linkage, and create innovation highlands with global influence. Improve the management of science and technology plans, deepen the reform of the allocation and management use mechanism of science and technology funds, grant greater autonomy to scientific research institutions and researchers, and enhance the efficiency of investment in scientific and technological innovation. Deepen the reform of the project initiation and organization management methods for science and technology, improve the classified evaluation system and assessment mechanism that conform to the laws of scientific research activities, and fully stimulate the initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity of scientific and technical personnel.

深化科技体制机制改革。加快发展新质生产力，要坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，针对我国科技创新组织化协同化程度不高，科技资源分散、重复等问题，锚定建成科技强国的战略目标，坚持科技创新和制度创新“双轮驱动”，深化科技管理体制改革，统筹各类创新平台建设，加强创新资源统筹和力量组织。完善区域科技创新布局，强化央地协同联动，打造具有全球影响力的创新高地。改进科技计划管理，深化科技经费分配和管理使用机制改革，赋予科研单位和科研人员更大自主权，提升科技创新投入效能。深化科技项目立项和组织管理方式改革，健全符合科研活动规律的分类评价体系和考核机制，充分激发科技人员积极性、主动性、创造性。

Promote open cooperation in science and technology. Openness brings progress, while closure leads to backwardness. Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is inseparable from high-level opening up. Scientific and technological progress is a global and epochal issue; only open cooperation is the right path. The more complex the international environment, the more we must open our minds and doors, adhere to open cooperation in science and technology for the benefit of humanity, coordinate openness and security, more actively integrate into the global innovation network, and enhance our own scientific and technological innovation capability through open cooperation. Expand international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, strengthen the construction of an internationalized scientific research environment, and form an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness. Implement a more open, inclusive, mutually beneficial, and shared international science and technology cooperation strategy, leverage the role of platforms such as the Belt and Road Initiative, take the lead in organizing international mega-science programs and mega-science projects, support joint research by scientists from various countries, and create an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness.

推动科技开放合作。开放带来进步，封闭导致落后。加快发展新质生产力离不开高水平对外开放。科技进步是世界性、时代性课题，唯有开放合作才是正道。国际环境越复杂，我们越要敞开胸怀、打开大门，坚持科技开放合作造福人类，统筹开放和安全，更加主动地融入全球创新网络，在开放合作中提升自身科技创新能力。扩大国际科技交流合作，加强国际化科研环境建设，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。实施更加开放包容、互惠共享的国际科技合作战略，发挥共建“一带一路”等平台作用，牵头组织好国际大科学计划和大科学工程，支持各国科研人员联合攻关，营造具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。

Accelerate the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

加快构建现代化产业体系

Industry is the foundation of the economy and the specific form of expression of changes in productive forces. Cultivating and developing new quality productive forces requires promoting the intelligent, green, and integrated development of industries and building a modern industrial system. Facing the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, we must firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development, increase the intensity of reform and innovation, adhere to focusing the development of the economy on the real economy, fill the shortcomings and weaknesses in industrial development, lay a solid industrial foundation for accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces, and ensure that China gains strategic initiative in future development and international competition.

产业是经济之本，是生产力变革的具体表现形式。培育和发展新质生产力必须推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化，建设现代化产业体系。面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，我们要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，加大改革创新力度，坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，补齐产业发展短板弱项，为加快形成新质生产力奠定坚实产业基础，推动我国在未来发展和国际竞争中赢得战略主动。

Seize opportunities to promote industrial intelligence. Currently, the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is in full swing. Frontier technologies such as general artificial intelligence, life sciences, and new energy are profoundly changing the industrial production function, leading new directions for industrial development and opening up new tracks for industrial development. China’s industrial system is large in scale and diverse in categories, but its overall level of intelligence still needs improvement. This requires accelerating supply-side structural reform, optimizing the industrial structure, coordinating the promotion of the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, cultivating and strengthening emerging industries, and laying out and building future industries in advance, improving the level of advanced industrial foundation and the modernization level of industrial and supply chains; promoting the construction of digital infrastructure, coordinating the promotion of digital industrialization and industrial digital transformation, creating a legal and regulatory system and market environment compatible with the development of the digital economy, and striving to seize the strategic commanding heights of global industrial system intelligence. Deepen supply-side structural reform, lead the comprehensive revitalization of industry with scientific and technological innovation, actively create new growth engines such as biomanufacturing, commercial aerospace, and the low-altitude economy, open up new tracks such as quantum technology and life sciences, thereby consolidating the industrial foundation for the development of new quality productive forces and enhancing the “intelligence content” of China’s modern industrial system.

抢抓机遇推动产业智能化。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革方兴未艾，通用人工智能、生命科学、新能源等前沿技术正在深刻改变着工业生产函数，引领产业发展的新方向、开辟产业发展的新赛道。我国产业体系规模庞大、门类众多，但整体智能化水平还有待提高。这就要加快供给侧结构性改革，优化产业结构，统筹推进传统产业转型升级、培育壮大新兴产业、超前布局建设未来产业，提升产业基础高级化、产业链供应链现代化水平；推动数字基础设施建设，协同推进数字产业化和产业数字化转型，创造与数字经济发展相适应的法律法规制度体系和市场环境，努力抢占全球产业体系智能化的战略制高点。深化供给侧结构性改革，以科技创新引领产业全面振兴，积极打造生物制造、商业航天、低空经济等新增长引擎，开辟量子技术、生命科学等新赛道，进而夯实新质生产力发展的产业基础，提升我国现代化产业体系的“含智量”。

Improve the system to promote industrial greening. Green development is the background color of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces. To consolidate the “green foundation” of high-quality development, we must unswervingly follow the path of prioritizing ecological conservation and green development, focus on deepening the reform of relevant systems and mechanisms, and accelerate the green transformation of the development model. Improve the ecological protection compensation system and the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products, make full use of market-based and fiscal and tax instruments such as carbon trading, green electricity certificates for renewable energy, and environmental protection taxes, accelerate the promotion and application of advanced green technologies, and vigorously develop green supply chains. Build a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system, enhance the synergy of industrial policies, effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, promote the green development of industries from multiple aspects such as policies, factors, technology, and markets, and strive to cultivate new industrial competitive advantages.

完善体制推动产业绿色化。绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。要夯实高质量发展“绿色家底”，必须坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路，着力深化相关体制机制改革，加快发展方式绿色转型。完善生态保护补偿制度和生态产品价值实现机制，充分利用碳交易、可再生能源绿色电力证书、环境保护税等市场化和财税手段，加快先进绿色技术推广应用，大力发展绿色供应链。构建绿色低碳循环经济体系，增强产业政策协同性，有效调动各方积极性，从政策、要素、技术、市场等多方面推动产业绿色化发展，努力培育新的产业竞争优势。

Adapt to trends to promote industrial integration. The integration of industrial development is an important feature and development trend of the modern industrial system and is closely related to the development of new quality productive forces. China’s industrial development has achieved great successes, but the manufacturing industry remains large but not strong, complete but not refined, broad but not deep; the matching and connection between upstream, midstream, and downstream of the industrial chain is insufficient; the development level of the modern service industry is not high, and its integrated development with agriculture and manufacturing is insufficient. To accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, we need to maintain and enhance the advantages of a complete industrial system and strong supporting capabilities, widely apply advanced science and technology, continuously break down market access barriers, build and improve the systems and mechanisms compatible with the integrated development of industries, promote high synergy and coupling between industrial categories, regions, large, medium, and small enterprises, and upstream and downstream links, and better release the comprehensive benefits of the industrial network.

适应趋势推动产业融合化。产业发展融合化，是现代化产业体系的重要特征和发展趋势，与发展新质生产力息息相关。我国产业发展取得巨大成就，但制造业仍然大而不强、全而不精、宽而不深，产业链上中下游配套衔接还不够，现代服务业发展水平不高，与农业、制造业融合发展不够。加快建设现代化产业体系，需要保持并增强产业体系完备和配套能力强的优势，广泛运用先进科学技术，持续破除市场准入壁垒，构建并完善与产业融合化发展相适应的体制机制，推动产业门类之间、区域之间、大中小企业之间、上下游环节之间高度协同耦合，更好释放产业网络的综合效益。

Shape New Relations of Production

塑造新型生产关系

Productive forces determine relations of production, and relations of production must be compatible with the requirements of the development of productive forces. We must grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, focus on key points to further comprehensively deepen reform and opening up, resolutely break down the ideological concepts and institutional drawbacks that hinder the development of new quality productive forces, continuously emancipate and develop the social productive forces, and emancipate and enhance social vitality.

生产力决定生产关系，生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。要抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，聚焦重点进一步全面深化改革开放，坚决破除妨碍新质生产力发展的思想观念和体制机制弊端，不断解放和发展社会生产力、解放和增强社会活力。

Persist in deepening economic system reform. The economic base determines the superstructure; economic system reform affects the whole body when one part is moved, exerting an important influence on reforms in other fields, and is the “ox nose” [1]1 “Ox nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key link or crucial point that, once grasped, drives the whole situation. of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. We must uphold and develop China’s basic economic system, build a high-level socialist market economy system, improve the macroeconomic governance system and the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-quality development, and perfect the systems and mechanisms for supporting comprehensive innovation and integrated urban-rural development. We must give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better play the role of the government, accelerate the improvement of basic market economy systems such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, improve the markets for factors of production, and provide a good business environment for fair competition. We must accelerate the construction of a high-standard market system, build an efficient, standardized, fair, competitive, and fully open national unified market, and promote the smooth flow of commodity factors and resources within a broader scope. We must perfect the systems and mechanisms for implementing the “two unswervinglies” [2]2 “Two unswervinglies” (两个毫不动摇) refers to the policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector., support the development and growth of the private economy and private enterprises, stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of various business entities, vigorously cultivate innovative small and medium-sized enterprises, specialized and new enterprises, “little giant” enterprises, and single-champion enterprises, so that private enterprises become an important force in developing new quality productive forces. We must continuously build a first-class business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized, expand high-level opening up, shape new advantages of a higher-level open economy, and create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces.

坚持深化经济体制改革。经济基础决定上层建筑，经济体制改革牵一发动全身，对其他领域改革具有重要影响，是新时代全面深化改革的“牛鼻子”。要坚持和发展我国基本经济制度，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，健全宏观经济治理体系和推动高质量发展体制机制，完善支持全面创新、城乡融合发展等体制机制。充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，加快完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，完善生产要素市场，提供公平竞争的良好营商环境。加快建设高标准市场体系，建设高效规范、公平竞争、充分开放的全国统一大市场，促进商品要素资源在更大范围内畅通流动。完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，支持民营经济和民营企业发展壮大，激发各类经营主体的内生动力和创新活力，大力培育创新型中小企业、专精特新企业、“小巨人”企业、单项冠军企业，使民营企业成为发展新质生产力的重要力量。持续建设市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，扩大高水平对外开放，塑造更高水平开放型经济新优势，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。

Advance the reform of the education, science and technology, and talent systems. Talent is the primary resource, the most active and positive factor in scientific and technological innovation activities, and innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven. Developing new quality productive forces ultimately depends on innovative talent. We must persist in promoting a virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, coordinate the implementation of the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, advance education development, scientific and technological innovation, and talent cultivation as an integrated whole, and accelerate the cultivation of a large-scale, well-structured, high-quality innovative talent team. In accordance with the requirements for developing new quality productive forces, we must improve the working mechanisms for talent cultivation, introduction, use, and rational flow, focus on strengthening the independent cultivation of innovative talent, optimize the disciplinary setup of higher education institutions and talent cultivation models according to the trends in scientific and technological development, and accelerate the construction of a world-important talent center and innovation highland. Focusing on the structural contradiction of the mismatch between China’s talent cultivation and the supply and demand of scientific and technological innovation, we must continuously improve the mechanism for collaborative education in science and technology, and through comprehensive reforms in organizational systems, operational mechanisms, and resource allocation, further unblock the bottlenecks in the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, achieving the mutual connection and coordination of high-quality education, high-quality talent, and high-level scientific and technological innovation. We must perfect the talent evaluation system and incentive mechanisms, break down the ideological concepts and institutional obstacles that constrain talent development, stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data, better reflect the market value of knowledge, technology, and talent, create a social atmosphere that tolerates failure and encourages innovation, and inject a powerful talent momentum into the development of new quality productive forces.

推进教育科技人才体制改革。人才是第一资源，是科技创新活动中最活跃、最积极的因素，创新驱动实质是人才驱动。发展新质生产力，归根结底要靠创新人才。坚持推动教育科技人才良性循环，统筹实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，一体推进教育发展、科技创新、人才培养，加快培养造就一支规模宏大、结构合理、素质优良的创新型人才队伍。要按照发展新质生产力要求，完善人才培养、引进、使用、合理流动的工作机制，着重加强创新人才自主培育，根据科技发展趋势优化高等学校学科设置和人才培养模式，加快建设世界重要人才中心和创新高地。着眼我国人才培养与科技创新供需不匹配的结构性矛盾，不断完善科教协同育人机制，通过对组织体制、运行机制、资源配置等方面的综合改革，进一步打通教育、科技、人才三者良性循环的堵点，实现高质量教育、高素质人才、高水平科创相互贯通协同。健全人才评价体系和激励机制，破除束缚人才发展的思想观念和体制机制障碍，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本和数据等生产要素活力，更好体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值，营造宽容失败、鼓励创新的社会氛围，为新质生产力发展注入澎湃人才动能。

(The author is Vice President of the Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences and a Distinguished Researcher of the Guangdong Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

（作者系广东省社会科学院副院长、广东省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员）

Online Editor: Tongxin

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