The Innovative Development of Marxist Political Economy in Contemporary China

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the Marxism of contemporary China and the Marxism of the 21st century, achieving a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is the economic chapter of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the 21st-century world. It has achieved a new leap in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, contributing Chinese wisdom to the innovative development of Marxist political economy.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义，实现了马克思主义中国化时代化新的飞跃。习近平经济思想是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的经济篇，是马克思主义政治经济学在当代中国、21世纪世界的最新理论成果，实现了马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化新的飞跃，为马克思主义政治经济学的创新发展贡献了中国智慧。

I. Continuously Opening Up New Horizons for the Marxist Political Economy of Contemporary China

一、不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界

Marxist political economy is an important component of Marxism and is “the ‘most profound, most comprehensive, and most detailed proof and application of Marxist theory.’”[1]1 This is a quotation from Lenin, “Karl Marx,” referring to the role of Marxist political economy within the broader Marxist theoretical system. The Communist Party of China takes Marxism as the guiding ideology for founding the Party and the state, has always attached importance to the study, research, and application of Marxist political economy, and insists on integrating the basic principles of Marxist political economy with China’s specific realities and with the fine traditional Chinese culture, continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

马克思主义政治经济学是马克思主义的重要组成部分，是“马克思主义理论‘最深刻、最全面、最详尽的证明和运用’”1。中国共产党以马克思主义为立党立国的指导思想，历来重视对马克思主义政治经济学的学习、研究和运用，坚持把马克思主义政治经济学基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，不断推进马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化。

After the founding of New China, facing the difficult historical task of building a socialist economy in a large country that accounted for nearly one-quarter of the world’s population and was extremely backward economically and culturally, Mao Zedong called on the entire Party’s cadres to earnestly study and research socialist political economy, to take the Soviet Union as a lesson, to blaze our own path, to create new theories, to write new works, to produce our own theorists, and, integrating with China’s actual conditions, to put forward a series of original theoretical viewpoints on developing a socialist economy.

新中国成立后，面对中国这样一个占世界人口近1/4、经济文化十分落后的大国建设社会主义经济的艰难历史任务，毛泽东号召全党干部认真学习研究社会主义政治经济学，以苏为鉴，走自己的路，创造新的理论，写出新的著作，产生自己的理论家，并结合中国实际提出了发展社会主义经济的一系列独创性理论观点。

After reform and opening up, centering on the entirely new historical subject of developing a socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, Deng Xiaoping explicitly put forward the major theoretical proposition of developing a “political economy that integrates the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of Chinese socialism.” Our Party vigorously forged ahead and created in the integration of theory and practice, successfully achieving the transformation from a highly centralized planned economic system to a vibrant socialist market economic system, gradually forming a political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

改革开放后，围绕发展中国特色社会主义经济这一全新的历史课题，邓小平明确提出发展“马克思主义基本原理和中国社会主义实践相结合的政治经济学”重大理论命题。我们党在理论和实践的结合上奋力开拓创造，成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制向充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的转变，逐步形成了中国特色社会主义政治经济学。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies in the great practice of guiding China’s economic development in the New Era, forming Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Xi Jinping’s economic thought comprehensively, centrally, and profoundly reflects our Party’s new understanding of the laws of economic development, especially the laws of socialist economic development. It is the latest achievement of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era. It provides a scientific guide for China’s high-quality economic development and the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country, achieving a new leap in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在指导新时代我国经济发展的伟大实践中，提出了一系列新理念新思想新战略，形成了习近平经济思想。习近平经济思想全面、集中、深刻地反映了我们党对经济发展规律特别是社会主义经济发展规律的新认识，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的最新成果，是新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学，为我国经济高质量发展、全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供了科学指南，实现了马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的新飞跃。

Continuously writing new chapters in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is the solemn historical mission of contemporary Chinese Communists. Continuously writing new chapters in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is the solemn historical mission of the Marxist political economy of contemporary China. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important discourses on how to uphold and develop Marxist political economy in the New Era. He emphasized that studying the basic principles and methodology of Marxist political economy helps us master scientific economic analysis methods, understand the process of economic movement, grasp the laws of social and economic development, improve our ability to manage the socialist market economy, better answer the theoretical and practical questions of China’s economic development, and enhance our capacity and level for leading China’s economic development. He emphasized upholding and developing the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, continuously perfecting the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and advancing the construction of economic disciplines that fully embody Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner. He emphasized grasping the laws, adhering to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, seeing through phenomena to the essence, exploring long-term trends from short-term fluctuations, and ensuring that theoretical and policy innovations fully reflect advanced nature and scientificity. He emphasized establishing an international perspective, exploring common issues facing humanity from the connection and interaction between China and the world, and contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to building a community with a shared future for mankind. He emphasized elevating practical experience into a systematized economic theory, continuously opening up new horizons for the Marxist political economy of contemporary China, and contributing Chinese wisdom to the innovative development of Marxist political economy. These important discourses very clearly answer a series of directional and principled major issues concerning upholding and developing Marxist political economy in the New Era, greatly enhancing people’s consciousness and confidence in developing the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and pointing out the forward direction, opening up broad paths, and breaking new ground for the development of the Marxist political economy of contemporary China.

不断谱写马克思主义中国化时代化新篇章，是当代中国共产党人的庄严历史使命。不断谱写马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化新篇章，是当代中国马克思主义政治经济学的庄严历史使命。党的十八大以来，习近平围绕新时代如何坚持发展马克思主义政治经济学发表了一系列重要论述，强调学习马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理和方法论，有利于我们掌握科学的经济分析方法，认识经济运动过程，把握社会经济发展规律，提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力，更好地回答我国经济发展的理论和实践问题，提高领导我国经济发展的能力和水平；强调坚持发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学，不断完善中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系，推进充分体现中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的经济学科建设；强调把握规律，坚持马克思主义立场、观点、方法，透过现象看本质，从短期波动中探究长期趋势，使理论和政策创新充分体现先进性和科学性；强调树立国际视野，从中国和世界的联系互动中探讨人类面临的共同课题，为构建人类命运共同体贡献中国智慧、中国方案；强调把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说，不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，为马克思主义政治经济学创新发展贡献中国智慧。这些重要论述十分明确地回答了新时代坚持和发展马克思主义政治经济学的一系列方向性、原则性的重大问题，极大增强了人们对发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学的自觉和自信，为当代中国马克思主义政治经济学的发展指明了前进方向、开辟了广阔道路、开拓了崭新境界。

II. Making China’s Original Contributions to the Development of Marxist Political Economy

二、为发展马克思主义政治经济学作出中国的原创性贡献

All epoch-making theories are products that meet the needs of the times. As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a New Era, China’s economic development has also entered a New Era. The strategic overall plan for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the world undergoing changes unseen in a century intersect historically and interact deeply. New changes in the domestic and international situations and new practical demands have brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to China’s economic development, raising new major epochal questions for the development of China’s economic theory. In summary, these are: we must systematically answer how to uphold and develop a socialist economy with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, achieve higher-quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and more secure development, provide a solid material and technological foundation for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and contribute China’s strength to promoting the healthy development of economic globalization and advancing the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. On the basis of the tremendous achievements in socialist economic construction since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China, leading the Chinese people, has successfully answered this new epochal question through the integration of theory and practice. While promoting high-quality economic development, it has founded the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, making important original contributions to the development of Marxist political economy. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is the concentrated embodiment and systematic expression of these original contributions. In summary, these are:

一切划时代的理论都是满足时代需要的产物。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国经济发展也进入了新时代。中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局和世界经历百年未有之大变局历史性交汇、深度互动，国内外形势新变化和实践新要求，给我国经济发展带来了前所未有的机遇和挑战，给我国经济理论发展提出了新的重大时代课题，归结起来就是：必须系统回答新时代如何坚持和发展中国特色社会主义经济，实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展，为全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供坚实的物质技术基础，为推动经济全球化健康发展、推动构建人类命运共同体贡献中国力量。中国共产党领导中国人民在新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来社会主义经济建设巨大成就的基础上，从理论与实践的结合上，成功回答了这一时代新课题，在推动经济高质量发展的同时，创立了中国特色社会主义政治经济学，为马克思主义政治经济学的发展作出重要原创性贡献。习近平经济思想是这一原创性贡献的集中体现和系统表达，概括讲就是：

1. Creatively proposing and insisting on developing the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics as a new scientific category and scientific theory, highlighting the distinct subjectivity and outstanding originality of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and establishing the theoretical core of China’s independent economic knowledge system.

1.创造性提出并坚持发展中国特色社会主义政治经济学这一新的科学范畴和科学理论，彰显了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的鲜明主体性、突出原创性，确立了中国自主经济学知识体系的理论核心。

2. Creatively analyzing the new situations, new problems, new characteristics, and new trends facing the world economy and China’s economy, and, in the continuous process of summarizing the practical experience of China’s economic development and guiding the successful practice of China’s economic development in the New Era, forming a series of new understandings of the laws governing economic work.

2.创造性分析世界经济和我国经济面临的新情况新问题、呈现的新特点新趋势，在不断总结我国经济发展的实践经验、指导新时代我国经济发展的成功实践中形成了关于做好经济工作的一系列新的规律性认识。

3. Creatively answering the major questions concerning the theoretical and practical development of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, making new theoretical generalizations about the essential characteristics and development laws of the socialist economy, and providing new epochal interpretations of the basic principles of Marxist political economy, especially socialist political economy.

3.创造性回答了新时代中国特色社会主义经济理论和实践发展的重大问题，对社会主义经济的本质特征和发展规律作出新的理论概括，对马克思主义政治经济学特别是社会主义政治经济学的基本原理作出了新的时代化阐释。

4. Proposing a series of interconnected and internally coherent new concepts, new categories, new expressions, and new theses, forming a series of important original theoretical achievements, elevating practical experience into a systematized economic theory, and constructing the theoretical system of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era.

4.提出了一系列相互联系、内在贯通的新概念、新范畴、新表述、新论断，形成了一系列重要的原创性理论成果，把实践经验上升为系统化经济学说，构建了新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系。

This theoretical system includes: strengthening the Party’s comprehensive leadership over economic work is the fundamental guarantee for China’s economic development; adhering to a people-centered development philosophy is the fundamental stance of China’s economic development; entering a new stage of development is the historical orientation of China’s economic development; adhering to the new development philosophy is the guiding principle for China’s economic development; constructing a new development pattern is the path choice for China’s economic development; promoting high-quality development is the distinctive theme of China’s economic development; persisting in building a modernized economic system is the strategic goal of China’s economic development; persisting in the modernization of agriculture and rural areas is the top priority of China’s economic development; persisting in and improving the basic socialist economic system is the institutional foundation of China’s economic development; accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is an important focus of China’s economic development; unswervingly expanding all-round opening up is an important magic weapon for China’s economic development; coordinating development and security is an important safeguard for China’s economic development; adhering to correct work strategies and methods is the methodology for doing economic work well, and so on.

这一理论体系包括：加强党对经济工作的全面领导，是我国经济发展的根本保证；坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，是我国经济发展的根本立场；进入新发展阶段，是我国经济发展的历史方位；坚持新发展理念，是我国经济发展的指导原则；构建新发展格局，是我国经济发展的路径选择；推动高质量发展，是我国经济发展的鲜明主题；坚持建设现代化经济体系，是我国经济发展的战略目标；坚持农业农村现代化，是我国经济发展的重中之重；坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，是我国经济发展的制度基础；加快发展新质生产力，是我国经济发展的重要着力点；坚定不移全面扩大开放，是我国经济发展的重要法宝；统筹发展和安全，是我国经济发展的重要保障；坚持正确工作策略和方法，是做好经济工作的方法论，等等。

The above theoretical viewpoints adhere to the Marxist worldview and methodology and the basic theories of Marxist political economy, are grounded in the reality of China’s economic development in the New Era, originate from practice and in turn guide practice, run through the contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production, and of the economic base and the superstructure, and cover the main links of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, as well as the main aspects of the basic economic system, economic system, economic operation, economic development, opening up to the outside world, macro-governance, and work methods. They use a systematic doctrine to profoundly answer new epochal questions that the Marxist classics never discussed, that our predecessors never encountered, and that Western economic theory cannot solve, endowing Marxist political economy with new epochal connotations and making outstanding original contributions to the development of Marxist political economy.

上述理论观点坚持马克思主义世界观方法论和马克思主义政治经济学的基本理论，立足新时代我国经济发展的现实，来源于实践、又指导实践，贯穿生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾运动，涵盖了生产、分配、交换、消费等主要环节和基本经济制度、经济体制、经济运行、经济发展、对外开放、宏观治理、工作方法等主要方面，用系统化的学说深刻回答了马克思主义经典作家没有讲过、我们的前人从未遇到过、西方经济理论不可能解决的时代新课题，赋予马克思主义政治经济学以新的时代内涵，为马克思主义政治经济学的发展作出突出的原创性贡献。

III. Strengthening the Party’s Comprehensive Leadership over Economic Work

三、加强党对经济工作的全面领导

The relationship between economy and politics is a fundamental question of historical materialism and also a fundamental question of Marxist political economy. Marxism holds that the economy is the foundation of politics, and politics is the concentrated expression of the economy. Under the socialist system, the people become the masters of economic life and also the masters of political life; the economy and politics achieve a high degree of unity with the people as the main body, and the active role of politics over the economy is greatly exerted. The *Communist Manifesto* clearly states that the first step in the workers’ revolution is to raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class, to win the battle of democracy, and then to use their political rule to step by step wrest all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state, i.e., of the proletariat organized as the ruling class, and to increase the total of productive forces as rapidly as possible. Lenin profoundly pointed out, “Politics cannot but have precedence over economics. To argue otherwise is to forget the ABC of Marxism.” [2]2 V. I. Lenin, “Once Again on the Trade Unions, the Current Situation and the Mistakes of Trotsky and Bukharin” (1921). Mao Zedong emphasized, “Political work is the lifeblood of all economic work.” [3]3 Mao Zedong, “A Critique of the Bourgeois Right” (1958), a phrase often cited from his writings on socialist construction. Deng Xiaoping emphasized, “Where does the superiority of the socialist market economy lie? It lies in the Four Persistences. The Four Persistences are concentrated in the leadership of the Party.” [4]4 Deng Xiaoping, “Excerpts from Talks on the Socialist Market Economy” (1992), referring to the Four Persistences: the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping, proceeding from the overall situation of the Party and the state’s undertakings in the New Era, has comprehensively inherited and developed the Marxist thought on the dialectical relationship between economy and politics, and put forward the major theory of strengthening the Party’s comprehensive leadership over economic work. From the integration of theory and practice, he has made in-depth and creative explanations on how to correctly handle the dialectical relationship between economy and politics under the conditions of the socialist market economy: First, he proposed being adept at observing and analyzing economic issues with a political perspective, being adept at discerning the political consequences of economic activities, and being adept at thinking about and advancing economic and social development work from a political height. Second, he proposed that economic work is the central task, and that the Party’s leadership must be fully reflected in the central task; the Party Central Committee must assume overall responsibility for economic work and exercise comprehensive leadership. Third, he proposed the necessity of innovating the Party’s concepts, systems, methods, and means of leading economic and social development, to set the direction and steer the course for the ship of development. Fourth, he proposed improving the Party’s ability and level in leading economic work, enhancing the scientific level, law-based governance level, and professional competence of the Party’s leadership over economic work, and effectively transforming the institutional advantages of the Party’s leadership over economic work into governance effectiveness. Fifth, he proposed using the methodology of Marxist political economy to deepen the understanding of the laws of China’s economic development and improve the ability and level of leading China’s economic development. Sixth, he proposed that advancing Chinese-path modernization must be regarded as the biggest political task; under the unified leadership of the Party, unite the broadest masses of the people, focus on the central task of economic construction and the primary task of high-quality development, and turn the grand blueprint of Chinese-path modernization into a beautiful reality step by step. These important expositions profoundly elaborate on a series of theoretical and practical issues such as the great significance, goals and tasks, institutional mechanisms, and practical requirements of adhering to the Party’s comprehensive leadership over economic work. They profoundly clarify the dialectical relationship of the high unity of economy and politics under socialist conditions and the enormous active role of socialist politics over the socialist economy, raising the Marxist understanding of the relationship between economy and politics to a new scientific level.

经济与政治的关系是历史唯物主义的基本问题，也是马克思主义政治经济学的基本问题。马克思主义认为，经济是政治的基础，政治是经济的集中表现。在社会主义制度下，人民成为经济生活的主人，也成为政治生活的主人，经济与政治以人民为主体实现了高度统一，政治对经济的能动作用得到极大发挥 。《共产党宣言》明确指出，工人革命的第一步就是使无产阶级上升为统治阶级，并运用自己的政治统治，一步一步地夺取全部资本，把一切生产工具集中在国家手里，尽可能快地增加生产力的总量。列宁深刻地指出，“政治同经济相比不能不占首位。不肯定这一点，就是忘记了马克思主义的最起码的常识”2。毛泽东强调，“政治工作是一切经济工作的生命线”3。邓小平强调，“社会主义市场经济优越性在哪里?就在四个坚持。四个坚持集中表现在党的领导”4。党的十八大以来，习近平从新时代党和国家事业发展的全局出发，全面继承和发展了马克思主义关于经济与政治辩证关系的思想，提出了加强党对经济工作的全面领导的重大理论，从理论和实践的结合上对社会主义市场经济条件下如何正确处理经济与政治的辩证关系作了深入创造性的阐释：一是提出要善于用政治眼光观察和分析经济问题，善于洞察经济活动的政治后果，善于从讲政治的高度思考和推进经济社会发展工作。二是提出经济工作是中心工作，党的领导要在中心工作中得到充分体现，党中央必须对经济工作负总责、实施全面领导。三是提出必须创新党领导经济社会发展的观念、体制、方式方法，为发展航船定好向、掌好舵。四是提出要提高党领导经济工作的能力和水平，提高党领导经济工作的科学化水平、法治化水平、专业化能力，切实把党领导经济工作的制度优势转化为治理效能。五是提出要运用马克思主义政治经济学的方法论，深化对我国经济发展规律的认识，提高领导我国经济发展的能力和水平。六是提出必须把推进中国式现代化作为最大的政治，在党的统一领导下，团结最广大人民，聚焦经济建设这一中心工作和高质量发展这一首要任务，把中国式现代化宏伟蓝图一步步变成美好现实。这些重要论述深刻阐述了坚持党对经济工作全面领导的重大意义、目标任务、体制机制和实践要求等一系列理论和实践问题，深刻阐明了社会主义条件下经济与政治高度统一的辩证关系以及社会主义政治对社会主义经济巨大的能动作用，将马克思主义关于经济与政治关系的认识提高到一个新的科学水平。

IV. Adhering to a People-Centered Development Philosophy

四、坚持以人民为中心的发展思想

The question of for whom production is carried out, who is relied upon, and who enjoys the fruits—that is, the social purpose of production—embodies the essence of a society’s economic system and constitutes the main content of a society’s basic economic law. In a socialist society, the development of production no longer aims to serve the interests of a minority or to submit to the needs of capital accumulation, but takes benefiting the interests of the vast majority of the people and meeting their ever-growing needs as its fundamental purpose. This is the essence of the basic economic law of socialism and the concentrated expression of the superiority of the socialist economic system. Mao Zedong pointed out: “The so-called superiority of socialist relations of production over old-era relations of production in being more capable of suiting the nature of the development of productive forces refers precisely to the situation where they allow productive forces to develop rapidly at a speed impossible under the old society, thereby enabling continuous expansion of production and the gradual satisfaction of the people’s ever-growing needs.” [5]5 Mao Zedong, “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People” (1957). Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “The superiority of socialism is ultimately to be reflected in its productive forces developing faster and at a higher level than under capitalism, and on the basis of developing productive forces, continuously improving the people’s material and cultural life.” [6]6 Deng Xiaoping, “Excerpts from Talks in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai” (1992). Xi Jinping emphasized that this exposition by Deng Xiaoping points out the core of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics. [7]7 Xi Jinping, speech at the Economic Work Conference (2015), as reported in official Party documents. Centering on this core, he creatively put forward the development philosophy of adhering to a people-centered approach and embodied it in every link of economic and social development. First, he proposed taking enhancing the people’s well-being, promoting the all-round development of people, and steadily advancing towards common prosperity as the starting point and ultimate goal of economic development. Second, he proposed that adapting to changes in the people’s needs, striving to do a good job in various livelihood undertakings, and making the lives of the common people better and better is the fundamental purpose of socialist production. Third, he proposed that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has changed, and efforts must be made to solve the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development to better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. Fourth, he proposed that common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism and an important feature of Chinese-path modernization, placing the gradual realization of common prosperity for all the people in a more prominent position, so that all the people steadily advance towards the goal of common prosperity. Fifth, he proposed adhering to putting the people first and life first, and insisting on placing the people’s life safety and physical health first. Sixth, he proposed persisting in ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods through development, and continuously making new progress in ensuring access to childcare, education, employment, medical services, elderly care, housing, and social assistance. These important expositions profoundly elaborate on the rich connotations of the socialist production purpose in the New Era and the goals, tasks, institutional mechanisms, and policies for realizing the socialist production purpose. They profoundly reveal the core position of the people-centered development philosophy in the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics, enriching and developing the Marxist political economy theory on the socialist production purpose and the basic economic law of socialism.

生产为了谁、依靠谁、成果由谁享用的问题即社会的生产目的，体现了一个社会经济制度的本质，构成了一个社会基本经济规律的主要内容。在社会主义社会，生产的发展不再以服务少数人的利益为目的、不再服从于资本增殖的需要，而是以造福大多数人民的利益、满足人民日益增长的需要为根本目的，这是社会主义基本经济规律的本质所在，是社会主义经济制度优越性的集中体现。毛泽东指出：“所谓社会主义生产关系比较旧时代生产关系更能够适合生产力发展的性质，就是指能够容许生产力以旧社会所没有的速度迅速发展，因而生产不断扩大，因而使人民不断增长的需要能够逐步得到满足的这样一种情况。”5邓小平指出，“社会主义的优越性归根到底要体现在它的生产力比资本主义发展得更快一些、更高一些，并且在发展生产力的基础上不断改善人民的物质文化生活”6。习近平强调，邓小平的这一论述点明了中国特色社会主义政治经济学的核心7。围绕这一核心，他创造性地提出了坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，并将之体现到经济社会发展的各个环节。一是提出把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展、朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进作为经济发展的出发点和落脚点。二是提出适应人民群众需求变化，努力办好各项民生事业，让老百姓的日子越过越好，是社会主义生产的根本目的。三是提出我国社会主要矛盾发生了变化，要着力解决好发展不平衡不充分问题，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。四是提出共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求，是中国式现代化的重要特征，把逐步实现全体人民共同富裕摆在更加重要的位置，使全体人民朝着共同富裕目标扎实迈进。五是提出坚持人民至上、生命至上，坚持把人民生命安全和身体健康放在第一位。六是提出坚持在发展中保障和改善民生，在幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶上不断取得新进展。这些重要论述深刻阐述了新时代社会主义生产目的的丰富内涵和实现社会主义生产目的的目标任务、体制机制和方针政策，深刻揭示以人民为中心的发展思想在中国特色社会主义政治经济学中的核心地位，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义生产目的和社会主义基本经济规律的理论。

V. Adhering to the New Development Philosophy

五、坚持新发展理念

The fundamental task of socialism is to liberate and develop the productive forces, and development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems. What laws should economic development follow under socialist conditions, and what principles should it adhere to? These are basic questions that Marxist political economy must consider and answer after the establishment of the socialist system. Marx and Engels profoundly revealed the basic principles of economic development in socialist and communist society, mainly: gradually eliminating the opposition between classes, between urban and rural areas, and between mental and manual labor; eliminating the spontaneity, blindness, and antagonism of social development; achieving a historic reconciliation between man and nature and between man and society; and enabling the free and comprehensive development of individuals, among others. After the founding of New China, and especially after reform and opening up, our Party put forward a series of new theoretical viewpoints on the basic principles of socialist economic development, emphasizing overall consideration and balanced coordination, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all sides, and adhering to people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC [8]8 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2012, marked the beginning of Xi Jinping’s leadership and the official start of the “New Era” of socialism with Chinese characteristics., Xi Jinping, profoundly summarizing domestic and international development experiences and lessons and deeply analyzing domestic and international development trends, creatively proposed establishing and adhering to the new development philosophy, making new interpretations of the basic principles of socialist economic development. First, it is proposed that the new development philosophy must be implemented throughout the entire process and in all fields of development, always grasping, measuring, and promoting development through the internal unity of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing. Second, it is proposed that innovation is the primary driving force leading development, focusing on solving the problem of development momentum, adhering to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics, and leveraging the advantages of the new nationwide system for tackling key core technologies under the conditions of a market economy. Third, it is proposed that coordination is an inherent requirement for sustained and healthy development, promoting coordinated development between urban and rural areas and among regions, and forming a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development. Fourth, it is proposed that green development is a necessary condition for sustainable development, focusing on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature, adhering to the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and promoting the formation of green development methods and lifestyles. Fifth, it is proposed that openness is the only way to achieve prosperous development, focusing on solving the problem of internal and external linkage in development, developing a higher level of opening up, and promoting the formation of a comprehensive opening-up pattern. Sixth, it is proposed that sharing is the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics, focusing on solving the problem of social fairness and justice, and its essence is adhering to the people-centered development thought. These important discussions profoundly elaborate on a series of major theoretical and practical issues concerning the purpose, driving force, methods, and pathways of socialist economic development, clarify our Party’s major political issues such as political stance, value orientation, development model, and development path regarding development, and enrich and develop the economic development theory of Marxist political economy.

社会主义的根本任务是解放和发展生产力，发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。在社会主义条件下经济发展应当依据什么样的规律，遵循什么样的原则，是社会主义制度建立之后马克思主义政治经济学需要思考和回答的基本问题。马克思恩格斯深刻揭示了社会主义和共产主义社会经济发展的基本原则，主要是：逐步消灭阶级之间、城乡之间、脑力劳动和体力劳动之间的对立，消除社会发展的自发性、盲目性和对抗性，人与自然、人与社会实现历史性的和解，个人得到自由而全面的发展等。新中国成立以后特别是改革开放以后，我们党在社会主义经济发展基本原则上提出了一系列新的理论观点，强调统筹兼顾，充分调动各方面积极性，坚持以人为本、全面协调可持续的发展。党的十八大以后，习近平深刻总结国内外发展经验教训、深刻分析国内外发展大势，创造性地提出树立和坚持新发展理念，对社会主义经济发展的基本原则作出了新的阐释。一是提出必须把新发展理念贯穿发展全过程和各领域，始终以创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的内在统一来把握发展、衡量发展、推动发展。二是提出创新是引领发展的第一动力，注重的是解决发展动力问题，坚持走中国特色自主创新道路，发挥市场经济条件下关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制优势。三是提出协调是持续健康发展的内在要求，促进城乡区域协调发展，形成优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济布局。四是提出绿色发展是永续发展的必要条件，注重的是解决人与自然和谐问题，坚持绿水青山就是金山银山理念，推动形成绿色发展方式和生活方式。五是提出开放是繁荣发展的必由之路，注重的是解决发展内外联动问题，发展更高水平的对外开放，推动形成全面开放新格局。六是提出共享是中国特色社会主义的本质要求，注重的是解决社会公平正义问题，实质就是坚持以人民为中心的发展思想。这些重要论述深刻阐述了关于社会主义经济发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列重大理论和实践问题，阐明了我们党关于发展的政治立场、价值导向、发展模式、发展道路等重大政治问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学的经济发展理论。

VI. Promoting High-Quality Development

六、推动高质量发展

Correctly understanding the historical position and development stage of the cause of the Party and the people is the fundamental basis for our Party to clarify the central tasks of the stage and formulate lines, principles, and policies. Entering the New Era, on the solid foundation accumulated by China’s long-term economic development since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, China’s economic development has entered a new era and a new stage. High-quality development is the distinctive hallmark of China’s economy in the new era and new stage, marking a qualitative leap in the process of China’s socialist economy continuously advancing towards a higher stage with more developed productive forces, more perfected relations of production, and richer material and spiritual wealth. It can better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life at a higher level, to a greater extent, and in a broader scope, and better realize the purpose of socialist production. This is of milestone significance in the history of China’s socialist economic development. In the New Era, China’s economic development is centered on the theme of promoting high-quality development. In this regard, Xi Jinping has published a series of important discussions. First, it is proposed that as socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, China’s economic development has also entered a New Era, and its basic feature is that China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. Second, it is proposed that high-quality development is the primary task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, is the theme of China’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and even longer periods, and it is necessary to adhere to high-quality development as the hard truth of the New Era, promoting the effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity of the economy. Third, it is proposed that high-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, is development that embodies the new development philosophy, and is development where innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green development becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only way, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal. Fourth, it is proposed that to promote high-quality development, it is necessary to advance supply-side structural reform, so that China’s supply capacity can better meet the people’s ever-growing, constantly upgrading, and personalized needs for material culture and the ecological environment, thereby realizing the purpose of socialist production. Fifth, it is proposed that accelerating the achievement of a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening is the only way to promote high-quality development; accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is the strategic foundation for promoting high-quality development; advancing agricultural modernization is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-quality development; and the happiness and well-being of the people is the ultimate goal of promoting high-quality development. These important discussions systematically answer major questions such as what high-quality development is, why it should be promoted, and how to promote it, profoundly clarify the historical position and stage characteristics of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, clarify the great logic of the evolution and development of China’s economy from a lower form to a higher form, and enrich and develop the theory of socialist economic development stages in Marxist political economy.

正确认识党和人民事业所处的历史方位和发展阶段，是我们党明确阶段性中心任务、制定路线方针政策的根本依据。进入新时代，在新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来我国经济长期发展积累的雄厚基础上，我国经济发展进入新时代新阶段，高质量发展是新时代新阶段我国经济的鲜明标识，标志着我国社会主义经济在向着生产力更发达、生产关系更完善、物质和精神财富更丰富的高级阶段不断迈进的进程中发生了质的飞跃，可以在更高的水平、更大的程度、更广的范围，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活的需要，更好实现社会主义生产目的，这在我国社会主义经济发展史上具有里程碑的意义。新时代我国经济发展就是以推动高质量发展为主题展开的，就此，习近平发表一系列重要论述。一是提出中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国经济发展也进入新时代，基本特征就是我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。二是提出高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，是“十四五”乃至更长时期我国经济社会发展的主题，必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理，推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长。三是提出高质量发展就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展。四是提出推动高质量发展必须推进供给侧结构性改革，使我国供给能力更好满足人民日益增长、不断升级和个性化的物质文化和生态环境需要，从而实现社会主义生产目的。五是提出加快实现高水平科技自立自强，是推动高质量发展的必由之路；加快构建新发展格局，是推动高质量发展的战略基点；推进农业现代化，是实现高质量发展的必然要求；人民幸福安康是推动高质量发展的最终目的。这些重要论述系统回答了什么是高质量发展、为什么要推动高质量发展、怎样推动高质量发展等重大问题，深刻阐明了新时代中国特色社会主义经济的历史方位和阶段性特征，阐明了我国经济从低级形态到高级形态演化发展的大逻辑，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义经济发展阶段的理论。

VII. Constructing a New Development Pattern

七、构建新发展格局

Marxist political economy holds that social reproduction is a cyclical process of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption, revolving in endless succession. In *Capital*, Marx revealed the basic conditions for the smooth circulation of the economy, including: the coexistence of various capitals in space and their succession in time; the timely compensation of capital in both material and value forms; the maintenance of reasonable proportional relations among different sectors; and the coordination of currency circulation with commodity circulation. Once the conditions for economic circulation are disrupted and the chain of circulation is broken, there is a risk of triggering an economic crisis. As China enters a new stage of development, facing profound changes in the international environment and a more complex, severe, and uncertain external environment, how to achieve smooth economic circulation is a major challenge before us. The construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations mutually reinforcing is a major strategic decision to meet this major challenge and seize the initiative in future development. In this regard, Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important expositions. First, he proposed that constructing the new development pattern is a systemic and deep-seated transformation concerning the overall situation, a strategic choice to enhance China's economic development level in keeping with the times, and also a strategic choice to shape new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition. Second, he proposed organically combining the strategy of expanding domestic demand with deepening supply-side structural reform, exerting force and coordinating from both the supply and demand sides, forming a higher-level dynamic equilibrium where demand drives supply and supply creates demand, thereby achieving a virtuous cycle of the national economy. Third, he proposed adhering to the strategic direction of supply-side structural reform, improving the adaptability of the supply system to domestic demand, unblocking bottlenecks in the economic cycle, and enhancing the integrity of the industrial and supply chains. Fourth, he proposed that the most essential feature of constructing the new development pattern is achieving a high level of self-reliance and self-strengthening; promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial and supply chains is an urgent need; improving the modern circulation system is a strong support; comprehensively deepening reform is the fundamental driving force; further expanding opening up is an inevitable requirement; improving the quality of people's lives is the starting point and foothold; and firmly holding the bottom line of safe development is an important prerequisite and guarantee. Fifth, he proposed that promoting the formation of a vast and smooth domestic economic cycle can better attract global resource factors, both meeting domestic demand and enhancing the level of China's industrial technology development, thereby forming new advantages for participating in international economic cooperation and competition. These important expositions profoundly elaborate on the great significance and basic requirements for achieving smooth economic circulation under the conditions of the socialist market economy, profoundly clarify the dialectical relationship between openness and self-reliance, and between the domestic economic cycle and the international economic cycle, deepen the understanding of the laws of social reproduction under socialism, and enrich and develop the Marxist political economy theory of economic circulation.

马克思主义政治经济学认为，社会再生产是生产、交换、分配、消费四个环节周而复始的循环过程。马克思在《资本论》中揭示了经济循环畅通的基本条件，包括：各种资本在空间上并存、时间上继起，资本在物质上和价值形态上都得到及时补偿，各个部门之间保持合理的比例关系，货币流通与商品流通的协调等。一旦经济循环条件被破坏，循环链条出现断裂，就有引起经济危机的风险。在我国进入新发展阶段、面临国际环境深刻变化、外部环境更趋复杂严峻和不确定的条件下，如何实现经济的循环畅通，是摆在我们面前的一个重大挑战。构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，就是应对这一重大挑战、把握未来发展主动权的重大战略决策。就此，习近平发表了一系列重要论述。一是提出构建新发展格局是事关全局的系统性、深层次变革，是与时俱进提升我国经济发展水平的战略抉择，也是塑造我国国际经济合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择。二是提出把扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来，供需两端同时发力、协调配合，形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡，实现国民经济良性循环。三是提出坚持供给侧结构性改革的战略方向，提升供给体系对国内需求的适配性，打通经济循环堵点，提升产业链、供应链的完整性。四是提出构建新发展格局最本质的特征是实现高水平的自立自强，推动产业链供应链优化升级是迫切需要，健全现代流通体系是有力支撑，全面深化改革是根本动力，进一步扩大对外开放是必然要求，改善人民生活品质是出发点和立足点，牢牢守住安全发展这条底线是重要前提和保障。五是提出推动形成宏大顺畅的国内经济循环，就能更好吸引全球资源要素，既满足国内需求，又提升我国产业技术发展水平，形成参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势。这些重要论述深刻阐述了社会主义市场经济条件下实现经济循环畅通的重大意义和基本要求，深刻阐明了开放和自主、国内经济循环和国际经济循环的辩证关系，深化了对社会主义社会再生产规律的认识，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济循环的理论。

VIII. Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

八、加快发展新质生产力

Marxism holds that productive forces are the fundamental driving force of human social development, and that the interaction and mutual constraint between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, govern the entire process of social development and determine the basic features and direction of society. Our Party has always attached great importance to liberating and developing productive forces, has always insisted on using Marxist productivity theory to guide the ever-changing practice of development, and has continuously deepened its understanding of the laws of productivity development in practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [9]9 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in 2012, marked the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping's leadership., Xi Jinping, based on the new practice of China's economic and social development in the New Era, responding to the new requirements of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, has combined Marxist productivity theory with the practice of China's economic development in the New Era, focused on the historical task of comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization and promoting high-quality development, and delivered a series of important expositions on how to further liberate and develop productive forces in the New Era. He creatively put forward the important theoretical viewpoint of accelerating the development of new quality productive forces, opening up a new realm for the development of Marxist productivity theory. First, he proposed that liberating and developing social productive forces is the essential requirement of socialism, and that our Party's governance is to lead the people of all ethnic groups in the country to continuously liberate and develop social productive forces and constantly improve people's lives. Second, he proposed that developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development, and that we must firmly grasp high-quality development as the primary task and develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. Third, he proposed that new quality productive forces are driven by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries, with the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimal combination as the basic connotation, and their essence being advanced productive forces. Fourth, he proposed that humanity has experienced the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution and is now undergoing an information revolution, which brings another qualitative leap in productive forces; digital technology and the digital economy are the vanguard of the world's technological revolution and industrial transformation; artificial intelligence is a strategic technology leading this round of technological revolution and industrial transformation; and the development of quantum technology has become a frontier field of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Fifth, he proposed that scientific and technological innovation is the core element for developing new quality productive forces; we must strengthen scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the achievement of a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and win the battle for key core technologies. Sixth, he proposed using scientific and technological innovation to drive industrial innovation, transforming and upgrading traditional industries, cultivating and strengthening emerging industries, planning and building future industries, and perfecting the modern industrial system. Seventh, he proposed that protecting the ecological environment is protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment is developing productive forces; new quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces; only by protecting the ecology well and giving full play to ecological advantages can high-quality development be achieved. These important expositions systematically elucidate a series of major theoretical and practical issues concerning the development of productive forces, especially the development of new quality productive forces, under the new historical conditions, including their great significance, basic elements, objective laws, historical trends, and main pathways. They profoundly answer the epochal question of "what are advanced productive forces and how to develop advanced productive forces" in the New Era, greatly enriching and developing the Marxist theory of productive forces, elevating our Party's understanding of the laws of productivity development to a new height, and providing scientific guidance for promoting high-quality economic development and realizing economic modernization.

马克思主义认为，生产力是人类社会发展的根本动力，生产力和生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑相互作用、相互制约，支配着整个社会发展进程，决定着社会的基本面貌和发展方向。我们党始终高度重视解放和发展生产力，始终坚持运用马克思主义生产力理论指导不断变化的发展实践，并在实践中不断深化对生产力发展规律的认识。党的十八大以来，习近平立足新时代我国经济社会发展的新实践，顺应新一轮科技革命和产业变革的新要求，把马克思主义生产力理论与新时代我国经济发展的实践相结合，聚焦全面推进中国式现代化和推动高质量发展的历史任务，围绕新时代如何进一步解放和发展生产力发表了一系列重要论述，创造性提出了加快发展新质生产力的重要理论观点，开拓了马克思主义生产力理论发展的新境界。一是提出解放和发展社会生产力是社会主义的本质要求，我们党执政，就是要带领全国各族人民持续解放和发展社会生产力，不断改善人民生活。二是提出发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，因地制宜发展新质生产力。三是提出新质生产力由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，本质是先进生产力。四是提出人类经历了农业革命、工业革命，正在经历信息革命，信息革命带来生产力又一次质的飞跃；数字技术、数字经济是世界科技革命和产业变革的先机，人工智能是引领这一轮科技革命和产业变革的战略性技术，量子科技发展成为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的前沿领域。五是提出科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心要素，加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，打好关键核心技术攻坚战。六是提出以科技创新推动产业创新，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系。七是提出保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力，把生态保护好、把生态优势发挥出来，才能实现高质量发展。这些重要论述系统阐明了新的历史条件下发展生产力特别是发展新质生产力的重大意义、基本要素、客观规律、历史趋势和主要路径等一系列重大理论和实践问题，深刻回答了新时代“什么是先进生产力、如何发展先进生产力”的时代课题，极大丰富和发展了马克思主义的生产力理论，使我们党对生产力发展的规律性认识提升到新的高度，为推动经济的高质量发展和实现经济现代化提供了科学指引。

IX. Upholding and Improving the Basic Socialist Economic System

九、坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度

The basic economic system is that part of the economic system which possesses long-term stability and occupies a foundational and decisive position. Marx and Engels, based on the historical laws of human societal development, revealed the basic features of the future socialist and communist economic system, including social ownership of the means of production, planned regulation of social production, distribution according to work performed and distribution according to need. After the founding of New China, China established a socialist economic system based on public ownership and distribution according to work performed through socialist transformation. Since reform and opening up, China has established the basic economic system with public ownership playing the dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, and the distribution system with distribution according to work performed playing the dominant role and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and has established and continuously improved the socialist market economy system, laying a solid economic foundation for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Focusing on how to better uphold and improve China's basic economic system in the New Era, making it more mature and more定型 [10]10 定型 (dìngxíng) — literally "fixed form" or "finalized shape," a term used in Chinese political discourse to indicate that a system has reached a mature and stable state., Xi Jinping has published a series of important expositions. First, he proposed that public ownership playing the dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, distribution according to work performed playing the dominant role and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system, etc., constitute the socialist basic economic system. This both reflects the superiority of the socialist system and is compatible with the level of development of social productive forces in the primary stage of socialism in China, and is a great creation of the Party and the people. Second, he proposed that both the public sector and the non-public sector are important components of the socialist market economy and important foundations for China's economic and social development. We must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector, unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector, and promote all forms of ownership to learn from each other's strengths, complement each other, and develop together. Third, he proposed strengthening, optimizing, and expanding state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises, developing new types of rural collective economies, promoting the healthy development of the non-public sector and the healthy growth of those working in it, and promoting the growth and expansion of the private economy. Fourth, he proposed that the distribution system is the foundational system for promoting common prosperity. We must adhere to distribution according to work performed playing the dominant role and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, fulfill the government's redistribution function, and construct a coordinated and complementary institutional system of primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution. Fifth, he proposed letting the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of the government, building a high-level socialist market economy system, promoting a better combination of an effective market and a competent government, continuing to work hard on the integration of the basic socialist system with the market economy, and giving full play to the advantages of both aspects. Sixth, he proposed correctly understanding and grasping the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, regulating and guiding the healthy development of capital according to law, giving play to the positive role of capital, while effectively controlling its negative role. These important expositions collectively list the socialist ownership structure, distribution system, and market economy system as the basic economic system, make a scientific analysis of the development and changes of the three basic economic systems, provide a new summary of the scientific connotation and practical requirements of the socialist basic economic system based on actual development, and enrich and develop the Marxist political economy theory on the socialist basic economic system.

基本经济制度是经济制度体系中具有长期性和稳定性的部分，处于基础性、决定性地位。马克思恩格斯根据人类社会发展的历史规律，揭示了未来社会主义和共产主义经济制度的基本特征，包括生产资料社会占有、有计划调节社会生产、按劳分配和按需分配等。新中国成立后，我国通过社会主义改造，建立了以公有制和按劳分配为基础的社会主义经济制度。改革开放以来，我国确立了公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度和按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，建立并不断完善社会主义市场经济体制，为中国特色社会主义发展奠定了坚实的经济基础。围绕新时代如何更好坚持和完善我国的基本经济制度，使其更加成熟更加定型，习近平发表了一系列重要论述。一是提出公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度，既体现了社会主义制度优越性，又同我国社会主义初级阶段社会生产力发展水平相适应，是党和人民的伟大创造。二是提出公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济社会发展的重要基础。毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，推动各种所有制取长补短、相互促进、共同发展。三是提出推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，发展新型农村集体经济，促进非公有制经济健康发展和非公有制经济人士健康成长，促进民营经济发展壮大。四是提出分配制度是促进共同富裕的基础性制度。坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，履行好政府的再分配职能，构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配协调配套的制度体系。五是提出使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合，继续在社会主义基本制度与市场经济的结合上下功夫，把两方面优势都发挥好。六是提出正确认识和把握资本的特性和行为规律，依法规范和引导资本健康发展，发挥资本的积极作用，同时有效控制资本的消极作用。这些重要论述把社会主义所有制结构、分配制度和市场经济体制共同并列为基本经济制度，并对三项基本经济制度发展变化作出科学分析，根据现实的发展对社会主义基本经济制度的科学内涵和实践要求作了新的概括，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义基本经济制度的理论。

X. Realizing Economic Modernization

十、实现经济现代化

Modernization is an inevitable trend in the development of human society. Marx pointed out: "The country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future." [11]11 Karl Marx, "Preface to the First German Edition," Capital, Volume I. However, the modernization Marx spoke of was modernization under capitalist conditions. Capitalist modernization has profound drawbacks; while promoting the development of productive forces and social progress, it has brought deep disasters to the people of its own country and the world. The Communist Party of China leads the people in building a modern socialist country and has successfully embarked on the path of Chinese-path modernization. Economic modernization is the economic foundation of Chinese-path modernization. Realizing economic modernization under socialist conditions is an unprecedented historical undertaking, requiring continuous and in-depth exploration in both theory and practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has published a series of important expositions on how to build a great modern socialist country and realize economic modernization. First, he proposed that for a country to be strong, its economic system must be strong, and building a modernized economic system is an urgent requirement for crossing the threshold and a strategic goal for China's development. Second, he proposed that constructing a new development pattern clarifies the path choice for China's economic modernization, that realizing new-type industrialization is a key task, that the requirements of high-quality development must be implemented throughout the entire process of new-type industrialization, and that building a manufacturing powerhouse must be organically combined with developing the digital economy and industrial informatization. Third, he proposed that common prosperity for all the people is an essential feature of Chinese-path modernization, and whether the modernization path can ultimately be smooth and stable depends on whether it adheres to a people-centered approach. Fourth, he proposed adhering to the path of new-type industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, and promoting the synchronous development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. Fifth, he proposed accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system supported by the real economy, promoting industrial intelligence, greening, and integration, and building a modern industrial system with completeness, advancement, and security. Sixth, he proposed unswervingly following the path of financial development with Chinese characteristics, promoting the high-quality development of China's finance, building a financial powerhouse, and providing strong support for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. These important expositions profoundly elaborate on the basic features, main content, and development path of Chinese-style economic modernization, creatively expound on the new historical issue of how to realize economic modernization under socialist conditions, and enrich and develop the Marxist political economy theory on economic modernization.

现代化是人类社会发展的必然趋势。马克思指出：“工业较发达的国家向工业较不发达的国家所显示的，只是后者未来的景象。”8但是，马克思所说的现代化是资本主义条件下的现代化。资本主义现代化存在着深刻的弊病，在促进生产力发展和社会进步的同时，给本国人民和世界人民带来了深重灾难。中国共产党领导人民建设社会主义现代化国家、成功走出中国式现代化道路。经济现代化是中国式现代化的经济基础，在社会主义条件下实现经济现代化，是一个前无古人的历史创举，需要在理论和实践上进行持续深入的探索。党的十八大以来，习近平围绕如何建设社会主义现代化强国、实现经济现代化发表了一系列重要论述。一是提出国家强，经济体系必须强，建设现代化经济体系是跨越关口的迫切要求和我国发展的战略目标。二是提出构建新发展格局明确了我国经济现代化的路径选择，实现新型工业化是关键任务，把高质量发展的要求贯穿新型工业化全过程，把建设制造强国同发展数字经济、产业信息化等有机结合。三是提出全体人民共同富裕是中国式现代化的本质特征，现代化道路最终能否走得通、行得稳，关键要看是否坚持以人民为中心。四是提出坚持走中国特色新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化道路，推动工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展。五是提出加快建设以实体经济为支撑的现代化产业体系，推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化，建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系。六是提出坚定不移走中国特色金融发展之路，推动我国金融高质量发展，建设金融强国，为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供有力支撑。这些重要论述深刻阐述了中国式经济现代化的基本特征、主要内容和发展路径，对社会主义条件下如何实现经济现代化的新的历史课题作了创造性的阐述，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济现代化的理论。

XI. Promoting Integrated Urban-Rural Development

十一、推动城乡融合发展

Marx pointed out: "The foundation of every division of labor that is well developed, and brought about by the exchange of commodities, is the separation of town from country. It may be said that the whole economic history of society is summed up in the movement of this antithesis." [12]12 Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, Chapter 14, Section 4. Eliminating the opposition between town and country is the primary condition for social unity, and realizing urban-rural integration is an important goal of socialist development. After the founding of New China, Comrade Mao Zedong put forward the idea of correctly handling the relationship between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas. Since reform and opening up, our Party has proposed coordinating urban and rural development and forming a new pattern of integrated urban-rural economic and social development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, based on the new circumstances of China's economic and social development, our Party has clearly proposed the major strategy of reshaping urban-rural relations and promoting integrated urban-rural development. Xi Jinping has published a series of important expositions on promoting integrated urban-rural development. First, he proposed promoting integrated urban-rural development, strengthening the role of industry in supporting agriculture and cities in driving rural areas, promoting the formation of a new type of industrial-urban-rural relationship featuring mutual promotion of industry and agriculture, complementarity between urban and rural areas, coordinated development, and common prosperity, and accelerating agricultural and rural modernization. Second, he proposed taking the path of socialist rural revitalization with Chinese characteristics, promoting high-quality and efficient agriculture, livable and workable rural areas, and prosperous and well-off farmers, so that agriculture and rural areas achieve modernization simultaneously with the country. Third, he proposed that building a strong agricultural country is the foundation of a great modern socialist country. Building a strong agricultural country must reflect the resource endowment of a large population with little land, the historical heritage of agricultural civilization, and the contemporary requirement of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and take its own path. Fourth, he proposed a path of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics, a theory on anti-poverty with Chinese characteristics, and a strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. Fifth, he proposed upholding and improving the basic rural management system, implementing the "separation of three rights" [13]13 "Separation of three rights" (三权分置) — a reform of China's rural land system that separates land ownership (belonging to the collective), contract rights (belonging to farming households), and management rights (which can be transferred to other entities). of land ownership, contract rights, and management rights. Sixth, he proposed promoting people-centered urbanization, taking a new path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, organically combining the promotion of new-type urbanization with comprehensive rural revitalization, promoting the two-way flow of various factors, promoting the construction of new-type urbanization with county towns as important carriers, and forming a new pattern of integrated urban-rural development. These important expositions profoundly elaborate on the unique model and rich connotation of realizing integrated urban-rural development in a large developing socialist country like China, profoundly clarify the correct path for realizing agricultural and rural modernization, deepen the understanding of the laws governing the development of socialist urban-rural relations, and enrich and develop the Marxist political economy theory on urban-rural relations.

马克思指出：“一切发达的、以商品交换为中介的分工的基础，都是城乡的分离。可以说，社会的全部经济史，都概括为这种对立的运动。”9消灭城乡之间的对立是社会统一的首要条件，实现城乡融合是社会主义发展的重要目标。新中国成立以后，毛泽东同志提出了正确处理工农和城乡关系的思想。改革开放以来，我们党提出统筹城乡发展、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局。党的十八大以来，根据我国经济社会发展的新情况，我们党明确提出了重塑城乡关系、推动城乡融合发展的重大战略，习近平围绕推动城乡融合发展发表了一系列重要论述。一是提出推进城乡发展一体化，强化以工补农、以城带乡，推动形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系，加快农业农村现代化。二是提出走中国特色社会主义乡村振兴道路，促进农业高质高效、乡村宜居宜业、农民富裕富足，使农业农村与国家同步实现现代化。三是提出农业强国是社会主义现代化强国的根基。建设农业强国要体现立足人多地少的资源禀赋、农耕文明的历史底蕴、人与自然和谐共生的时代要求，走自己的路。四是提出中国特色减贫道路、中国特色反贫困理论、精准扶贫方略。五是提出坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，实行农地所有权、承包权、经营权“三权分置”。六是提出推进以人为核心的城镇化，走中国特色新型城镇化道路，把推进新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴有机结合起来，促进各类要素双向流动，推动以县城为重要载体的新型城镇化建设，形成城乡融合发展新格局。这些重要论述深刻阐述了在我国这样一个发展中社会主义大国实现城乡融合发展的独特模式和丰富内涵，深刻阐明了实现农业农村现代化的正确道路，深化了对社会主义城乡关系发展规律的认识，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于城乡关系的理论。

XII. Promoting the Healthy Development of Economic Globalization

十二、推动经济全球化健康发展

Marxist political economy holds that human society will ultimately move from the history of individual nations to world history, and that economic globalization is an inevitable path for the development of human society. Historically, economic globalization developed under the dominance of capitalism: “The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization.” [14]14 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto* (1848). “The tendency to create the world market is directly given in the concept of capital itself. Every limit appears as a barrier to be overcome.” [15]15 Karl Marx, *Grundrisse* (1857–1858). With the globalization of capital, the contradictions and ills of capitalism—such as class antagonism, polarization between rich and poor, economic crises, and financial turbulence—have increasingly spread across the globe, frequently disrupting and causing setbacks in the process of economic globalization. At present, changes of a kind unseen in a century in the world, in the times, and in history are unfolding in unprecedented ways. The world once again stands at a crossroads of history, and the question of where economic globalization is headed confronts the peoples of all countries. At this historical juncture, Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important discourses, systematically expounding China’s understanding of economic globalization, responding to the common concerns of the international community about economic globalization, and reflecting the profound reflections of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people on the destiny of humanity and world development. First, he proposes that economic globalization is an objective requirement of the development of social productive forces and an inevitable result of scientific and technological progress. It has provided a strong impetus for world economic growth and promoted the flow of goods and capital, scientific and technological progress, and exchanges among peoples of all countries. Second, he proposes that economic globalization is a double-edged sword. When the world economy is in a downward cycle, the contradictions between growth and distribution, capital and labor, efficiency and fairness become more pronounced, and both developed and developing countries feel pressure and impact. Third, he proposes that the direction of economic globalization must be properly guided, promoting its development in the correct direction and fostering an open, inclusive, balanced, and win-win economic globalization that benefits all. Fourth, he proposes that we must stand on the right side of history, promote the building of an open world economy, and work to build a community with a shared future for mankind. Fifth, he proposes that the global economic governance system must be improved, based on equality and oriented toward openness, advocating the concept of global governance based on extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, upholding the principle of pursuing greater good and shared interests, and striving to make the global governance system more balanced in reflecting the will and interests of the majority of countries. Sixth, he proposes that we must adapt to economic globalization, implement a more proactive opening-up strategy, promote opening up at a higher level, and build a new system for a higher-standard open economy. These important discourses profoundly elaborate on the internal logic, main characteristics, confronting contradictions, and development trends of economic globalization. They profoundly answer the questions of the times—what economic globalization is and where it is headed—providing a Chinese solution and contributing Chinese wisdom to guiding the healthy development of economic globalization. They deepen and develop the understanding of the laws of economic globalization, enriching and developing the Marxist political economy theory on economic globalization and the world economy.

马克思主义政治经济学认为，人类社会最终将从各民族的历史走向世界历史，经济全球化是人类社会发展必经之路。历史上的经济全球化是在资本主义主导下发展起来的，“资产阶级，由于开拓了世界市场，使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了”10。“创造世界市场的趋势已经直接包含在资本的概念本身中。任何界限都表现为必须克服的限制。”11随着资本的全球化，资本主义的矛盾和弊病如阶级对立、贫富分化、经济危机、金融动荡等日益向全球扩散，使经济全球化的进程时常受到干扰、发生波折。当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，世界又一次站在历史的十字路口，经济全球化何去何从的问题摆在了各国人民的面前。在此历史关头，习近平发表一系列重要论述，系统阐述中国对经济全球化的认识，回应了国际社会对经济全球化的普遍关切，反映了中国共产党和中国人民对人类命运和世界发展的深刻思考。一是提出经济全球化是社会生产力发展的客观要求和科技进步的必然结果，为世界经济增长提供了强劲动力，促进了商品和资本流动、科技和文明进步、各国人民交往。二是提出经济全球化是一把双刃剑。当世界经济处于下行期的时候，增长和分配、资本和劳动、效率和公平的矛盾就会更加突出，发达国家和发展中国家都会感受到压力和冲击。三是提出必须引导好经济全球化走向，推动经济全球化朝着正确方向发展，推动建设开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的经济全球化。四是提出要站在历史正确的一边，推动建设开放型世界经济，推动构建人类命运共同体。五是提出要完善全球经济治理体系，以平等为基础、以开放为导向，倡导共商、共建、共享的全球治理理念，坚持正确义利观，努力使全球治理体制更加平衡地反映大多数国家的意愿和利益。六是提出必须顺应经济全球化，实行更加积极主动的开放战略，推进更高水平对外开放，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。这些重要论述深刻阐述了经济全球化的内在逻辑、主要特点、面临的矛盾和发展的趋势，深刻回答了经济全球化是什么、向何处去的时代之问，为引导经济全球化健康发展提供了中国方案、贡献了中国智慧，深化和发展了对经济全球化规律的认识，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济全球化和世界经济的理论。

XIII. Coordinating Security and Development

十三、统筹安全和发展

Adhering to independence and self-reliance, always prioritizing national sovereignty and security, and resolutely safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests constitute a fundamental principle of China’s socialist construction. After reform and opening up, as China’s degree of opening to the outside world continuously increased, risks and challenges related to national economic security gradually grew, and the issue of how to effectively maintain national economic security in the process of promoting development became increasingly prominent. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has profoundly grasped the new situations and tasks facing national economic security and delivered a series of important discourses on the subject. First, he proposes that security is the prerequisite for development, and development is the guarantee of security. We must adhere to the benign interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, promoting high-level security through high-quality development, and ensuring high-quality development with high-level security, so that development and security achieve dynamic balance and mutual reinforcement. Second, he emphasizes the need to firmly establish a concept of safe development, accelerate the improvement of institutions and mechanisms for safe development, and correctly understand and manage the prevention and resolution of major risks. Third, he proposes that at the macroeconomic level, we must prevent drastic fluctuations; in the capital market, we must prevent massive inflows and outflows of foreign capital; for grain, energy, and important resources, we must ensure supply security; and we must ensure the stability and security of industrial and supply chains. Fourth, he proposes that safeguarding financial security is a matter of strategic and fundamental importance affecting the overall situation of China’s economic and social development. We must fully recognize the important position and role of finance in economic development and social life, and resolutely hold the bottom line against systemic financial risks. These important discourses profoundly elaborate on the great significance, main content, and basic principles of maintaining economic security, elevating the importance of economic security to an unprecedented height. They deepen and develop the understanding of the laws of socialist security development, enriching and developing the Marxist political economy theory on national economic security.

坚持独立自主、自力更生，始终把国家主权和安全放在第一位，坚决维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，是我国社会主义建设的一条根本原则。改革开放后，随着中国对外开放程度的不断提高，国家经济安全方面的风险与挑战逐渐增多，如何在促进发展过程中有效维护国家经济安全的问题也日渐突出。党的十八大以来，习近平深刻把握国家经济安全面临的新形势新任务，就国家经济安全发表一系列重要论述。一是提出安全是发展的前提，发展是安全的保障。坚持高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动，以高质量发展促进高水平安全，以高水平安全保障高质量发展，发展和安全要动态平衡、相得益彰。二是强调必须牢固树立安全发展理念，加快完善安全发展体制机制，正确认识和把握防范化解重大风险。三是提出宏观经济方面要防止大起大落，资本市场上要防止外资大进大出，粮食、能源、重要资源上要确保供给安全，确保产业链供应链稳定安全。四是提出维护金融安全是关系我国经济社会发展全局的一件带有战略性、根本性的大事，必须充分认识金融在经济发展和社会生活中的重要地位和作用，坚决守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线。这些重要论述深刻阐述了维护经济安全的重大意义、主要内容和基本原则，把经济安全的重要性提升到前所未有的高度，深化和发展了对社会主义安全发展规律的认识，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于国家经济安全的理论。

XIV. Methodology for Economic Work

十四、做好经济工作的方法论

Promoting sustained and healthy economic development requires not only correct thinking and policies but also correct work strategies and methods. Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the methodology for economic work, insisting on using the Marxist worldview and methodology to scientifically analyze the economic situation, accurately judge future trends, scientifically formulate economic policies, continuously sum up experience, grasp laws, guide work, and promote development. He strives to improve the Party’s ability and level in leading economic work, solidly carries out economic work, successfully steers the overall situation of economic development, and accumulates valuable experience in doing economic work well. First, he proposes to analyze the economic situation with a comprehensive, dialectical, and long-term perspective, judging the position and changes of China’s economy from the trends of history, reality, and the future. Second, he proposes to adhere to the “two-point theory,” [16]16 “Two-point theory” (两点论) refers to the Maoist dialectical method of analyzing a problem from both its positive and negative aspects, or its primary and secondary contradictions, rather than taking a one-sided view. seeing problems from two sides, accurately recognizing changes, scientifically responding to changes, and actively seeking changes, striving to foster new opportunities amidst crises and open up new horizons amidst changing circumstances. Third, he proposes to adhere to correct work strategies and methods, maintain the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, preserve strategic focus, and unswervingly do our own work well. Fourth, he proposes to make overall plans, take a systematic approach, and promote progress on all fronts, correctly handling a series of major relationships, such as those between top-level design and practical exploration, strategy and tactics, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and self-reliance and opening up to the outside world. Fifth, he proposes to combine goal orientation with problem orientation, focusing on goals to strengthen direction and planning through overall planning and top-level design, while also focusing on problems to continuously strengthen precision and timeliness by addressing weaknesses and shortcomings. These important discourses represent the creative application of the basic theories of Marxist political economy in economic work. They are a vivid embodiment of the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the positions, viewpoints, and methods that run through it in economic work. They profoundly answer the methodological questions of how to view the economic situation and how to conduct economic work, profoundly elucidate the working methods of the Party’s overall leadership over economic work, and enrich and develop the Marxist political economy theory on analyzing the economic situation and doing economic work well.

推动经济持续健康发展，不仅要有正确思想和政策，而且要有正确工作策略和方法。习近平高度重视做好经济工作的方法论，坚持运用马克思主义的世界观和方法论科学分析经济形势，准确研判未来走势，科学制定经济政策，不断总结经验、把握规律、指导工作、推动发展，努力提高党领导经济工作的能力和水平，扎实做好经济工作，成功驾驭了经济发展大局，积累了做好经济工作的宝贵经验。一是提出坚持用全面、辩证、长远的眼光分析经济形势，从历史、现实、未来的走势中判断我国经济所处的方位、发生的变化。二是提出坚持“两点论”,一分为二看问题，准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，努力在危机中育新机、于变局中开新局。三是提出坚持正确的工作策略和方法，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，保持战略定力，坚定不移做好自己的事情。四是提出统筹兼顾、系统谋划、整体推进，正确处理好顶层设计与实践探索、战略与策略、守正与创新、效率与公平、活力与秩序、自立自强与对外开放等一系列重大关系。五是提出坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，既要以目标为着眼点，在统筹谋划、顶层设计上下工夫，以增强方向感、计划性；又要以问题为着力点，在补短板、强弱项上持续用力，以增强精准性、时效性。这些重要论述是马克思主义政治经济学基本理论在经济工作中的创造性运用，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观方法论和贯穿其中的立场观点方法在经济工作中的生动体现，深刻回答了经济形势应该怎么看、经济工作应该怎么干的方法论问题，深刻阐明了党对经济工作全面领导的工作方法，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于分析经济形势和做好经济工作的理论。

XV. The Latest Theoretical Achievement of Marxist Political Economy in Contemporary China and the 21st-Century World

十五、马克思主义政治经济学在当代中国、21世纪世界的最新理论成果

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is the contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy, with distinct Chinese characteristics; it is also the Marxist political economy of the 21st-century world, with great global significance. It is a scientific theory grounded in national conditions and guiding practice, as well as a scientific theory that looks to the world and leads the times.

习近平经济思想是当代的中国马克思主义政治经济学，具有鲜明的中国特色；也是21世纪世界的马克思主义政治经济学，具有重大的世界意义；是立足国情、指导实践的科学理论，也是放眼世界、引领时代的科学理论。

“The more national it is, the more it belongs to the world. By properly solving national problems, one gains greater capacity to solve world problems; by properly summarizing China’s practice, one gains greater capacity to provide ideas and methods for solving world problems. This is the law of development from the particular to the universal.”[17]17 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences,” May 17, 2016. Xi Jinping’s economic thought, as the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in the contemporary era and in the 21st-century world, confronts and aims to address and resolve not only particular problems concerning China’s own development today but also universal problems concerning the future of human social development. For example, in the economic system, how to handle the relationships between public and private, state and market, efficiency and fairness; in economic development, how to handle the relationships between urban and rural areas, between regions, and between humans and nature; in opening up, how to handle the relationships between domestic and international, autonomy and openness, development and security; and most importantly, whether economic and social development follows the socialist or capitalist path, whether it adheres to a people-centered or capital-centered approach, and whether it serves the interests of the few or the many. Therefore, the economic laws revealed by this thought include not only particular laws applicable to the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics but also universal laws applicable to the development of the socialist economy and the world economy today; it exerts an important influence not only on contemporary China but also on the contemporary world. This theory is both particular and universal; it has not only great national significance but also great world significance.

“越是民族的越是世界的。解决好民族性问题，就有更强能力去解决世界性问题；把中国实践总结好，就有更强能力为解决世界性问题提供思路和办法。这是由特殊性到普遍性的发展规律”。12习近平经济思想作为马克思主义政治经济学在当代、21世纪世界的最新理论成果，其所面对并致力于回答和解决的，不仅有关系当今中国自身发展的特殊性问题，也有关系当今人类社会发展前途的普遍性问题。比如，经济体制中如何处理公有和私有、国家和市场、效率和公平的关系，经济发展中如何处理城乡之间的关系、区域之间的关系、人与自然的关系，对外开放中如何处理国内和国际、自主和开放、发展和安全的关系，最重要的是，经济社会发展走社会主义道路还是资本主义道路、坚持以人民为中心还是以资本为中心、为了少数人的利益还是为了多数人的利益。因此，这一思想所揭示的经济规律，不仅有适用于中国特色社会主义经济的特殊规律，也有适用于当今社会主义经济和世界经济发展的普遍规律；它不仅对当代中国，而且对当代世界都产生着重要影响。这一理论既是特殊的，也是普遍的；不仅具有重大的民族意义，而且具有重大的世界意义。

In a great era where changes unseen in a century and the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation interact and surge with turbulent changes, the development of Marxist political economy faces unprecedented opportunities and challenges and bears a major responsibility of the times.

在百年未有之大变局和中华民族伟大复兴战略全局相互激荡、风云变幻的大时代，马克思主义政治经济学的发展面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战，肩负着重大的时代责任。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, it is becoming the banner of the development of 21st-century scientific socialism and the mainstay of revitalizing world socialism. We adhere to organically combining the socialist system with the market economy, greatly liberating and developing the social productive forces. The socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics is becoming increasingly mature and stable in practice, demonstrating significant advantages. Under such circumstances, it is our responsibility to systematically summarize the experience of socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics, to provide scientific answers to the world’s questions and the questions of the times concerning how to build a socialist economy, and to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to humanity’s exploration of a better social system.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，中国特色社会主义正成为21世纪科学社会主义发展的旗帜，成为振兴世界社会主义的中流砥柱。我们坚持把社会主义制度和市场经济有机结合起来，极大解放和发展社会生产力，中国特色社会主义经济制度在实践中日益成熟定型，显示了显著优势。在这样的形势下，我们有责任系统总结中国特色社会主义经济建设的经验，对怎样建设社会主义经济的世界之问、时代之问作出科学回答，为人类对更好社会制度的探索贡献中国智慧、中国方案。

Chinese-path modernization has shattered the myth that “modernization equals Westernization,” presenting another picture of modernization and expanding the path choices for developing countries to achieve modernization. We have completed in just a few decades the industrialization process that took Western developed countries several hundred years, resolved the absolute poverty problem that had plagued the Chinese nation for thousands of years, built a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and embarked on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Under such circumstances, it is our responsibility to systematically summarize the experience of Chinese-path economic modernization, to provide scientific answers to the world’s questions and the questions of the times concerning how to achieve economic modernization, and to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to humanity’s exploration of a more rational path of economic development.

中国式现代化打破了“现代化=西方化”的迷思，展现了现代化的另一幅图景，拓展了发展中国家走向现代化的路径选择。我们用几十年时间走完西方发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，解决了困扰中华民族几千年的绝对贫困问题，全面建成小康社会，开启了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。在这样的形势下，我们有责任系统总结中国式经济现代化的经验，对怎样实现经济现代化的世界之问、时代之问作出科学回答，为人类探索更加合理的经济发展道路贡献中国智慧、中国方案。

Our country is increasingly moving toward the center of the world stage, continuously making greater contributions to humanity, and the trend of deep integration and interaction with the world economy is constantly deepening. We adhere to the basic state policy of opening up, actively participate in economic globalization, develop opening up at a higher level, promote the building of an open world economy, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, becoming a stable source of power for world economic growth. Under such circumstances, it is our responsibility, from the perspective of the connection and interaction between China and the world, to provide scientific answers to the world’s questions and the questions of the times concerning how to promote the healthy development of economic globalization, and to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to steering economic globalization in the right direction.

我国日益走近世界舞台中央，不断为人类作出更大贡献，与世界经济高度融合、深度互动的趋势不断加深。我们坚持对外开放的基本国策，积极参与经济全球化，发展更高水平对外开放，推动建设开放型世界经济，推动构建人类命运共同体，成为世界经济增长的稳定动力源。在这样的形势下，我们有责任从中国和世界的联系互动中，对怎样推动经济全球化健康发展的世界之问、时代之问作出科学回答，为推动经济全球化朝着正确的方向发展贡献中国智慧、中国方案。

Xi Jinping pointed out that China’s economic development process is magnificent and its achievements are globally recognized, containing enormous driving force, vitality, and potential for theoretical creation. We must, based on our national conditions and our development practice, deeply study the new situations and new problems facing the world economy and our country’s economy, reveal new characteristics and new laws, refine and summarize the regular achievements of China’s economic development practice, elevate practical experience into a systematized economic theory, continuously open up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy, and contribute Chinese wisdom to the innovative development of Marxist political economy.[18]18 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Symposium on Economic and Social Experts,” August 24, 2020. This important exposition profoundly embodies the high theoretical consciousness and strong mission responsibility of contemporary Chinese Communists in adhering to and developing Marxist political economy. Only what is national can be global; only by leading the times can one go global. The formation of the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics and its creative development in contemporary China have opened up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy and also created a new situation for the development of 21st-century Marxist political economy, demonstrating the vigorous vitality and robust energy of Marxist political economy.

习近平指出，我国经济发展进程波澜壮阔、成就举世瞩目，蕴藏着理论创造的巨大动力、活力、潜力。要立足我国国情和我们的发展实践，深入研究世界经济和我国经济面临的新情况新问题，揭示新特点新规律，提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说，不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，为马克思主义政治经济学创新发展贡献中国智慧。13这一重要论述，深刻体现了当代中国共产党人坚持和发展马克思主义政治经济学的高度理论自觉和强烈使命担当。只有民族的才是世界的，只有引领时代才能走向世界。中国特色社会主义政治经济学的形成及其在当代中国的创造性发展，开拓了当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，也开创了21世纪马克思主义政治经济学发展的新局面，彰显了马克思主义政治经济学的蓬勃生机和旺盛活力。

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑