Building a New Type of Worker-Peasant and Urban-Rural Relationship Oriented toward Coordinated Development and Common Prosperity

Building a worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship with coordinated development and common prosperity as its value orientation and goal orientation is an important component of Chinese-path modernization, which takes common prosperity for all the people as its characteristic and essential requirement. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has

构建以协调发展和共同繁荣为价值取向和目标取向的工农城乡关系，是以全体人民共同富裕为特色和本质要求的中国式现代化的重要组成部分。以习近平同志为核心的党中央跳出就“三农”论“三农”的思维，从全局和战略高度来把握和处理工农城乡关系，强调解决好“三农”问题、实现乡村全面振兴，要从更高层面的工农城乡关系构建上统筹推进。党的十八大以来，党中央在团结带领人民推进和拓展中国式现代化的过程中，面对工业化、城镇化中“三农”发展受弱质性困扰、工业城镇与农业农村“一条腿长、一条腿短”的结构偏差问题，从破解发展不平衡不充分的中国社会主要矛盾和实现全体人民共同富裕的中国式现代化本质要求出发，致力于处理好新时代的工农城乡关系。党的十九届五中全会提出推动形成“工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系”，这就明确了新型工农城乡关系的构建要以协调发展和共同繁荣、让几亿农民同步迈向全面现代化为价值取向和目标取向。

I. Expanding and Elevating the Strategic Goals of Coordinated Development between Industry and Agriculture and between Urban and Rural Areas Based on the Requirements of the New Era

一、基于新时代的要求拓展和提升工农城乡协调发展的战略目标

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, in building a new type of industry-agriculture-urban-rural relationship, has taken as the strategic goals of coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas such tasks as filling the shortcomings in agriculture and rural areas in the process of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and comprehensively building a modern socialist country, the synchronous development of the "four modernizations" [n1], the basic attainment of modern living conditions in rural areas, and the simultaneous advance of several hundred million farmers toward comprehensive modernization, thereby endowing the coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas in the New Era with new content.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在构建新型工农城乡关系上，将补齐全面建成小康社会和全面建设社会主义现代化国家进程中的农业农村短板、“四化同步”发展、农村基本具备现代生活条件、几亿农民同步迈向全面现代化等作为工农城乡协调发展的战略目标，赋予了新时代工农城乡协调发展的内涵。

(1) Achieving the New Strategic Goal of Coordinated Development between Industry and Agriculture and between Urban and Rural Areas Is the Proposition of the Era for Resolving the Transformed Principal Contradiction in Chinese Society

（一）实现工农城乡协调发展新的战略目标是破解转化后的中国社会主要矛盾的时代命题

Entering the New Era, after long-term economic and social development that has risen to a higher stage, the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed. It is no longer the contradiction between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and backward social production, but rather the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Consequently, resolving the problems of unbalanced development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas and inadequate development in agriculture and rural areas has become an inherent requirement for resolving the principal contradiction in Chinese society.

进入新时代，在经济社会长期发展并跃升至较高发展台阶后，中国社会的主要矛盾发生了转化，不再是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾，而是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。由此，破解工农城乡发展不平衡和农业农村发展不充分的问题成为破解中国社会主要矛盾的应有之义。

A major issue that economics and sociology have long focused on is how to resolve the urban-rural dual structure that is universally prevalent worldwide in the process of industrialization and urbanization. Coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas is an important policy proposition of Marxist political economy. Resolving the universal problems of unbalanced development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas and inadequate development in agriculture and rural areas in the process of modernization is very difficult and requires sufficient patience. The Communist Party of China has made sustained and arduous efforts toward this end. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC in March 1949: "From now on, a period begins of moving from the city to the countryside and of the city leading the countryside. The focus of the Party's work has shifted from the countryside to the city." In view of this, Comrade Mao Zedong proposed that the city and the countryside must be taken into account simultaneously, so that urban work and rural work, workers and peasants, and industry and agriculture are closely linked, and he made arduous explorations into the path for achieving coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas in the process of catching up with world industrialization. On June 30, 1984, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "Proceeding from China's actual conditions, we first solve the rural problem. Eighty percent of China's population lives in the countryside. Whether China is stable or not depends first on whether this eighty percent is stable." By the turn of the century, based on the reality that China had entered the middle stage of industrialization, the Party Central Committee, while promoting the coordinated development of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry, focused on resolving the problem of the large urban-rural gap in the process of comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society. On December 25, 2001, Comrade Jiang Zemin proposed "gradually solving the problem of China's dual economic and social structure"; the report to the 16th National Congress of the CPC proposed "balancing urban and rural economic and social development"; the report to the 17th National Congress of the CPC explicitly made the basic formation of a mechanism for coordinated and interactive urban-rural development a new requirement for achieving the goal of comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, and made arrangements for advancing the building of a new socialist countryside and forming a new pattern of integrated urban-rural economic and social development. Although China's agriculture and rural areas developed rapidly during the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the urban-rural dual structure persisted, and the problem of the large gap in the level of economic and social development between urban and rural areas was not fundamentally resolved.

经济学、社会学长期聚焦的一个重大课题是如何破解工业化、城镇化进程中世界普遍存在的城乡二元结构。工农城乡协调发展，这是马克思主义政治经济学的重要政策主张。破解工农城乡发展不平衡和农业农村发展不充分这一现代化进程中普遍存在的问题很难，需要有足够的耐心。中国共产党为之付出了持续艰辛的努力。毛泽东同志于1949年3月在党的七届二中全会上指出：“从现在起，开始了由城市到乡村并由城市领导乡村的时期。党的工作重心由乡村移到了城市。”鉴于此，毛泽东同志提出城乡必须兼顾，使城市工作和乡村工作、工人和农民、工业和农业紧密地联系起来，并在追赶世界工业化进程中对工农城乡协调发展的实现路径进行了艰辛探索。1984年6月30日，邓小平同志指出：“从中国的实际出发，我们首先解决农村问题。中国有百分之八十的人口住在农村，中国稳定不稳定首先要看这百分之八十稳定不稳定。”到世纪之交，基于中国进入工业化中期发展阶段的现实，党中央在促进农轻重协调发展的同时，注重解决全面建设小康社会中城乡差距较大的问题。2001年12月25日，江泽民同志提出“逐步解决我国二元经济社会结构问题”；党的十六大报告提出“统筹城乡经济社会发展”；党的十七大报告把城乡协调互动发展机制基本形成明确为实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求，并对推进社会主义新农村建设、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局作出部署。尽管改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期中国农业农村快速发展，但城乡二元结构依旧，城乡经济社会发展水平差距较大的问题没有得到根本解决。

The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core maintains a clear-headed understanding that the urban-rural dual structure, especially the unbalanced development between urban and rural areas, remains the greatest imbalance in development, and that inadequate rural development remains the greatest inadequacy. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized: "To comprehensively build a modern socialist country, the most arduous and heaviest task remains in the countryside." At the Central Conference on Rural Work held at the end of 2022, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "At present, agriculture and rural areas are still the shortcomings in China's modernization drive."

以习近平同志为核心的党中央对城乡二元结构、特别是城乡发展不平衡仍是发展最大的不平衡和农村发展不充分仍是最大的不充分保持清醒认识。党的二十大报告强调：“全面建设社会主义现代化国家，最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村。”习近平总书记在2022年年底召开的中央农村工作会议上指出，“现在，农业农村仍然是我国现代化建设的短板”。

Based on the judgment that the modernization of agriculture and rural areas has significantly lagged behind industrialization and urbanization and has affected the completion of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has taken promoting coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas as an important aspect of resolving the principal contradiction in Chinese society, explicitly defining the problem of unbalanced and uncoordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas as a major strategic issue that must be resolved to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and emphasizing the resolution of the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development through the realization of agricultural and rural modernization.

以习近平同志为核心的党中央基于农业农村现代化明显滞后于工业化、城镇化以及影响全面建成小康社会、全面建设社会主义现代化国家的判断，把促进工农城乡协调发展作为破解中国社会主要矛盾的重要方面，从战略上将工农城乡发展不平衡不协调的问题明确为全面建成小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化必须解决的重大战略问题，强调通过农业农村现代化的实现解决发展不平衡不充分问题。

(2) The New Strategic Goal of Coordinated Development between Industry and Agriculture and between Urban and Rural Areas Evolves from Agriculture Laying the Foundation for Industrialization to the "Synchronous Development of the Four Modernizations"

（二）工农城乡协调发展新的战略目标将农业为工业化奠定基础演化为“四化同步”

The Communist Party of China has consistently adhered to promoting coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas, but the content of promoting coordinated development differs under different levels of productive forces. Entering the New Era, the strategic goal of coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas has been given a new orientation, evolving from agriculture laying the foundation for industrialization to the "synchronous development of the four modernizations."

中国共产党坚持促进工农城乡协调发展，只是在不同生产力水平下促进协调发展的内涵有所不同。进入新时代，工农城乡协调发展的战略目标有了新的定位，将农业为工业化奠定基础演化为“四化同步”。

As a latecomer country in industrialization, China follows the laws of modernization and can leverage its institutional advantages of coordinating efforts nationwide and concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks to advance the development of industrialization, the leading sector of modernization. In the early 1950s, just as large-scale economic construction with industrialization as its main content was being launched, the First Session of the First National People's Congress in 1954 proposed the goal of the four modernizations: modern industry, modern agriculture, modern transportation, and modern national defense, with the core goal being national industrialization. The "Report on the Work of the Government" approved by the Third Session of the Third National People's Congress, held from December 1964 to January 1965, placed modern agriculture at the head of the four modernizations. Nevertheless, the core goal of achieving national industrialization remained unchanged. For this reason, China took national industrialization as its strategic goal for a relatively long period, promoting coordinated development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas on this premise.

作为工业化后发国家的中国，遵循现代化规律，能够发挥全国一盘棋、集中力量办大事的制度优势推进工业化这个现代化先导产业的发展。在20世纪50年代初期，也是在以工业化为主要内容的大规模经济建设启动之际，1954年一届全国人大一次会议提出建设现代化的工业、现代化的农业、现代化的交通运输业、现代化的国防这四个现代化目标，其要实现的核心目标是国家工业化。1964年12月至1965年1月召开的三届全国人大一次会议批准的《政府工作报告》，将现代农业调至四个现代化之首。尽管如此，实现国家工业化这一核心目标坚持不变。正因为如此，中国在较长时期内以国家工业化为战略目标，以此为前提促进工农城乡协调发展。

After China became the world’s largest manufacturing country, with the rapid development of information technology, China adjusted the coordinated development of worker-peasant and urban-rural relations centered on industrialization. The report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC proposed the synchronous development of industrialization, information technology, urbanization, and agricultural modernization (abbreviated as “synchronous development of the four modernizations”). This was a choice based on China’s parallel development of industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and information technology, aimed at achieving coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development. In September 2013, when presiding over the ninth collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 18th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping further analyzed and pointed out that China’s modernization is a “parallel” development process of industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and information technology, which is very different from the “sequential” development process of Western developed countries. In the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and comprehensively building a modern socialist country, based on the “parallel” development process of China’s modernization, the shortcomings of agriculture and rural areas, and the national condition of a large rural population, the Party Central Committee actively promoted the “synchronous development of the four modernizations,” proposing and implementing the rural revitalization strategy with the overall goal of achieving agricultural and rural modernization, enabling farmers to simultaneously enter a moderately prosperous society in all respects and simultaneously move toward comprehensive modernization.

在中国成为全球制造业第一大国之后，随着信息化的快速发展，中国对工业化为核心目标的工农城乡协调发展进行了调整。党的十八大报告提出工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步（简称“四化同步”）发展。这是基于中国工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化呈并联式发展，作出旨在实现工农城乡协调发展的选择。2013年9月，习近平总书记主持十八届中央政治局第九次集体学习时，进一步分析指出中国现代化是工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化“并联式”发展过程，同西方发达国家的“串联式”发展过程有很大不同。在全面建成小康社会、全面建设社会主义现代化国家进程中，基于中国现代化的“并联式”发展过程、农业农村的短板、乡村人口数量庞大的国情，党中央积极推动“四化同步”发展，提出和实施以实现农业农村现代化为总目标的乡村振兴战略，让农民同步迈进全面小康社会、同步迈向全面现代化的目标。

(III) The Expansion and Historic Elevation of Strategic Goals for Coordinated Worker-Peasant and Urban-Rural Development

（三）工农城乡协调发展战略目标的拓展和历史性提升

The Communist Party of China is committed to promoting coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development. In implementing the national industrialization strategy, the CPC paid attention to developing agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry in proportion. Drawing lessons from the sharp decline in agricultural production in the late 1950s, which led to difficulties for the people in food and clothing and could not support the further development of the entire economy and society, Comrade Zhou Enlai, at the Central Financial and Economic Work Conference held in March 1962, composed a couplet with the first line reading “First grasp food, clothing, and daily necessities,” the second line reading “Achieve the balance of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry,” and the horizontal scroll reading “Comprehensive balance.” This vividly expressed the need to promote the coordinated development of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry in practice, and also vividly presented that, in the process of catching up with world industrialization, the connotation of coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development was mainly the balance of supply and demand between the two major sectors of industry and agriculture, premised on meeting the people’s needs for food and clothing and providing agricultural raw materials for industry. This couplet was widely circulated and had a profound impact on handling worker-peasant and urban-rural relations during the industrialization process.

中国共产党致力于促进工农城乡协调发展。在实施国家工业化战略中，中国共产党注重按比例发展农轻重。吸取20世纪50年代后期农业生产大幅下滑导致人民吃穿困难，以及不能支撑整个经济社会进一步发展的教训，周恩来同志在1962年3月召开的中央财经工作会议上作了上联为“先抓吃穿用”、下联为“实现农轻重”、横批为“综合平衡”的对联，生动表述了实践中要促进农轻重协调发展，也生动呈现出在追赶世界工业化进程中，工农城乡协调发展的内涵主要是以满足人民吃穿用为前提和为工业提供农产品原料的工农两大部门产品供需平衡。这副对联广为流传，对工业化进程中处理工农城乡关系产生了深远影响。

Entering the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has made coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development a prerequisite and important component for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. Whether worker-peasant and urban-rural development is coordinated is a major issue affecting a country’s economic and social development and an important factor determining whether a country can achieve sustainable development. However, at different stages of economic and social development, the problems affecting a country’s economic and social development differ. After developing countries enter the ranks of middle-income countries, they face the middle-income trap. After Latin American countries jumped into the ranks of middle-income countries in the 1960s, they found it difficult to overcome the middle-income trap. One important reason was their failure to properly handle worker-peasant and urban-rural relations, coupled with agriculture being monopolized by large capital, a large number of unemployed farmers living in poverty in urban slums, rural decline, and unbalanced urban-rural development constraining the further development of industrial towns. Entering the New Era, China’s coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development is no longer merely a matter of coordination between the two major material production sectors of industry and agriculture, as in the early stages of industrialization, but also a matter affecting the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and the subsequent comprehensive building of a modern socialist country at a higher stage of economic and social development. In view of this, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has made promoting coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development a prerequisite and important component for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and the subsequent comprehensive building of a modern socialist country. In September 2018, when presiding over the eighth collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “In the process of modernization, how to handle the relationship between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas determines, to a certain extent, the success or failure of modernization.” In other words, promoting coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development is an inherent requirement for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Making coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development a prerequisite and important component for advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization incorporates into the strategic goals of coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development such elements as making up for the shortcomings of agriculture and rural areas in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and the subsequent comprehensive building of a modern socialist country, the “synchronous development of the four modernizations,” rural areas basically possessing modern living conditions, and hundreds of millions of farmers simultaneously moving toward comprehensive modernization. This differs from the early stage of industrialization, which focused on balancing supply and demand between the two major sectors of industry and agriculture to meet the people’s needs for food and clothing and provide agricultural raw materials for industry. It represents an expansion and historic upgrade of the strategic goals for coordinated worker-peasant and urban-rural development, conforming to the requirements of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

进入新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把工农城乡协调发展作为推进和拓展中国式现代化的前提和重要组成部分。工农城乡是否协调发展，是影响国家经济社会发展的重大问题，是一个国家能否实现可持续发展的重要因素，但在不同经济社会发展阶段，其影响国家经济社会发展的问题是不一样的。发展中国家进入中等收入国家行列后，面临中等收入陷阱。拉美国家在20世纪60年代跃入中等收入国家行列后，难以克服中等收入陷阱，其中的一个重要原因是没有处理好工农城乡关系，加之农业被大资本垄断，大量失业农民到城市贫民窟穷居，乡村凋敝，城乡发展不平衡约束工业城镇的进一步发展。进入新时代，中国工农城乡协调发展已不仅是工业化初期那样的工农两大物质生产部门的协调问题，还是经济社会发展到更高阶段上影响全面建成小康社会和之后全面建设社会主义现代化国家的问题。鉴于此，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把推进工农城乡协调发展作为全面建成小康社会及之后全面建设社会主义现代化国家的前提和重要组成部分。2018年9月，习近平总书记主持十九届中央政治局第八次集体学习时强调：“在现代化进程中，如何处理好工农关系、城乡关系，在一定程度上决定着现代化的成败。”换言之，促进工农城乡协调发展，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的内在要求。把工农城乡协调发展作为推进和拓展中国式现代化的前提和重要组成部分，将补齐全面建成小康社会和之后全面建设社会主义现代化国家进程中农业农村短板、“四化同步”发展、农村基本具备现代生活条件、几亿农民同步迈向全面现代化等纳入工农城乡协调发展的战略目标，不同于工业化初期以满足人民吃穿用和为工业提供农产品原料的工农两大部门产品供需平衡，是顺应推进中国式现代化的要求，对工农城乡协调发展战略目标的拓展和历史性升级。

II. Innovatively Defining Common Prosperity, Which Integrates Value Orientation and Goal Orientation, as the Connotation of the New Type of Worker-Peasant and Urban-Rural Relationship

二、创新性地把集价值取向和目标取向于一体的共同

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the practice of addressing the urban-rural dual structure, has innovatively proposed common prosperity for workers, peasants, and urban and rural areas. This has been a process of formation. Initially, Marx, addressing the significant disparities between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas during industrialization and urbanization, advocated for eliminating these disparities. Under the widespread existence of the urban-rural dual structure during industrialization and urbanization, China successfully explored the path of rural industrialization and rural urbanization, thereby breaking the separation between industry and agriculture and between cities and villages at the level of rural development. Entering the New Era, in the process of advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization, based on the practice of coordinating urban and rural economic and social development and integrating urban and rural development, China has incorporated common prosperity for workers, peasants, and urban and rural areas into the connotation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship. In the documents of the Communist Party of China, the report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC for the first time clarified the connotation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship, defining it as “industry promoting agriculture, cities driving villages, industry and agriculture benefiting each other, and urban and rural integration.” Common prosperity was not yet included at that time. In December 2012, during an inspection tour in Guangdong, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed that achieving coordinated urban and rural development is a requirement of the path to common prosperity, and that the synchronous development of industrialization, information technology, urbanization, and agricultural modernization should be promoted to advance common prosperity for urban and rural areas. By the end of 2017, at the Central Rural Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly included common prosperity in the connotation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC clarified “industry and agriculture promoting each other, urban and rural areas complementing each other, coordinated development, and common prosperity” as a new expression of the connotation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship, with “common prosperity” remaining unchanged.

繁荣明确为新型工农城乡关系的内涵党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在致力于解决城乡二元结构的实践基础上，创新性地提出了工农城乡共同繁荣。这有一个形成过程。一开始，马克思就针对工业化、城镇化进程中工农差别、城乡差别较大的问题，提出了消灭工农差别、城乡差别的主张。在工业化、城镇化进程中普遍存在城乡二元结构的情况下，中国成功探索出农村工业化、农村城镇化道路，这就在农村发展层面打破了工业与农业、城市与农村的分割。进入新时代，在推进和拓展中国式现代化进程中，基于统筹城乡经济社会发展和城乡一体化发展的实践，中国把工农城乡共同繁荣纳入新型工农城乡关系的内涵。在中国共产党的文献中，党的十八大报告第一次对新型工农城乡关系的内涵加以明确，将其界定为“以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体”，这里还没有将共同繁荣列进去。2012年12月，习近平总书记在广东考察工作时提出，实现城乡协调发展是走共同富裕道路的要求，要促进工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展，促进城乡共同繁荣。到2017年年底，习近平总书记在中央农村工作会议上，明确将共同繁荣纳入新型工农城乡关系的内涵。党的十九届五中全会明确“工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣”为新型工农城乡关系内涵的新表述，“共同繁荣”保持不变。

Incorporating common prosperity into the connotation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship clarifies the value orientation of common prosperity for the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship. The Communist Party of China regards common prosperity for workers, peasants, and urban and rural areas as an important component of Chinese-path modernization, which aims at common prosperity for all the people. In September 2018, when presiding over the eighth collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping, based on the judgment of the “two laws” [2]2 The “two laws” (两个规律) refer to the general laws of modernization and the specific laws governing urban-rural relations in China. of urban and rural areas, emphasized: “If, in the process of modernization, the more than 400 million people in rural areas are left behind, and in the end there is ‘prosperous cities on one side and declining villages on the other,’ this does not conform to the governing purpose of our Party, nor does it conform to the essential requirements of socialism. Such modernization cannot succeed!” It can be seen that, for China with its huge rural population, clarifying common prosperity as the value orientation for building a new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship and earnestly putting it into practice is the governing purpose of the Communist Party of China, the essential requirement of Chinese-path modernization, an inherent stipulation of modernization with a huge population scale and modernization of common prosperity for all the people, and a mission-driven commitment to solving the widespread and long-standing problem of large urban-rural development disparities that commonly exist in the process of industrialization and urbanization worldwide.

将共同繁荣纳入新型工农城乡关系内涵，明确了新型工农城乡关系的共同富裕价值取向。中国共产党将工农城乡共同繁荣作为全体人民共同富裕的中国式现代化的重要组成部分。2018年9月，习近平总书记主持十九届中央政治局第八次集体学习时基于城乡“两个规律”的论断强调：“如果在现代化进程中把农村4亿多人落下，到头来‘一边是繁荣的城市、一边是凋敝的农村’，这不符合我们党的执政宗旨，也不符合社会主义的本质要求。这样的现代化是不可能取得成功的！”可见，对于农村人口数量庞大的中国而言，将共同繁荣明确为构建新型工农城乡关系的价值取向，并切实践行，这是中国共产党执政宗旨、中国式现代化的本质要求，是实现人口规模巨大的现代化和全体人民共同富裕的现代化的内在规定性，是对破解工业化、城镇化进程中世界普遍存在城乡发展差距较大且长期存在问题的使命担当。

Incorporating common prosperity into the connotation of the new type of industry-agriculture-urban-rural relationship means that the goal orientation of the industry-agriculture-urban-rural relationship has been upgraded from breaking the urban-rural dual structure and resolving the urban-rural dual structure to the common prosperity of industry, agriculture, urban and rural areas. In the process of industrialization and urbanization, the urban-rural dual structure that is prevalent globally has long remained fundamentally unresolved, and all countries commonly face the challenges of the “rural disease” under rural decline and the phenomenon of urban slums. How to achieve rural transformation and rebirth, and realize the common prosperity of industry, agriculture, urban and rural areas, is a课题 that must be solved in the advancement and expansion of Chinese-path modernization. Since the founding of New China, although agriculture and rural areas have achieved rapid development, compared with the faster development of industry and towns, the problem of “one leg long, one leg short” [3]3 The "separation of three rights" (三权分置) refers to the policy of separating rural land ownership (vested in the collective), contract rights (held by individual households), and management rights (which can be transferred to other entities). has been prominent. Hollow villages and left-behind personnel (including left-behind children, left-behind women, left-behind elderly and disabled persons) are prominent manifestations of the rural短板 in the modernization process. By 2012, compared with urban areas, rural areas had low levels of infrastructure, social undertakings, and social security; the per capita disposable income of rural residents was only about one-third (34.8%) of that of urban residents; and nearly 100 million rural people were below the absolute poverty line. Based on the fact that the urban-rural dual structure is a global chronic disease, resolving it has become a long-term goal. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China, on the basis of long-term efforts to break and resolve the urban-rural dual structure, has elevated the goal orientation of the industry-agriculture-urban-rural relationship to common prosperity from an overall and strategic perspective. After General Secretary Xi Jinping clarified the goal of “hundreds of millions of farmers advancing simultaneously toward comprehensive modernization,” he further proposed at the Central Conference on Rural Work held at the end of 2022 that it is necessary to “realize integrated urban-rural development and equalization of basic public services, enable rural areas to have modern living conditions, and allow farmers to develop comprehensively and live a richer and better life.”

将共同繁荣纳入新型工农城乡关系内涵，工农城乡关系目标取向由打破城乡二元结构、破解城乡二元结构向工农城乡共同繁荣转变升级。在工业化、城镇化进程中，全球普遍存在的城乡二元结构长期得不到根本解决，共同面临乡村衰退下的“乡村病”、城市贫民窟现象的挑战。乡村如何实现蜕变重生，实现工农城乡共同繁荣，是中国式现代化推进和拓展中必须破解的课题。新中国成立以来，农业农村尽管实现了快速发展，但与推进更快的工业城镇发展相比，“一条腿长、一条腿短”问题突出，空心村、留守人员（包括留守儿童、留守妇女、留守老人和残疾人）是现代化进程中农村短板问题的突出表现。到2012年，农村与城镇相比，基础设施、社会事业、社会保障水平低，农村居民人均可支配收入仅为城镇居民可支配收入的约三成（348%），近1亿农村人口处在绝对贫困线之下。基于城乡二元结构这一全球性痼疾，破解城乡二元结构成为长期性目标。党的十八大以来，中国共产党在长期致力于打破、破解城乡二元结构实践的基础上，从全局和战略的高度将工农城乡关系目标取向提升为共同繁荣。习近平总书记在明确“几亿农民同步迈向全面现代化”的目标后，在2022年年底召开的中央农村工作会议上进一步提出，要“实现城乡融合发展、基本公共服务均等化，农村具备现代生活条件，农民全面发展、过上更加富裕更加美好的生活”。

Incorporating common prosperity into the connotation of the new type of industry-agriculture-urban-rural relationship implies the direction of path innovation for realizing the common prosperity of industry, agriculture, urban and rural areas. This means allowing the vast majority of farmers to participate equally in the modernization process and share the fruits of modernization together. This is a new path different from one where the development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers is plagued by weak characteristics, where the development space of agriculture, rural areas and farmers is locked in, and where farmers are even squeezed out of the modernization process. This new path can only be formed by adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system. In September 2018, when presiding over the eighth collective study session of the 19th Central Politburo, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that some countries failed to handle the relationship between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas and ultimately fell into the “middle-income trap,” and the deep-seated problem here lies in the leadership system and the national governance system. In August 2021, during an inspection in Chengde, Hebei, General Secretary Xi Jinping further emphasized: “In building a modern socialist country in all respects, we must build both prosperous cities and prosperous rural areas, and promote the formation of a new type of industry-agriculture-urban-rural relationship featuring mutual promotion between industry and agriculture, complementarity between urban and rural areas, coordinated development, and common prosperity. This can only be achieved under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and our socialist system.” The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the institutional innovation of allowing the vast majority of farmers to “participate equally in the modernization process and share the fruits of modernization together,” has conducted innovative explorations on the path to realize the common prosperity of industry, agriculture, urban and rural areas.

将共同繁荣纳入新型工农城乡关系内涵，寓含了工农城乡共同繁荣实现路径创新的方向。这就是要让广大农民平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果。这是不同于“三农”发展受弱质性困扰及“三农”发展空间被锁定，甚至农民在现代化进程中被挤出的新路径。这一新路径只有坚持中国共产党的领导和社会主义制度才能形成。2018年9月，习近平总书记主持十九届中央政治局第八次集体学习时指出，有的国家没有处理好工农关系、城乡关系最终陷入“中等收入陷阱”，这里面深层次的问题是领导体制和国家治理体制问题。2021年8月，习近平总书记在河北承德考察时进一步强调：“我们全面建设社会主义现代化国家，既要建设繁华的城市，也要建设繁荣的农村，推动形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系。这只有在中国共产党领导和我国社会主义制度下才能实现。”以习近平同志为核心的党中央，基于让广大农民“平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果”进行制度创新，对工农城乡共同繁荣实现路径进行了创新性探索。

First, adhere to giving priority to the development of agriculture and rural areas, mobilize the entire Party and the whole society to promote rural revitalization, and guarantee the promotion of common prosperity between industry, agriculture, urban and rural areas from the aspects of national development strategy and resource allocation. Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, China mobilized the entire Party and the whole society, united as one, and won the battle against poverty. As the battle against poverty was nearing its end, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC proposed consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation in conjunction with rural revitalization, and comprehensively promoting rural revitalization. In December 2020, at the Central Conference on Rural Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping called for “mobilizing the entire Party and the whole society to promote rural revitalization.”

一是坚持农业农村优先发展，举全党全社会之力推动乡村振兴，从国家发展战略和资源配置上对促进工农城乡共同繁荣予以保障。在中国共产党的坚强领导下，中国举全党全社会之力，上下同心，打赢了脱贫攻坚战。在脱贫攻坚战即将收官之际，党的十九届五中全会提出巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接，全面推进乡村振兴。2020年12月，习近平总书记在中央农村工作会议上要求“举全党全社会之力推动乡村振兴”。

Second, make overall plans for industry and agriculture, and for urban and rural areas as a whole. The Communist Party of China has always exercised overall leadership and coordinated all parties. In March 2014, at the enlarged meeting of the Standing Committee of the Lankao County Party Committee in Henan Province, General Secretary Xi Jinping

二是把工业和农业、城镇和乡村作为一个整体统筹谋划。中国共产党始终总揽全局、协调各方。2014年3月，习近平总书记在河南省兰考县委常委扩大会议上，要求“打破城乡分割的规划格局，建立城乡一体化、县域一盘棋的规划管理和实施体制”。2018年中央一号文件《中共中央国务院关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见》指出，各级党委和政府要坚持工业农业、城市农村一起抓，建立实施乡村振兴战略领导责任制。党的十八大以来，中国共产党面对农业农村发展受弱质性困扰的难题，发挥党的领导和社会主义制度优势攻坚克难，构建新型工农城乡关系，以实施乡村振兴战略促进工农城乡共同繁荣。

Third, with respect to the basic rural operation system, efforts are devoted to unifying the strengthening of the foundation of collective ownership, the guarantee and realization of the rights of farmers as collective members, and the activation of resource factors. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China, in consolidating and improving the basic rural operation system, has, based on the historical fact that private ownership leads to polarization between rich and poor, clearly adhered to the direction of rural land collective ownership and the development and expansion of the rural collective economy on this basis, and has adhered to the foundational status of the household contract management system. Under this premise, it has promoted the separation of land ownership, contract rights, and management rights (abbreviated as the "separation of three rights" [3]3 The "separation of three rights" (三权分置) refers to the policy of separating rural land ownership (vested in the collective), contract rights (held by individual households), and management rights (which can be transferred to other entities).), and promoted reforms that turn resources into assets, funds into shares, and farmers into shareholders (abbreviated as the "three transformations" reform [4]4 The "three transformations" (三变) reform refers to a policy that encourages turning rural collective resources into assets, government funds into shares held by farmers, and farmers themselves into shareholders in collective or cooperative enterprises.), exploring pathways to organically link smallholder farmers with the development of modern agriculture based on the national condition of "a large country with small-scale farming" [5]5 "A large country with small-scale farming" (大国小农) is a phrase used to describe China's agricultural situation, where the country has a vast agricultural sector but is dominated by millions of small, family-based farms.. In promoting the transfer of land management rights, attention is paid to improving the efficiency of land allocation while also enhancing farmers' rights and interests. General Secretary Xi Jinping, on the one hand, emphasizes the need to "prevent land from being excessively concentrated in the hands of a few, and prevent fundamental changes in land use that could cause excessive disparity between rich and poor in rural areas," and on the other hand, emphasizes that "farmers must be made active participants and true beneficiaries of appropriately scaled land management." The 2022 No. 1 Central Document [6]6 The "No. 1 Central Document" (中央一号文件) is the first policy document issued by the Central Committee of the CPC each year, traditionally focused on agricultural and rural issues., "Opinions of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council on Focusing on the Key Work of Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization in 2022," requires the implementation of a review, audit, and risk prevention system for industrial and commercial capital transferring rural land. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Rural Work Conference held at the end of 2022 that deepening rural reform must "unify the strengthening of the foundation of collective ownership, the guarantee and realization of farmers' rights as collective members, and the activation of resource factors, properly handle the separation of rights and the improvement of functions for rural collective resource assets, so that the broad masses of farmers can share more of the fruits of reform."

三是在农村基本经营制度上，致力于做到集体所有制根基的强化、农民集体成员权利的保障和实现、资源要素的激活相统一。党的十八大以来，中国在巩固完善农村基本经营制度方面，基于以私有制为基础导致贫富两极分化的历史事实，明确坚持农村土地集体所有制及以此为基础发展壮大农村集体经济方向不动摇，坚持家庭承包经营基础性地位。在此前提下，推进土地所有权、承包权、经营权分置（简称“三权分置”），推广资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东的改革（简称“三变”改革），从“大国小农”国情出发探索促进小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的实现路径。在促进土地经营权流转中，注重提高土地配置效率，同时注重增进农民权益。习近平总书记一方面强调要“防止土地过度集中到少数人手里，防止土地用途发生根本性变化，造成农村贫富差距过大”，另一方面强调“要让农民成为土地适度规模经营的积极参与者和真正受益者”。2022年中央一号文件《中共中央国务院关于做好二〇二二年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》，要求对工商资本流转农村土地实行审查审核和风险防范制度。习近平总书记在2022年年底召开的中央农村工作会议上指出，深化农村改革必须“把强化集体所有制根基、保障和实现农民集体成员权利同激活资源要素统一起来，搞好农村集体资源资产的权利分置和权能完善，让广大农民在改革中分享更多成果”。

Fourth, in developing industries and industrial chain linkages, it is necessary to establish agriculture for the benefit of farmers, providing farmers with development opportunities and space. In the process of promoting the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, achieving rural industrial upgrading and extending to the mid-to-high end of the value chain, the phenomenon of farmers being squeezed out may occur. At the end of 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the Central Rural Work Conference that developing rural industries must ensure farmers have work to do and money to earn. It is necessary to improve the benefit-sharing mechanism, and through "turning resources into assets, funds into shares, and farmers into shareholders," enable farmers to participate as much as possible; let farmers do what they are capable of, and let enterprises do what they are good at. On November 12, 2021, the State Council issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for Promoting Agricultural and Rural Modernization," which proposed adhering to establishing agriculture for the benefit of farmers, taking driving farmers' employment and income growth as the basic orientation for the development of rural industries, accelerating the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, keeping the main body of the industrial chain in the county, and leaving employment opportunities and the value-added benefits of the industrial chain to farmers.

四是在发展产业和产业链联结上要立农为农，给农民发展机会和空间。在促进农村一二三产业融合发展，实现农村产业升级和向价值链中高端延伸的过程中可能发生农民被挤出的现象。2020年年底，习近平总书记在中央农村工作会议上强调，发展乡村产业要让农民有活干、有钱赚。要完善利益联结机制，通过“资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东”，尽可能让农民参与进来，农户能干的尽量让农户干，企业干自己擅长的事。2021年11月12日，国务院印发的《“十四五”推进农业农村现代化规划》提出，坚持立农为农，把带动农民就业增收作为乡村产业发展的基本导向，加快农村一二三产业融合发展，把产业链主体留在县域，把就业机会和产业链增值收益留给农民。

Fifth, in the property rights system, peasants are given shares, forming a community of interests through property rights linkages. The new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship constructed in the advancement and expansion of Chinese-path modernization differs from the worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship controlled by large capital. In the process of capitalist modernization, capital squeezes the development space of small peasants or even pushes them out, with some peasants thereby forced to live in poverty in urban slums. In China, because the capital intensity of agriculture has increased while rural capital is scarce, the entry of industrial and commercial capital into the countryside is conducive to solving this problem. While utilizing industrial and commercial capital to promote rural industrial development, institutional arrangements also need to be made to prevent the phenomenon of industrial and commercial capital squeezing out small peasants. To this end, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has clarified policy orientations and their specific institutional arrangements: it both encourages capital to go to the countryside and, based on China’s actual conditions, encourages and supports peasants to take shares through land contractual management rights, etc., and by giving peasants shares through property rights linkages, promotes the improvement of the mechanism linking industrial and commercial capital with peasants’ interests.

五是在产权制度上，让农民有其股，通过产权联结形成利益共同体。中国式现代化推进和拓展中构建的新型工农城乡关系不同于被大资本控制的工农城乡关系。在资本主义现代化进程中，资本挤压小农发展空间甚至挤出小农，有的农民由此被迫穷居在城市贫民窟。在中国，由于农业资本密集程度的增加，而农村资本又短缺，工商资本下乡有利于解决这一问题。在利用工商资本促进乡村产业发展的同时，也需要作出制度安排，防止工商资本将小农挤出现象的发生。为此，党的十八大以来，中国明确了政策取向及其具体制度安排：既鼓励资本下乡，又基于中国实际，鼓励、支持农民以土地承包经营权等入股，通过让农民有其股的产权联结，促进工商资本与农民在利益联结机制上的完善。

The above analysis shows that since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has clarified common prosperity as the connotation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship, thereby also clarifying the value orientation, goal orientation, and innovation direction of the realization path of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship. This has been formed both through exploration based on the laws of modernization and through exploration based on the national condition of a huge rural population in realizing modernization on a massive scale and modernization for the common prosperity of all the people.

上述分析表明，党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将共同繁荣明确为新型工农城乡关系的内涵，也就明确了新型工农城乡关系的价值取向、目标取向，以及实现路径的创新方向。这既是基于现代化规律探索形成的，也是基于农村人口数量庞大国情下实现人口规模巨大的现代化和全体人民共同富裕的现代化探索形成的。

In summary, entering the New Era, facing the problem of “one leg long, one leg short” [7]7 “One leg long, one leg short” (一条腿长、一条腿短) is a common Chinese metaphor for unbalanced development, here referring to the disparity between rapid industrial/urban growth and lagging agricultural/rural development. in which agricultural and rural development lags behind the faster advancing industrial and urban sectors, building a new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship aims to, through implementing the rural revitalization strategy, build a strong agricultural country and a beautiful and harmonious countryside that is livable, workable, and prosperous, so that hundreds of millions of peasants can simultaneously advance toward comprehensive modernization. This is the inherent stipulation of the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization for building a new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship. In building the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship, emphasizing coordinated development and common prosperity between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas clarifies the value orientation and goal orientation for accelerating the formation of the new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship in the New Era, and clarifies the commitment to enabling the broad masses of peasants to participate equally in the modernization process, share the fruits of modernization together, and have hundreds of millions of peasants simultaneously advance toward comprehensive modernization. This is a choice based on the national condition of China’s huge rural population to take the path of common prosperity, a historic upgrading of the worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship, and an innovative development of the Marxist theory of worker-peasant and urban-rural relations.

综上所述，进入新时代，面对农业农村发展滞后于推进更快的工业城镇的“一条腿长、一条腿短”问题，构建新型工农城乡关系旨在通过实施乡村振兴战略，建设农业强国和宜居宜业和美乡村，让亿万农民同步迈向全面现代化。这是中国式现代化的本质要求对构建新型工农城乡关系的内在规定性。在构建新型工农城乡关系中，强调工农城乡协调发展和共同繁荣，明确了新时代加快形成新型工农城乡关系的价值取向和目标取向，明确了要致力于让广大农民平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果、几亿农民同步迈向全面现代化，这是基于中国乡村人口数量庞大国情走共同富裕道路的选择，是对工农城乡关系的历史性升级，是对马克思主义工农城乡关系理论的创新发展。

(Author’s brief introduction: Zheng Yougui, Professor at the University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Researcher and Doctoral Supervisor at the Institute of Contemporary China Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者简介：郑有贵，中国社会科学院大学教授，中国社会科学院当代中国研究所研究员、博士研究生导师）

(Project: This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund key project “Research on the Evolution of the CPC’s Century-Long Worker-Peasant Relations Policy” (21AZD101) and the major project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences’ Marxist Theory Discipline Construction and Theoretical Research Project “Research on the CPC’s Century-Long Path, Great Achievements, and Basic Experience in Solving the ‘Three Rural Issues’” (2021mgczd009))

（项目：本文系国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国共产党百年工农关系政策演变研究”（21AZD101）、中国社会科学院马克思主义理论学科建设与理论研究工程重大项目“中国共产党解决‘三农’问题百年道路、伟大成就和基本经验研究”（2021mgczd009）的阶段性成果）

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