Xi Jinping’s Several Important Theses on Developing New Quality Productive Forces

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the level of China’s productive forces has achieved an overall leap and comprehensive improvement, gradually forming a new qualitative state of productive forces development. Since July 2023, standing at the strategic height of high-quality development, Xi Jinping has issued a series of important theses on developing new quality productive forces, systematically answering such questions as “why develop new quality productive forces,” “what kind of new quality productive forces to develop,” and “how to develop new quality productive forces.” These important theses have theoretically achieved a major innovation in the Marxist theory of productive forces, opening up a new realm in adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. In practice, they provide scientific guidance and practical direction for developing new quality productive forces and advancing high-quality development on the new journey of the New Era, thereby promoting the building of a strong country and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This article intends to focus on several representative theses from Xi Jinping’s important expositions on developing new quality productive forces, analyzing and interpreting Xi Jinping’s understanding and thinking on the core essence and practical requirements of developing new quality productive forces.

党的十八大以来，我国生产力水平实现总体跃升和整体改善，逐步形成生产力发展的新质态。2023年 7月以来，习近平站在高质量发展战略全局高度，发表一系列关于发展新质生产力的重要论述，较为系统地回答了“为什么发展新质生产力”“发展什么样的新质生产力”“如何发展新质生产力”等系列问题，这些重要论述在理论上实现了对马克思主义生产力理论的重大创新，开辟了马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的新境界，在实践上为新时代新征程发展新质生产力、推进高质量发展，从而推进强国建设、民族复兴提供了科学指引和实践指南。本文拟重点选取习近平关于发展新质生产力重要论述中的几个代表性论断，分析阐释习近平对发展新质生产力核心要义、实践要求等问题的认识和思考。

I. “New quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice”

一、“新质生产力已经在实践中形成”

In January 2024, during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping clearly stated: “New quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and are demonstrating a strong driving force and supporting capacity for high-quality development.” This is Xi Jinping’s objective judgment on the stage and situation of China’s new quality productive forces development.

2024年 1月，习近平在二十届中央政治局第十一次集体学习时明确提出：“新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力。”这是习近平对我国新质生产力发展阶段和形势的客观判断。

First, the concept of new quality productive forces and the requirement to accelerate their formation were put forward. Since July 2023, during inspection tours in Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Guangxi and other places, Xi Jinping proposed the concept of new quality productive forces and the requirement to accelerate their formation, emphasizing that “it is necessary to integrate scientific and technological innovation resources, lead the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries, and accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces.” The proposal of new quality productive forces has a clear historical background. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We have ushered in a historic period of convergence between the world’s new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation and China’s transformation of its development mode, facing both a rare historical opportunity and the severe challenge of a widening gap.” The new scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are giving birth to new concepts and new forms of business. Seizing the historical opportunity, transforming the driving force of economic development, promoting high-quality development, and thereby advancing Chinese-path modernization and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation have become urgent demands of China’s economic and social development.

第一，提出新质生产力的概念以及加快形成新质生产力的要求。2023年 7月以来，习近平在四川、黑龙江、浙江、广西等地考察调研时提出了新质生产力的概念以及加快形成新质生产力的要求，强调“要整合科技创新资源，引领发展战略性新兴产业和未来产业，加快形成新质生产力”。新质生产力的提出有着明确的时代背景。习近平指出：“我们迎来了世界新一轮科技革命和产业变革同我国转变发展方式的历史性交汇期，既面临着千载难逢的历史机遇，又面临着差距拉大的严峻挑战。”新科技革命和产业变革正在催生新理念、新业态，抢抓历史机遇、转换经济发展动能、推动高质量发展，进而推进中国式现代化、实现中华民族伟大复兴，成为我国经济社会发展的迫切诉求。

Second, the thesis has evolved from “accelerating the formation” of new quality productive forces to “having already taken shape in practice.” In December 2023, at the New Year’s Tea Party of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Xi Jinping declared that China’s total economic output was expected to exceed

第二，新质生产力从“加快形成”到“已经在实践中形成”论断的发展变化。2023年 12月，习近平在全国政协新年茶话会上宣告：我国经济总量预计超过 126万亿元，“科技创新实现新突破，新质生产力加快形成”。随后，习近平在 2024年春节团拜会上再次强调：我们全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，“科技创新实现新突破，新质生产力加快形成”。2024年 1月，习近平在二十届中央政治局第十一次集体学习时更为明确地指出：“新质生产力已经在实践中形成。”新质生产力加快形成和已经形成的论断是对我国生产力发展形势和阶段的客观判断。此后，习近平关于新质生产力的重要论述从“形成新质生产力”转向“发展新质生产力”的目标及其要求。这表明，我国新质生产力已经从“形成”阶段迈向“发展”阶段，发展新质生产力成为当前全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重要任务。

The judgment that new quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice has a deep theoretical and practical basis. As early as July 2014, Xi Jinping pointed out at a symposium with non-Party figures: "Strive to raise the capacity for innovation-driven development, enhance industrial competitiveness, improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth, and achieve an overall leap in the level of our country's social productive forces." In December 2015, Xi Jinping stressed at the Central Economic Work Conference: "Accelerate the cultivation of new drivers of development, transform and upgrade traditional comparative advantages, enhance the momentum for sustained growth, and promote an overall improvement in the level of our country's social productive forces." To better guide the new normal of economic development and resolve the difficulties of economic development, Xi Jinping put forward the "new development philosophy" at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, further providing theoretical guidance and a practical guide for the development of our country's productive forces. In April 2020, Xi Jinping proposed at the Seventh Meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs to "build a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other," thereby providing a guideline for achieving organic linkages among production, consumption, and other links in economic activity, and for realizing a high-level dynamic equilibrium in economic development. From putting forward the development requirements of an "overall leap" and "overall improvement" in the level of productive forces, to proposing the new development philosophy and the new development pattern as practical guidance for the development of productive forces, this reflects Xi Jinping's strategic planning and overall deployment for the development of our country's social productive forces. Under the guidance of these theories, the important strategic value of our country's scientific and technological innovation for economic and social development has further become prominent in practice; the socialist basic economic system, which regulates the development of productive forces, has been further perfected and consolidated; the construction of a modernized economic system has been comprehensively advanced; the level of social productive forces has leaped substantially; and the quality of productive forces has improved overall. It is precisely based on the objective reality of the development of our country's social productive forces that Xi Jinping has made the scientific judgment on the formation and development stage of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力已经在实践中形成的判断，有着深厚的理论和实践根据。早在 2014年 7月，习近平就在党外人士座谈会上指出：“努力提高创新驱动发展能力、提高产业竞争力、提高经济增长质量和效益，实现我国社会生产力水平总体跃升。”2015年 12月，习近平在中央经济工作会议上强调：“加快培育新的发展动能，改造提升传统比较优势，增强持续增长动力，推动我国社会生产力水平整体改善。”为更好引领经济发展新常态，破解经济发展困境，习近平在党的十八届五中全会上提出“新发展理念”，进一步为我国生产力发展提供了理论指导和实践指南。2020年 4月，习近平在中央财经委员会第七次会议上提出要“构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”，从而为经济活动中的生产、消费等各环节实现有机衔接，为经济发展实现高水平动态平衡提供了遵循。从提出生产力水平“总体跃升”“整体改善”的发展要求，到提出新发展理念、新发展格局为生产力发展提供实践指引，体现出习近平对我国社会生产力发展的战略规划和总体部署。在这些理论的指引下，我国科技创新对于经济社会发展的重要战略价值在实践中进一步凸显，作为规范生产力发展的社会主义基本经济制度更加完善巩固，现代化经济体系建设全面推进，社会生产力水平大幅跃升，生产力质量整体改善。正是基于我国社会生产力发展的客观实际，习近平作出了关于新质生产力形成、发展阶段的科学论断。

II. "Developing New Quality Productive Forces Is the Intrinsic Requirement and Important Focal Point for Promoting High-Quality Development"

二、“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点”

Xi Jinping points out: "Developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and important focal point for promoting high-quality development." This thesis profoundly reveals the inherent compatibility between developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development, elucidates the important supporting role of developing new quality productive forces for high-quality development, and also explains the inevitability and necessity of developing new quality productive forces in the New Era.

习近平指出：“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点”。这一论断深刻揭示了发展新质生产力与推动高质量发展之间的内在契合性，阐明了发展新质生产力对于高质量发展的重要支撑作用，同时也说明了新时代发展新质生产力的必然性与必要性。

First, developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement for promoting high-quality development. Development is the absolute principle. The transformation of the principal contradiction in our society in the New Era determines that we must resolve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, and high-quality development is the key to effectively addressing the principal social contradiction. Therefore, Xi Jinping emphasizes: "We must bear in mind that high-quality development is the absolute principle of the New Era." To achieve high-quality development is to accelerate the transformation of the development model, optimize the economic structure, and shift the drivers of growth; to strive to promote changes in the drivers, quality, and efficiency of economic development; and to "promote the economy to achieve effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity." From the perspective of the requirements of high-quality development, the effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity of the economy include deep-seated stipulations in both the quality and quantity of development, which inevitably and intrinsically require a new transformation and a new leap in social productive forces. From the perspective of the characteristics of new quality productive forces, it is precisely an advanced form of productive forces that has broken away from traditional modes of economic growth and paths of productive forces development. Therefore, developing new quality productive forces inevitably becomes the intrinsic requirement for promoting high-quality development.

第一，发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求。发展才是硬道理，新时代我国社会主要矛盾的转变，决定了我们必须解决发展不平衡、不充分的问题，而高质量发展就是有效应对社会主要矛盾的关键。因此，习近平强调：“必须牢记高质量发展是新时代的硬道理。”实现高质量发展，就是要加快转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力，努力推动经济发展动力变革、质量变革、效率变革，“推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长”。从高质量发展的要求来看，经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长，包括发展质和量两方面的深层规定性，必然内在要求社会生产力实现新的变革和新的跃迁。从新质生产力的特质来看，它正是摆脱了传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径的先进生产力质态。因此，发展新质生产力，必然成为推动高质量发展的内在要求。

Second, developing new quality productive forces is a key focal point for promoting high-quality development. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: we must adhere to the theme of promoting high-quality development, “striving to raise total factor productivity.” Raising total factor productivity is precisely what is implied in the development of new quality productive forces. At present, China’s economic development faces a complex and intertwined international and domestic situation; the economic growth rate has shifted from high speed to medium-high speed, the development model has shifted from scale-speed type to quality-efficiency type, and the driving force of development has shifted from relying mainly on factor inputs such as resources and low-cost labor to relying on innovation-driven growth. New quality productive forces, shifting from an extensive development model driven by traditional production factors such as resources, labor, and capital to an intensive development model driven by new production factors such as data, can play an important role in promoting high-quality development through innovation-driven growth and factor transformation, thereby injecting new momentum and providing new impetus for high-quality development. Therefore, new quality productive forces exhibit the distinctive characteristic of “promoting quality through the new,” that is, driving high-quality development through innovation. This means that developing new quality productive forces is, in essence, cultivating new momentum and new advantages for high-quality development, and promoting high-quality development must necessarily take the development of new quality productive forces as a key focal point.

第二，发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的重要着力点。党的二十大报告指出：我们要坚持以推动高质量发展为主题，“着力提高全要素生产率”。提高全要素生产率正是发展新质生产力的题中应有之义。当前，我国经济发展面临错综复杂的国际国内形势，经济增长速度从高速转向中高速，发展方式从规模速度型转向质量效率型，发展动力从主要依靠资源和低成本劳动力等要素投入转向创新驱动。新质生产力，从资源、劳动力以及资本等传统生产要素驱动的粗放式发展模式，转向以数据等新型生产要素驱动的集约式发展模式，能够通过创新驱动、要素转换对高质量发展发挥重要推动作用，从而为推动高质量发展注入新动能、提供新动力。因此，新质生产力呈现出“以新促质”的鲜明特质，即以创新驱动高质量发展。这就是说，发展新质生产力，实质上就是在为高质量发展培育新动能新优势，推动高质量发展必然要以发展新质生产力为重要着力点。

Third, summarizing and generalizing a new theory of productive forces to guide the new practice of high-quality development. Xi Jinping pointed out: “High-quality development requires guidance from a new theory of productive forces, and new quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and demonstrated a strong driving and supporting force for high-quality development, requiring us to summarize and generalize them theoretically, so as to guide new development practice.” The theory of new quality productive forces is a profound summary of the practical experience of high-quality development in the New Era and a major innovation in the Marxist theory of productive forces. The cyclical development process from practice to theory and back to practice is a basic law of Marxist epistemology. High-quality development has the characteristics of being holistic, strategic, and long-term; promoting high-quality development requires summarizing and refining new development theories from new practice. In recent years, promoting high-quality development has become a consensus of the entire Party and the whole society, and the results of high-quality development have been remarkable. However, it also still faces a series of bottlenecks and constraints in development. To deepen and advance high-quality development, it is necessary to innovate the Marxist theory of productive forces and use new experiences and new theories summarized from living practice to further guide new development practice.

第三，总结、概括新的生产力理论来指导高质量发展新的实践。习近平指出：“高质量发展需要新的生产力理论来指导，而新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力，需要我们从理论上进行总结、概括，用以指导新的发展实践。”新质生产力理论是对新时代高质量发展实践经验的深刻总结，也是对马克思主义生产力理论的重大创新。从实践到理论再到实践的循环发展过程，是马克思主义认识论的基本规律。高质量发展带有全局性、战略性、长远性的发展特性，推动高质量发展就需要从新的实践中总结、提炼新的发展理论。近年来，推动高质量发展成为全党全社会的共识，高质量发展成效显著，但同时也还面临一系列发展瓶颈问题，存在一系列制约因素，深入推进高质量发展，必然要创新马克思主义生产力理论，用鲜活实践中总结的新经验新理论进一步指导新的发展实践。

III. New Quality Productive Forces “Are in Essence Advanced Productive Forces”

三、新质生产力“本质是先进生产力”

What exactly are new quality productive forces as a type of productive force? Xi Jinping has given a clear answer to this question. He explicitly stated that new quality productive forces “are in essence advanced productive forces,” and, based on this thesis, he has provided a comprehensive and profound interpretation of the basic connotation, key characteristics, core markers, and core elements of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力，究竟是什么样的生产力？习近平对这一问题作出了清晰回答，他明确提出：新质生产力“本质是先进生产力”，并围绕这一论断对新质生产力的基本内涵、关键特征以及核心标志、核心要素等作出了全面而深刻的诠释。

First, new quality productive forces “take the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, subjects of labor, and their optimized combination as their basic connotation.” Xi Jinping pointed out: new quality productive forces “are engendered by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading.” Revolutionary breakthroughs in technology raise the technological content of the means of production and expand the scope of the subjects of labor; innovative allocation of production factors is both a new configuration of the quality of each factor and a synergistic coordination of the optimized combination of factors; deep industrial transformation and upgrading is the concrete manifestation of the leap in productive forces. New quality productive forces realize the optimization and upgrading of the connotation of the factors of traditional productive forces. First, the optimization and upgrading of the quality of laborers. People are the most active and decisive factor in productive forces. New quality productive forces place higher demands on the knowledge, skills, and quality of laborers; developing new quality productive forces requires various types of strategic talent, leading scientific and technological talent, and applied talent. Second, the optimization and upgrading of the technological content of the means of labor. The high-tech attributes of production tools in new quality productive forces are significantly enhanced; the integrated application of a new generation of advanced information technology, materials technology, manufacturing technology, etc., produces a large number of new types of production tools that are more intelligent, low-carbon, and safe. At the same time, the widespread application of non-physical forms of production tools, such as the industrial internet and industrial software, greatly raises the high-tech content of the means of production. Third, the optimization and upgrading of the scope of the subjects of labor. The acceleration, deepening, and broadening of scientific and technological innovation greatly expand the types and forms of subjects of labor. For example, the development of emerging fields such as deep space, deep sea, and deep earth greatly expands the space for people to utilize and transform nature. At the same time, the emergence of new production factors such as data also becomes a new important subject of labor. Fourth, the combined leap among production factors. The production factors of new quality productive forces have a more integrative character; driven by the development of new technologies and new industries, new quality productive forces often involve the coordinated development and overall advancement of production subjects, production tools, production objects, and their modes of production. Therefore, compared with traditional productive forces, they are more advanced.

第一，新质生产力“以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵”。习近平指出：新质生产力“由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生”。技术革命性突破提升了生产资料的技术含量，拓展了劳动对象的范围；生产要素的创新性配置既是各要素质量的新配备，也是要素优化组合的协同配合；产业深度转型升级则是生产力跃迁的具体表现形式。新质生产力实现了对传统生产力要素内涵的优化升级。一是劳动者素质的优化升级。人是生产力中最活跃、最具决定意义的因素。新质生产力对劳动者的知识、技能、素质提出了更高要求，发展新质生产力需要各类战略人才、科技领军人才、应用型人才。二是劳动资料技术含量的优化升级。新质生产力中生产工具的高科技属性明显增强，新一代先进信息技术、材料技术、制造技术等融合应用，产生一大批更加智能化、低碳化、安全化的新型生产工具，同时工业互联网、工业软件等非实体形态生产工具的广泛应用，极大提升了生产资料的高技术含量。三是劳动对象范围的优化升级。科技创新速度加快、深度拓展、广度延伸，极大拓展了劳动对象的种类和形态。例如，深空、深海、深地等新兴领域的发展极大拓展了人们利用和改造自然的空间，同时，数据等新型生产资料的出现也成为新的重要劳动对象。四是生产要素间的组合跃升。新质生产力的生产要素之间更加具有融通性特征，在新技术、新产业的发展驱动下，新质生产力往往是生产主体、生产工具、生产对象及其生产方式的协同发展和整体推进。因而，它相比传统生产力更具先进性。

Second, new quality productive forces are “an advanced quality state of productive forces that conforms to the new development philosophy.” New quality productive forces are an advanced quality state of productive forces formed under the impetus of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. They break away from the development model relying on the input of traditional production factors and shift to an innovation-driven development model; they are productive forces in which innovation plays a leading role. New quality productive forces are not only embodied in the development of the connotation of each factor but also in the more coordinated integration of production factors. This coordination is manifested in the coordination among the various factors of productive forces, the coordination of industrial structure, the coordination of the regional layout of productive forces, and the coordination of various fields such as the economy, society, and ecology. New quality productive forces drive the transformation of the development model, bringing about changes in economic growth and the mode of development of productive forces; they can effectively resolve the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection through new technologies, new energy, and new industries. New quality productive forces are engendered by the development and transformation of world science, technology, and industry, and their development is inseparable from an open environment for technological, market, and cultural exchange. New quality productive forces are also high-quality productive forces serving a better life; shared development encourages resource sharing and the universal application of technology, emphasizes social inclusiveness and encourages diverse social participation, and pursues the maximization of social benefits and the interests of the people. Therefore, compared with traditional productive forces, new quality productive forces demonstrate their advanced nature in terms of innovation-driven growth, synergy among factors and industries, effective resolution of the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection, integration and interconnection of technology and markets, and the inclusiveness of development outcomes.

第二，新质生产力是“符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态”。新质生产力是在新一轮科技革命和产业变革催生下形成的先进生产力质态，它摆脱了依靠传统生产要素投入的发展模式，转向创新驱动发展模式，是创新在其中发挥主导作用的生产力。新质生产力不仅体现为各要素内涵的发展，还体现为生产要素更为协调的融通，这种协调性体现在生产力诸要素之间的协调、产业结构的协调、区域生产力布局的协调、经济社会生态各领域的协调等。新质生产力驱动发展模式的变革，带来经济增长和生产力发展方式的变化，它能够以新技术、新能源、新产业有效解决经济发展和环境保护之间的矛盾。新质生产力是由世界科技、产业发展变革催生的，其发展离不开开放的技术、市场、文化交往环境。新质生产力也是为美好生活服务的高品质生产力，共享发展鼓励资源共享和技术普惠应用、注重社会包容和鼓励社会多元参与、追求社会效益和人民利益的最大化。因此，新质生产力相较于传统生产力在创新驱动、要素和产业等的协同、经济发展与环境保护矛盾的有效应对、技术和市场等的交融互通、发展结果的普惠性等方面体现出自身的先进性。

Third, new quality productive forces “possess the characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality.” First, with scientific and technological innovation as the core element, they have the characteristic of high technology. Xi Jinping points out that new quality productive forces are “characterized by innovation,” and “scientific and technological innovation is the core element in developing new quality productive forces.” Scientific and technological innovation profoundly reshapes the basic elements of productive forces, spawns new industries and new business forms, and drives the upgrading of the form and the leap in the quality state of productive forces. New quality productive forces are productive forces driven by the creative transformation of high and new technologies; their advanced nature is embodied in the dominance of high and new scientific and technological achievements. Second, with emerging industries and future industries as their carriers, they have the characteristic of high efficiency. Industries are the concrete forms that embody the efficiency of productive forces. Strategic emerging industries and future industries possess advantages such as active innovation, dense technology, high-end value, and broad prospects. They have higher efficiency in leading industrial upgrading and economic development, and play an important supporting role in the development of new quality productive forces. Third, with the quality and level of economic and social development as their pursuit, they have the characteristic of high quality. Xi Jinping points out: new quality productive forces are “critical in being of superior quality.” New quality productive forces represent an iterative upgrade of traditional productive forces in terms of quantity and quality, especially quality. In the New Era, the issues of the quality and efficiency of China’s productive forces development have become more prominent. The people’s aspiration for a better life objectively requires a higher quality of development of productive forces, and new quality productive forces can provide more products with high quality, high performance, high safety, and high environmental protection. At the same time, new quality productive forces also have higher quality in terms of factor productivity. Xi Jinping points out that new quality productive forces are “marked by a substantial increase in total factor productivity as a core indicator.” A substantial increase in total factor productivity means a higher quality input of production factors, and at the same time requires higher output efficiency from production factors and their combinations. New quality productive forces are productive forces formed through the innovative allocation of production factors, capable of substantially increasing total factor productivity.

第三，新质生产力“具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征”。一是以科技创新为核心要素，具有高科技的特征。习近平指出，新质生产力“特点是创新”，“科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心要素”。科技创新深刻重塑生产力基本要素，催生新产业新业态，促使生产力发生形态的升级和质态的跃迁。新质生产力是高新科技创造性转化驱动的生产力，其先进性就体现在高新科学技术成果的主导性上。二是以新兴产业和未来产业为载体，具有高效能的特征。产业是体现生产力效能的具体表现形式，战略性新兴产业和未来产业具有创新活跃、技术密集、价值高端、前景广阔等优势，在引领产业升级以及经济发展的进程中具有更高效能，对新质生产力的发展起着重要支撑作用。三是以经济社会发展质量和水平为追求，具有高质量的特征。习近平指出：新质生产力“关键在质优”。新质生产力是对传统生产力在量与质，尤其是质的方面的迭代升级。新时代我国生产力发展质量和效益问题更加突出，人民对美好生活的向往客观上要求生产力更高的发展质量，而新质生产力能够提供更多高品质、高性能、高安全性、高环保性的产品。同时，新质生产力在要素生产率上也具有更高质量。习近平指出，新质生产力“以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志”。全要素生产率的大幅提升意味着生产要素更高质量的投入，同时要求生产要素及其组合具有更高的产出效益，新质生产力是生产要素创新性配置，能够大幅提升全要素生产率的生产力。

IV. “New Quality Productive Forces Themselves Are Green Productive Forces”

四、“新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”

Xi Jinping points out: “Green development is the底色 of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces themselves are green productive forces.” This important thesis both clarifies the ecological civilization implications of high-quality development and creatively elucidates the intrinsic relationship between new quality productive forces and green productive forces. It is a manifestation of the mutual reinforcement of Xi Jinping’s economic thought and Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization.

习近平指出：“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。”这一重要论断，既明确了高质量发展的生态文明意蕴，又创造性地阐明了新质生产力和绿色生产力的内在关系，是习近平经济思想与习近平生态文明思想交相辉映的体现。

First, examine the green attributes of new quality productive forces from the perspective of the natural attributes of productive forces. In essence, the elements of productive forces ultimately originate, directly or indirectly, from the natural world and are all existences within nature. Therefore, Marxism also regards productive forces as humanity’s ability to transform nature. The development of productive forces is constrained by the natural world and ecological thresholds. Adhering to the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature means adhering to the green essential attribute of productive forces. Xi Jinping points out: to develop new quality productive forces, “it is necessary to accelerate the green transformation of the development model and contribute to achieving peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. Firmly establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and unswervingly follow the path of prioritizing ecology and green development.” Globally, greening is an important trend in the new technological revolution and industrial transformation. Green emerging industries and future industries are flourishing worldwide, and green technology is playing an increasingly important role in promoting economic development. Green development is also an inevitable path for the development of China’s productive forces in the New Era. New quality productive forces are environmentally friendly and resource-conserving productive forces. Precisely because they have broken away from the extensive model of productive forces development and are more in line with the concept of green development, they have become a new type of advanced productive forces quality state.

第一，从生产力的自然属性看新质生产力的绿色属性。从本质上看，生产力要素归根结底都直接或间接产生于自然界，都是自然界的存在物，因而马克思主义也把生产力看作是人类改造自然的能力。生产力发展受到自然界和生态阈值的制约，坚持人与自然和谐共生，就是坚持生产力的绿色本质属性。习近平指出：发展新质生产力，“必须加快发展方式绿色转型，助力碳达峰碳中和。牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路”。从全球来看，绿色化是新科技革命和产业变革的重要趋势，绿色新兴产业和未来产业正在全球范围蓬勃兴起，绿色科技在促进经济发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用。绿色发展也是新时代中国生产力发展的必然遵循，新质生产力就是环境友好型、资源节约型的生产力，正因为它摆脱了粗放型的生产力发展模式，更加符合绿色发展理念，而成为新型先进生产力质态。

Second, protecting and improving the ecological environment is consistent with protecting and developing productive forces. Xi Jinping points out: “Protecting the ecological environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment means developing productive forces.” This tells us that the ecological environment contains factors of productive forces, and the state of the ecological environment is an important factor affecting the quality and quality state of social productive forces. Handling the relationship between productive forces and the ecological environment means handling the relationship between economic development and ecological environmental protection. The new path to achieve synergy between the development of productive forces and ecological environmental protection is to “unswervingly follow the civilized development path of production development, affluent life, and sound ecology.” In March 2024, when visiting members of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, the science and technology sector, and the environmental resources sector attending the second session of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must make new contributions to strengthening ecological environmental protection and supporting high-quality development with high-level protection.” Supporting high-quality development with high-level protection means promoting the greening and low-carbon development of the economy and society, cultivating new momentum for new quality productive forces through green development, thereby advancing high-quality development and gaining the initiative in development.

第二，保护和改善生态环境与保护和发展生产力具有一致性。习近平指出：“保护生态环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力。”这告诉我们，生态环境中蕴含着生产力的因素，生态环境的状况是影响社会生产力的质量、质态的重要因素，处理生产力与生态环境的关系，就是在处理经济发展与生态环境保护的关系。实现生产力发展与生态环境保护协同共生的新路径，就是“坚定不移走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路”。2024年 3月，习近平在看望参加全国政协十四届二次会议的民革、科技界、环境资源界委员时强调：“要在加强生态环境保护、以高水平保护支撑高质量发展上作出新贡献。”以高水平保护支撑高质量发展，就是要推动经济社会绿色化、低碳化发展，通过绿色发展为新质生产力培育新动能，进而推进高质量发展、赢得发展主动权。

Third, developing new energy technologies is an important focal point for developing new quality productive forces. Energy technology innovation can drive industrial transformation and upgrading, thereby becoming a new driving force for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces. In February 2024, during the 12th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee, Xi Jinping emphasized: we must target the frontiers of world energy technology, focus on key energy fields and major demands, “cultivate energy technology and its related industries into new growth points driving China’s industrial upgrading, and promote the development of new quality productive forces.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China’s new energy system has been accelerated in its construction, but it still faces a series of challenges such as demand pressure, supply constraints, and low-carbon transformation. To address these challenges, Xi Jinping emphasized, “the way out is to vigorously develop new energy.” New energy plays an extremely important leading role in the development of new quality productive forces. Through original and disruptive innovation in energy technology, spawning energy-related industries and driving the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, this has become an important focal point for developing new quality productive forces.

第三，发展新能源技术是发展新质生产力的重要着力点。能源技术创新能够带动产业转型升级，进而成为培育发展新质生产力的新动能。2024年 2月，习近平在二十届中央政治局第十二次集体学习时强调：要瞄准世界能源科技前沿，聚焦能源关键领域和重大需求，“把能源技术及其关联产业培育成带动我国产业升级的新增长点，促进新质生产力发展”。党的十八大以来，我国新型能源体系加快构建，但仍面临需求压力、供给制约、低碳转型等一系列挑战。应对这些挑战，习近平强调，“出路就是大力发展新能源”。新能源在新质生产力的发展中发挥着极其重要的引领作用。通过能源技术的原创性、颠覆性创新催生能源关联产业，并带动传统产业转型升级，成为发展新质生产力的重要着力点。

Fourth, the ecologicalization of industries and the industrialization of ecology are a powerful confirmation and practice of green productive forces. In March 2024, when presiding over a symposium on promoting the rise of the central region in the New Era, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to coordinately advance ecological environmental protection and green low-carbon development, “improve the basin-wide horizontal ecological protection compensation mechanism and the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products, and promote the ecologicalization of industries and the industrialization of ecology.” The ecologicalization of industries and the industrialization of ecology are mutually integrated and reinforcing relationships. The ecologicalization of industries is the ecological transformation and upgrading of industrial development models; the industrialization of ecology is the resource preservation and value enhancement of ecological environmental protection. Ecology empowers industries, and industries add value to ecology, jointly cultivating new momentum for the development of new quality productive forces. Developing green productive forces requires considering both the growth cycle issue and the economic cost issue. Therefore, efforts must be made in green technological innovation and green economic policies. In this regard, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to “accelerate green technological innovation and the promotion and application of advanced green technologies,” “build a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system”; “continuously optimize the economic policy toolbox supporting green and low-carbon development,” and “create efficient and ecological green industry clusters.”

第四，产业生态化和生态产业化发展是对绿色生产力的有力印证和实践。2024年 3月，习近平在主持召开新时代推动中部地区崛起座谈会时强调，要协同推进生态环境保护和绿色低碳发展，“完善流域横向生态保护补偿机制和生态产品价值实现机制，推进产业生态化和生态产业化”。产业生态化和生态产业化是相互融合、相互促进的关系。产业生态化是产业发展模式的生态改造和升级，生态产业化是生态环境保护的资源保值和增值。生态为产业赋能，产业为生态赋值，共同为新质生产力发展培育新动能。发展绿色生产力，既要考虑成长周期问题，又要兼顾经济成本问题，因此必须在绿色科技创新和绿色经济政策上着力。对此，习近平强调，要“加快绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术推广应用”，“构建绿色低碳循环经济体系”；“持续优化支持绿色低碳发展的经济政策工具箱”，“打造高效生态绿色产业集群”。

V. “Vigorously Promote Scientific and Technological Innovation,” “Cultivate New Momentum for Developing New Quality Productive Forces”

五、“大力推进科技创新”，“培育发展新质生产力的新动能”

Scientific and technological innovation is the core element in developing new quality productive forces. Xi Jinping emphasizes: we must “vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation,” “focus on the real needs of national strategy and economic and social development, take key generic technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovation as breakthroughs, fully leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, fight the tough battle for key core technologies, so that original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation achievements emerge in abundance, cultivating new momentum for developing new quality productive forces.” This requirement provides directional guidance for us to develop new quality productive forces from the perspective of the “theory of priorities.”

科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心要素。习近平强调：要“大力推进科技创新”，“聚焦国家战略和经济社会发展现实需要，以关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新为突破口，充分发挥新型举国体制优势，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，使原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果竞相涌现，培育发展新质生产力的新动能”。这一要求从“重点论”上为我们发展新质生产力提供了方向指引。

First, strengthen original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the achievement of high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, and assist the development of new quality productive forces. Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation in developing social productive forces. He has repeatedly stressed: “Scientific and technological innovation is the strategic support for raising social productive forces and comprehensive national strength, and must be placed at the core of the overall national development situation.” [4]4 “The overall national development situation” (国家发展全局) is a standard Chinese political formulation referring to the comprehensive, strategic picture of national development, encompassing economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological dimensions. Science and technology are the primary productive forces; innovation is the primary driving force. In fierce international competition, to open up new fields and new tracks for development, shape new drivers and new advantages for development, and accelerate the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces, fundamentally speaking, one must rely on scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, to achieve high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology. However, at the present stage, China’s original innovation capacity is still not strong, the overall effectiveness of the innovation system is still not high, the integration of scientific and technological innovation resources is still insufficient, and there are certain technical barriers to original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation. Xi Jinping points out: “Key core technologies cannot be obtained by asking for them, buying them, or begging for them.” Therefore, to accelerate the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces, “one must both grasp the general direction of today’s scientific and technological development and insist on taking ourselves as the mainstay, highlight problem orientation and demand orientation, and raise the efficiency of investment in scientific and technological innovation,” so as to grasp key core technologies in one’s own hands and achieve high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology.

第一，加强原创性、颠覆性科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，助力新质生产力发展。习近平非常重视科技创新在发展社会生产力中的支撑作用，他多次强调：“科技创新是提高社会生产力和综合国力的战略支撑，必须摆在国家发展全局的核心位置。”科技是第一生产力、创新是第一动力。在激烈的国际竞争中，要开辟发展新领域新赛道、塑造发展新动能新优势，加快培育发展新质生产力，从根本上说，要依靠科技创新尤其是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，实现高水平科技自立自强。然而现阶段我国原始创新能力还不强，创新体系整体效能还不高，科技创新资源整合还不够，原创性、颠覆性科技创新存在一定技术壁垒。习近平指出：“关键核心技术是要不来、买不来、讨不来的。”因此，加快培育发展新质生产力，“既要把握当今科技发展的大方向，又要坚持以我为主，突出问题导向和需求导向，提升科技创新投入效能”，把关键核心技术掌握在自己手中，实现高水平科技自立自强。

Second, strengthen basic research and applied basic research, providing a solid foundation for the development of new quality productive forces. Basic research is situated at the starting end of the scientific research chain from research to application and then to production; if the foundation is solid, scientific and technological innovation and industrial development have something to rely on. In the current era, the scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are deepening, the paradigm of scientific research is undergoing profound changes, scientific and technological innovation and economic and social development are permeating and integrating, the cycle of basic research is shortening, and competition in basic frontier fields is becoming increasingly fierce. Hence, basic research concerns the developmental fate of new quality productive forces. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Strengthen basic research and applied basic research, fight the tough battle of key core technologies, and cultivate new drivers for the development of new quality productive forces.” This requires strengthening basic research, highlighting forward-looking and strategic demand orientation, consolidating the foundation of scientific and technological innovation from the theoretical source, the technical source, the underlying logic, and basic components, thereby grasping key core technologies and providing new drivers for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces.

第二，加强基础研究和应用基础研究，为发展新质生产力提供坚实根基。基础研究处于从研究到应用、再到生产的科研链条起始端，基础牢靠，科技创新、产业发展才有依靠。当今时代，科技革命和产业变革深入发展，科学研究范式发生深刻变革，科技创新和经济社会发展渗透融合，基础研究周期缩短，基础前沿领域竞争日趋激烈。因而，基础研究关系新质生产力的发展命运。习近平强调：要“加强基础研究和应用基础研究，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，培育发展新质生产力的新动能”。这就要求加强基础研究，突出前瞻性、战略性需求导向，从理论源头、技术源头、底层逻辑、基础元器件等方面夯实科技创新的根基，进而掌握关键核心技术，为培育发展新质生产力提供新动能。

Third, promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, transforming the achievements of scientific and technological innovation into new quality productive forces. The role of science and technology in the development of new quality productive forces is increasingly prominent; the key lies in its ability to give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers. Xi Jinping emphasizes, “Use scientific and technological innovation to lead industrial innovation, and actively cultivate and develop new quality productive forces.” However, scientific and technological innovation must still go through application and production to achieve industrial innovation. Xi Jinping points out, “Innovation is not accomplished once a paper is published or a patent is obtained; innovation must be implemented in creating new points of growth.” Scientific and technological achievements must complete the “three-level jump” from scientific research, to experimental development, to promotion and application. To this end, it is necessary to “pay more attention to the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation,” strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, build upstream and downstream innovation consortia, “promote the deep integration of the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces.” At the same time, “pillar industries are the main battlefield for developing new quality productive forces,” and it is necessary to promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of industries, “transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, and lay out and build future industries in advance,” and accelerate the construction and improvement of a modern industrial system.

第三，推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合，使科技创新成果转化为新质生产力。科技在新质生产力发展中的作用越来越突出，关键就在于它能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能。习近平强调，“要以科技创新引领产业创新，积极培育和发展新质生产力”。然而，科技创新还要经过应用、生产才能实现产业创新。习近平指出，“创新不是发表论文、申请到专利就大功告成了，创新必须落实到创造新的增长点上”。科技成果要完成从科学研究、实验开发、推广应用“三级跳”。为此，要“更加重视科技创新和产业创新的深度融合”，强化企业创新主体地位，构建上下游创新联合体，“促进创新链产业链资金链人才链深度融合，推动科技成果加快转化为现实生产力”。同时，“支柱产业是发展新质生产力的主阵地”，要推动产业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展，“改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，超前布局建设未来产业”，加快构建和完善现代化产业体系。

Fourth, cultivate scientific and technological innovation talent, providing talent-driven impetus for the development of new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation plays a leading role in developing new quality productive forces, and innovative talent is the fundamental source of scientific and technological innovation. Xi Jinping points out: “Talent is the primary resource. The fundamental source of a country’s scientific and technological innovation capability lies in people.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [5]5 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the Xi Jinping era and the launch of the comprehensive deepening of reform and opening up. China has accelerated the implementation of the strategy of invigorating the country through science and education, the innovation-driven development strategy, and the strategy of strengthening the country through talent, attaching great importance to the key role of talent in developing productive forces. Xi Jinping points out: “Innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven,” and “we must discover talent in innovation practice, cultivate talent in innovation activities, and gather talent in innovation undertakings.” It is necessary to vigorously cultivate and bring up a large-scale, reasonably structured, and high-quality contingent of “strategic scientific and technological talent,” “leading scientific and technological talent,” and “entrepreneurs and highly skilled personnel” who are courageous and adept at innovation, gathering talents from all over the world and putting them to use. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the mechanisms for cultivating, introducing, and utilizing talent, “establish and improve a scientific and technological talent evaluation system oriented toward innovation capability, quality, and contribution, and form and implement an evaluation system conducive to scientific and technological talent’s concentrated research and innovation.”

第四，培养科技创新人才，为新质生产力发展提供人才驱动。科技创新在发展新质生产力中起着主导作用，而创新人才是科技创新的根本源泉。习近平指出：“人才是第一资源。国家科技创新力的根本源泉在于人。”党的十八大以来，我国加快推进科教兴国战略、创新驱动战略、人才强国战略，高度重视人才在发展生产力中的关键作用。习近平指出：“创新驱动实质上是人才驱动”，“必须在创新实践中发现人才、在创新活动中培育人才、在创新事业中凝聚人才”。要大力培养造就规模宏大、结构合理、素质优良的“战略科技人才”“科技领军人才”以及勇于和善于创新的“企业家和高技能人才”，聚天下英才而用之。同时，要完善人才培养、引进、使用等机制，“建立健全以创新能力、质量、贡献为导向的科技人才评价体系，形成并实施有利于科技人才潜心研究和创新的评价制度”。

6. “To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and opening up, forming a new type of relations of production that correspond to them.”

六、“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”

Relations of production must correspond to the developmental requirements of productive forces. Xi Jinping points out: “To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and opening up, forming a new type of relations of production that correspond to them.” The developmental requirements of new quality productive forces determine that they must break free from the constraints of traditional relations of production, thereby forming a new type of relations of production. Comprehensively deepening reform and opening up is the powerful driving force for promoting the correspondence between productive forces and relations of production.

生产关系必须与生产力的发展要求相适应。习近平指出：“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”新质生产力的发展要求决定了它要摆脱传统生产关系的束缚，进而形成新型生产关系。全面深化改革开放，则是推进生产力与生产关系相适应的强劲动力。

First, deepen reform comprehensively and remove the institutional obstacles to the development of new quality productive forces. In contemporary China, the fundamental method for transforming the relations of production is to deepen reform comprehensively. With regard to the specific areas of reform, Xi Jinping emphasizes that it is necessary to deepen “reforms of the economic system, the science and technology system, the education system, the personnel system, etc., to unblock the blockages and choke points that constrain the development of new quality productive forces,” and to “innovate the mode of allocation of factors of production, so that all kinds of advanced and high-quality factors of production flow smoothly toward the development of new quality productive forces.” The first is reform of the economic system. Xi Jinping emphasizes that it is necessary to “focus on building a high-level socialist market economy system, and accelerate the improvement of the basic systems of the market economy, such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit.” Deepen market-oriented reform of factors of production, comprehensively clean up and correct local protectionist practices, and better participate in the construction of a unified national market. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the systems and mechanisms for implementing the “two unswervinglys,”[6]6 A reference to the Chinese idiom “one key opens one lock” (一把钥匙开一把锁), meaning that different problems require different solutions tailored to specific circumstances. “support state-owned enterprises in becoming stronger, better, and larger, and further optimize the development environment for private enterprises,” and stimulate the innovation and entrepreneurial vitality of all types of business entities. The second is reform of the science and technology system. Xi Jinping points out: “If we compare scientific and technological innovation to the new engine of China’s development, then reform is the indispensable ignition system for lighting that new engine.” As for what reform should change and how to change it, Xi Jinping emphasizes: “The goal of reform is only one, and that is to further open up the channel between science and technology and economic and social development.” The key lies in properly handling the relationship between the government and the market. “It is necessary to deepen reform so that the market truly becomes the force that allocates innovation resources,” and through market selection, cultivate emerging industries. Meanwhile, “the government must manage what it should manage, and in areas related to the national economy, people’s livelihoods, and the lifeline of industries, the government should actively act,” plan technological directions and routes, and make good use of major national special projects as a lever. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide,[7]7 The “national unified large market” (全国统一大市场) refers to a policy goal of removing local protectionism and market fragmentation to create a single, integrated domestic market in China. give play to the role of the state as the organizer of major scientific and technological innovation, and concentrate forces to seize the commanding heights. The third is the coordination of reforms of the education system, the science and technology system, and the personnel system. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “It is necessary to follow the requirements of developing new quality productive forces to smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent.” This requires “optimizing the disciplinary setup and talent cultivation models of institutions of higher learning in accordance with new trends in scientific and technological development,” “improving the income distribution mechanism for factor participation, and stimulating the vitality of factors of production such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data.” At the same time, it is also necessary to create a good atmosphere that encourages innovation and tolerates failure. The fourth is reform in emerging fields. Emerging fields are new strategic spaces and key technological areas that emerge with the development of the economy and society, the progress of science and technology, and the expansion of the scope of human activities. They encompass many disciplines and have a wide range of applications. In emerging fields, new situations and new problems constantly arise, and new technologies, new business forms, and new models are constantly changing, requiring responses with reform ideas and methods. Xi Jinping emphasizes that reform in emerging fields should be highlighted as a key focus of further comprehensively deepening reform, so as to better advance the construction of strategic capabilities in emerging fields. Reform in emerging fields is the focus of forming new relations of production and is also the key to the success or failure of future development. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “It is necessary to improve and perfect institutional mechanisms for demand alignment, planning coordination, and resource sharing, take the path of standard generalization, and improve the overall efficiency of development in emerging fields.” At the same time, it is necessary to deepen supply-side structural reform and improve the mechanism for agile response and rapid transformation of advanced technologies.

第一，全面深化改革，疏通新质生产力发展的体制障碍。在当代中国，变革生产关系的根本方法就是全面深化改革。在改革的具体领域上，习近平强调，要深化经济体制、“科技体制、教育体制、人才体制等改革，打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点”，“创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动”。一是经济体制改革。习近平强调，要“围绕构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，加快完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度”。深化要素市场化改革，全面清理纠正地方保护行为，更好参与全国统一大市场建设，同时，要完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，“支持国有企业做强做优做大，进一步优化民营企业发展环境”，激发各类经营主体创新创造活力。二是科技体制改革。习近平指出：“如果把科技创新比作我国发展的新引擎，那么改革就是点燃这个新引擎必不可少的点火系。”而改革应该改什么、如何改？习近平则强调：“改革的目标只有一个，那就是要进一步打通科技和经济社会发展之间的通道。”其关键就是要处理好政府和市场的关系。“必须通过深化改革，让市场真正成为配置创新资源的力量”，通过市场筛选把新兴产业培育起来，而“政府要管好该管的，在关系国计民生和产业命脉的领域，政府要积极作为”，规划技术方向和路线，用好国家重大专项工程抓手。同时，要健全新型举国体制，发挥国家作为重大科技创新组织者的作用，集中力量抢占制高点。三是教育体制、科技体制、人才体制改革的协同。习近平强调：“要按照发展新质生产力要求，畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环”。这就要求“根据科技发展新趋势，优化高等学校学科设置、人才培养模式”，“健全要素参与收入分配机制，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本和数据等生产要素活力”，同时还要营造鼓励创新、宽容失败的良好氛围。四是新兴领域改革。新兴领域是随着经济社会发展、科学技术进步和人类活动范围拓展而出现的新型战略空间和关键技术领域，学科门类众多，应用范围广泛。在新兴领域，新情况新问题不断出现，新技术新业态新模式不断更迭，需要以改革的思路办法应对。习近平强调，要把新兴领域改革作为进一步全面深化改革的一个重点突出出来，更好推进新兴领域战略能力建设。新兴领域改革是形成新型生产关系的重点，也是关系未来发展成败的关键。习近平强调：“要健全完善需求对接、规划衔接、资源共享等方面制度机制，走好标准通用化路子，提高新兴领域发展整体效益。”同时，要深化供给侧结构性改革，健全先进技术敏捷响应、快速转化机制。

Second, expand high-standard opening up, and pay attention to the coordination of deep-level reform and high-standard opening up, so as to create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces. Reform reflects the law of the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production; opening up concerns the mobility of the various factors of productive forces and the international nature of resource allocation. Fundamentally, opening up is also reform, and promoting reform through opening up is a valuable experience in China’s economic and social development. On the basis of putting forward a series of measures for comprehensively deepening reform, Xi Jinping clearly emphasizes: “It is necessary to expand high-standard opening up to create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces.” At the same time, he also emphasizes, “It is necessary to coordinate the promotion of deep-level reform and high-standard opening up.” This requires, while deepening market-oriented reform of factors of production, improving the basic systems of the market economy, and building a unified national market, steadily expanding institutional opening up, striving to build a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the main body and domestic and international circulations mutually promoting each other, deeply integrating into the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, building high-standard pilot free trade zones, and creating more high-level platforms for opening up and cooperation and more competitive open highlands. In addition, with regard to the internationalized business environment, Xi Jinping also emphasizes: “It is necessary to strengthen the construction of a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized business environment, enhance the attraction of domestic and foreign factor resources,” and “shape new advantages of a higher-level open economy.”

第二，扩大高水平对外开放，并注重深层次改革和高水平开放的协同，营造新质生产力发展的良好国际环境。改革反映生产力与生产关系矛盾运动的规律，开放关系到生产力诸要素的流动性以及资源配置的国际性。从根本上说，开放也是改革，以开放促改革是我国经济社会发展的宝贵经验。习近平在提出一系列全面深化改革措施的基础上，明确强调：“要扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。”同时，他还强调，“要统筹推进深层次改革和高水平开放”。这就要求在深化要素市场化改革、完善市场经济基础制度、建设全国统一大市场的同时，稳步扩大制度型开放，着力构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，深度融入共建“一带一路”，高标准建设自由贸易试验区，打造更多高能级对外开放合作平台和更具竞争力的开放高地。此外，在国际化营商环境方面，习近平还强调：要“加强市场化法治化国际化营商环境建设，增强对国内外要素资源的吸引力”，“塑造更高水平开放型经济新优势”。

VII. “Developing New Quality Productive Forces in Light of Local Conditions”

七、“因地制宜发展新质生产力”

Adhering to the correct methodology is the key to developing new quality productive forces. Xi Jinping, applying materialist dialectics, put forward the scientific methodology of “developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions” and provided a concrete explanation of it. In March 2024, when participating in the deliberation of the Jiangsu delegation at the Second Session of the 14th National People’s Congress, Xi Jinping pointed out: In developing new quality productive forces, “all localities should proceed from actual conditions, establish the new before abolishing the old, adapt measures to local conditions, and provide guidance by category.” This important thesis not only provides the general guiding principle for developing new quality productive forces but also offers practical guidance in specific aspects such as development endowments and conditions, development choices and trade-offs, and development ideas and directions.

坚持正确的方法论，是发展新质生产力的关键。习近平运用唯物辩证法提出“因地制宜发展新质生产力”的科学方法论，并对此作出具体阐释。2024年 3月，习近平在参加十四届全国人大二次会议江苏代表团审议时指出：发展新质生产力“各地要坚持从实际出发，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导”。这一重要论断既为发展新质生产力提供了总的指导性原则，又从发展禀赋和条件、发展选择和取舍、发展思路和方向等具体方面提供了实践指南。

First, scientifically understand the relationship between emerging industries and traditional industries, and properly handle the relationship between “establishing” and “abolishing.” Regarding how to dialectically handle the relationship between the “new” and the “old” of new quality productive forces, and between traditional industries and emerging and future industries, Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Developing new quality productive forces does not mean neglecting or abandoning traditional industries.” This means that new quality productive forces and traditional productive forces are not a relationship of separation or opposition, but a dialectical and developmental relationship. In fact, traditional industries are not all sunset industries or backward industries; new quality productive forces are born out of traditional productive forces, are a new qualitative change triggered by the quantitative change of traditional productive forces, and manifest as a new qualitative state of productive forces. Therefore, a scientific method should be adopted in dealing with the industries and industrial systems that are the carriers of new quality productive forces: that is, take traditional industries as the foundation, use new technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, and lay out and build future industries ahead of time. At the same time, in handling the relationship between traditional industries and emerging industries, it is necessary to handle the timing of “establishing” and “abolishing,” and adhere to “establishing the new before abolishing the old.” That is to say, new industries should first be fostered before upgrading traditional industries and eliminating backward industries. The development of emerging industries has a certain growth cycle; “one cannot first throw away the rice bowl in hand, only to find that the new rice bowl has not yet been obtained.”

第一，科学认识新兴产业与传统产业的关系，处理好“立与破”的关系。对于如何辩证处理新质生产力的“新”与“旧”、传统产业与新兴产业以及未来产业的关系，习近平强调：“发展新质生产力不是忽视、放弃传统产业。”这就意味着新质生产力与传统生产力之间并非割裂、对立的关系，而是辩证、发展的关系。实际上，传统产业并非都是夕阳产业、落后产业，新质生产力脱胎于传统生产力，是传统生产力量变引发的新的质变，呈现为生产力新质态。因此，在对待新质生产力载体的产业、产业体系上要采取科学的方法，即以传统产业为基础，用新技术改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，超前布局建设未来产业。同时，在处理传统产业和新兴产业的关系上，要处理好“立与破”的时序问题，坚持“先立后破”。也就是说要先把新产业扶植起来，再升级传统产业、淘汰落后产业，新兴产业的发展有一定成长周期，“不能把手里吃饭的家伙先扔了，结果新的吃饭家伙还没拿到手”。

Second, proceed from actual conditions, make selective industrial development according to local realities, and properly handle the relationship between “taking” and “leaving.”

第二，坚持从实际出发，根据本地实际情况，有选择地进行产业发展，处理好“取与舍”的关系。习近平指出：发展新质生产力要“根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展”。这就是说，发展新质生产力要依据本地实际情况，科学分析并善于利用自身的条件和优势，把握好“取与舍”的关系，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展，做到有所为有所不为。科研基础雄厚、人才资源丰富的地区，可以瞄准世界科技前沿，聚焦信息技术、人工智能、生物医药、智能制造等高精尖产业领域，加大研发投入，突破关键核心技术；传统产业占主导的地区，要注重实现产业结构优化升级，加强区域间合作，实现资源共享、优势互补；自然资源禀赋良好、具备规模化开发条件的地区，可以加快风能、光伏能等新能源的开发利用，培育壮大新能源产业集群，推动能源结构转型优化。

Third, adhere to category-based guidance, do not adopt a single model, and properly handle the relationship between “the same and the different.” Category-based guidance means implementing different guiding strategies in different industries, different departments, and different fields, adhering to in-depth investigation, grasping the laws, and applying precise policies by category, so that industrial policies better conform to actual conditions and the needs of industrial development. Homogeneous development and competition should be avoided, and the relationship between commonality and individuality should be properly handled. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Whether a city relies on just one industry for development—that is not necessarily the case. Relying on several industries, and on which industries, all require opening one lock with one key, deciding according to specific circumstances, and cannot be prescribed by a single list.” [6]6 A reference to the Chinese idiom “one key opens one lock” (一把钥匙开一把锁), meaning that different problems require different solutions tailored to specific circumstances. All localities, fields, and industries must proceed from concrete realities, explore development models with their own characteristics, each displaying its strengths and doing its utmost, sharing experience and complementing each other’s advantages, in order to form a favorable situation for developing new quality productive forces. Xi Jinping emphasized that developing new quality productive forces “must prevent a rush to action and bubble formation, and also must not adopt a single model.” Preventing a rush to action and bubble formation in fact emphasizes that developing new quality productive forces is not a momentary enthusiasm or blind following of trends, but must adhere to long-term, overall planning, focusing on a substantive leap in the quality and level of productive forces. Adhering to model diversity emphasizes the objective conditions and practical experience of developing new quality productive forces, embodying the methodological principle of “concrete analysis of concrete conditions.”

第三，坚持分类指导，不搞一种模式，处理好“同与异”的关系。分类指导，就是指在不同行业、不同部门、不同领域实行不同的指导策略，坚持深入调研、把准规律、分类精准施策，使产业政策更加符合实际条件、符合产业发展需要。要避免同质化发展和竞争，处理好共性和个性的关系。习近平指出：“一个城市是不是就靠一业来发展，那不一定。靠几业，靠什么业，都要一把钥匙开一把锁，根据具体情况去定，不能下单子。”各地方、各领域、各行业要坚持从具体实际出发，探索各具特色的发展模式，各展所长、各尽所能，经验互通、优势互补，才能形成发展新质生产力的良好局面。习近平强调，发展新质生产力“要防止一哄而上、泡沫化，也不要搞一种模式”。防止一哄而上和泡沫化，实际上强调了发展新质生产力不是一时热情、盲目跟风，而要坚持长远、全局谋划，着眼于实实在在的生产力质量和水平跃升。坚持模式多元，强调发展新质生产力的客观条件和实践经验，体现了“具体问题具体分析”的方法论原则。

Furthermore, Xi Jinping also put forward specific guiding principles for different domestic regions to develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. For Heilongjiang and the Northeast region, Xi Jinping emphasized: “Accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system with Northeast characteristics and advantages,” “proactively connect with the national industrial and supply chains, deeply cultivate superior industries and areas of industrial advantage, and better integrate into the national unified large market.” [7]7 The “national unified large market” (全国统一大市场) refers to a policy goal of removing local protectionism and market fragmentation to create a single, integrated domestic market in China. For regions such as Tianjin and Jiangsu, Xi Jinping emphasized: “As a national advanced manufacturing R&D base, Tianjin should leverage its rich scientific and educational resources and other advantages, striving to take the lead and act effectively in developing new quality productive forces,” “strengthen coordination with Beijing in scientific and technological innovation and integration of industrial systems, and jointly build world-class advanced manufacturing clusters”; “Jiangsu has good conditions and capabilities for developing new quality productive forces,” and should “highlight the construction of a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone,” “consolidate the leading position of traditional industries, accelerate the creation of strategic emerging industry clusters with international competitiveness, and make Jiangsu an important front for developing new quality productive forces.” For Hunan and the Central region, Xi Jinping emphasized: “Better integrate into and support the new development pattern.” In terms of strategic linkage, strengthen deep connections with the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, etc., orderly undertake the gradient transfer of industries, and optimize industrial layout; in terms of locational functions, strengthen the major corridor pattern of the Central region, enhance coordination and linkage among metropolitan areas, and better radiate and drive the development of surrounding areas; in terms of high-level opening up, continuously build a more competitive inland open highland, deeply integrate into the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, and proactively connect with the New Eurasian Land Bridge and the New Western Land-Sea Corridor; in terms of green development, coordinately advance ecological environmental protection and green, low-carbon development, and accelerate the construction of a beautiful Central region. For Chongqing and other Western regions, Xi Jinping emphasized: “Chongqing has a good manufacturing foundation and rich scientific, educational, and talent resources, so it should focus on building a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone,” “actively promote the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle, and better play its role as an important growth pole and new source of power for national high-quality development.” For the entire Western region, Xi Jinping emphasized: “Adhere to taking the development of industries with distinctive local advantages as the main direction, develop emerging industries in light of local conditions, and accelerate the industrial transformation and upgrading of the Western region.” These expositions of Xi Jinping, based on the missions and positions of different regions in the overall national development strategy, combined with differences in local endowments, development potential, etc., provide basic guidance for various localities to develop new quality productive forces.

此外，习近平还就国内不同地区因地制宜发展新质生产力提出了具体指导方针。针对黑龙江以及东北地区，习近平强调：要“加快构建具有东北特色优势的现代化产业体系”，“主动对接全国产业链供应链，在优势产业和产业优势领域深耕细作，更好融入全国统一大市场”。针对天津、江苏等地区，习近平强调：“天津作为全国先进制造研发基地，要发挥科教资源丰富等优势，在发展新质生产力上勇争先、善作为”，“要加强与北京的科技创新协同和产业体系融合，合力建设世界级先进制造业集群”；“江苏发展新质生产力具备良好的条件和能力”，要“突出构建以先进制造业为骨干的现代化产业体系”，“巩固传统产业领先地位，加快打造具有国际竞争力的战略性新兴产业集群，使江苏成为发展新质生产力的重要阵地”。针对湖南以及中部地区，习近平强调：要“更好融入和支撑新发展格局”。在战略衔接上，加强与京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区等深度对接，有序承接产业梯度转移，优化产业布局；在区位功能上，强化中部地区的大通道格局，加强都市圈之间协调联动，更好辐射带动周边地区发展；在高水平开放上，持续打造更具竞争力的内陆开放高地，深度融入共建“一带一路”，主动对接新亚欧大陆桥、西部陆海新通道；在绿色发展上，协同推进生态环境保护和绿色低碳发展，加快建设美丽中部。针对重庆等西部地区，习近平强调：“重庆制造业基础较好，科教人才资源丰富，要着力构建以先进制造业为骨干的现代化产业体系”，“积极推进成渝地区双城经济圈建设，更好发挥全国高质量发展的重要增长极和新的动力源作用”。对于整个西部地区，习近平强调：“要坚持把发展特色优势产业作为主攻方向，因地制宜发展新兴产业，加快西部地区产业转型升级。”习近平的这些论述，立足不同地区在国家发展大局中的使命和定位，结合各地的禀赋条件、发展潜力等差异，为各地发展新质生产力提供了基本遵循。

In summary, Xi Jinping’s important expositions on developing new quality productive forces are an important component of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, providing ideological guidance, strategic direction, theoretical support, and practical guidance for developing new quality productive forces. On the new journey, deeply studying and comprehending Xi Jinping’s important expositions on developing new quality productive forces has significant practical significance for promoting high-quality development and advancing Chinese-path modernization.

总之，习近平关于发展新质生产力的重要论述，是习近平经济思想的重要组成部分，为发展新质生产力提供了思想遵循、战略指引、理论支撑和实践指导。新征程上，深入学习领会习近平关于发展新质生产力的重要论述，对于推动高质量发展、推进中国式现代化具有重大现实意义。

(Author: Zhang Lin, Lecturer at the School of Marxism, Chongqing University)

（作者：张林，重庆大学马克思主义学院讲师）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心