Reform and Innovation Provide Institutional Guarantees for Vigorously Developing New Quality Productive Forces

Since 2023, vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly advancing high-quality development have become the era’s clarion call in the process of building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation, as well as a hot topic in academic discussion. How can new quality productive forces be vigorously developed? Academia has engaged in extensive discussion on this, for example, vigorously developing science and technology, vigorously developing emerging industries and transforming and upgrading traditional industries, perfecting the modern industrial system, vigorously developing education, and cultivating and fostering high-quality innovative talent. This article intends to offer some views from the perspective of reform and institutional innovation. It should be noted that the reform referred to in this article means comprehensive deepening reform that adapts to the development of new quality productive forces and takes economic system reform as the key link, and the institutional innovation referred to means institutional innovation that takes the economic system as the key link and includes the science and technology system, education system, talent system, ecological civilization system, political system, and so on.

自2023年以来，大力发展新质生产力，扎实推进高质量发展，已经成为强国建设、民族复兴进程中的时代强音和学术界讨论的热点。如何大力发展新质生产力？学术界对此展开了很多讨论，如要大力发展科学技术，大力发展新兴产业和改造提升传统产业，完善现代化产业体系，大力发展教育，培养和造就高素质创新型人才等。本文拟从改革和体制创新的角度谈一些看法。需要说明的是，本文讲的改革是指适应新质生产力发展、以经济体制改革为重点的全面深化改革，讲的体制创新是指以经济体制为重点的包括科技体制、教育体制、人才体制、生态文明体制、政治体制等在内的体制创新。

I. Reform and Institutional Innovation Are the Inherent Requirements for Vigorously Developing New Quality Productive Forces

一、改革和体制创新是大力发展新质生产力的内在要求

Productive forces are the most active and revolutionary factor in economic and social development and the fundamental driving force for promoting economic and social development. With the development of human social practice activities and the progress of science and technology, productive forces are always in a process of continuous development from quantitative change to qualitative change, from low level to high level. Currently, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is unfolding, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, and China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed development to a stage of high-quality development, ushering in a historic period of convergence between the world’s new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation on the one hand and the transformation of the development model and the shift of the development impetus on the other. Economic and social development is facing a golden historical opportunity. Against this backdrop, vigorously developing new quality productive forces is the inherent requirement and important focal point for solidly promoting high-quality development, and is of great significance for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. To vigorously develop new quality productive forces, there are many measures, among which further deepening reform and focusing on institutional innovation are important measures and are inherent requirements for vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly advancing high-quality development.

生产力是在经济社会发展中最活跃、最革命的因素，是推动经济社会发展的根本动力。随着人类社会实践活动的发展和科学技术的进步，生产力总是处在由量变到质变、由低级到高级不断发展的过程中。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革方兴未艾，世界处于百年未有之大变局，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国经济由高速发展转向高质量发展阶段，迎来了世界新一轮科技革命和产业变革同转变发展方式、转换发展动力的历史性交汇期，经济社会发展面临着千载难逢的历史机遇。在这样的背景下，大力发展新质生产力是扎实推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，对于以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴具有重大意义。要大力发展新质生产力，措施有很多，其中进一步深化改革、着力体制创新是重要的措施，是大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展的内在要求。

First, vigorously developing new quality productive forces requires further deepening reform, accelerating institutional innovation, and forming a new type of relations of production that is compatible with them. Regarding what new quality productive forces are, Xi Jinping has proposed: “They are advanced productive forces driven by innovation, breaking away from traditional economic growth models and paths of productive forces development, and featuring high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, in line with the new development philosophy. They are spawned by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Their basic connotation is the leap in workers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combination. Their core marker is a substantial increase in total factor productivity. Their characteristic is innovation, their key is quality excellence, and their essence is advanced productive forces.” This definition of new quality productive forces reveals their essential stipulations: First, revolutionary breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation are the core element of new quality productive forces; second, deep industrial transformation and upgrading, new industries, new models, and new drivers are the distinctive features of new quality productive forces; third, innovative allocation of production factors and the optimized combination of workers, means of labor, and objects of labor are important guarantees for the development of new quality productive forces; fourth, a substantial increase in total factor productivity and high-quality economic development are the core markers of new quality productive forces; fifth, they embody the direction of advanced productive forces development, and their essence is advanced productive forces. All these essential stipulations of new quality productive forces require deepening reform and institutional innovation as guarantees. Without deepening reform and institutional innovation, the enthusiasm of scientific and technical personnel will be constrained, and scientific and technological innovation will lose its impetus; the innovative allocation of production factors and the leap in workers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combination will be difficult to achieve, and total factor productivity will be hard to substantially increase; deep industrial transformation and upgrading, and the promotion of high-quality development by new industries, new models, and new drivers will be blocked and cannot be realized.

首先，大力发展新质生产力，要求进一步深化改革，加快体制创新，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。关于什么是新质生产力，习近平提出：“创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。它由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力。”对新质生产力的这一界定，揭示了新质生产力的本质规定性：第一，科技创新的革命性突破是新质生产力的核心要素；第二，产业深度转型升级，新产业、新模式、新动能是新质生产力的显著特征；第三，生产要素创新性配置，劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象优化组合是新质生产力发展的重要保证；第四，全要素生产率大幅提升、经济高质量发展是新质生产力的核心标志；第五，体现先进生产力发展的方向，本质是先进生产力。新质生产力的这些本质规定性都要求以深化改革和体制创新作保证。没有深化改革和体制创新，科技人员的积极性将受到束缚，科技创新会失去动力；生产要素创新性配置以及劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升难以实现，全要素生产率难以大幅提升；产业深度转型升级，新产业、新模式、新动能推动高质量发展将会因受阻而不能实现。

Second, forming new relations of production through reform and institutional innovation to ensure the development of new quality productive forces is a fundamental Marxist principle concerning the interrelationship between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure that must be upheld. Regarding productive forces, the classical Marxist writers have many incisive expositions. One concerns increasing labor productivity. Marx pointed out: “The productivity of labor is determined by many circumstances, including the average degree of skill of the workers, the level of development of science and its degree of technological application, the social combination of the process of production, the scale and effectiveness of the means of production, and natural conditions.” [1]1 The "two unswervinglys" (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party's policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy. The “social combination of the process of production” mentioned here is combination under a certain system and institutional mechanism. Without a certain system and institution to guarantee the social combination of the process of production, other factors determining labor productivity would remain merely potential factors and could not become actual productive forces. This is true for general social productive forces, and it is also true for the new quality productive forces we must vigorously develop today. Another concerns productive forces, relations of production, and the mode of production. Marx pointed out: “Once a revolution has taken place in the productive forces—this revolution is manifested in technology—a revolution also takes place in the relations of production.” [2]2 Marx, *The Poverty of Philosophy*, Ch. 2, Section 1. “In acquiring new productive forces, men change their mode of production; and in changing their mode of production, in changing the way of earning their living, they change all their social relations. The hand-mill gives you society with the feudal lord; the steam-mill, society with the industrial capitalist. Men make their own corresponding social relations according to their material productivity. It is these same men who, according to their social relations, create the corresponding principles, ideas, and categories.” [3]3 Marx, *The Poverty of Philosophy*, Ch. 2, Section 1. “With the acquisition of new productive forces, men change their mode of production; and with the change of the mode of production, they change all the economic relations which are merely the necessary relations of that particular mode of production.” [4]4 Marx, *Wage Labour and Capital*, Section on “The General Relation between Capital and Wage Labour.” The fundamental principle repeatedly emphasized in these expositions by Marx is that once a revolution has taken place in the productive forces, the mode of production and relations of production must change. The mode of production and relations of production must adapt to the requirements of the development of the productive forces; if they adapt, they promote the development of the productive forces; if they do not adapt, they hinder the development of the productive forces and must be transformed. This fundamental principle expounded by Marx applies to the development of all social productive forces, including the new quality productive forces we must vigorously develop today.

其次，以改革和体制创新形成新型生产关系，以保证新质生产力的发展，是必须坚持的关于生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑相互关系的马克思主义基本原理。关于生产力，马克思主义经典作家有许多精辟的论述。一是关于提高劳动生产力，马克思指出：“劳动生产力是由多种情况决定的，其中包括：工人的平均熟练程度，科学的发展水平和它在工艺上应用的程度，生产过程的社会结合，生产资料的规模和效能，以及自然条件。”这里讲的生产过程的社会结合，就是一定的制度和体制机制下的结合，没有一定的制度和体制来保证生产过程的社会结合，其他决定劳动生产力的因素就只是潜在的因素，而不可能变成现实的生产力。这对于一般社会生产力而言是如此，对于今天我们要大力发展的新质生产力也是如此。二是关于生产力、生产关系和生产方式，马克思指出：“一旦生产力发生了革命——这一革命表现在工艺技术方面——，生产关系也就会发生革命。”“随着新生产力的获得，人们改变自己的生产方式，随着生产方式即谋生的方式的改变，人们也就会改变自己的一切社会关系。手推磨产生的是封建主的社会，蒸汽磨产生的是工业资本家的社会。人们按照自己的物质生产率建立相应的社会关系，正是这些人又按照自己的社会关系创造了相应的原理、观念和范畴。”“随着新的生产力的获得，人们便改变自己的生产方式，而随着生产方式的改变，他们便改变所有不过是这一特定生产方式的必然关系的经济关系。”马克思的这些论述反复强调的基本原理就是，生产力一旦发生了革命，生产方式、生产关系必须改变。生产方式、生产关系一定要适应生产力发展的要求，适应的就促进生产力发展，不适应的就阻碍生产力发展，就必须变革。马克思论述的这一基本原理适应于所有社会生产力的发展，包括今天我们要大力发展的新质生产力。

Thirdly, the practice since reform and opening up, especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, has proven that reform and institutional innovation are important guarantees for protecting, unleashing, and developing productive forces. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC marked the beginning of a new period of reform and opening up and modernization in China. [5]5 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, is widely regarded as the starting point of China’s reform and opening-up era, marking a shift from class struggle to economic development as the Party’s central task. Reform and opening up are the self-improvement of the socialist system, aimed at adjusting and changing those links or aspects of socialist relations of production that do not meet the requirements for the development of productive forces, unleashing and developing social productive forces, making the country stronger and more prosperous, making society fairer and more just, and making people’s lives better. Through reform, we have continuously broken down old concepts and old systems that constrained economic and social development, established and continuously improved the socialist market economy system, promoted the comprehensive progress of China’s economy and society and the all-round development of people, and filled the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics with vitality and dynamism. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have comprehensively deepened reform with tremendous political courage, “resolutely breaking down institutional barriers in various areas, basically establishing the foundational institutional framework in all fields, achieving historic transformations, systemic reshuffling, and holistic restructuring in many areas, comprehensively completing a new round of reform of Party and state institutions, making the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics more mature and well-defined, and significantly raising the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” [6]6 This passage is a quotation from the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2022. More than 40 years of reform and opening up have greatly unleashed and developed productive forces, promoting China’s economic and social development to achieve achievements rarely seen in the world. China’s economy has grown rapidly, with its total economic output reaching 126 trillion yuan in 2023, firmly ranking second in the world and accounting for about 18% of the world economy. People’s living standards have risen significantly. In 2021, China achieved a comprehensive victory in the battle against poverty, completing the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty. In 2023, the national per capita disposable income reached 39,218 yuan, and the national per capita consumption expenditure for the full year was 26,796 yuan. The coordinated development of the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization has been achieved, and society has remained stable over the long term.

再次，改革开放以来特别是党的十八大以来的实践证明，改革和体制创新是保护、解放和发展生产力的重要保证。党的十一届三中全会召开，我国开启了改革开放和现代化建设新时期。改革开放是社会主义制度的自我完善，目的是要调整和改变社会主义生产关系中不适合生产力发展要求的环节或方面，解放和发展社会生产力，让国家变得更加富强、让社会变得更加公平正义、让人民生活得更加美好。经过改革，我们不断破除束缚经济社会发展的旧观念和旧体制，建立并不断完善社会主义市场经济体制，推动了我国经济与社会的全面进步和人的全面发展，使中国特色社会主义事业充满了生机和活力。党的十八大以来，我们以巨大的政治勇气全面深化改革，“坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，各领域基础性制度框架基本建立，许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，新一轮党和国家机构改革全面完成，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平明显提高”。40多年的改革开放极大地解放和发展了生产力，促进我国经济社会发展取得了世所罕见的成就。我国经济快速增长，2023年经济总量达到126万亿元，稳居世界第二位，占世界经济的比重为18%左右。人民生活水平大幅提高，2021年，中国脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利，完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务。2023年全国居民人均可支配收入达到39218元，全年全国居民人均消费支出26796元。经济政治文化社会生态文明协调发展，社会长期稳定。

Practice has proven that reform and opening up are the key choice that determined the fate of contemporary China, the key choice for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, and an important magic weapon for vigorously developing productive forces, promoting high-quality development, and enabling contemporary China to catch up with the times in big strides. Reform and opening up prove that the unleashing and development of productive forces in the past were inseparable from reform and institutional innovation. In the future, to vigorously develop new quality productive forces, we must continue to comprehensively deepen reform and institutional innovation.

实践证明，改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择，是全面建设社会主义现代化强国，以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴的关键抉择，是大力发展生产力、推动高质量发展，使当代中国大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝。改革开放证明，过去生产力的解放和发展，改革和体制创新功不可没，今后要大力发展新质生产力，还必须继续全面深化改革和体制创新。

II. Deepening the Reform of the Relationship between the Government and the Market to Meet the Requirements of Vigorously Developing New Quality Productive Forces

二、适应大力发展新质生产力的要求，深化政府和市场关系的改革

To vigorously develop new quality productive forces and solidly promote high-quality development, we must first grasp the core issue of economic system reform and properly handle the relationship between the government and the market. The relationship between the government and the market is the core issue of China’s economic system reform. In past reforms, we properly handled this core issue, unleashing and developing productive forces. In the future, to vigorously develop new quality productive forces and solidly promote high-quality development, we need to further comprehensively deepen reform around this core issue.

大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展，首先要把握经济体制改革的核心问题，处理好政府和市场的关系。政府和市场的关系是我国经济体制改革的核心问题。在过去的改革中，我们妥善处理了这一核心问题，解放和发展了生产力，今后要大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展，还需要进一步围绕这一核心问题全面深化改革。

The key to handling the relationship between the government and the market is to adhere to the reform direction of the socialist market economy, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and better play the role of the government, and organically combine the two. The market economy is an economic form naturally formed in the long-term development process of human society. It is a summary of long-term human practical experience and a crystallization of human civilization. Its essential requirement is that the market decides resource allocation. The market deciding resource allocation is a general law of the market economy. The bourgeoisie once fully utilized this law, “creating more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together” during its “rule of barely one hundred years.” [7]7 This is a quotation from *The Communist Manifesto* (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Since reform and opening up, China’s economic and social development achievements have been remarkable and have attracted worldwide attention. There are many reasons for this, but one important reason is certainly the gradual shift from a planned economy to a socialist market economy through reform and opening up, giving play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation.

处理好政府与市场的关系，关键是要坚持社会主义市场经济的改革方向，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，并把二者有机地结合起来。市场经济是在人类社会长期发展进程中自然形成的经济形式，是人类长期实践经验的总结、人类文明的结晶，其本质要求就是市场决定资源配置。市场决定资源配置是市场经济的一般规律，资产阶级曾经充分地利用了这一规律，“在它的不到一百年的阶级统治中所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，还要大”。改革开放以来，我国经济社会发展成就斐然，举世瞩目，原因很多，但通过改革开放，逐步从计划经济转向社会主义市场经济，发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，肯定是重要原因之一。

The reason why the market playing a decisive role in resource allocation has such an effect is, theoretically, because market entities have autonomy in production and operation, possessing vitality and motivation, and the market mechanism has an automatic adjustment function. The market mechanism includes the price mechanism, the supply and demand mechanism, and the competition mechanism. The price mechanism is the most fundamental mechanism within the market mechanism. A rise in the price level both stimulates an increase in supply and suppresses demand; a fall in the price level both causes an increase in demand and a decrease in supply. Market prices are determined by value, while their fluctuations are influenced by supply and demand: when supply exceeds demand, prices fall; when demand exceeds supply, prices rise. To survive and develop, commodity producers inevitably engage in competition, striving to improve technology, enhance management, and increase efficiency. In this way, the combined effect of the price mechanism, the supply and demand mechanism, and the competition mechanism not only achieves the objective proportions of resource allocation but also promotes an increase in the efficiency of resource allocation.

由市场在配置资源中起决定性作用之所以有如此效果，从理论上说是因为市场主体拥有生产经营的自主权，具有活力和动力，市场机制具有自动调节作用。市场机制包括价格机制、供求机制和竞争机制。价格机制是市场机制中最基础的机制，价格水平上升，既刺激增加供给，又会抑制需求；价格水平下降，则既会引起需求增加，也会引起供给减少。市场价格是由价值决定的，其变动则受供求的影响，供大于求则价格下跌，供小于求则价格上升。为了求得生存和发展，商品生产者之间必然展开竞争，努力提高技术，改善管理，提高效率。这样一来，价格机制、供求机制和竞争机制共同作用一来，不仅实现了资源配置的客观比例，而且推动了资源配置效率的提高。

Affirming that the market deciding resource allocation is a general law of the market economy, and that the decisive role of the market in resource allocation must be fully utilized in the process of vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly promoting high-quality development, does not mean that the government can do without playing a better role. Both domestic and international practices show that although the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation, it cannot and should not play the entire role. To develop a socialist market economy, vigorously develop new quality productive forces, and solidly promote high-quality development, it is necessary to both give play to the decisive role of the market and better play the role of the government.

肯定市场决定资源配置是市场经济的一般规律，在大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展的过程中要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，并不是说可以不要政府更好地发挥作用。国内外实践都表明，虽然市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，但它不可能也不可以起全部作用。发展社会主义市场经济，大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展，既要发挥市场的决定性作用，也要更好发挥政府的作用。

Letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation while simultaneously better playing the role of the government is a conclusion drawn from starting from China’s national conditions and carefully summarizing practical experience. It is an affirmation and exertion of the advantages of China’s socialist system and socialist market economy. It needs to be particularly clear that, in China, the category of government is vastly different from the category of government in Western economic theory. In China, the Communist Party of China is the core leadership of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Party leadership is comprehensive leadership. Reform and opening up and modernization are all carried out under the leadership of the Party, and major lines, principles, and policies are formulated by the Party Central Committee. At the same time, all power belongs to the people. The National People’s Congress is the highest organ of state power, exercising the legislative power of the state and providing legal guarantees for the healthy development of the socialist market. The government, as the administrative organ of the state, although it must perform the functions of macroeconomic regulation and macro-governance, is the executive organ of the organ of state power. It implements the Party’s lines, principles, and policies under the leadership of the Party and within the framework of the Constitution and laws. It is precisely based on this system that, in the process of deepening reform and promoting the development of new quality productive forces through institutional innovation, better playing the role of the government first requires unswervingly adhering to and strengthening Party leadership. This is the advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and also the institutional advantage of the socialist market economy. Losing this advantage would make it difficult to develop the socialist market economy well and difficult to vigorously develop new quality productive forces and promote high-quality development through reform and institutional innovation.

使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，同时更好发挥政府作用，是从中国国情出发，认真总结实践经验得出的结论，是对我国社会主义制度和社会主义市场经济优势的肯定和发挥。需要特别明确的是，在我国，政府范畴与西方经济理论中的政府范畴有着极大的不同。在我国，中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，党的领导是全面领导，改革开放和现代化建设都是在党的领导下进行的，重大的路线方针政策都是党中央制定的。同时，一切权力属于人民，全国人民代表大会是最高权力机关，行使国家立法权，为社会主义市场的健康发展提供法律保障。而政府作为国家行政机关，虽然必须履行宏观调控和宏观治理的职能，但政府是权力机关的执行机关，是在党的领导下，在宪法和法律的范围内，贯彻执行党的路线方针政策。正是基于这样的制度，在深化改革、以体制创新促进新质生产力发展的过程中，更好发挥政府作用，首先是要坚定不移坚持加强党的领导，这是中国特色社会主义制度的优势，也是社会主义市场经济的体制优势。丢掉这种优势，就难以发展好社会主义市场经济，难以通过改革和制度创新来大力发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展。

To deepen reform around the relationship between the government and the market, innovate institutions, and vigorously promote the development of new quality productive forces, efforts should focus on the following main tasks.

围绕政府和市场关系深化改革，创新体制，大力推动新质生产力发展，要着力做好以下主要工作。

First, deepen economic system reform, and focus on unleashing the vitality of market entities and their initiative and creativity in production and operation. As market entities, whether public-owned enterprises or non-public-owned enterprises, whether state-owned enterprises or private enterprises, are all important components of the socialist market economy. In vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly advancing high-quality development, they are all a new force. All need to, in accordance with the requirements of establishing a modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics, strive to improve enterprise quality and competitiveness and innovation capacity, becoming market entities full of innovative vitality. We must adhere to the dominance of public ownership and the common development of multiple forms of ownership, improve and implement the institutional mechanisms of the "two unswervinglys" [1]1 The "two unswervinglys" (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party's policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy., support the state-owned economy and state-owned enterprises in becoming stronger, better, and larger, support the private economy and private enterprises in becoming larger, better, and stronger, and stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of all types of market entities. We must cultivate genuine entrepreneurs, ensure the legal person status of enterprises, so that they can play the role of a new force in vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly advancing high-quality development.

一是深化经济体制改革，着力发挥市场主体的活力和生产经营的积极性、创造性。作为市场主体，无论是公有制企业还是非公有制企业，无论是国有企业还是民营企业，都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，在大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展中都是生力军，都需要按照建立中国特色现代企业制度的要求，努力提高企业素质和竞争、创新能力，成为充满创新活力的市场主体。要坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制共同发展，完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，支持国有经济、国有企业做强做优做大，支持民营经济、民营企业做大做优做强，激发各类市场主体的内生动力和创新活力。要培养真正的企业家，确保企业的法人地位，使之在大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展中发挥生力军的作用。

Second, accelerate the improvement of basic market economic systems such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit. A sound basic market economic system is the fundamental institutional guarantee for vigorously developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development. We must strengthen the unification of basic market system rules, promote the improvement of a unified property rights protection system, implement a unified market access system, maintain a unified fair competition system, and improve a unified social credit system. Promote high-standard connectivity of market facilities, focusing on upgrading circulation networks, smoothing information exchange, and enriching platform functions, to strive to improve market operational efficiency. Promote fair and unified market supervision, taking enhancing the stability and predictability of supervision as a guarantee, to strive to improve regulatory effectiveness.

二是加快完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度。完善的市场经济基础制度是大力发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展的基础制度保证。要强化市场基础制度规则统一，推动完善统一的产权保护制度，实行统一的市场准入制度，维护统一的公平竞争制度，健全统一的社会信用制度。推进市场设施高标准联通，以升级流通网络、畅通信息交互、丰富平台功能为抓手，着力提高市场运行效率。推进市场监管公平统一，以增强监管的稳定性和可预期性为保障，着力提升监管效能。

Third, establish a high-standard market system, innovate the allocation methods of factors of production, and enable all types of advanced and high-quality factors of production to flow smoothly towards the vigorous development of new quality productive forces. Building a high-standard market system is an urgent requirement for developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development. We must create a unified market for factors and resources, promote the establishment and improvement of unified land and labor markets, capital markets, technology and data markets, energy markets, and ecological environment markets. Fully leverage the guiding, regulating, and guaranteeing role of the rule of law, accelerate the establishment of a unified national market system and rules, break local protection and market segmentation, clear the key blockages that constrain the economic cycle, promote the smooth flow of goods, factors, and resources within a larger scope, accelerate the construction of an efficient, standardized, fair competition, and fully open national unified large market, and comprehensively promote the transformation of China's market from large to strong.

三是建立高标准市场体系，创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向大力发展新质生产力顺畅流动。建设高标准市场体系是发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展的迫切要求。要打造统一的要素和资源市场，推动建立健全统一的土地和劳动力市场、资本市场、技术和数据市场、能源市场、生态环境市场。充分发挥法治的引领、规范、保障作用，加快建立全国统一的市场制度规则，打破地方保护和市场分割，打通制约经济循环的关键堵点，促进商品要素资源在更大范围内畅通流动，加快建设高效规范、公平竞争、充分开放的全国统一大市场，全面推动我国市场由大到强转变。

Fourth, strengthen and improve the Party's leadership, deepen the reform of Party and state institutions, and accelerate the transformation of government functions. The development of new quality productive forces inevitably requires changes in relations of production and corresponding changes in the superstructure. Engels said: "The reaction of state power on economic development can be of three kinds: it can run in the same direction, and then development is quicker; it can run in the opposite direction, and then, as is the case with every great nation today, it will after a certain period collapse; or it can block economic development along certain lines and prescribe other directions — this case ultimately reduces itself to one of the two previous ones. But it is clear that in the second and third cases political power can do great damage to economic development and cause a vast waste of manpower and materials." The establishment of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics has laid the fundamental institutional foundation for the first case described by Engels, that is, state power protecting, liberating, and developing productive forces, and promoting economic development. But socialism is a constantly developing system, and the superstructure also needs continuous reform according to the constantly developing requirements of productive forces.

四是加强和改善党的领导，深化党和国家机构改革，加快政府职能转变。新质生产力的发展必然要求生产关系的变革和与之相适应的上层建筑的变革。恩格斯说：“国家权力对于经济发展的反作用可以有三种：它可以沿着同一方向起作用，在这种情况下就会发展得比较快；它可以沿着相反方向起作用，在这种情况下，像现在每个大民族的情况那样，它经过一定的时期都要崩溃；或者是它可以阻止经济发展沿着某些方向走，而给它规定另外的方向——这种情况归根到底还是归结为前两种情况中的一种。但是很明显，在第二和第三种情况下，政治权力会给经济发展带来巨大的损害，并造成大量人力和物力的浪费。”中国特色社会主义制度的创立，为恩格斯说的第一种情况，即国家权力保护、解放和发展生产力，促进经济发展，奠定了根本的制度基础。但社会主义是不断发展的制度，上层建筑也需要根据生产力不断发展的要求而不断改革。

Strengthening Party leadership, deepening the reform of Party and state institutions, and transforming government functions are the fundamental guarantees for comprehensively deepening reform, institutional innovation, vigorously developing new quality productive forces, and promoting high-quality development. We must accelerate the implementation of various requirements and measures for deepening the reform of Party and state institutions, accelerate the construction of a systematic, complete, scientifically standardized, and efficiently operating functional system for Party and state institutions, ensure coordinated action and enhanced synergy among various institutions and departments under the unified leadership of the Party, comprehensively improve national governance capacity and governance level, and provide leadership and organizational guarantees for the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and for the government to better play its role. In accordance with the requirements of the development of the socialist market economy, we must respect economic laws and accelerate the transformation of government functions. The duties and roles of the government are mainly to maintain macroeconomic stability, strengthen and optimize public services, ensure fair competition, strengthen market supervision, maintain market order, promote sustainable development, and promote common prosperity. We must resolutely break the institutional and mechanistic obstacles that restrict the market from playing a decisive role in resource allocation and the government from better playing its role. Focusing on promoting high-quality development and building a modernized economic system, we must strengthen, improve, and optimize the functions of government institutions, comprehensively improve government efficiency, build a service-oriented government that satisfies the people, and create conditions and provide guarantees for the government to better play its role.

加强党的领导，深化党和国家机构改革，转变政府职能，是全面深化改革、制度创新，大力发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展的根本保证。要加快落实深化党和国家机构改革的各项要求和措施，加快构建系统完备、科学规范、运行高效的党和国家机构职能体系，在党的统一领导下各机构各部门协调行动、增强合力，全面提高国家治理能力和治理水平，为市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用提供领导保证和组织保证。要按照社会主义市场经济发展的要求，尊重经济规律，加快政府职能的转变。政府的职责和作用主要是保持宏观经济稳定，加强和优化公共服务，保障公平竞争，加强市场监管，维护市场秩序，推动可持续发展，促进共同富裕。要坚决破除制约市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用的体制机制弊端，围绕推动高质量发展，建设现代化经济体系，加强、完善和优化政府机构职能，全面提高政府效能，建设人民满意的服务型政府，为更好发挥政府作用创造条件、提供保证。

III. Comprehensively Deepen Reforms in Multiple Fields to Adapt to the Development Requirements of New Quality Productive Forces

三、适应新质生产力发展的要求全面深化多领域的改革

To adapt to the requirements of vigorously developing new quality productive forces, while carrying out economic system and political system reforms centered on the relationship between the government and the market, we must also comprehensively deepen reforms in other multiple fields.

适应大力发展新质生产力的要求，在围绕政府和市场关系进行经济体制和政治体制改革的同时，还要全面深化其他多领域的改革。

First, deepen reforms of the science and technology system, education system, and talent system, and clear the blockages and bottlenecks that constrain the development of new quality productive forces. Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Science and technology are the primary productive forces, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force. Through efforts, China's education system, science and technology system, and talent system reforms have achieved results, but relative to the requirements of developing new quality productive forces, further deepening of reforms is needed to provide institutional guarantees for vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly advancing high-quality development.

一是深化科技体制、教育体制、人才体制等改革，打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点。教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑，科技是第一生产力、人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力。经过努力，我国教育体制、科技体制、人才体制改革取得了成效，但相对发展新质生产力的要求，还要进一步深化改革，为大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展提供体制保证。

Deepening the reform of the education system must take talent cultivation as the fundamental task. Education is a major national and Party plan. What kind of people to cultivate, how to cultivate them, and for whom to cultivate them are the fundamental questions of education. We must cultivate socialist builders and successors who are well-developed morally, intellectually, physically, aesthetically, and labor-wise, and pay special attention to the organized cultivation of top-notch innovative talents. We must adhere to a people-centered approach to developing education, accelerate the construction of a high-quality education system, develop quality education, and promote educational equity. We must strengthen the construction of basic disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary disciplines, accelerate the construction of world-class universities and advantageous disciplines with Chinese characteristics, promote organized scientific and technological innovation, greatly enhance the innovation capacity of higher education talents, and greatly enhance the scientific and technological innovation capacity of higher education. We must deeply implement the national education digitalization strategic action, build and make good use of the world's largest education and teaching resource database, take education digitalization as an important breakthrough to open up new tracks for development and shape new advantages for development, provide strong support for education modernization and the construction of an education powerhouse, and provide talent support for vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly advancing high-quality development.

深化教育体制改革要以人才培养为根本任务。教育是国之大计、党之大计，培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人是教育的根本问题，要培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人，特别要注重有组织地培养拔尖创新人才。要坚持以人民为中心发展教育，加快建设高质量教育体系，发展素质教育，促进教育公平。要加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设，加快建设中国特色、世界一流的大学和优势学科，有组织推进科技创新，大大提高高等教育人才创新能力，大大提高高等教育科技创新能力。要深入实施国家教育数字化战略行动，建好用好世界第一大教育教学资源库，以教育数字化作为开辟发展新赛道和塑造发展新优势的重要突破口，为教育现代化和教育强国建设提供有力支撑，为大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展提供人才支撑。

Deepening the reform of the science and technology system must take innovation as its goal. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Scientific and technological innovation can spawn new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth, and is the core element in developing new quality productive forces. It is necessary to strengthen scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive innovation, accelerate the achievement of a high level of self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, fight the tough battle for key core technologies, so that original and disruptive scientific and technological innovations emerge in abundance, and cultivate new drivers for developing new quality productive forces.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, speech at the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee, January 31, 2024. Deepening the reform of the science and technology system must uphold innovation’s core position in the overall situation of China’s modernization, take the national strategic needs as the orientation, concentrate forces to carry out original and leading scientific and technological research, and resolutely win the tough battle for key core technologies. Accelerate the implementation of a number of national major science and technology projects with strategic, overall, and forward-looking significance, and enhance the capacity for independent innovation. Strengthen basic research, highlight originality, and encourage free exploration. Enhance the effectiveness of science and technology investment, deepen the reform of the mechanism for allocating and using fiscal science and technology funds, and stimulate innovation vitality. Improve the scientific and technological innovation system, perfect the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, [9]9 “New nationwide system for mobilizing resources” (新型举国体制): A system that combines the state’s capacity to concentrate resources on strategic goals with market mechanisms, updated from the planned-economy-era “nationwide system” for major projects. strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological forces, optimize the allocation of innovation resources, optimize the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading science and technology enterprises, strengthen the construction of the basic capacity of science and technology, strengthen strategic consultation on science and technology, and enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. Deepen the reform of science and technology evaluation, increase diversified investment in science and technology, strengthen the rule-of-law guarantee for intellectual property rights, and form a basic system that supports comprehensive innovation.

深化科技体制改革要以创新为目标。习近平指出：“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。必须加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，使原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果竞相涌现，培育发展新质生产力的新动能。”深化科技体制改革要坚持创新在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位，以国家战略需求为导向，集聚力量进行原创性引领性科技攻关，坚决打赢关键核心技术攻坚战。加快实施一批具有战略性全局性前瞻性的国家重大科技项目，增强自主创新能力。加强基础研究，突出原创，鼓励自由探索。提升科技投入效能，深化财政科技经费分配使用机制改革，激发创新活力。完善科技创新体系，健全新型举国体制，强化国家战略科技力量，优化配置创新资源，优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业定位和布局，加强科技基础能力建设，强化科技战略咨询，提升国家创新体系整体效能。深化科技评价改革，加大多元化科技投入，加强知识产权法治保障，形成支持全面创新的基础制度。

Deepening the reform of the talent system must take fully mobilizing and bringing into play the enthusiasm and creativity of talent as the focal point. Uphold respect for labor, respect for knowledge, respect for talent, and respect for creation, and implement a more proactive, more open, and more effective talent policy. Establish a broad view of talent, build a talent force that is large in scale, reasonable in structure, and excellent in quality, and create a good atmosphere in which everyone can become a capable person. Accelerate the construction of world-important talent centers and innovation hubs, promote the rational regional distribution and coordinated development of talent, and strive to form comparative advantages for talent in international competition. Accelerate the construction of a national strategic talent force, strive to cultivate and bring forth more masters, strategic scientists, first-class scientific and technological leaders and innovation teams, young scientific and technological talents, outstanding engineers, master craftsmen, and highly skilled talents. Strengthen international exchanges of talent, and make good use of and invigorate all kinds of talent. Deepen the reform of the talent development system and mechanism and the reform of the distribution system, truly cherish talent, carefully nurture talent, wholeheartedly attract talent, and meticulously use talent, be eager to seek talent, not be limited by one pattern, gather outstanding talents from all aspects into the cause of the Party and the people, fully mobilize and stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of all kinds of talent, so that they provide a strong basic support and strategic leading force for vigorously developing new quality productive forces and solidly promoting high-quality development.

深化人才体制改革要以充分调动和发挥人才积极性和创造性为着力点。坚持尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造，实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策。树立大人才观，建设规模宏大、结构合理、素质优良的人才队伍，创造人人都能成才的良好氛围。加快建设世界重要人才中心和创新高地，促进人才区域合理布局和协调发展，着力形成人才国际竞争的比较优势。加快建设国家战略人才力量，努力培养造就更多大师、战略科学家、一流科技领军人才和创新团队、青年科技人才、卓越工程师、大国工匠、高技能人才。加强人才国际交流，用好用活各类人才。深化人才发展体制机制改革和分配体制改革，真心爱才、悉心育才、倾心引才、精心用才，求贤若渴，不拘一格，把各方面优秀人才集聚到党和人民事业中来，充分调动和激发各类人才的积极性和创造性，使他们为大力发展新质生产力、扎实推进高质量发展，提供强有力的基础支撑和战略先导力量。

Second, deepen the reform of the system for transforming scientific and technological achievements, focus on the application of scientific and technological innovation achievements, and perfect the modern industrial system. The purpose of scientific and technological innovation is to transform it into real social productive forces, so as to promote high-quality economic and social development. And the important carrier of real social productive forces is the modern industrial system. The modern industrial system refers to the industrial structure system within the modern economic system. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed that to build a modern industrial system, it is necessary to “persist in focusing the focus of economic development on the real economy, promote new-type industrialization, and accelerate the construction of a manufacturing power, a quality power, an aerospace power, a transportation power, a network power, and a digital China.” [10]10 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. As far as scientific and technological development is concerned, although China still lags behind developed countries in some core technologies, in some fields it is already at the forefront of the world. China is a major patent country. Taking 2023 as an example, 921,000 invention patents were granted for the whole year, an increase of 15.3% over the previous year. The number of PCT patent applications accepted was 74,000. By the end of the year, there were 4.991 million valid invention patents, an increase of 18.5% over the end of the previous year. The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 population was 11.8. However, the proportion of patents that truly form real productive forces still needs to be further increased; deepening the reform of the system for transforming scientific and technological achievements is an important measure.

二是深化科技成果转化体制改革，着力科技创新成果应用，完善现代化产业体系。科技创新的目的是转化为现实的社会生产力，以推动经济社会高质量发展。而现实的社会生产力的重要载体就是现代化产业体系。现代化产业体系是指现代化经济体系中的产业结构体系。党的二十大报告提出，建设现代化产业体系，要“坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，推进新型工业化，加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国、数字中国”。就科技发展而言，尽管我国在某些核心技术方面与发达国家还有差距，但在有些领域已经居于世界前列。我国是专利大国，以2023年为例，全年授予发明专利权92.1万件，比上年增长15.3%。PCT专利申请受理量7.4万件。截至年末，有效发明专利499.1万件，比上年末增长18.5%。每万人口高价值发明专利拥有量11.8件。但真正形成现实生产力的专利比例还有待进一步提高，深化科技成果转化体制改革是重要措施。

The focal point of deepening the reform of the system for transforming scientific and technological achievements is to optimize the industrial chain with new scientific and technological innovation achievements, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, plan and build future industries, and perfect the modern industrial system. It is necessary to lay out the industrial chain around the development of new quality productive forces, enhance the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain, and ensure that the industrial system is autonomous, controllable, safe, and reliable. Centering on strategic tasks such as promoting new-type industrialization and accelerating the construction of a manufacturing power, a quality power, a network power, a digital China, and an agricultural power, scientifically lay out scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. Vigorously develop the digital economy, promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, and build digital industry clusters with international competitiveness. Give full play to the synergistic role of various production factors, focus on the synergy between scientific and technological innovation and human resources, further enhance the scientific and technological quality and level of human capital, improve the quality and efficiency of human resources, so as to promote faster development of scientific and technological innovation. Focus on the synergy between finance and scientific and technological innovation, so as to promote the improvement of China’s scientific and technological innovation capacity, and accelerate the emergence of disruptive and breakthrough scientific and technological innovation achievements. In the process of synergistically allocating and applying various production factors, especially high-end production factors such as scientific and technological innovation, modern finance, and human capital, we must closely focus on the fundamental of developing and strengthening the real economy, raise the development level of China’s real economy, and achieve high-quality economic development. To develop new quality productive forces, while cultivating and strengthening emerging industries and planning and building future industries, it is necessary to transform and upgrade traditional industries with new quality productive forces. China’s productive forces are unevenly developed; the coexistence of emerging industries and traditional industries is an objective national condition. We must use the achievements of developing new quality productive forces, use artificial intelligence, digital technology, etc., to transform traditional industries and raise the scientific and technological level of traditional industries. To deepen the reform of the system for transforming scientific and technological achievements, it is necessary to strengthen the deep integration of industry, academia, and research led by enterprises, strengthen goal orientation, and improve the rate of transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.

深化科技成果转化体制改革的着力点是以新的科技创新成果优化产业链，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系。要围绕发展新质生产力布局产业链，提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平，保证产业体系自主可控、安全可靠。围绕推进新型工业化和加快建设制造强国、质量强国、网络强国、数字中国和农业强国等战略任务，科学布局科技创新、产业创新。要大力发展数字经济，促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群。充分发挥各种生产要素的协同作用，着力科技创新与人力资源协同，进一步提升人力资本的科技素质和水平，提升人力资源质量和效益，以促进科技创新更快发展。着力金融与科技创新的协同，以促进我国科技创新能力提升，加快颠覆性、突破性科技创新成果的出现。在协同配置、应用各种生产要素，特别是科技创新、现代金融和人力资本等高端生产要素的过程中，一定要紧紧围绕发展壮大实体经济这个根本，提升我国实体经济发展水平，实现经济高质量发展。发展新质生产力，在培育壮大新兴产业、布局建设未来产业的同时，要以新质生产力改造提升传统产业。我国生产力发展不平衡，新兴产业与传统产业并存是客观存在的国情，要用发展新质生产力的成果，用人工智能、数字技术等改造传统产业，提升传统产业的科技水平。深化科技成果转化体制改革，要加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，强化目标导向，提高科技成果转化和产业化水平。

Third, reform and perfect the systems and mechanisms conducive to green development and high-quality development, and accelerate the green transformation of the development mode. New quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces. Firmly establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, [11]11 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山): A slogan coined by Xi Jinping in 2005, encapsulating the idea that ecological protection is compatible with economic development. and unswervingly follow the path of ecological priority and green development. Accelerate green scientific and technological innovation and the promotion and application of advanced green technologies, strengthen the green manufacturing industry, develop the green service industry, expand the green energy industry, develop green and low-carbon industries and supply chains, and build a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system. Continuously optimize economic policies that support green and low-carbon development, give play to the leading role of green finance, build efficient ecological green industry clusters, accelerate the green transformation of the development mode, and assist in achieving peak carbon and carbon neutrality.

三是改革、完善有利于绿色发展和高质量发展的体制机制，加快发展方式绿色转型。新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路。加快绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术推广应用，做强绿色制造业，发展绿色服务业，壮大绿色能源产业，发展绿色低碳产业和供应链，构建绿色低碳循环经济体系。持续优化支持绿色低碳发展的经济政策，发挥绿色金融的牵引作用，打造高效生态绿色产业集群，加快发展方式绿色转型，助力碳达峰碳中和。

Fourth, continue to expand opening up, build a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment, and shape new advantages for a higher-level open economy. Opening up is also reform; “opening up brings progress, while isolation inevitably leads to backwardness.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, speech at the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2018, April 10, 2018. Through decades of opening up, we have caught up with the times in big strides, creating a miracle of rapid economic growth and stable social development. In the future, vigorously developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development must also continue to expand opening up.

四是持续扩大开放，建设市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，塑造更高水平开放型经济新优势。开放也是改革，“开放带来进步，封闭必然落后”。通过过去几十年的开放，我们大踏步赶上了时代，创造了经济快速增长和社会稳定发展的奇迹，今后大力发展新质生产力、促进高质量发展也必须继续扩大开放。

First, further promote institutional opening up. In recent years, with changes in the international development environment, international economic and trade rules are undergoing profound adjustments. China’s opening up must also be adjusted and opened up in terms of rules, regulations, management, and standards, forming an opening-up institutional system that is aligned with high-standard international economic and trade rules, and improving the quality and level of the opening up of the modern market system. Further build a law-based, internationalized, and convenient business environment, establish management methods compatible with high-standard international investment and trade rules, form mechanisms for participating in international macroeconomic policy coordination, and promote the continuous improvement of the international economic governance structure. At the same time, promote the legalization of government behavior and the marketization of economic behavior, establish and perfect management mechanisms in which enterprises assume primary responsibility, the government exercises law-based supervision, and society participates extensively, and perfect the systems and mechanisms for effectively safeguarding national interests and security in the process of opening up.

首先，要进一步推进制度型开放。近年来，随着国际发展环境的变化，国际经贸规则正处于深刻调整之中。我国的对外开放也必须在规则、规制、管理、标准等方面加以调整和开放，形成与国际高标准经贸规则相接轨的对外开放制度体系，提高现代市场体系的开放质量和水平。进一步打造法治化国际化便利化营商环境，建立与国际高标准投资和贸易规则相适应的管理方式，形成参与国际宏观经济政策协调的机制，推动国际经济治理结构不断完善。同时，要推进政府行为法治化、经济行为市场化，建立健全企业履行主体责任、政府依法监管和社会广泛参与的管理机制，健全对外开放中有效维护国家利益和安全的体制机制。

Second, adapting to the development trends of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, accelerate the formation of new advantages in international cooperation and competition. Accelerate the digitalization process of service trade, build a national comprehensive demonstration zone for the expanded opening up of the service industry, and explore new models and new pathways for expanding the opening up of the service industry. Guided by innovation-driven orientation and centered on quality and efficiency, accelerate the cultivation of industrial and locational competitive advantages, continuously enhance innovation capacity, comprehensively elevate the position in the global industrial chain, and promote industrial transformation and upgrading.

其次，适应数字化、网络化、智能化发展趋势，加快形成国际合作竞争新优势。加快服务贸易数字化进程，建设国家服务业扩大开放综合示范区，探索服务业扩大开放的新模式、新路径。以创新驱动为导向，以质量效益为核心，加速培育产业、区位竞争优势，不断增强创新能力，全面提升在全球产业链中的地位，促进产业转型升级。

Third, further improve the policy guarantee mechanism for opening up. Further improve the legal, policy, and service systems for outbound investment, promote fair competition between domestic and foreign-funded enterprises, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign-funded enterprises in accordance with the law. While further expanding the openness of the market system, coordinate development and security, and focus on improving the regulatory and risk prevention and control capabilities of opening up.

再次，进一步完善对外开放的政策保障机制。进一步完善境外投资的法律、政策和服务体系，促进内外资企业公平竞争，依法保护外资企业合法权益。在进一步扩大市场体系开放性的同时，统筹发展和安全，着力提高开放的监管和风险防控能力。

Finally, establish a new mechanism for resource allocation that is compatible with the requirements of the socialist market economy. Promote the orderly and free flow of international and domestic factors, the efficient global allocation of resources, and the deep integration of international and domestic markets. Accelerate the reform of institutional mechanisms in key areas of the open economy, such as investment, trade, finance, and innovation, and establish a fair, open, competitive, and orderly modern market system.

最后，建立与社会主义市场经济要求相适应的资源配置新机制。促进国际国内要素有序自由流动、资源全球高效配置、国际国内市场深度融合，加快推进投资、贸易、金融、创新等开放型经济重点领域的体制机制改革，建立公平开放、竞争有序的现代市场体系。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心