Chinese Communists Are the Most Faithful Defenders, Inheritors and Innovators of Leninism

Lenin led the Russian people to victory in the October Revolution, established the world’s first socialist state, and in the great practice of Soviet socialist construction upheld, inherited and developed Marxism, founding great Leninism, thereby providing the precious spiritual wealth and sharp ideological weapon of Marxism-Leninism for the working class, oppressed nations and working people of the whole world. Chinese Communists accepted Marxism first under the influence of the October Socialist Revolution, and, educated by Leninism, accepted Marxism completely and thoroughly. The Communist Party of China has consistently and unswervingly regarded Marxism-Leninism as an indivisible and complete theoretical system and taken it as its own theoretical foundation and guiding ideology. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the successful continuation of the October Socialist Revolution and Soviet socialist construction, and the victorious practice of Marxism-Leninism in China. The Communist Party of China upholds, inherits and develops Marxism-Leninism, continuously advances adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and pushes Marxism-Leninism to a new stage.

列宁带领俄国人民取得十月革命的胜利，建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家，并在苏维埃社会主义建设的伟大实践中坚持、继承和发展了马克思主义，创立了伟大的列宁主义，为全世界工人阶级、被压迫民族和劳动人民提供了马克思列宁主义的宝贵精神财富和锐利思想武器。中国共产党人接受马克思主义首先是受十月社会主义革命影响，受到列宁主义教育而完全彻底地接受了马克思主义。中国共产党始终如一地把马克思列宁主义视为不可分割的完整的理论体系并将之作为自己的理论基础和指导思想。中国特色社会主义是十月社会主义革命和苏联社会主义建设的成功继续，是马克思列宁主义在中国的胜利实践。中国共产党坚持、继承和发展马克思列宁主义，不断推进马克思主义中国化时代化，把马克思列宁主义推向一个新的阶段。

2024 marks the 100th anniversary of the death of Lenin, the great teacher and spiritual leader of the proletarian revolution. The best way to commemorate Lenin is to inherit his great thought, to advance courageously along the correct path he opened up, and to continue his unfinished cause! Lenin led the Russian people to victory in the October Revolution, established the world’s first socialist state, enabled the seeds of scientific socialism to take root, sprout, blossom and bear fruit in Russia, and in the great practice of Soviet socialist construction upheld, inherited and developed Marxism, founding great Leninism, thereby providing the precious spiritual wealth and sharp ideological weapon of Marxism-Leninism for the working class, oppressed nations and working people of the whole world. Under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and under the direct influence of the October Socialist Revolution and construction, Chinese Communists led the Chinese people to successfully achieve national independence and people’s liberation, smoothly complete the New Democratic Revolution and the socialist revolution, establish the socialist system, and embark on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. As faithful defenders, inheritors and innovators of Marxism-Leninism, Chinese Communists firmly uphold Marxism, successfully inherit Leninism, creatively advance the great practice of China’s New Democratic Revolution, socialist revolution, socialist construction, reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, bravely hold high the banner of Marxism-Leninism and socialism, and continuously inject vitality and dynamism into the vigorous development of the international communist movement and the flourishing and innovation of Marxism-Leninism.

2024年是无产阶级革命伟大导师和精神领袖列宁辞世100周年。纪念列宁最好的方式就是传承他的伟大思想，沿着他所开辟的正确道路奋勇前行，接续推进他未竟的事业！列宁带领俄国人民取得十月革命的胜利，建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家，让科学社会主义的种子在俄国生根发芽、开花结果，并在苏维埃社会主义建设的伟大实践中，坚持、继承和发展了马克思主义，创立了伟大的列宁主义，为全世界工人阶级、被压迫民族和劳动人民提供了马克思列宁主义的宝贵精神财富和锐利思想武器。中国共产党人在马克思列宁主义的指导下，在十月社会主义革命和建设的直接影响下，带领中国人民成功实现了民族独立、人民解放，顺利完成了新民主主义革命和社会主义革命，建立了社会主义制度，走上了中国特色社会主义道路。作为马克思列宁主义的忠实捍卫者、传承者和创新者，中国共产党人坚定地坚持马克思主义，成功地继承了列宁主义，创造性地推进中国新民主主义革命、社会主义革命、社会主义建设、改革开放与社会主义现代化建设和中国特色社会主义新时代的伟大实践，勇敢地扛起马克思列宁主义和社会主义大旗，不断为国际共产主义运动的蓬勃发展和马克思列宁主义的繁荣创新注入生机和活力。

I. Leninism Is the Second Stage of the Development of Marxism

一、列宁主义是马克思主义发展的第二阶段

Stalin, in evaluating Lenin, pointed out: “Lenin’s greatness lies precisely in the fact that he was not a captive of the letter of Marxism, but was able to grasp the essence of Marxism and, proceeding from this essence, to develop the teachings of Marx and Engels further.” Lenin accurately judged and grasped the essence and characteristics of the era, combined them with the actual conditions of Russia’s national conditions and the characteristics of proletarian revolution and socialist construction, creatively applied and developed Marxism, and pushed Marxism forward to its second stage, namely the stage of Leninism. Lenin was the great leader of the working class, and made immortal contributions to the liberation and happiness of the peoples of the Soviet Union, to the international communist movement and human progress, and to the innovative development of Marxism.

斯大林在评价列宁时指出：“列宁的伟大，正在于他没有做马克思主义字句的俘虏，而善于抓住马克思主义的实质，并从这个实质出发，向前发展了马克思和恩格斯的学说。”列宁准确判断和把握时代本质和特征，结合俄国国情和无产阶级革命、社会主义建设实际的特点，创造性地运用和发展了马克思主义，把马克思主义推进到了第二阶段，即列宁主义阶段。列宁是工人阶级的伟大领袖，为苏联各族人民的解放和幸福，为国际共产主义和人类进步，为马克思主义的创新发展，作出了不朽的贡献。

In practice, Lenin led the Russian October Socialist Revolution, established the first socialist state in human history, and inaugurated a new epoch in human history; he upheld the guiding ideology of Marxism, and in accordance with Marxist principles of Party building, created a unified Russian proletarian party—the Bolsheviks—established the leading position of the proletarian party in socialist revolution and construction, and attached importance to and strengthened Party building; he upheld the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, forged the first people’s army—the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army—and created a military that truly represented the interests of the people in the world; in accordance with Marxist state theory and the theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, he completely smashed the old state machine of Tsarist Russia and established the first new-type state machine of the dictatorship of the proletariat; he implemented the New Economic Policy, led the practice of Soviet socialist construction, and opened up a new realm for building socialism in backward countries.

在实践上，列宁领导了俄国十月社会主义革命，建立了人类历史上第一个社会主义国家，开创了人类历史的新纪元；坚持了马克思主义的指导思想，按照马克思主义建党原理，创造了统一的俄国无产阶级政党——布尔什维克，确立了无产阶级政党在社会主义革命和建设中的领导地位，重视和加强党的建设；坚持党对军队的绝对领导，缔造了第一支人民的军队——工农红军，创立了世界上真正代表人民利益的军队；依照马克思主义的国家学说和无产阶级专政理论，彻底打碎了沙皇俄国旧的国家机器，建立了第一个新型的无产阶级专政的国家机器；实行新经济政策，领导了苏联社会主义建设实践，开创了落后国家建设社会主义的新境界。

In theory, Lenin made outstanding contributions to the development of Marxism.

在理论上，列宁对马克思主义的发展作出了卓越贡献。

1. He founded the Marxist theory concerning the essential characteristics of the era, imperialism and proletarian revolution.

1.创立了马克思主义关于时代本质特征、帝国主义和无产阶级革命的理论

Applying the Marxist stand, viewpoint and method, Lenin keenly perceived that by the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, global capitalism had entered the stage of monopoly capitalism, i.e., imperialism. He revealed the basic characteristics of imperialism—monopoly, parasitism and moribund capitalism—pointed out that monopoly capitalism is the highest stage of capitalist development, discovered the law of uneven economic and political development among the imperialist countries of the world, recognized that the contradictions between imperialist countries, between socialism and capitalism, between capitalist countries and colonial peoples, and between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat had become sharper, and made the major judgment that imperialism means war, that war inevitably leads to socialist revolution, and that socialism can stop war and win peace.

列宁运用马克思主义立场、观点、方法，敏锐地洞察到19世纪末20世纪初全球资本主义已进入垄断资本主义，即帝国主义阶段。他揭示了帝国主义的基本特征即垄断、寄生和腐朽、垂死的资本主义，指出了垄断资本主义是资本主义发展的最高阶段，发现了世界帝国主义各国经济政治发展的不平衡规律，认识到帝国主义国家之间、社会主义和资本主义之间、资本主义各国与殖民地人民之间、资产阶级与无产阶级之间的矛盾更加尖锐，作出了帝国主义就是战争，战争必然引起社会主义革命，社会主义可以制止战争、赢得和平的重大论断。

Marx and Engels, based on the state of development of free competition capitalism, believed that socialist revolution would break out and achieve victory simultaneously in several advanced capitalist countries. Lenin discovered the law of uneven economic and political development of monopoly capitalism, pointed out that the imperialist system necessarily has weak links, and that Russia’s domestic and international conditions at the time made it a weak link in the chain of imperialist rule, thereby providing the Russian proletariat with an opportunity to break through the imperialist front and win victory in the proletarian revolution. Lenin’s scientific judgments on the essence, characteristics and laws of development of the era, and on imperialism and monopoly capitalism, and his theory that socialism could first achieve victory in one or several countries, fundamentally resolved the theoretical and practical problems of the proletariat’s revolutionary struggle in the imperialist stage, and provided the theoretical basis and practical guide for the October Socialist Revolution, for the world proletarian revolution, and also for the Chinese revolution.

马克思恩格斯基于自由竞争资本主义发展的现状，认为社会主义革命将在几个发达的资本主义国家同时爆发并取得胜利。列宁发现了垄断资本主义经济政治发展不平衡的规律，指出帝国主义体系必然存在薄弱环节，俄国当时的国内外条件使其成为帝国主义统治链条上的薄弱环节，这就为俄国无产阶级提供了突破帝国主义战线、赢得无产阶级革命胜利的机会。列宁关于时代本质、特征和发展规律以及关于帝国主义和垄断资本主义的科学判断，关于社会主义可能在一国或多国首先取得胜利的理论，从根本上解决了帝国主义阶段无产阶级进行革命斗争的理论和实践问题，为十月社会主义革命、为全世界无产阶级革命、也为中国革命提供了理论依据和实践指南。

Lenin put forward the theory that the colonial national liberation movement is part of the world proletarian revolution. Lenin keenly recognized that imperialism had expanded the national question into a national-colonial question, developed the Marxist theory of the national question into a theory of colonial national liberation movements, and made it a component of scientific socialism. He believed that in the imperialist stage, the national question exhibited new characteristics and entered a special era of global colonization. That is to say, all colonial nations were exploited and oppressed by the imperialist countries, and the world had been divided into oppressor nations and oppressed nations. Based on Marxist national theory and combined with the characteristics of the imperialist era, Lenin believed that “the revolutionary struggle for socialism must be linked with the revolutionary program on the national question.” He elaborated on the strategy of the proletarian struggle in colonial countries, pointed out the prospects and realization process of the national liberation movement in colonial countries, and put forward the theory that colonial countries could directly transition to socialism without passing through the capitalist path. These ideas of Lenin guided the national liberation movements in colonial countries led by the proletariat, directly guided the Chinese revolution, and also constituted a major contribution to the Marxist theory of national liberation, upholding and developing the theory of scientific socialism.

列宁提出了殖民地民族解放运动是世界无产阶级革命的一部分的理论。列宁敏锐地认识到帝国主义把民族问题扩大为民族殖民地问题，把马克思主义关于民族问题的理论发展为殖民地民族解放运动理论，并将其作为科学社会主义的一个组成部分。他认为，在帝国主义阶段，民族问题出现了新的特点，进入了一个全世界殖民的特殊时代。也就是说，所有殖民地民族都受到帝国主义国家的剥削与压迫，世界已经被分为压迫民族和被压迫民族。基于马克思主义民族理论，结合帝国主义时代特征，列宁认为，“应当把争取社会主义的革命斗争同民族问题的革命纲领联系起来”。他阐述了殖民地国家无产阶级斗争的策略，指出殖民地国家民族解放运动的前途和实现过程，提出殖民地国家可以不经过资本主义道路而直接过渡到社会主义的理论。列宁的这些思想，指导了无产阶级领导殖民地国家的民族解放运动，直接指导了中国革命，也是对马克思主义关于民族解放问题的重大贡献，坚持和发展了科学社会主义理论。

2. He enriched the Marxist theory of the state, the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialist democracy.

2.丰富了马克思主义关于国家、无产阶级专政和社会主义民主的理论

Lenin upheld and developed the Marxist views on the origin, essence, functions and main components of the state; on the necessity of thoroughly smashing the old state machine and establishing a new proletarian state machine after the proletariat seizes state power from the bourgeoisie; on the implementation of the political rule of the proletariat; and on the view that the dictatorship of the proletariat is the inevitable result of the proletariat’s struggle against the bourgeoisie and that the implementation of the dictatorship of the proletariat will inevitably create a new type of socialist democracy. In doing so, he inherited and developed the Marxist doctrine on the dictatorship of the proletariat and the new type of socialist democracy.

列宁坚持和发展了马克思主义关于国家起源、本质、职能和主要构成的观点，关于无产阶级夺取资产阶级国家政权后必须彻底打碎旧的国家机器、建立新的无产阶级国家机器的观点，关于实行无产阶级政治统治的观点，关于无产阶级专政是无产阶级反对资产阶级的必然结果、实行无产阶级专政必然创造新型的社会主义民主的观点，继承和发展了马克思主义关于无产阶级专政和社会主义新型民主的学说。

Lenin comprehensively expounded the inevitability of establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat. He stressed that the dictatorship of a single class is “necessary not only for class society in general, not only for the proletariat which has overthrown the bourgeoisie, but also for the entire historical period between capitalism and ‘classless society’, i.e., communism — only he who has understood this can be said to have grasped the essence of Marx’s doctrine of the state.” He further discussed the essence and tasks of the dictatorship of the proletariat. He pointed out that Marxism holds that the dictatorship of the proletariat lies not only in violence, and mainly not in violence; it is a new type of dictatorship that is more democratic than the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, exercising dictatorship over the bourgeoisie and democracy over the proletariat and the broad masses of the people. Precisely for this reason, the task of the dictatorship of the proletariat is to transform the old relations of production that oppress the proletariat and the broad masses of the people, to establish new socialist relations of production, and to establish a new type of socialist people’s democracy.

列宁全面阐述了建立无产阶级专政具有必然性。他强调，一个阶级的专政“不仅对一般阶级社会是必要的，不仅对推翻了资产阶级的无产阶级是必要的，而且对介于资本主义和‘无阶级社会’即共产主义之间的整整一个历史时期都是必要的，——只有懂得这一点的人，才算掌握了马克思国家学说的实质”，并进一步论述了无产阶级专政的实质和任务。他指出，马克思主义认为无产阶级专政不仅在于暴力,而且主要不在于暴力，是比资产阶级专政更加民主的新型专政，对资产阶级实行专政、对无产者和广大人民实行民主。正因为如此，无产阶级专政的任务是改造旧的、压迫无产者和广大人民群众的生产关系，建立新型的社会主义生产关系，建立新型的社会主义人民民主。

Lenin also stressed that the proletariat and its vanguard, the Communist Party, are the leading force of the dictatorship of the proletariat. On the question of leadership of the dictatorship of the proletariat, Lenin pointed out that only the Communist Party can realize this dictatorship; the Communist Party is the supreme leading force of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which is determined by the essence of the Communist Party. Because “only this vanguard can resist the petty-bourgeois vacillations that are inevitable among these masses, resist the recurrence of the inevitable narrow trade-unionist traditions and habits among the proletariat, and lead all the united actions of the entire proletariat, that is, lead the proletariat politically, and through the proletariat lead all the working masses. Without this, the dictatorship of the proletariat cannot be realized.” Lenin provided a detailed exposition of the essence, form, content, tasks, and leadership of the dictatorship of the proletariat, greatly developing the Marxist doctrine on the dictatorship of the proletariat.

列宁还强调，无产阶级及其先锋队共产党是无产阶级专政的领导力量。关于无产阶级专政的领导问题，列宁指出，只有共产党才能实现这种专政，共产党是无产阶级专政的最高领导力量，这是由共产党的本质决定的。因为，“只有这个先锋队才能抵制这些群众中不可避免的小资产阶级动摇性，抵制无产阶级中不可避免的种种行业狭隘性或行业偏见的传统和恶习的复发，并领导全体无产阶级的一切联合行动，也就是说在政治上领导无产阶级，并且通过无产阶级领导全体劳动群众。不这样，便不能实现无产阶级专政”。列宁对无产阶级专政的实质、形式、内容、任务、领导等问题进行了详细的论述，极大地发展了马克思主义无产阶级专政学说。

At the same time, Lenin was the first to establish in theory and practice the state apparatus of the dictatorship of the proletariat — the people’s army — affirming the leadership of the Communist Party over the people’s army, making the people’s army a powerful tool for safeguarding the interests of workers and peasants, resisting bourgeois oppression, and consolidating the proletarian regime, thereby developing and perfecting the Marxist views on army building and the theory of the state.

同时，列宁第一次在理论和实践上确立了无产阶级专政的国家机器——人民军队，肯定共产党对人民军队的领导，使人民军队成为维护工人和农民利益、反抗资产阶级压迫、巩固无产阶级政权的强有力工具，发展和完善了马克思主义军队建设观点和国家学说。

3. Innovated the Marxist doctrine on Party building

3.创新了马克思主义政党建设学说

Lenin, combining domestic and international realities, deeply pondered the question of what kind of Party to build and how to build it, systematically expounded the ideological foundation, source of strength, and organizational principles of the proletarian Party, formed a series of theoretical achievements on building a new type of proletarian Party, and in practice upheld, enriched and developed the Marxist doctrine on Party building, giving rise to the Leninist theory of Party building.

列宁结合国内外的实际情况深入地思考建设什么样的党、怎样建设党的问题，系统阐释了无产阶级党的思想基础、力量源泉、组织原则，形成了关于新型无产阶级政党建设的一系列理论成果，在实践中坚持、丰富和发展马克思主义政党建设学说，形成了列宁主义党建理论。

Lenin believed that the proletarian Party must prioritize the Party’s ideological building, take Marxism as its guide, firmly uphold communist ideals and convictions, always serve as the vanguard of the proletariat, and always act as the leading force of the proletarian revolution and the socialist state. He stressed that “only a party guided by an advanced theory can fulfill the role of an advanced fighter.” He advocated that upholding Marxism must be combined with the specific national conditions of one’s own country, emphasizing that “for the Russian Social Democrats, it is especially necessary to independently explore Marx’s theory, because it provides only general guiding principles, and the application of these principles will differ concretely in Britain from France, in France from Germany, and in Germany from Russia.”

列宁认为，无产阶级政党要把党的思想建设放在首位，以马克思主义为指导，坚定共产主义理想信念，始终作为无产阶级的先锋队，始终作为无产阶级革命和社会主义国家的领导力量。他强调，“只有以先进理论为指南的党，才能实现先进战士的作用”。他主张坚持马克思主义要结合本国国情，强调“对于俄国社会党人来说，尤其需要独立地探讨马克思的理论，因为它所提供的只是总的指导原理，而这些原理的应用具体地说，在英国不同于法国，在法国不同于德国，在德国又不同于俄国”。

Lenin stressed the paramount importance of the leadership of the proletarian Party in the process of revolution and construction, clarified that the proletarian Party is the leading force of the Soviet regime, and innovatively demonstrated that the Communist Party must firmly grasp leadership whether during the revolutionary period or in the process of socialist construction. He pointed out: “Only the advanced section of the working class, only the vanguard of the working class, can lead its own country.” Lenin clearly stated that the proletarian Party must be adept at maintaining and strengthening close ties with the masses in order to become a strong and invincible Party. He believed that “the working masses support us. That is where our strength lies. That is the source of the invincibility of the world communist movement. To bring more new workers from the masses into the Party and enable them to independently participate in building a new life — that is our means of overcoming all difficulties, that is our path to victory.”

列宁强调无产阶级政党领导权在革命和建设过程中的至关重要性，阐明无产阶级政党是苏维埃政权的领导力量，开创性地表明共产党无论在革命时期还是在社会主义建设的过程中，都要牢牢地掌握领导权。他指出：“只有工人阶级的先进部分，只有工人阶级的先锋队，才能领导自己的国家。”列宁明确指出，无产阶级政党要善于保持和加强与群众的密切联系，才能成为强有力的政党，成为不可战胜的政党。他认为，“劳动群众拥护我们。我们的力量就在这里。全世界共产主义运动不可战胜的根源就在这里。多吸收群众中新的工作者入党，使他们独立参加建设新生活的工作，这就是我们克服一切困难的手段，这就是我们走向胜利的道路”。

Lenin clearly pointed out the fundamental organizational principle of the proletarian Party — democratic centralism — stressing the need to build the proletarian Party into a new type of Party with discipline, organization, and authority. Lenin made democratic centralism the organizational principle of the Russian Communist Party, and at the Fourth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, which he convened in 1906, democratic centralism was written into the Party Constitution. When drafting the “Conditions for Admission to the Communist International,” he extended the principle of democratic centralism to the Communist International, stipulating that “parties joining the Communist International should be built on the principle of democratic centralism

列宁明确指出了无产阶级政党的根本组织原则——民主集中制，强调把无产阶级政党建设成为有纪律、有组织、有权威的新型政党。列宁把民主集中制作为俄国共产党的组织原则，并在1906年他主持召开的俄国社会民主工党第四次代表大会上把民主集中制写入党章。他在起草《加入共产国际的条件》时，把民主集中制的原则又推广到共产国际中，规定“加入共产国际的党，应该是按照民主集中制的原则建立起来的”。习近平总书记也指出：“列宁认为，党应该具有严密的组织、统一的意志和行动，只有按照集中制原则建立起来的党才是一个‘真正钢铁般的组织’。”

4. It Put Forward the Theory of the New Economic Policy and Socialist Construction

4.提出了新经济政策和社会主义建设的理论

Based on the realities of socialist construction in Russia, Lenin put forward the theory of the New Economic Policy and socialist construction. This was his major theoretical contribution to Marxism and to scientific socialism. The New Economic Policy was a policy adjustment Lenin made in light of the international situation facing the Soviet regime and the social realities of the time. It was an economic policy reform that had to be carried out for the sake of post-war economic development. It was the product of the combination of his theory of socialist construction with reality, and it was also the theory and practice of his transition from seizing power through the October Revolution to socialist construction.

根据俄国社会主义建设的实际，列宁提出了新经济政策和社会主义建设的理论，这是他对马克思主义、对科学社会主义的重大理论贡献。新经济政策是列宁基于苏维埃政权面临的国际形势和当时的社会现实而进行的政策调整，是为了战后经济的发展而不得不进行的经济政策改革，是他关于社会主义建设理论与现实结合的产物，也是他由十月革命夺取政权过渡到社会主义建设的理论与实践。

Lenin pointed out, "We are breaking with all the old ways and beginning to build a new economy in an entirely new way. If we had not begun to build a new economy, we would have been crushed in the first few months or years," and "Now we have set foot on the path of practical work, and we must move toward socialism." The New Economic Policy began in 1921. Its main contents included replacing the surplus grain appropriation system with a tax in kind, allowing peasants to dispose of surplus grain after paying the tax; halting the nationalization of industrial enterprises and permitting the development of private enterprises; vigorously developing commerce and making full use of the market and commodity-money relations to promote the circulation of industrial and agricultural goods; strengthening economic cooperation and exchanges with capitalist countries, the main form of which was the concession system; and so on. After the implementation of the New Economic Policy, the domestic economy of Soviet Russia was rapidly restored and developed. The New Economic Policy embodied Lenin's high degree of unity between adherence to socialist ideals and reality, and between Marxist principles and tactical flexibility, making a useful exploration for the successful construction of socialism in economically backward countries.

列宁指出，“我们不顾一切旧事物，完全按照新的方式开始建设新经济。如果我们不开始建设新经济，那我们在头几个月或头几年就被打垮了”，“目前我们踏上了实干的道路，我们必须走向社会主义”。新经济政策始于1921年，主要内容是用粮食税代替余粮征集制，使农民有权支配纳税后的余粮；工业企业停止推行国有化，允许发展私人经营企业；大力发展商业，充分利用市场和商品货币关系，促进工农业商品的流通；加强与资本主义国家的经济合作与交往，同资本主义交往的最主要形式是实行租让制；等等。新经济政策实施后，苏维埃俄国的国内经济得到迅速的恢复与发展。新经济政策体现了列宁坚持社会主义理想与现实、马克思主义原则性与策略灵活性的高度统一，为经济落后国家成功地进行社会主义建设作出有益探索。

On the basis of summing up the experience of the New Economic Policy, Lenin put forward a conception of building socialism. In agriculture, Lenin held that the nature of cooperatives depends on which class holds state power and the basic means of production, and proposed transforming agriculture according to socialist principles. In industry, he pointed out that the economic base for building socialism should be developed through industrialization and electrification. In politics, he advocated strengthening the building of state power and the ruling party, so that the Party becomes a genuine vanguard of the working class. In culture, he emphasized carrying out cultural construction and a cultural revolution, stating that “once this cultural revolution is accomplished, our country will become a fully socialist country.” [1]1 V. I. Lenin, “On Cooperation,” *Collected Works*, vol. 33, p. 475. Lenin’s conception of building socialism reflects his deepening understanding of socialism, embodies his effort to consider what kind of socialism to build and how to build it, proceeding from the actual conditions of Russia’s economic and cultural backwardness, and adheres to the integration of the fundamental principles of Marxism with the concrete realities of socialist construction.

列宁在总结新经济政策经验的基础上提出了建设社会主义的构想。在农业方面，列宁认为合作社的性质取决于政权和基本生产资料掌握在哪个阶级手里，提出用社会主义原则改造农业；在工业方面，他指出通过实现工业化和电气化来发展建设社会主义的经济基础；在政治方面，他主张加强国家政权建设和执政党建设，使党成为名副其实的工人阶级先锋队；在文化方面，他强调开展文化建设和文化革命，提出“只要实现了这个文化革命，我们的国家就能成为完全社会主义的国家了”。列宁关于建设社会主义的构想反映了他对社会主义认识的深化，体现了他努力从俄国经济文化落后的国情出发来考虑建设什么样的社会主义、怎样建设社会主义的问题，坚持了马克思主义基本原理与社会主义建设具体实际相结合。

5. Developed Marxist Philosophical Theory

5.发展了马克思主义哲学理论

The key reason Lenin was able to become a great leader of the proletariat, successfully found the first socialist state, and lead socialist construction lies in his consistent application of the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method to understand and resolve practical problems, thereby innovating and developing Marxist philosophy, forming Lenin’s philosophical thought, and opening up a new realm of Marxist philosophy.

列宁之所以能够成为无产阶级的伟大领袖，成功缔造第一个社会主义国家，并领导社会主义建设，关键在于始终坚持运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法来认识和解决实践问题，创新和发展了马克思主义哲学，形成了列宁哲学思想，开辟了马克思主义哲学新境界。

Lenin affirmed and emphasized the guiding role of Marxist philosophy. He pointed out that “Marx’s philosophy is a complete philosophical materialism, which has given humanity, especially the working class, a great instrument of cognition.” [2]2 V. I. Lenin, “Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism,” *Collected Works*, vol. 19, p. 23.

列宁肯定并重视马克思主义哲学的指导作用。他指出，“马克思的哲学是完备的哲学唯物主义，它把伟大的认识工具给了人类，特别是给了工人阶级”。

On the one hand, Lenin enriched and developed the fundamental principles of dialectical materialism. He summarized the principle of the two basic lines in philosophy, pointing out: “From things to sensations and thoughts, or from thoughts and sensations to things? Engels adhered to the first line, the line of materialism.” [3]3 V. I. Lenin, *Materialism and Empirio-criticism*, *Collected Works*, vol. 14, p. 127. He distinguished matter from its specific forms, proposed a scientific definition of matter from a philosophical height, and revealed the objective reality of matter, namely that “matter is a philosophical category denoting objective reality, which is perceived by humans through sensation, exists independently of our sensation, and is copied, photographed, and reflected by our sensation.” [4]4 Ibid., p. 130. He elucidated the principle of the inseparability of matter and motion, upholding the fundamental principle of the primacy of matter in Marxist materialism. He comprehensively expounded two fundamentally opposing views of development, clearly stating that the law of the unity of opposites is the core of dialectics. He emphasized the objective reality and knowability of the object of cognition, elucidated the dialectics of cognition, distinguished materialism from idealism in epistemology, upheld the materialist theory of reflection, and pointed out that “subjectivism and subjective blindness are the epistemological roots of idealism.” [5]5 V. I. Lenin, “On the Question of Dialectics,” *Collected Works*, vol. 38, p. 359. He stressed the important position of the viewpoint of practice in epistemology, pointing out that “the viewpoint of life, of practice, should be the primary and basic viewpoint of epistemology,” [6]6 V. I. Lenin, *Materialism and Empirio-criticism*, *Collected Works*, vol. 14, p. 142. took practice as the criterion for testing truth, and pointed out the unity of theory and practice. He opposed the separation of materialism and dialectics, pointing out that dialectics is also Marxist epistemology. He upheld the objectivity of truth, elucidated the dialectical relationship between absolute truth and relative truth, recognized that absolute truth and relative truth can transform into each other under specific conditions, and pointed out that “human thought, by its very nature, is capable of giving and does give us absolute truth, which is composed of the sum total of relative truths.” [7]7 V. I. Lenin, *Materialism and Empirio-criticism*, *Collected Works*, vol. 14, p. 135. He elucidated that concrete analysis of concrete conditions is the soul of Marxism.

一方面，列宁丰富和发展了辩证唯物主义基本原理。他概括了关于两条哲学基本路线的原理，指出：“从物到感觉和思想呢，还是从思想和感觉到物？恩格斯坚持第一条路线，即唯物主义的路线。”他把物质和物质的具体形态相区分，从哲学高度提出科学的物质定义，揭示物质的客观实在性，即“物质是标志客观实在的哲学范畴，这种客观实在是人通过感觉感知的，它不依赖于我们的感觉而存在，为我们的感觉所复写、摄影、反映”。阐明物质与运动不可分的原理，坚持马克思主义唯物论物质第一性的基本原理。全面阐述两种根本对立的发展观，明确提出对立统一规律是辩证法的核心。强调认识对象的客观实在性和可知性，阐明认识的辩证法，在认识论上区分唯物主义和唯心主义，坚持唯物主义反映论，指出“主观主义和主观盲目性就是唯心主义的认识论根源”；强调实践观点在认识论中的重要地位，指出“生活、实践的观点，应该是认识论的首要的和基本的观点”，把实践作为检验真理的标准，指出理论与实践的统一；反对分裂唯物论和辩证法，指出辩证法也就是马克思主义认识论；坚持真理的客观性，阐明绝对真理与相对真理的辩证关系，认识到绝对真理与相对真理在特定条件下可以相互转换，指出“人类思维按其本性是能够给我们提供并且正在提供由相对真理的总和所构成的绝对真理的”；阐明具体情况具体分析是马克思主义的灵魂。

On the other hand, Lenin enriched and developed the fundamental principles of historical materialism. He demonstrated the objective laws of social development, expounded the basic category of “economic social formation,” pointed out that the development of economic social formations is based on productive forces, and argued that the laws of social development are independent of human will, just like the laws of nature. He discussed the dialectical relationship between the inevitability of historical development and the role of individuals, elucidated the dialectical relationship among the masses, classes, parties, and leaders, and expounded the idea that the masses create history. Combining the nature of Russian society, he pointed out that the only way to transform Russian society was “the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie.” [8]8 V. I. Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?” *Collected Works*, vol. 5, p. 374. He elaborated on the active role of the superstructure in social development, emphasizing that “without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary movement.” [9]9 Ibid., p. 369. He proposed that the urgent task for Russian Marxists was to organize the proletariat for conscious class struggle, expounded the relationship between economic struggle and political struggle, and pointed the direction for the class struggle of the proletariat. He discussed the dialectical relationship between economics and politics, proposing that politics is based on economics, but only by raising economic struggle to political struggle and achieving political revolution can the fundamental interests of the proletariat be realized, and advocated combining political struggle with economic struggle. He pointed out that classes and class struggle exist during the transition period from capitalism to socialism, revealed the essence of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and made the famous assertion that socialism means the abolition of classes. He revealed the unified relationship between the truth and scientificity of Marxist philosophy, proposed the principle of partisanship in philosophy, emphasized that proletarian partisanship is a necessary condition for genuine scientificity, and held that only by adhering to the principle of partisanship can one master Marxist philosophy.

另一方面，列宁丰富和发展了历史唯物主义基本原理。他论证了社会发展的客观规律，阐述了“经济的社会形态”的基本范畴，指出经济社会形态的发展是以生产力为基础的，主张社会发展规律是像自然规律一样不以人的意志为转移的；论述历史发展必然性与个人作用的辩证关系，阐明群众、阶级、政党和领袖的辩证关系，论述人民群众创造历史的思想；结合俄国社会的性质，指出改造俄国社会的唯一出路是“无产阶级反对资产阶级的阶级斗争”；阐述上层建筑在社会发展中的能动作用，强调“没有革命的理论，就不会有革命的运动”；提出俄国马克思主义者的迫切任务是组织无产阶级进行自觉的阶级斗争，阐发经济斗争与政治斗争的关系，为无产阶级的阶级斗争指明方向；论述经济与政治的辩证关系，提出政治以经济为基础，但是只有把经济斗争提高到政治斗争，通过政治革命才能实现无产阶级的根本利益，主张把政治斗争与经济斗争相结合；指出从资本主义向社会主义过渡时期存在阶级和阶级斗争，揭示无产阶级专政的实质，作出社会主义就是消灭阶级的著名论断；揭示马克思主义哲学的真理性和科学性的统一关系，提出哲学上的党性原则，强调无产阶级党性是真正科学性的必要条件，认为只有坚持党性原则，才能掌握马克思主义哲学。

II. The Communist Party of China Has Consistently Taken Marxism-Leninism as Its Theoretical Foundation and Guiding Ideology

二、中国共产党始终如一地把马克思列宁主义作为自己的理论基础和指导思想

Since its founding, the fundamental reason why the Communist Party of China has been able to lead the Chinese people out of the abyss of history, achieve national independence and people’s liberation, successfully win the New Democratic Revolution, complete the socialist revolution, advance socialist construction, implement reform and opening up, embark on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, successfully promote the building of a great modern socialist country, and achieve a series of remarkable accomplishments is that it has consistently taken Marxism-Leninism as its theoretical foundation and guiding ideology, integrated it with China’s actual conditions to form a Sinicized Marxism, and used it to guide Chinese practice. The Communist Party of China has never abandoned or deviated from Leninism, has never betrayed the founders, and has always let Marxism and Leninism “be the teacher,” while “we are the students.” [10]10 An allusion to Mao Zedong’s statement that “we must be students of Marxism-Leninism,” emphasizing the Party’s subordinate and learning role relative to the doctrine.

自成立以来，中国共产党之所以能够带领中国人民走出历史深渊，实现民族独立、人民解放，顺利取得新民主主义革命的胜利，完成社会主义革命，推进社会主义建设，实行改革开放，走上中国特色社会主义道路，成功推进社会主义现代化强国建设，取得一系列举世瞩目的成就，最为根本的一条原因就是始终把马克思列宁主义作为理论基础和指导思想，并将其与中国实际相结合，形成中国化的马克思主义，用以指导中国实践。中国共产党从来就没有抛弃和背离列宁主义，没有违背老祖宗，永远让马克思主义、列宁主义“做先生”，“我们做学生”。

1. Marxism and Leninism Are Inseparable; Discarding Leninism Means Discarding Marxism

1.马克思主义和列宁主义不可分离，丢掉列宁主义就丢掉了马克思主义

Marxism and Leninism are indivisible; Marxism-Leninism is a complete, systematic, scientific, and developing theoretical system. At the opening ceremony of the First Session of the First National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong, on behalf of the Communist Party of China, categorically declared: “The theoretical basis guiding our thinking is Marxism-Leninism.” [11]11 Mao Zedong, “Opening Speech at the First Session of the First National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China,” *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, vol. 5, p. 133. The Communist Party of China has taken Marxism as its banner and theoretical guide, always placing Marxism and Leninism together as a complete ideological system and the sharpest ideological weapon to guide China’s practice.

马克思主义和列宁主义是不可分割的，马克思列宁主义是完整、系统、科学、发展的理论体系。在中华人民共和国第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议开幕式上，毛泽东同志代表中国共产党斩钉截铁地宣布：“指导我们思想的理论基础是马克思列宁主义。”中国共产党把马克思主义作为自己的旗帜和理论指南，从来都是把马克思主义和列宁主义放在一起，作为一个完整的思想体系，作为最锐利的思想武器，用以指导中国的实践。

All the theory and practice of the Communist Party of China show that to uphold and develop Marxism, it is necessary to uphold and develop Leninism, and it is necessary to take Marxism-Leninism as the guiding ideology that our Party has always adhered to and cannot change. This is a basic experience of our Party. Under the influence of the Russian October Socialist Revolution and the education of Leninism, Chinese Communists accepted and mastered Marxism, summed up the revolutionary experience of Russia, and concretely applied Marxism to China’s actual conditions. Over more than a century of history, it is precisely because of adhering to the guidance of Marxism-Leninism that the Communist Party of China has been able to lead the Chinese people to one great victory after another. This is true of the success of China’s New Democratic Revolution and socialist revolution, and it is also true of the success of China’s socialist construction, reform and opening up, and the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

中国共产党的全部理论和实践表明，坚持和发展马克思主义，必须坚持和发展列宁主义，必须把马克思列宁主义作为我们党始终坚持而不可改变的指导思想，这是我们党的一条基本经验。中国共产党人在俄国十月社会主义革命的影响下，在列宁主义的教育下，接受和掌握了马克思主义，总结俄国的革命经验，将马克思主义具体运用到中国实际。在百余年的历史岁月中，正是由于坚持马克思列宁主义的指导，中国共产党才能够领导中国人民取得一个又一个伟大胜利。中国新民主主义革命和社会主义革命的成功是如此，中国社会主义建设、改革开放以及中国特色社会主义新时代的成功亦是如此。

From domestic to international arenas, in the historical process of the international communist movement and in the actual struggles of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, there has always existed a trend of erroneous thought that distorts Lenin, smears Lenin, attempts to separate Leninism from Marxism, strip Leninism from the treasure house of Marxist theory, and exclude Leninism from the Marxism-Leninism guiding ideology of our Party.

从国内到国际，在国际共产主义运动的历史进程中，在中国革命、建设和改革的实际斗争中，始终存在着一股歪曲列宁、抹黑列宁，企图把列宁主义与马克思主义分割开来，把列宁主义从马克思主义理论宝库中剥离出去，把我们党的马克思列宁主义指导思想中的列宁主义剔除在外的错误思潮。

Our Party has waged an unceasing struggle against this erroneous trend of thought. From the moment of its birth, Leninism was closely integrated with Marxism, forming the indivisible integral steel of Marxism-Leninism as a single block of Marxism. Any idea or action that attempts to strip Leninism from the complete theoretical system of Marxism is mistaken and futile. Of course, when our Party uses the term Marxism, it also includes Leninism, because our Party has consistently and unwaveringly regarded Marxism-Leninism as its theoretical guide. Leninism is an important component of the Marxist theoretical system. To discard Leninism is to discard Marxism; to betray Leninism is to betray Marxism.

我们党一直与这种错误思潮进行着不间断的斗争。列宁主义一诞生就与马克思主义紧密地结合在一起，构成马克思列宁主义这块不可分割的马克思主义的整钢，任何想把列宁主义从马克思主义完整的理论体系中剥离出去的想法和做法都是错误的，也是徒劳的。当然，我们党在使用马克思主义的提法时，也是包含列宁主义的，这是因为我们党始终如一地把马克思列宁主义作为我们党的理论指南。列宁主义是马克思主义理论体系的重要组成部分。丢掉列宁主义，也就丢掉了马克思主义，背叛列宁主义，也就背叛了马克思主义。

Under new historical conditions, in response to the erroneous trend of thought that denies Leninism and sets Marxism in opposition to Leninism, General Secretary Xi Jinping firmly holds high the great

在新的历史条件下，针对否定列宁主义、把马克思主义与列宁主义对立起来的错误思潮，习近平总书记坚定地高举马克思列宁主义伟大旗帜，针锋相对地强调坚持和发展马克思列宁主义。他明确指出“马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想一定不能丢，丢了就丧失根本”，“马克思列宁主义，为中国人民点亮了前进的灯塔”，并多次强调，“新时代中国特色社会主义思想，是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、‘三个代表’重要思想、科学发展观的继承和发展”。马克思列宁主义是中国共产党的灵魂和旗帜，丢掉了马克思列宁主义，中国共产党就失去了灵魂和方向，就会走上一条完全相反的道路。

2. That Chinese Communists accepted Marxism was first of all influenced by the October Socialist Revolution; educated by Leninism, they accepted Marxism completely and thoroughly.

2.中国共产党人接受马克思主义首先是受十月社会主义革命影响，受到列宁主义教育而完全彻底地接受了马克思主义

Comrade Mao Zedong said: “From the time of China’s defeat in the Opium War of 1840, advanced Chinese went through untold hardships in their quest for truth from the Western countries… Those who studied the new learning acquired a faith for a long period, believing that it could save China.” “The imperialist aggression shattered the fond dreams of the Chinese about learning from the West. It was very odd — why were the teachers always committing aggression against their pupils?” “The Chinese found Marxism through the introduction of the Russians. Before the October Revolution, the Chinese not only did not know Lenin and Stalin, they did not know Marx and Engels either. The salvocs of the October Revolution brought us Marxism-Leninism. The October Revolution helped the advanced elements in China, as in the whole world, to adopt the proletarian world outlook as the instrument for studying a nation’s destiny and to reconsider their own problems. Follow the path of the Russians — that was their conclusion.”

毛泽东同志说：“自从一八四〇年鸦片战争失败那时起，先进的中国人，经过千辛万苦，向西方国家寻找真理……学了这些新学的人们，在很长的时期内产生了一种信心，认为这些很可以救中国”，“帝国主义的侵略打破了中国人学西方的迷梦。很奇怪，为什么先生老是侵略学生呢？”“中国人找到马克思主义，是经过俄国人介绍的。在十月革命以前，中国人不但不知道列宁、斯大林，也不知道马克思、恩格斯。十月革命一声炮响，给我们送来了马克思列宁主义。十月革命帮助了全世界的也帮助了中国的先进分子，用无产阶级的宇宙观作为观察国家命运的工具，重新考虑自己的问题。走俄国人的路——这就是结论”。

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, some missionaries in China and a few enlightened Chinese intellectuals had introduced Marx, Engels and their theories, but their understanding and knowledge of this scientific theory were very superficial and one-sided, attracting no particular attention and producing no great impact. In 1911, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy that had lasted for more than 2,000 years, but it did not change China’s semi-colonial and semi-feudal social character. The New Culture Movement, which began in 1915, took democracy and science as its slogans and carried out a more extensive and deeper ideological enlightenment movement to learn from the advanced ideas and social systems of the West, yet still no new hope for the nation could be seen. This painful course was just as Comrade Mao Zedong said: “The Chinese learned a great deal from the West, but it did not work. Ideals could never be realized. Many struggles, including the Revolution of 1911, a movement on a national scale, all ended in failure. Day by day the state of the nation grew worse, and the environment forced people to find it impossible to live. Doubts arose, grew and developed.”

19世纪末20世纪初，一些来华的传教士、中国先知先觉的知识分子曾对马克思、恩格斯及其理论作过一些介绍，但他们对这一科学理论的了解和认识是非常肤浅和片面的，并没有引起特别关注和产生大的影响。1911年，辛亥革命推翻了延续2000多年的封建帝制，但并没有改变中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质。1915年开始的新文化运动，以民主与科学为口号，更加深入广泛地开展了学习西方先进的思想和社会制度的思想启蒙运动，但是依然看不到国家的新希望。这种痛苦的历程正如毛泽东同志所说：“中国人向西方学得很不少，但是行不通，理想总是不能实现。多次奋斗，包括辛亥革命那样全国规模的运动，都失败了。国家的情况一天一天坏，环境迫使人们活不下去。怀疑产生了，增长了，发展了。”

Just when the Chinese revolution was at a crossroads, with advanced Chinese still hesitating, Russia, a neighboring country with a similar national condition, achieved victory in the October Revolution, which brought a powerful shock to China and had a direct impact. On the third day after the victory of the October Revolution, that is, November 10, 1917, Shanghai’s *Republic Daily* reported the news of the October Revolution’s victory at considerable length, mentioning Lenin and several of his propositions. Advanced Chinese represented by Li Dazhao began to study the Russian revolution and Lenin’s relevant doctrines. In 1918, Li Dazhao published articles such as “A Comparative View of the French and Russian Revolutions,” “The Victory of the Common People,” and “The Victory of Bolshevism,” propagating Leninism and warmly praising the victory of the October Revolution. In the same year, Comrade Mao Zedong met Li Dazhao in Beijing and often sought his advice. Comrade Mao Zedong recalled, “During my second visit to Beijing, I read many books about the situation in Russia” and “read some Marxist publications and took part in the activities of the student study groups on various new trends of thought organized by Li Dazhao.” In 1919, the “Special Issue on Marxism” of *New Youth* carried Li Dazhao’s long article “My Marxist Views,” which systematically expounded Marxist-Leninist theory.

正当中国革命处在向何处去的十字路口，中国先进分子仍在彷徨的时候，国情相似且毗邻我国的俄国取得了十月革命的胜利，这给中国带来了强烈的震撼，产生了直接的影响。十月革命胜利后的第三天，即1917年11月10日，上海的《民国日报》用较长篇幅报道了十月革命胜利的消息，其中提到列宁及其几项主张。以李大钊为代表的中国先进分子开始研究俄国革命和列宁的相关学说。李大钊1918年发表《法俄革命之比较观》《庶民的胜利》和《布尔什维克的胜利》等文章，宣传列宁主义，热烈赞扬十月革命的胜利。同年，毛泽东同志在北京结识了李大钊，并时常到李大钊处请教。毛泽东同志回忆说，“我第二次到北京期间，读了许多关于俄国情况的书”，“读到一些传播马克思主义的书刊，并参加李大钊组织的学生研讨各种新思潮的活动”。1919年《新青年》的“马克思主义专号”上刊载了李大钊的长文《我的马克思主义观》，较为系统地阐述了马克思列宁主义理论。

In March 1920, Li Dazhao decided to organize the Society for the Study of Marxist Theory at Peking University, establishing the earliest group in China for studying and researching Marxism. This was also Li Dazhao’s initial attempt to unite “those willing to study Marx’s theory.” In May, Chen Duxiu initiated the organization of a Marxist research society to explore socialist theory and the question of transforming Chinese society. In August, the early organization of the Communist Party was established at the editorial office of *New Youth* at No. 2, Laoyuyangli, in the French Concession of Shanghai. From September onward, *New Youth* became the public publication of the Shanghai early organization of the Communist Party of China, beginning to propagate Marxism-Leninism in an organized manner.

1920年3月，李大钊决定在北京大学组织马克思学说研究会，成立了中国最早学习和研究马克思主义的团体，这也是李大钊把“愿意研究马氏学说的人”联合起来的最初尝试。5月，陈独秀发起组织马克思主义研究会，探讨社会主义学说和中国社会改造问题。8月，共产党早期组织在上海法租界老渔阳里2号《新青年》编辑部成立。9月起，《新青年》成为中国共产党上海早期组织的公开刊物，开始有组织地宣传马克思列宁主义。

During this period, when Chinese Communists accepted Marxism-Leninism, they were still more engaged in studying Leninism. According to statistics, *New Youth* published 16 articles on Marxism between 1919 and 1926, but 40 on Leninism. The reasons for this were, first, that the national conditions of Russia and China were closer. Although Russia had already developed to the capitalist stage, it still retained a large number of remnants of feudal serfdom; it was the weak link in the rule of monopoly capitalism and a relatively backward country within the capitalist camp. Second, Leninism, especially Lenin’s doctrines on socialist revolution and on national and colonial revolution, had a more direct influence on and guiding role for the Communist Party of China and the Chinese revolution. Third, the success of the October Revolution set an example for the Chinese people. Chinese Communists studied and accepted Marxism under the influence of the October Revolution, educated by Leninism, and accepted Marxism enriched and developed by Leninism.

在这个时期，中国共产党人接受马克思列宁主义，更多的还是学习列宁主义。据统计，《新青年》在1919年至1926年间刊载的关于马克思主义的文章有16篇，而关于列宁主义的则有40篇。究其原因，一是因为俄国与中国的国情更接近。俄国虽然已经发展到资本主义阶段，但还保留着大量封建农奴制残余，是垄断资本主义统治的薄弱环节，是资本主义阵营里相对落后的国家。二是列宁主义，特别是列宁关于社会主义革命、关于民族殖民地革命的学说对中国共产党、对中国革命具有更为直接的影响和指导作用。三是十月革命的成功给中国人民树立了榜样。中国共产党人学习和接受马克思主义，是受十月革命影响，受列宁主义教育，接受了经列宁主义丰富和发展了的马克思主义。

3. From its very founding, the Communist Party of China regarded Marxism-Leninism as an indivisible, complete theoretical system and took it as its theoretical foundation

3.中国共产党从成立之初就把马克思列宁主义视为不可分割的完整的理论体系作为自己的理论基础

In the early period of its founding, the Communist Party of China already regarded Marxism-Leninism as an indivisible, complete theoretical system of Marxism. In 1925, the “Resolution on Propaganda Work” adopted at the Fourth National Congress of the Party stated at the outset: it is necessary to study and propagate Marxism-Leninism, “so that it may become the theoretical basis of the Party’s educational work.” In 1945, the Seventh National Congress of the Party adopted the first Party Constitution formulated independently by the Party; its General Program clearly stated that the “guide for work” of the Communist Party of China was based on “the theory of Marxism-Leninism,” and explicitly stipulated that every Party member had the duty to “comprehend Marxism-Leninism.”

中国共产党在成立早期，就把马克思列宁主义看成不可分割的马克思主义的完整的理论体系。1925年，党的四大通过的《对于宣传工作之议决案》开门见山地指出：要学习和宣传马克思列宁主义，“应使之成为党中教育工作的理论的根据”。1945年党的七大通过了党独立自主制定的第一部党章，总纲中明确提出中国共产党的“工作的指针”以“马克思列宁主义的理论”为基础，并明确每位党员均有“领会马克思列宁主义”的义务。

For a long time, when the Communist Party of China uses the concept of the Party’s guiding ideology, it rarely uses Marxism alone; it more often uses Marxism-Leninism. Even when Marxism is used alone, it is Marxism that includes Leninism. In the 1929 “Resolution of the Ninth Congress of the Fourth Red Army of the Communist Party of China,” the formulation Marxism-Leninism began to be used. In 1956, the first Party Constitution formulated after the Communist Party of China came to power, adopted at the Eighth National Congress of the Party, clearly stated: “The Communist Party of China takes Marxism-Leninism as its guide to action. Only Marxism-Leninism correctly explains the laws of social development and correctly points out the path to achieving socialism and communism.”

长期以来，中国共产党在使用党的指导思想这一概念的时候，很少单独使用马克思主义，更多的是使用马克思列宁主义，即便是单独使用马克思主义，也是包括列宁主义的马克思主义。在1929年《中国共产党红军第四军第九次代表大会决议案》中，就开始使用马克思列宁主义的提法。1956年，党的八大通过的中国共产党执政后制定的第一部党章中明确指出：“中国共产党以马克思列宁主义作为自己行动的指南。只有马克思列宁主义才正确地说明了社会发展的规律，正确地指出了实现社会主义和共产主义的道路。”

At the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, Comrade Deng Xiaoping led the Chinese Communists in bringing order out of chaos, re-establishing the Party’s ideological line of seeking truth from facts, and proposing the “Four Cardinal Principles,” [17]17 The Four Cardinal Principles: upholding the socialist path, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. making “must uphold Marxism-Leninism” the first and most important principle. In 1982, the first Party Constitution revised since reform and opening up, adopted at the Twelfth National Congress of the Party, further stated that “the Communist Party of China takes Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought as its guide to action.” The first Constitution of the People’s Republic of China promulgated after reform and opening up in the same year clearly stated that “the victory of China’s New Democratic Revolution and the achievements of the socialist cause were all obtained under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. In the future, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, to build China into a highly civilized and highly democratic socialist country,” taking Marxism-Leninism as an integral theoretical system and as the fundamental guiding ideology of the Party and the state.

在党的十一届三中全会上，邓小平同志带领中国共产党人拨乱反正，重新确立党的实事求是思想路线，提出“坚持四项基本原则”，把“必须坚持马列主义”作为第一重要原则。1982年，党的十二大通过的改革开放以来修订的第一部党章，进一步指出“中国共产党以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想作为自己的行动指南”。同年颁布的改革开放之后的第一部《中华人民共和国宪法》明确指出，“中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是……在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下……取得的。今后……中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下……把我国建设成为高度文明、高度民主的社会主义国家”，把马克思列宁主义作为一个整体理论体系，作为党和国家的根本指导思想。

Comrade Xi Jinping has always attached great importance to the study and research of classic works of Marxism-Leninism, insisting on using “Marxism-Leninism” to refer to the guiding ideology of the Party and the state. During his time as an educated youth in Liangjiahe, [18]18 Liangjiahe: a village in Shaanxi Province where Xi Jinping lived and worked as a “sent-down youth” from 1969 to 1975. Xi Jinping read Lenin’s “The State and Revolution,” written on the eve of the October Revolution, during breaks from labor, and was deeply shaken. He “discussed some issues elaborated in ‘The State and Revolution’ with friends he knew,” and put forward his own unique insights on Leninism.

习近平同志一直高度重视马克思列宁主义经典著作的学习和研究，坚持使用“马克思列宁主义”来称呼党和国家的指导思想。在梁家河知青时期，习近平曾在劳作之余阅读列宁在十月革命前夕撰写的《国家与革命》，深受震动，“就《国家与革命》里阐述的一些问题，与他认识的朋友探讨”，并且提出自己对列宁主义独到的见解。

On March 1, 2013, at the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Central Party School, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “Only by thoroughly understanding Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the ‘Three Represents,’ [19]19 The important thought of the “Three Represents”: a guiding theory associated with Jiang Zemin, holding that the CPC must always represent the development of advanced productive forces, the direction of advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the Chinese people. and the Scientific Outlook on Development, [20]20 The Scientific Outlook on Development: a guiding theory associated with Hu Jintao, emphasizing people-centered, comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development. especially by grasping the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method that run through them, can one have a clear mind and sharp eyes, can one deeply understand and accurately grasp the laws of governance by the Communist Party, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of the development of human society, can one always strengthen ideals and convictions, can one adhere to the scientific guiding ideology and the correct direction of progress under complex and changing circumstances, can one lead the people on the right path, and can one continuously advance socialism with Chinese characteristics.” In the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, he profoundly summarized: “Since the 18th National Congress, our Party has adhered to the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the ‘Three Represents,’ and the Scientific Outlook on Development, and has formed Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.” He further pointed out that “Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the ‘Three Represents,’ and the Scientific Outlook on Development.”

2013年3月1日，习近平总书记在中央党校建校80周年庆祝大会上明确指出：“只有学懂了马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、‘三个代表’重要思想、科学发展观，特别是领会了贯穿其中的马克思主义立场、观点、方法，才能心明眼亮，才能深刻认识和准确把握共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律，才能始终坚定理想信念，才能在纷繁复杂的形势下坚持科学指导思想和正确前进方向，才能带领人民走对路，才能把中国特色社会主义不断推向前进。”在党的十九大报告中，他深刻总结道：“十八大以来……我们党坚持以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、‘三个代表’重要思想、科学发展观为指导……形成了新时代中国特色社会主义思想。”他进一步指出，“新时代中国特色社会主义思想，是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、‘三个代表’重要思想、科学发展观的继承和发展”。

At the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping, reviewing the past and looking to the future, profoundly stated: “On the new journey, we must uphold Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the ‘Three Represents,’ and the Scientific Outlook on Development, comprehensively implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, adhere to the Two Integrations, [21]21 The Two Integrations: the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture. use Marxism to observe the era, grasp the era, and lead the era, and continue to develop contemporary Chinese Marxism and Marxism in the 21st century!”

在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上，习近平总书记回顾过去，展望未来，深切谈道：“新的征程上，我们必须坚持马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、‘三个代表’重要思想、科学发展观，全面贯彻新时代中国特色社会主义思想，坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，用马克思主义观察时代、把握时代、引领时代，继续发展当代中国马克思主义、21世纪马克思主义！”

III. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Is the Successful Continuation of the October Socialist Revolution and Soviet Socialist Construction, and the Victorious Practice of Marxism-Leninism in China

三、中国特色社会主义是十月社会主义革命和苏联社会主义建设的成功继续，是马克思列宁主义在中国的胜利实践

The October Revolution profoundly changed the course of human history. Like a lighthouse, it influenced and inspired the world proletarian revolution to enter a magnificent new era. The October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to the Chinese people, educated the Chinese people, changed the spiritual outlook of the Chinese people, ignited the spark for the Chinese nation to achieve national independence and people’s liberation, and successfully influenced China to take the socialist path. In transmitting the spark of socialism and inheriting the scientific truth of Marxism-Leninism, socialism with Chinese characteristics has successfully inherited the October Socialist Revolution and the socialist cause of Soviet Russia, written a glorious chapter in the history of the international communist movement and the development of world socialism, and continuously endowed Marxism-Leninism with powerful vitality and efficacy.

十月革命深刻改变了人类历史发展进程，像一座灯塔影响和鼓舞世界无产阶级革命进入了波澜壮阔的崭新时代。十月革命把马克思列宁主义送给了中国人民、教育了中国人民、改变了中国人民的精神面貌，点起了中华民族实现民族独立和人民解放的火种，成功影响中国走上了社会主义道路。中国特色社会主义在传递社会主义火种和传承马克思列宁主义科学真理中，成功继承了苏俄十月社会主义革命和社会主义事业，谱写了国际共产主义运动和世界社会主义发展的辉煌篇章，不断赋予马克思列宁主义以强大的生命力和作用力。

1. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Is the Continuation of the New Epoch of Socialism Initiated by the October Revolution

1.中国特色社会主义是十月革命开创的社会主义新纪元的继续

The October Revolution opened a new era in which human society transitions from capitalism to socialism. The October Revolution successfully transformed scientific socialism from theory into reality. The first socialist system established by the October Revolution was the first new social form different from previous class-based societies, opening a new epoch in the history of the development of human social forms, opening a new page in the history of the international communist movement, setting off a rolling wave of world socialist revolution and socialist construction, and continuously endowing Marxism-Leninism with powerful vitality and efficacy.

十月革命开启了人类社会从资本主义向社会主义过渡的新时代。十月革命成功将科学社会主义由理论变为现实，十月革命创立的第一个社会主义制度是第一个不同于以往阶级制度社会的新型社会形态，开启了人类社会形态发展历史新纪元，开启了国际共产主义运动史上的崭新一页，掀起世界社会主义革命和社会主义建设的滚滚浪潮，不断赋予马克思列宁主义以强大的生命力和作用力。

Lenin profoundly pointed out on the fourth anniversary of the October Revolution: “This first victory is not yet the final victory,” but “we have already begun this cause. It does not matter which country’s proletarians, at what time and during what period, will carry this cause through to the end. What matters is that the ice has been broken, the path has been opened, and the road has been pointed out.”

列宁在纪念十月革命四周年时深刻指出，“这第一次胜利还不是最终的胜利”，但“我们已经开始了这一事业。至于哪一个国家的无产者在什么时候、在什么期间把这一事业进行到底，这个问题并不重要。重要的是，坚冰已经打破，航路已经开通，道路已经指明”。

In summing up the experience of the international communist movement, Chinese Communists clearly stated: “Although our revolution has many of its own characteristics, Chinese Communists regard the cause they are engaged in as the continuation of the great October Revolution.” This clearly shows that the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics we are building is the inheritance and development of the October Revolution. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The Russians carried out the October Revolution, and then a brand new period began for the Chinese, from thought to life. The Chinese found the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism, and the face of China began to change.” This earth-shaking historical transformation is ultimately due to our choice of the socialist path opened by the October Revolution. Through the New Democratic Revolution and the socialist revolution, we have walked out onto a broad road of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

中国共产党人在总结国际共产主义运动经验时明确指出：“尽管我国的革命有自己的许多特点，可是中国共产党人把自己所干的事业看成是伟大的十月革命的继续。”这清楚地表明，我们正在建设的中国特色社会主义事业是对十月革命的继承和发展。毛泽东同志指出：“俄国人举行了十月革命……中国人从思想到生活，才出现了一个崭新的时期。中国人找到了马克思列宁主义这个放之四海而皆准的普遍真理，中国的面目就起了变化了。”这一翻天覆地的历史巨变，归根于我们选择了十月革命开辟的社会主义道路，经过新民主主义革命和社会主义革命，走出了一条中国特色社会主义阳关大道。

The October Socialist Revolution established the world’s first socialist state and achieved great successes in socialist construction, making extraordinary contributions to world socialist revolution and construction, making outstanding contributions to the progress of human history, and providing successful experience for the liberation of the proletariat and the broad masses of working people worldwide. Comrade Mao Zedong highly evaluated the world significance of the October Revolution many times, pointing out: “The First Imperialist World War and the first victorious socialist October Revolution changed the direction of world history and divided the era of world history,” “From then on, a second world revolution began, that is, the proletarian socialist world revolution,” “The October Revolution opened up broad possibilities and a realistic path for the liberation cause of the world’s people, and the October Revolution established a new anti-imperialist revolutionary front from the Western proletariat through the Russian revolution to the oppressed peoples of the East.” The first socialist state established by the October Socialist Revolution provided a practical example for world socialist revolution and the democratic liberation movement of colonial and semi-colonial peoples.

十月社会主义革命建立了全世界第一个社会主义国家，并在社会主义建设中取得了伟大成就，为世界社会主义革命和建设作出了非凡功绩，为人类历史进步作出了突出贡献，为全世界无产阶级及广大劳动人民获得解放提供了成功经验。毛泽东同志多次高度评价十月革命的世界意义，指出：“第一次帝国主义世界大战和第一次胜利的社会主义十月革命，改变了整个世界历史的方向，划分了整个世界历史的时代”，“从此以后，开始了第二种世界革命，即无产阶级的社会主义的世界革命”，“十月革命给世界人民解放事业开辟了广大的可能性和现实的道路，十月革命建立了一条从西方无产者经过俄国革命到东方被压迫民族的新的反对世界帝国主义的革命战线”。十月社会主义革命建立的第一个社会主义国家，为世界社会主义革命、殖民地半殖民地人民民主解放运动提供了实践榜样。

2. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has developed on the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of the October Socialist Revolution and socialist construction

2.中国特色社会主义在总结汲取十月社会主义革命和社会主义建设的经验教训基础上发展起来

For over 100 years, guided by Marxism-Leninism, Chinese Communists have inherited the fine genes of the October Socialist Revolution and socialist construction. In the great practice of leading the Chinese people through the new-democratic revolution, the socialist revolution, socialist construction, reform and opening up, and socialist modernization, they have continuously advanced theoretical and institutional innovation, founded Marxism adapted to the Chinese context, and strengthened socialism with Chinese characteristics, contributing Chinese strength and Chinese solutions to the flourishing development of Marxism and socialism worldwide.

100多年来，中国共产党人以马克思列宁主义为指导，传承十月社会主义革命和社会主义建设的优秀基因，在带领中国人民进行新民主主义革命、社会主义革命、社会主义建设、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大实践中，不断推进理论和制度创新，创立了中国化的马克思主义，壮大了中国特色社会主义，为马克思主义、社会主义在全世界的繁荣发展贡献了中国力量，贡献了中国方案。

First, establishing the basic political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is in the same lineage as the path of the October Socialist Revolution. The socialist political system of New China is essentially the same as the political system of Soviet Russia, but its specific organizational forms have been developed and innovated.

一是创建中国特色社会主义基本政治制度。中国特色社会主义道路和十月社会主义革命道路一脉相承。新中国的社会主义政治制度同苏维埃俄国的政治制度本质相同，但其具体组织形式又有所发展和创新。

In terms of the fundamental political system. Soviet Russia implemented the Soviet system. During the revolutionary process, Russia established soldiers' Soviets, workers' Soviets, and peasants' Soviets separately, and on this basis established a unified national Congress of Soviets, securing a stable state power. From the very beginning, China implemented the system of people's congresses, whereby voters in each administrative region elect local people's congress deputies, and lower-level people's congresses elect deputies to higher-level and ultimately the National People's Congress. The National People's Congress is the highest state authority and legislative body, while people's congresses at each level are local state authorities at the corresponding level. The system of people's congresses is the fundamental political system that ensures the people are the masters of the country.

在根本政治制度方面。苏俄实行苏维埃制度。在革命进程中，俄国分别建立士兵代表苏维埃、工人代表苏维埃和农民代表苏维埃，在此基础上建立起全国统一的苏维埃代表大会，确立了稳定的国家政权。我国从一开始就实行人民代表大会制度，即由各级行政区域选民选举产生本地区人民代表组成人民代表大会，并由下级人大选举产生上级直至全国人大代表。全国人大是国家最高权力机关和立法机关，各级人大是同级地方权力机关。人民代表大会制度是保证人民当家作主的根本政治制度。

In terms of the system for ethnic groups. Both China and Soviet Russia are multi-ethnic countries, but there are differences in the systems and policies they adopted for handling ethnic issues. Soviet Russia established union republics based on ethnic groups, which formed a federal state through a federal structure. China, by contrast, created the system of regional ethnic autonomy, which, combined with the form of the people's democratic dictatorship as the state power, both ensures national unity and fully embodies regional autonomy for ethnic minorities, promoting economic development, cultural prosperity, and social progress in ethnic minority areas, and strengthening ethnic unity and integration.

在民族制度方面。中国和苏俄都是多民族国家，但两国在处理民族问题的制度和政策上存在差别。苏俄建立以民族为基础的加盟共和国，各加盟共和国通过联邦的形式组成联邦制国家。而中国创建了民族区域自治制度，该制度与我国人民民主专政的国家政权形式相结合，既保证了国家的统一，又充分体现了少数民族的区域自治，促进了少数民族地区的经济发展、文化繁荣、社会进步，加强了各民族的团结、融合。

In terms of the political party system. In the early period of Soviet Russia, multiple political parties existed, and some even participated in the Soviet government led by the Communist Party. However, before long, Soviet Russia formed a situation in which the Communist Party alone held power and was legally permitted to exist. China's national conditions differ from those of Russia. Historically, there were two periods of Kuomintang-Communist cooperation [22]22 The two periods of Kuomintang-Communist cooperation refer to the First United Front (1924-1927) against the warlords and the Second United Front (1937-1945) against Japanese invasion., and most democratic parties and sectors of society participated in the War of Resistance Against Japan and the building of a democratic state, all supporting and endorsing the leadership of the Communist Party of China. In the course of the founding of New China, the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China was formed. After the founding of New China, the democratic parties continued to exist and operate, with their organizations becoming more robust, their roles expanding, and their ways of participating in and deliberating on state affairs becoming increasingly diverse. As participating parties, they directly engage in various state affairs and have become an indispensable force in national political life. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China represents an innovation and development of the world socialist political party system.

在政党制度方面。苏俄成立初期存在多个政党，有的政党还参加了共产党领导的苏俄政府，但不久后，苏俄形成了共产党一党单独执政、合法存在的局面。中国的国情同俄国不一样。历史上曾有两次国共合作，各民主党派、社会各界多数都参与了抗日斗争和民主建国，都拥护和支持中国共产党的领导。在新中国成立的进程中，形成了中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度。新中国成立后，各民主党派继续存在和活动，其组织更加健全、发挥更大的作用、参政议政的方式越来越丰富。它们作为参政党直接参与国家的各项事务，成为国家政治生活中不可缺少的重要力量。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，实现了世界社会主义政党制度的创新和发展。

Second, opening up the path of economic construction for socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Soviet Union's socialist economic construction was unprecedented, with no ready-made experience to draw on. It achieved great successes, strengthening national power and establishing the basic socialist economic system and management system, but it also had some serious shortcomings. After the founding of New China, while studying and drawing on the Soviet Union's basic economic system, management system, and some economic practices, we summed up both positive and negative experiences, took the Soviet Union as a mirror and a warning, and independently followed our own path, opening up the path of economic construction for socialism with Chinese characteristics.

二是开拓中国特色社会主义经济建设道路。苏联的社会主义经济建设是史无前例的，没有现成的经验可以借鉴。它既取得了巨大成就，增强了国家实力，建立了社会主义基本经济制度和管理体制，也存在一些严重缺陷。新中国成立后，我们在学习和借鉴苏联的基本经济制度、管理体制和发展经济的一些做法的同时，总结正反两方面经验，以苏为鉴、以苏为戒，独立自主走自己的路，开辟了中国特色社会主义经济建设道路。

Adhering to taking economic construction as the central task, and liberating and developing the productive forces. After the October Revolution, despite being surrounded and blockaded by imperialism and facing civil war, Soviet Russia, even during the anti-fascist war, consistently attached great importance to economic construction, concentrated superior human and material resources on developing high technology, and achieved outstanding construction results. In the early period of New China, China established a complete and independent industrial base and national economic system, concentrated its efforts on construction and scientific research, successfully developed the "two bombs and one satellite" [23]23 "Two bombs and one satellite" refers to China's successful development of the atomic bomb (1964), the hydrogen bomb (1967), and the first artificial satellite (1970)., and achieved outstanding results. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee [24]24 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of the reform and opening-up era under Deng Xiaoping's leadership., we have adhered to taking economic construction as the central task, persisted in continuously liberating and developing the productive forces, promoted rapid economic development, steadily enhanced the country's comprehensive national strength, gradually raised the people's living standards, and further demonstrated the superiority of the socialist system, developing into the world's second-largest economy with per capita income approaching the level of moderately developed countries. Adhering to taking economic construction as the central task and liberating and developing the productive forces is a successful experience of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

坚持以经济建设为中心，解放和发展社会生产力。十月革命后，苏俄尽管面临帝国主义包围封锁和国内战争，但即使是在反法西斯战争中，也一直高度重视经济建设，注意集中优势人力物力发展高科技，取得了突出的建设成就。在新中国成立初期，我国建立了完整、独立的工业基础和国民经济体系，集中精力搞建设、搞科研，成功研制出“两弹一星”，取得了突出的成绩。党的十一届三中全会以来，坚持以经济建设为中心，坚持不断解放和发展生产力，推动经济快速发展，不断增强国家综合实力，逐步提高人民生活水平，进一步发挥社会主义制度的优越性，发展成为世界第二大经济体，人均收入已接近中等发达国家水平。坚持以经济建设为中心，解放和发展生产力，是中国特色社会主义的一条成功经验。

Establishing and improving the basic economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union achieved the nationalization of industry in a very short time, eliminated private ownership in industry and commerce, and then implemented the New Economic Policy. During the Stalin period, the Soviet Union accelerated the collectivization of agriculture, forming two single forms of public ownership: state ownership and collective ownership of the means of production. It also implemented a distribution system based on work. China's socialist transformation of the means of production both drew on the Soviet Union's successful practices and carried out development and innovation. We adopted the method of "public-private joint management" to transform the industry and commerce of the national bourgeoisie, and the socialist collectivization of agriculture was also steadily advanced and completed. Since reform and opening up, we have determined that Chinese society is and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism, resolutely overcome the tendency to exceed the stage of development, and actively promoted reform of the system of ownership of the means of production and related systems. In rural areas, the household contract responsibility system was implemented, greatly mobilizing the production enthusiasm of the vast number of farmers. In industry and commerce, the establishment and development of non-public ownership entities were permitted and supported. At the same time, we adhered to the distribution system with distribution according to work as the mainstay and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, mobilizing the production enthusiasm of the vast number of workers and improving production efficiency. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee [25]25 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, adopted a comprehensive plan for deepening reforms, including economic system reform. emphasized that "the basic economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together is an important pillar of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and also the foundation of the socialist market economy system. Both the public and non-public sectors of the economy are important components of the socialist market economy and important foundations for China's economic and social development." China's basic socialist economic system and its reform and development measures have ensured sustained and stable economic and social development, representing a development of the path of the October Revolution and an innovative contribution to world socialism.

建立健全以公有制为主体、多种经济共同发展的基本经济制度。十月革命后，苏联社会主义在很短的时间里就实现了工业的国有化，消灭了工商业的私人所有制，又推行了新经济政策。斯大林时期，苏联加快实现了农业集体化，形成了生产资料国有和集体所有两种单一的公有制形式。同时还实行了按劳分配制度。中国的生产资料社会主义改造既借鉴了苏联的成功做法，也进行了发展创新。我们对于民族资产阶级工商业采取“公私合营”的办法进行改造，农业的社会主义集体化改造也稳步推进完成。改革开放以来，我们确定中国社会正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，坚决克服超越发展阶段的倾向，积极推进生产资料所有制及相关制度改革。在农村实行家庭联产承包责任制，大大调动了广大农民的生产积极性。在工商业方面，允许和支持非公有制主体的建立和发展。同时，坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，调动了广大劳动者的生产积极性，提高了生产效率。党的十八届三中全会强调，“公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，是中国特色社会主义制度的重要支柱，也是社会主义市场经济体制的根基。公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济社会发展的重要基础”。中国社会主义基本经济制度及其改革发展举措，保证了经济社会持续稳定发展，是对十月革命道路的发展，也是对世界社会主义的创新性贡献。

Reform and opening up, establishing and perfecting the socialist market economy system. The Soviet Union consistently adhered to the planned economy system, which to a certain extent revealed serious shortcomings. Since reform and opening up, we have gradually recognized the drawbacks of a purely planned economy system. Comrade Deng Xiaoping, after careful consideration, clearly pointed out, "Whether there is more planning or more market is not the essential distinction between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, for capitalism also has planning; a market economy is not equivalent to capitalism, for socialism also has markets. Planning and market are both economic means." This pointed the way forward for reform of the socialist market economy system. The 14th National Congress of the CPC [26]26 The 14th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 1992, formally established the goal of building a socialist market economy system. formally established the goal of building a socialist market economy system as the target of China's economic system reform. The amendment to the Constitution clearly stipulates that China implements a socialist market economy. The 18th National Congress of the CPC [27]27 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2012, marked the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping's leadership. called for comprehensively deepening economic system reform, properly handling the relationship between the government and the market, respecting market laws more, and better playing the role of the government. The theory, system, and reform measures of socialism with Chinese characteristics concerning the socialist market economy system represent a development of the path of the October Revolution and an innovative contribution to world socialism.

改革开放，建立完善社会主义市场经济体制。苏联一直坚持计划经济体制，在一定程度上暴露出严重缺陷。改革开放以来，我们逐步认识到单纯计划经济体制的弊端，邓小平同志经过深思熟虑明确指出，“计划多一点还是市场多一点，不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。计划经济不等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。计划和市场都是经济手段”。这就为社会主义市场经济体制改革指明了前进方向。党的十四大正式把建立社会主义市场经济体制确定为我国经济体制改革的目标。宪法修正案明确规定，我国实行社会主义市场经济。党的十八大要求，要全面深化经济体制改革，处理好政府和市场的关系，更加尊重市场规律，更好发挥政府作用。中国特色社会主义关于社会主义市场经济体制的理论、制度和改革举措，是对十月革命道路的发展，也是对世界社会主义的创新性贡献。

Adhere to using the new development concepts to lead and drive economic development. The establishment of the Soviet socialist system promoted the development of productive forces and strengthened national power, but the Soviet economy developed in an unbalanced manner, prioritizing heavy industry while neglecting agriculture and light industry, and emphasizing military production while downplaying civilian production, leading to difficulties in achieving coordinated and sustainable economic development. In the early days of the founding of New China, we learned from the Soviet Union’s experience in socialist construction while striving to overcome its shortcomings. After reform and opening up and socialist modernization, socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping led Chinese Communists in profoundly summarizing and fully applying the successful experience of China’s economic development. Proceeding from the new realities, he put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, such as “fully, accurately, and comprehensively implementing the new development concepts,” “accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, and striving to promote high-quality development,” forming Xi Jinping’s economic thought. This further deepened the understanding of the laws of socialist economic construction, scientifically answered a series of major questions concerning China’s economic development in the New Era, and enabled China’s economy to embark on a path of development that is higher quality, more efficient, more equitable, more sustainable, and more secure.

坚持用新发展理念引领和推动经济发展。苏联社会主义制度的建立推动了生产力的发展，增强了国力，但苏联经济发展失衡，重视重工业而轻视农业和轻工业，重视军工产品生产而轻视民用产品生产，导致经济难以实现协调可持续发展。新中国成立初期，学习苏联的社会主义建设经验，并尽量克服其缺陷。经过改革开放和社会主义现代化建设，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，习近平总书记带领中国共产党人深刻总结并充分运用我国经济发展的成功经验，从新的实际出发，提出了“完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念”“加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展”等一系列新理念新思想新战略，形成了习近平经济思想，进一步深化了对社会主义经济建设规律的认识，科学回答新时代我国经济发展的一系列重大问题，使得我国经济迈上更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展之路。

Third, open up the path of political construction for socialism with Chinese characteristics. After the October Socialist Revolution, the Soviet Union achieved certain successes in socialist political construction. While learning from and drawing on the Soviet Union’s political system and political construction, the Chinese Communist Party strove to overcome certain mistakes in its political construction, actively yet prudently advancing political system reform, and adhering to the path of political construction for socialism with Chinese characteristics.

三是开辟中国特色社会主义政治建设道路。十月社会主义革命之后，苏联在社会主义政治建设方面取得了一定成就。中国共产党在学习借鉴苏联的政治体制和政治建设的同时，努力克服其在政治建设中的某些失误，积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，坚持中国特色社会主义政治建设道路。

The construction of the political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has always adhered to the Four Cardinal Principles, [28]28 The Four Cardinal Principles: upholding the socialist path, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. proceeded actively yet prudently from the country’s actual conditions, upheld the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance, and correctly handled the interrelationships among deepening reform, promoting development, and maintaining stability. Under the guidance of these principles, the construction of the political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been continuously deepened, steadily advanced, and achieved notable results. Under the new historical conditions, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party determined: “Closely focusing on upholding the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance, deepen political system reform, accelerate the institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of socialist democratic politics, build a socialist country governed according to law, and develop broader, fuller, and more robust people’s democracy.”

中国特色社会主义政治体制建设，始终坚持四项基本原则，坚持一切从本国国情出发积极稳妥推进，坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的有机统一，正确处理深化改革、促进发展和维护稳定的相互关系。在上述方针的指导下，中国特色社会主义政治体制建设不断深化，稳步推进，取得显著成效。在新的历史条件下，党的十八届三中全会确定：“紧紧围绕坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一深化政治体制改革，加快推进社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化，建设社会主义法治国家，发展更加广泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主。”

Strengthen and improve the construction of the ruling Party. Lenin attached great importance to the construction of the ruling Party, paying attention to strengthening inner-Party democratic construction, clean governance construction, and democratic supervision. Our Party has also consistently attached great importance to the construction of the ruling Party. Since reform and opening up, the Party has faced the test of the market economy and the temptation of a luxurious lifestyle. Some cadres began to abuse power for personal gain and engage in corruption. Therefore, the Party Central Committee has repeatedly emphasized the need to strengthen Party building. It clearly requires that the Party supervise itself and govern itself strictly, comprehensively strengthening the Party’s ideological construction, organizational construction, conduct construction, anti-corruption and integrity construction, and institutional construction. It attaches great importance to the education of ideals and beliefs for Party members and cadres. It deepens the reform of the cadre system and builds a high-quality ruling backbone team. It focuses on guiding cadres, especially leading cadres, to establish a correct view of power, view of career, and outlook on political performance, adhere to a people-centered approach and govern for the people, always put the people’s interests first, and always share the same heart, breath, and destiny with the people.

加强和完善执政党建设。列宁高度重视执政党建设，注意加强党内民主建设、党风廉政建设和民主监督，我们党也一直高度重视执政党建设。改革开放以来，党面临市场经济的考验和奢华生活的诱惑，一些干部开始以权谋私、贪污腐败。因此，党中央反复强调要加强党的建设。明确要求党要管党、从严治党，全面加强党的思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、反腐倡廉建设和制度建设。高度重视党员、干部的理想信念教育。深化干部制度改革，建设高素质执政骨干队伍。着力引导干部特别是领导干部树立正确的权力观、事业观、政绩观，坚持以民为本、执政为民，任何时候都把人民利益放在第一位，始终与人民心连心、同呼吸共命运。

Adhere to comprehensive law-based governance and realize the institutionalization of national governance. The Soviet Union long suffered from an incomplete legal system. In the process of revolution and construction, the Chinese Communist Party absorbed lessons and continuously improved legal construction. Since reform and opening up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping emphasized, “To ensure people’s democracy, the legal system must be strengthened.” The 15th National Congress of the Party proposed law-based governance and building a socialist country governed according to law. The 16th National Congress of the Party proposed organically unifying Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance. The 17th National Congress of the Party proposed that law-based governance is the basic requirement of socialist democratic politics. The 18th National Congress of the Party emphasized paying more attention to the important role of law-based governance in national governance and social management. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party specifically adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing Law-Based Governance,” advancing law-based governance into a new stage. This is undoubtedly a development of the October Revolution path by socialism with Chinese characteristics and also an important contribution to world socialism.

坚持全面依法治国，实现国家治理的制度化。苏联长期存在法制体系不健全的现象。中国共产党在革命和建设进程中，吸取经验，不断完善法制建设。改革开放以来，邓小平同志强调，“为了保障人民民主，必须加强法制”。党的十五大提出依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。党的十六大提出，把党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。党的十七大提出，依法治国是社会主义民主政治的基本要求。党的十八大强调，要更加注重发挥依法治国在国家治理和社会管理中的重要作用。党的十八届四中全会专门通过了《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》，推进依法治国进入一个新的阶段。这无疑是中国特色社会主义对十月革命道路的发展，也是对世界社会主义的重要贡献。

Fourth, open up the path of cultural construction for socialism with Chinese characteristics. Lenin attached great importance to ideological and cultural construction. He clearly pointed out, “Our task is to overcome all resistance of the capitalists, not only military and political resistance, but also the most profound and strongest ideological resistance,” “Without rich knowledge, technology, and culture, communism cannot be built,” and “As long as this cultural revolution is realized, our country can become a completely socialist country.” On the basis of inheriting and developing Marxist ideological theory, Lenin creatively put forward Marxist ideas on ideological work and cultural construction, using them to guide Soviet socialist cultural construction.

四是开创中国特色社会主义文化建设道路。列宁非常重视思想文化建设，他明确指出，“我们的任务是要战胜资本家的一切反抗，不仅是军事上和政治上的反抗，而且是最深刻、最强烈的思想上的反抗”，“没有丰富的知识、技术和文化就不能建成共产主义”，“只要实现了这个文化革命，我们的国家就能成为完全社会主义的国家了”。在继承和发展马克思主义意识形态理论的基础上，列宁创造性地提出了马克思主义关于意识形态工作和文化建设的思想，用以指导苏联社会主义文化建设。

In the more than one hundred years since its founding, under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, the Chinese Communist Party has successfully inherited Leninism’s ideas on the Party’s ideological work and cultural construction, forming a socialist culture with Chinese characteristics that “originates from the excellent traditional Chinese culture nurtured over more than 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, is forged from the revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture created by the Party leading the people in revolution, construction, and reform, and is rooted in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.” It has opened up the path of cultural construction for socialism with Chinese characteristics and written a glorious chapter in socialist cultural construction.

中国共产党建党百余年来，在马克思列宁主义的指导下，成功继承了列宁主义的党的意识形态工作和文化建设思想，形成了“源自于中华民族五千多年文明历史所孕育的中华优秀传统文化，熔铸于党领导人民在革命、建设、改革中创造的革命文化和社会主义先进文化，植根于中国特色社会主义伟大实践”的中国特色社会主义文化，开辟了中国特色社会主义文化建设道路，谱写了社会主义文化建设的辉煌篇章。

During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Chinese Communist Party recognized the importance of ideological and cultural construction and actively promoted ideological and cultural construction under the leadership of the Party. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On New Democracy,” “The current Chinese revolution cannot do without the leadership of the Chinese proletariat, and therefore the current Chinese new culture cannot do without the leadership of the Chinese proletarian cultural thought, that is, cannot do without the leadership of communist thought,” and specifically defined the new democratic culture under the guidance of Marxism as a “national, scientific, and mass culture.” In 1942, Comrade Mao Zedong presided over the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art, [29]29 The Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art (1942) was a meeting convened by Mao Zedong to set the direction for cultural work under Party leadership. inheriting Lenin’s view that literature and art “should serve the millions of working people,” and clearly stated that literature and art should “serve the people.” After the founding of New China, it further clarified the political standard that literature and art should “serve the workers, peasants, and soldiers, serve the working people, and serve the masses of the people under the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat,” and put forward the “Double Hundred” policy of “letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” [30]30 The “Double Hundred” policy (1956) encourages diversity in artistic and academic fields under socialist guidance. to prosper and develop socialist culture.

新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党就认识到了思想文化建设的重要性，积极推进党的领导下的思想文化建设。毛泽东同志在《新民主主义论》中指出，“现时中国革命不能离开中国无产阶级的领导，因而现时的中国新文化也不能离开中国无产阶级文化思想的领导，即不能离开共产主义思想的领导”，并将马克思主义指导下的新民主主义文化具体规定为“民族的科学的大众的文化”。1942年，毛泽东同志主持召开文艺座谈会，继承列宁关于“文艺应当‘为千千万万劳动人民服务’”的观点，明确文艺要为“为人民服务”。新中国成立之后，进一步明确文艺要“为工农兵服务，为劳动人民服务，为无产阶级专政制度下的人民大众服务”的政治标准，提出了“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的“双百”方针，繁荣发展社会主义文化。

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party, Comrade Deng Xiaoping proposed that material civilization and cultural-ethical progress should be grasped with both hands, and both hands must be strong, endowing cultural construction with new contemporary connotations. The 15th National Congress of the Party clearly defined cultural construction, economic construction, and political construction as the Party’s “three-in-one” overall plan. The 16th National Congress of the Party clearly pointed out that the status and role of culture in comprehensive national power competition are becoming increasingly prominent. The 17th National Congress of the Party proposed the “four-in-one” plan of economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, and social construction, and proposed enhancing national cultural soft power. In 2011, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Party first proposed the strategic goal of “building a socialist cultural power,” continuously promoting new breakthroughs in the cultural construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

党的十一届三中全会后，邓小平同志提出物质文明和精神文明要两手抓，两手都要硬，赋予文化建设新的时代内涵。党的十五大把文化建设与经济建设、政治建设明确为党的“三位一体”的布局。党的十六大明确指出文化在综合国力竞争中的地位和作用越来越突出。党的十七大提出经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设“四位一体”，提出要提高国家文化软实力。2011年，党的十七届六中全会首次提出了“建设社会主义文化强国”的战略目标，不断推进中国特色社会主义文化建设取得新突破。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has elevated cultural confidence to stand alongside confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, and confidence in the system as the “Four Confidences” of socialism with Chinese characteristics. He has explicitly proposed upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over propaganda, ideology, and cultural work, emphasized “adhering to the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics and stimulating the creative and innovative vitality of the culture of the entire nation,” creatively put forward the important thesis of “combining the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture,” systematically expounded on philosophy and social science work, literary and artistic work, public cultural services, and the development of the cultural industry, set the strategic goal of “building the modern civilization of the Chinese nation,” and founded Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, the situation in China’s ideological sphere has undergone a comprehensive and fundamental transformation. The cultural confidence of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country has markedly increased, social cohesion and centripetal force have been greatly enhanced, the country’s cultural soft power and the influence of Chinese culture have significantly improved, and socialist culture with Chinese characteristics has displayed unprecedented confidence and vitality.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记把文化自信和道路自信、理论自信、制度自信并列为中国特色社会主义“四个自信”，明确提出坚持和加强党对宣传思想文化工作的全面领导，强调“坚持中国特色社会主义文化发展道路，激发全民族文化创新创造活力”，创造性提出了“坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合”的重要论断，并对哲学社会科学工作、文艺工作、公共文化服务、文化产业发展等作出系统阐述，提出了“建设中华民族现代文明”的战略目标，创立了习近平文化思想。在习近平文化思想的引领下，我国意识形态领域形势发生全局性、根本性转变，全党全国各族人民文化自信明显增强，全社会凝聚力和向心力极大提升，国家文化软实力、中华文化影响力明显提升，中国特色社会主义文化展现出前所未有的自信和活力。

3. Upholding, inheriting and developing Marxism-Leninism, continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, and pushing Marxism-Leninism to a new stage

3.坚持、继承和发展马克思列宁主义，不断推进马克思主义中国化，把马克思列宁主义推向一个新的阶段

Lenin, applying the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, analyzed, understood, and grasped the essence of the era and the specific national conditions of Russia, combined Marxism with the conditions of the proletarian revolution, the imperialist era, and Russia’s actual national conditions, created a new theoretical form of Marxism, and pushed Marxism to the Leninist stage.

列宁运用马克思主义立场、观点、方法，分析、认识、把握时代本质和俄国具体国情，把马克思主义与无产阶级革命、帝国主义的时代条件以及俄国的国情实际相结合，创造了马克思主义新的理论形态，把马克思主义推向列宁主义阶段。

Chinese Communists, guided by Marxism-Leninism, keep pace with the times by combining the universal truths of Marxism with the specific conditions of the era in which China finds itself, with China’s specific realities, and with the best of traditional Chinese culture. In the great practical struggles of China’s revolution, construction, reform, and the New Era, they continuously advance the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and push Marxism-Leninism to a new stage.

中国共产党人坚持以马克思列宁主义为指导，与时俱进把马克思主义普遍真理同中国所处的具体时代条件、同中国具体实际、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，在中国革命、建设、改革和新时代的伟大斗争实践中，不断推进马克思主义中国化，把马克思列宁主义推向新的阶段。

First, Mao Zedong Thought achieved the first great leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their main representative, applied the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, profoundly analyzed China’s economic conditions and class relations, scientifically grasped the basic nature of Chinese society, diligently explored the laws and characteristics of the Chinese revolution, creatively answered the question of “what kind of revolution to carry out and how to carry it out” in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, formed the theory of the New Democratic Revolution, won the victory of the New Democratic Revolution, and founded New China. Comrade Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communist Party in the first historical stage of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context—the period of the New Democratic Revolution—completed the first integration of Marxism with China’s specific realities, produced the first great leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and formed the first theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context—Mao Zedong Thought.

一是毛泽东思想实现了马克思主义中国化的第一次伟大飞跃。在新民主主义革命时期，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人运用马克思主义立场、观点、方法，深刻分析中国社会的经济状况和阶级关系，科学把握中国社会基本性质，努力探索中国革命的规律和特点，创造性地回答了在半殖民地半封建的中国“进行什么样的革命、怎样进行革命”的问题，形成了新民主主义革命理论，取得了新民主主义革命的胜利，成立了新中国。毛泽东同志领导中国共产党在马克思主义中国化的第一个历史阶段——新民主主义革命时期，完成了马克思主义同中国具体实际的第一次结合，产生了马克思主义中国化的第一次伟大飞跃，形成了马克思主义中国化的第一个理论成果——毛泽东思想。

During the period of socialist revolution and construction, Comrade Mao Zedong seized the opportune moment to put forward the great historical task of the second integration of Marxism with China’s socialist revolution and construction, leading the entire Party to initiate the second great integration. “During the democratic revolution, we only succeeded in achieving this integration after suffering great losses, and thereby won the victory of the New Democratic Revolution. Now, in the period of socialist revolution and construction, we must carry out the second integration and find the path for building socialism in China.” [31]31 This quotation is attributed to Mao Zedong, reflecting his call in the mid-1950s for a “second integration” of Marxism with China’s socialist construction, distinct from the earlier integration during the revolutionary period. Comrade Mao Zedong led the Party and the people in arduous explorations for the “second integration,” formed the theory of socialist revolution, put forward a series of innovative viewpoints on socialist construction, and produced original theoretical achievements of socialist revolution and construction. These constitute an important component of Mao Zedong Thought, further enriching and developing Mao Zedong Thought, further advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, and making full preparations for the formation and establishment of the path, system, and theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

在社会主义革命和建设时期，毛泽东同志不失时机地提出了马克思主义与中国社会主义革命和建设第二次结合的伟大历史任务，领导全党开启了第二次伟大结合。“民主革命时期，我们吃了大亏之后才成功地实现了这种结合，取得了新民主主义革命的胜利。现在是社会主义革命和建设时期，我们要进行第二次结合，找出在中国怎样建设社会主义的道路。”毛泽东同志领导党和人民进行了“第二次结合”的艰辛探索，形成了社会主义革命理论，提出了社会主义建设的一系列创新观点，形成了社会主义革命和建设独创性的理论成果，构成毛泽东思想的重要组成部分，进一步丰富和发展了毛泽东思想，进一步推进了马克思主义中国化，为中国特色社会主义道路、制度和理论体系的形成确定作了充分准备。

Second, the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics achieved the second great leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Chinese Communists closely focused on the realities of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, combined the basic tenets of Marxism with the realities of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, creatively answered the questions of “what is Marxism and how to uphold Marxism,” “what is socialism and how to build socialism,” “what kind of Party to build and how to build it,” and “what kind of development to achieve and how to achieve it,” creatively embarked on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, established the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and formed the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development. The theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics achieved the second integration of Marxism-Leninism with socialist revolution and construction. It is the second historic leap in the integration of Marxism with China’s realities and the second theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

二是中国特色社会主义理论体系实现了马克思主义中国化的第二次伟大飞跃。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，中国共产党人紧紧围绕改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的实际，把马克思主义基本原理同改革开放和社会主义现代化建设实际相结合，创造性地回答“什么是马克思主义、怎样坚持马克思主义”“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”“建设什么样的党、怎样建设党”“实现什么样的发展、怎样发展”的问题，创造性地走出了中国特色社会主义道路，建立了中国特色社会主义制度，形成了包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观在内的中国特色社会主义理论体系。中国特色社会主义理论体系实现了马克思列宁主义与社会主义革命和建设的第二次结合，是马克思主义同中国实际相结合的第二次历史性飞跃，是马克思主义中国化的第二个理论成果。

Third, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era achieved a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era, Comrade Xi Jinping, closely combining the conditions and practical requirements of the new era, inherited and developed the theoretical essence and living soul of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhered to emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keeping pace with the times, and being realistic and pragmatic, and closely focused on major era-specific questions such as “what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop in the New Era and how to uphold and develop it,” “what kind of powerful modern socialist country to build and how to build it,” and “what kind of long-term governing Marxist Party to build and how to build it.” Through arduous exploration and bold innovation, he founded Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as a new major theoretical achievement. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era inaugurated another “great integration” of Marxism with China’s realities, completed a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, is the latest theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and has greatly advanced the historical process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

三是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想实现了马克思主义中国化的新飞跃。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，习近平同志紧密结合新的时代条件和实践要求，继承和发展马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、中国特色社会主义理论体系的理论精髓和活的灵魂，坚持解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、求真务实，紧紧围绕“新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义”“建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国”“建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党”等重大时代课题，艰辛探索，勇于创新，创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想这一新的重大理论成果。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想开创了马克思主义与中国实际的再次“伟大结合”，完成了马克思主义中国化的新的飞跃，是马克思主义中国化的最新理论成果，极大地推进了马克思主义中国化的历史进程。

Chinese Communists, holding high the great banner of Marxism-Leninism, combine the universal truths of Marxism-Leninism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture, creating continuously developing adapted Marxism to the Chinese context. They have achieved the “Two Integrations,” completed the “Three Leaps,” and formed the three major theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context: Mao Zedong Thought; the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development; and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. This has pushed Marxism-Leninism to a new stage.

中国共产党人高举马克思列宁主义伟大旗帜，把马克思列宁主义的普遍真理同中国具体实际、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，创造了不断发展的中国化的马克思主义，实现了“两次结合”，完成了“三次飞跃”，形成了马克思主义中国化的三大理论成果即毛泽东思想，包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观在内的中国特色社会主义理论体系，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，把马克思列宁主义推向一个新的阶段。

Chinese Communists, as the defenders, inheritors, and innovators of Leninism, uphold the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, and on the basis of inheriting and developing the October Socialist Revolution and construction, have successfully embarked on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, holding high the banner of the development of world socialism. With the growth and strengthening of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the vigorous development of world socialism, Leninism will surely radiate even more dazzling rays of truth!

中国共产党人作为列宁主义的捍卫者、传承者和创新者，坚持马克思列宁主义的指导，在继承和发展十月社会主义革命和建设的基础上，成功走上了中国特色社会主义道路，高高举起了世界社会主义的发展大旗，随着中国特色社会主义的发展壮大和世界社会主义的蓬勃发展，列宁主义必将绽放出更加耀眼的真理光芒！

(Author: Professor at the University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Tenured Professor at Nankai University, and Dean of the 21st Century Marxism Research Institute)

（作者：中国社会科学院大学教授，南开大学终身教授、21世纪马克思主义研究院院长）

Online Editor: You Heng

网络编辑：有恒