Risks to Online Ideology in the New Era: Patterns, Sources, and Governance

At present, amid the turbulent changes and transformations of the world in a century of unprecedented change, the risks and challenges China must address are more complex and intertwined than ever before. In particular, with the advent of the information age, the iterative updating of digital information technology has profoundly altered the battlefield of ideological confrontation, with ideological risks increasingly shifting from the real world to cyberspace, making the issue of online ideological security more urgent. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “The issue of risks to online ideological security deserves great attention. The internet is already the front line of current ideological struggle. Controlling the dominant power over online ideology means safeguarding the nation’s sovereignty and political power.” Under new circumstances and new challenges, how to take the problem of online ideological risks as the guide, advance the modernization of online ideological risk governance, and achieve scientific prediction, precise positioning, and effective governance is the proper meaning of preventing and resolving online ideological risks, maintaining online ideological security, and creating a clear and bright cyberspace in the New Era.

当前，在世界百年变局动荡变革的大环境下，中国需要应对的风险挑战比以往更为错综复杂。特别是随着信息时代的到来，数字信息技术的迭代更新使意识形态交锋场域发生深刻变化，意识形态风险愈发地从现实世界转到网络空间，网络意识形态安全问题变得更为紧迫。习近平深刻指出：“网络意识形态安全风险问题值得高度重视。网络已是当前意识形态斗争的最前沿。掌控网络意识形态主导权，就是守护国家的主权和政权。”在新形势新挑战下，如何以网络意识形态风险问题为导向，推进网络意识形态风险治理现代化，做到科学预判、精准定位、有效治理，是新时代防范化解网络意识形态风险、维护网络意识形态安全、营造清朗网络空间的应有之义。

I. Accurately Identifying the Patterns of Online Ideological Risks in the New Era

一、准确识别新时代网络意识形态风险样态

Entering the New Era, the internet has become the main mode of information exchange for people, and cyberspace has become an emerging field of social ideology and a frontier zone where various values gather, clash, and collide. The rapid development of the internet has brought important changes to the governance of China’s socialist ideology, creating both major opportunities for maintaining online ideological security and posing severe challenges to it. In the New Era, to maintain online ideological security and prevent online ideological risks, we must first accurately identify the patterns of online ideological risks. “Predicting where risks lie is the prerequisite for preventing risks.” Only by scientifically predicting various patterns of online ideological risks can we provide reliable guarantees for the effective governance of online ideological risks.

进入新时代，互联网已成为人们信息交互的主要方式，网络空间成为社会意识形态的新兴场域和各种价值观集聚、交锋、碰撞的前沿地带。互联网的快速发展给中国社会主义意识形态治理带来了重要的变革，既为维护网络意识形态安全创造了重大机遇，同时也对维护网络意识形态安全提出了严峻挑战。新时代维护网络意识形态安全、防范网络意识形态风险，首先必须准确识别网络意识形态风险样态。“预判风险所在是防范风险的前提”，只有科学预判各种网络意识形态风险样态，才能为网络意识形态风险的有效治理提供可靠保障。

(A) The Risk of “Westernization” Posed by the Infiltration of Western Erroneous Trends of Thought in Cyberspace

（一）网络空间西方错误思潮渗透带来的“西化”风险

The risk of infiltration by Western ideological and cultural elements is a long-standing risk in China’s ideological sphere. Since reform and opening up, and especially since entering the New Era, with the rapid enhancement of China’s comprehensive national power, its influence and role on the international stage have also grown, which undoubtedly challenges the hegemonic position of capitalism and further touches the “sensitive nerves” of some Western capitalist countries. Hostile Western forces regard China’s peaceful rise as a threat to the Western institutional model and values, and they use their advanced network technology advantages to intensify ideological infiltration into China. Under the intervention and manipulation of domestic and foreign anti-China forces, various unhealthy Western cultures, values, and ideologies pour into China’s domestic cyberspace like mud and sand, making the internet the main channel for hostile forces to suppress, divide, and Westernize China. For example, they promote cultural hegemonism, vigorously propagating ideas such as “universal values,” “Western-centrism,” and “populism” online; various anti-China books, academic journals, and films and television dramas are constantly disseminated and spread online, adversely affecting people’s social consensus and core socialist values. In academia, there is a phenomenon of invoking Greece in every discussion; some experts take Western theories as the golden rule, mechanically applying them without considering China’s actual conditions, leading to various “discordant noises” and “clamors” that distort, misunderstand, slander, and oppose Marxist theories. Erroneous statements such as “collectivism is outdated,” “the Chinese should have been colonized for 300 years,” and “all problems are due to the system” constantly appear in the online public opinion sphere. In terms of reform, opinions and suggestions that deviate from the Party and government have emerged online, with “some people defining reform and opening up as moving in the direction of Western ‘universal values’ and Western political systems; otherwise, it is not reform and opening up.” Such Western ideologies, using the virtual space of the internet to project various “anti-Marxist” and “non-Marxist” values, aim to “attempt to create a ‘color revolution’ in China, in a vain attempt to

西方思想文化渗透风险是我国意识形态领域长期存在的一种风险。改革开放以来特别是进入新时代，伴随着我国综合国力的快速提升，在国际舞台上的影响力与作用力也越来越大，这无疑挑战着资本主义的霸权地位，更加触动着一些西方资本主义国家的“敏感神经”。西方敌对势力把中国的和平崛起视为对西方制度模式和价值观念的威胁，利用先进的网络技术优势加大对我国进行意识形态渗透的力度。在境内外反华势力的干预和操纵下，西方各种不健康的文化、价值观、思想意识泥沙俱下般地涌入国内网络空间，互联网成为敌对势力对我国打压、分化、西化的主要渠道。譬如，推行文化霸权主义，在网络上大肆宣扬“普世价值论”“西方中心论”“民粹主义”等思想观点，各种反华书籍、学术刊物以及影视剧在网络上不时地弥漫与传播，对人们的社会共识和社会主义核心价值观带来不良影响；在学术界出现言必称希腊的现象，某些专家奉西方理论为圭臬，不考虑中国实际，一味地套用，一时间出现了各种曲解、误解、诋毁、反对马克思主义理论的“杂音”与“噪音”，“集体主义已经过时”“中国人应该被殖民300年”“一切问题都是体制问题”等错误言论不断在网络舆论场域中出现；在改革方面，网络上出现了与党和政府离心离德的意见和建议，“有的人把改革开放定义为往西方‘普世价值’、西方政治制度的方向改，否则就是不改革开放”。诸如此类的西方意识形态借助互联网虚拟空间投射各种“反马”“非马”的价值观，其目的就是“企图在我国制造‘颜色革命’，妄图颠覆中国共产党领导和我国社会主义制度。这是我国政权面临的现实危险”。如果任由各种错误腐朽思想在网络空间泛滥，那么社会主义意识形态将受到极大冲击，党心民心就会被搞乱，党的领导和国家安全就会失去保障。

(2) The Risk of “Group Polarization” Arising from Improper Information Dissemination by Online Media

（二）网络媒体信息传播不当产生的“群体极化”风险

The internet, with its characteristics of rapid information dissemination and wide reach, can continuously aggregate small voices into a torrent of public opinion, acting as a magnifying glass for various opinions and public sentiments. Since the New Era, “the cyberspace, as a place where various forms of social consciousness and their content converge and disperse, has seen all kinds of intricate ideological confrontations and value collisions surging and flowing, causing many adverse effects on the upholding of national beliefs, the reaching of social consensus, and the cohesion of national thought.” For instance, the spread of extremism and other ideologies online has increased the difficulty for the state in controlling social risks. Moreover, many social events provide topics through online media, initiate networking, and cause aggregation, thereby leading to the risk of real-world incidents. Research in social psychology has found that groups are naturally susceptible to influences such as impulsiveness, volatility, impatience, credulity, emotionality, and suggestion. Driven by online media, the cyberspace, where responsibility is hard to assign and behavior is difficult to constrain, more easily influences netizen groups, thus producing the phenomenon of “group polarization.” This is what American scholar Cass Sunstein describes as “group members initially having certain inclinations, and after deliberation, people continue to move in the direction of their inclinations, ultimately forming extreme views.” Particularly against the real-world backdrop where the internet is increasingly becoming a virtual community for the interweaving and collision of various social trends, news viewpoints, public sentiments, and interest appeals, if online media cannot adhere to correct guidance of public opinion, or are even co-opted and exploited by certain hostile forces, disseminating all kinds of information without discernment, it will cause the trends of thought induced by the internet to ferment into concrete real-world actions: first, it is easy to generate a violent atmosphere in cyberspace, with various negative emotions and remarks being vented arbitrarily, leading to a lack of trust and harmony online; second, it often leads to personal attacks online, publishing false statements that are harmful, insulting, and inflammatory, causing damage to the reputation of the parties involved; third, it aggregates online mass incidents, thereby affecting social stability, and so on. In response, Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Major incidents that occur online, and the major social incidents triggered by them, have never been the result of a few individuals acting on a whim, but rather the outcome of various actors making their appearances and acting in concert.” Since the New Era, many negative news items and socially sensitive incidents that have appeared in China’s cyberspace reflect the radical and extreme behavior of netizen groups caused by improper information dissemination by online media. This situation weakens the guiding and regulating role of socialist ideology over netizens, reduces the broad masses of netizens’ recognition of the Party’s governing legitimacy, and the online ideological domain faces the risk of “group polarization.”

互联网以其信息传播速度快、传播范围广的特点，能够不断聚合细小声音，汇聚成舆论洪流，成为各种意见和舆论的放大镜。新时代以来，“网络空间作为诸多社会意识形式及其内容的交汇集散之地，各类错综纷繁的思想交锋与价值碰撞在此激荡涌流，对于国家信仰秉承、社会共识达成以及民族思想凝聚造成诸多不利影响”。如极端主义等在网络的传播，提高了国家对社会风险的管控难度，而且诸多社会事件通过网络媒体提供议题，发起串联，并引起集聚，从而引致现实事件的风险。社会心理学研究发现，群体天然地容易受到冲动、多变、急躁、轻信、情绪化、暗示等因素的影响，在网络媒体的推动下，责任难以追究、行为难以制约的网络空间更容易影响网民群体，从而产生“群体极化”现象，即美国学者凯斯·桑斯坦（Cass Sunstein）所言的“团体成员一开始即有某些偏向，在商议后，人们朝偏向的方向继续移动，最后形成极端的观点”。特别是在互联网日益成为各种社会思潮、新闻观点、社情民意和利益诉求交织与碰撞的虚拟社区的现实背景下，如果网络媒体不能坚持正确舆论导向，甚至被某些敌对势力所裹挟利用，不加辩驳地传播各类信息，就会使互联网诱发的思潮发酵为具体的现实行动：一是容易在网络空间产生暴戾之气，各种负面情绪和言论随意宣泄，从而使网络信任与和谐缺失；二是往往容易在网上进行人身攻击，发表具有伤害性、侮辱性和煽动性的失实言论，造成当事人名誉损害；三是集聚网络群体性事件，从而影响社会安定等。对此，习近平深刻地指出：“网上发生的一些重大事件以及由此引发的重大社会事件，从来都不是个别人一时心血来潮搞起来的，而是各路角色粉墨登场、联手行动的结果。”新时代以来，我国网络空间出现的不少负面新闻与社会敏感事件，折射出网络媒体信息传播不当导致的网民群体激进极端化行为，这一状况削弱了社会主义意识形态对网民的引导规范作用，降低了广大网民对党执政合法性的认同，网络意识形态领域面临着“群体极化”风险。

(3) The Risk of “Pan-Entertainment” Caused by the Spread of Non-Mainstream Ideologies Online

（三）非主流意识形态在网上蔓延造成的“泛娱乐化”风险

“Pan-entertainment” is a prominent feature of online information content. With the widespread application of smart media technology, the internet has become a virtual community where diverse ideologies and cultures collide and interweave. Various non-mainstream ideologies crowd cyberspace, using their entertainment-oriented content to dissolve the seriousness of mainstream ideology. The spread of non-mainstream ideologies such as extreme egoism, moral relativism, and fan-circle culture causes people’s judgments on affairs to shift from collective memory to individual subjective understanding, from seriousness gradually toward mockery, and from absolute values toward relative values. For example, in order to compete for audiences, some online media exploit the visualizability of online information and single-mindedly pursue amusement and entertainment, often using vulgar language, gestures, and program arrangements to achieve the pure goal of entertainment. From heroes to commoners, from classics to famous works, from serious dramas to soap operas, the public’s spirit of entertainment is constantly rising, and the “pan-entertainment” that dissolves all serious and public affairs is gradually evolving into a normal state of life. What needs to be noted is that the fan-circle culture currently popular online, as a subculture, “to a certain extent exhibits characteristics such as obsessive idol worship, absurd star-chasing thinking, arrogant ‘tearing-up and blackening’ atmospheres, and violent group mentalities,” [1]1 Fan-circle culture (饭圈文化): A subculture centered on organized fan communities for celebrities, often involving intense loyalty, coordinated online activities, and confrontational behavior toward perceived rivals. causing some netizens to experience “variations in identity cognition, variations in aesthetic taste, and variations in group psychology.” From this derive risks such as netizens’ alienation from mainstream ideology, the dissolution of concepts of the nation, the collective, and the ethnic group, and the spread of erroneous social trends and values. The American scholar Neil Postman argued: “When a population is distracted by trivia, when cultural life is redefined as a perpetual round of entertainments, when serious public conversation becomes a form of baby-talk, when, in short, a people become an audience and their public business a vaudeville act, then a nation finds itself at risk; culture-death is a clear possibility.” [2]2 Neil Postman, *Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business* (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 155-156. The “amusing ourselves to death” and utterly bottom-line attitude that some online media pursue for the sake of click-through rates deconstruct the core and dignity of the national culture and patriotic spirit contained in mainstream ideology. By so-called “resistance to authority,” they dissolve and weaken all serious content in the culture that nourishes social survival and development; by so-called “freedom of speech,” they stigmatize, ridicule, and nihilize heroic models with spiritual value, falling into the quagmire of historical nihilism, and thus cannot play a positive guiding role for the broad masses of the people. When the core social values that sustain the community are completely dissolved, the cohesion of that ethnic group and nation will be entirely shattered, leading to the extinction of the ethnic group and the decline of the nation. In short, the vulgar and entertainment-oriented development of online information confuses the value judgments and historical understanding of the vast number of netizens, weakens the people’s identification with the nation and their identification with the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics, thereby endangering the security of our country’s mainstream ideology.

“泛娱乐化”是网络信息内容的一个显著特征。随着智媒科技的广泛应用，互联网已成为众多思想文化碰撞与交织的虚拟社区，各种非主流意识形态挤占网络空间，以其娱乐化的内容消解着主流意识形态的严肃性。像极端利己主义、道德相对主义、饭圈文化等非主流意识形态的蔓延，使得人们对事务的评判从集体记忆走向个体的主观理解，从严肃逐渐走向戏谑，从绝对价值走向相对价值。如为了争夺观众群体，一些网络媒体利用网络信息的可视化等特点，单纯地追求趣味化、娱乐化，往往以平庸鄙俗的语言、动作、节目编排来达到纯粹娱乐的目的。从英雄到平民、从经典到名著、从正剧到肥皂剧，大众的娱乐精神不断高涨，消解一切严肃事务和公共事务的“泛娱乐化”正在逐渐演变成一种生活常态。需要引起注意的是，当前网络上流行的饭圈文化作为一种亚文化，“在一定程度上表现出偏执的偶像崇拜、荒诞的追星思维、嚣张的‘撕黑氛围’、暴戾的群体心态等特征”，引发部分网民“身份认知变异、审美情趣变异、群体心理变异”，由此衍生出网民与主流意识形态的疏离，消解国家、集体和民族观念，传播错误社会思潮和错误的价值观等意识形态风险。美国学者尼尔·波兹曼（Neil Postman）认为，“如果一个民族分心于繁杂琐事，如果文化生活被重新定义为娱乐的周而复始，如果严肃的公众对话变成了幼稚的婴儿语言，总而言之，如果人民蜕化为被动的受众，而一切公共事务形同杂耍，那么这个民族就会发现自己危在旦夕，文化灭亡的命运就在劫难逃”。部分网络媒体为追求点击率而带来的“娱乐至死”、毫无底线的态度，解构的是主流意识形态中所包含的民族文化和爱国精神的内核和尊严。通过所谓的“反抗权威”将滋养社会生存发展的文化中所有的严肃内容进行消解、弱化，以所谓的“言论自由”将具有精神价值的英雄模范进行污名化、滑稽化、虚无化，陷入历史虚无主义的泥潭，就不能对广大人民群众起到正面引导作用。而当维系共同体的社会价值内核被完全消解之时，这个民族和国家的凝聚力将会被完全打散，从而导致民族消亡、国家衰落。总之，网络信息的庸俗娱乐化发展，混淆了广大网民的价值判断和历史认识，削弱了民众对国家的认同和对中国特色社会主义道路、理论、制度、文化的认同，从而危及了我国主流意识形态的安全。

II. Scientifically Locating the Sources of Online Ideological Risk in the New Era

二、科学定位新时代网络意识形态风险来源

Every risk has a source, that is, a risk source. A risk source is the cause or condition that may lead to the occurrence of a specific risk. After profoundly observing the general trend of world development and scientifically grasping the laws of ideological construction, Xi Jinping pointed out: “Our country is in a period of major development, major transformation, and major adjustment; the profound changes in the international and domestic situation have made our country’s ideological field face an unprecedentedly complex situation.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, speech, date unspecified; the quotation reflects a standard formulation in his discussions of the ideological domain. This judgment profoundly reveals the complex causes of online ideological risk in the New Era. It is extremely important for us to accurately judge the direction of online risks, thereby seeking strategic initiative in preventing online ideological risks, and thus effectively maintaining online ideological security.

任何风险都有源头，即风险源。风险源是导致某一特定风险可能发生的原因或条件。习近平在深刻洞察世界发展大势、科学把握意识形态建设规律后指出：“我国正处在大发展大变革大调整时期，国际国内形势的深刻变化使我国意识形态领域面临着空前复杂的情况。”这一论断深刻地揭示了新时代网络意识形态风险的复杂成因，对于我们准确判断网络风险走向，从而谋取防范网络意识形态风险的战略主动，进而有效维护网络意识形态安全至为重要。

(I) Imbalance in the Pattern of Social Interest Distribution

（一）社会利益分配格局失衡

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform has entered a deep-water zone, economic development has entered a new normal, various contradictions are superimposed, and risks and hidden dangers are accumulating.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, speech, date unspecified; “deep-water zone” and “new normal” are standard terms in Chinese political discourse referring to the phase of reform and economic development after 2012. Since the New Era, the market-oriented transformation of our country’s economic relations has driven enormous changes in the industrial structure and the continuous emergence of new industries, such as information and internet industries, which are in the ascendant. At the same time, it has also promoted the differentiation of social interest structures and the trend toward stratification and segmentation of social classes. China’s social classes have already shown significant changes distinct from the past, driving the gradual formation of a pluralistic pattern of social structure. Currently, the people’s needs and expectations for a better life are increasingly strong, and the ways and means of expressing their own demands are also diversifying. However, government departments at all levels have, to varying degrees, shortcomings in their measures to meet the people’s beautiful expectations. If the interest demands of certain groups are long-term ignored and harmed, it can easily lead to the spread of social tension, trigger serious social problems, and endanger social stability. Influenced by the complexification of social relations, differentiation of interests, and diversification of contradictions brought about by contemporary China’s social transformation, social value orientations and evaluation standards have gradually become pluralized. Besides mainstream values such as collectivism and patriotism, there also exist negative values such as extreme egoism and hedonism, thereby weakening the function of socialist ideology in shaping society and leading to a decline in the influence of mainstream ideology. In short, with the continuous deepening of various reforms in China’s social economy and politics, the trend of interest differentiation among social classes is also increasing, and interest demands are constantly growing. The internet has thus become the main outlet for the growing demand for interest expression. Once real-world social problems related to the people’s vital interests are not properly resolved, people will transfer their real-world dissatisfaction into cyberspace and, by leveraging the “multiplier effect” of the internet in expanding the dissemination of information, once online public opinion fermentation breaks a certain threshold, it will create public opinion pressure on the Party and the government. Because the content of online expression is itself instantaneous, it is difficult for relevant departments to track in real time the instigators hidden behind false or exaggerated expressions, and the vast number of netizens cannot obtain timely evidence to judge the truth or falsehood of these expressions. This situation may lead to a weakening of identification with the Party and government’s governance, which is an important source of online ideological risk.

习近平指出：“改革进入深水区，经济发展进入新常态，各种矛盾叠加，风险隐患集聚。”新时代以来，我国经济关系的市场化变革推动了产业结构的巨大变化和新兴行业的不断涌现，如信息、互联网等行业方兴未艾，同时也推进了社会利益结构分化及社会阶层分层分众趋势，中国的社会阶层已经呈现出区别于以往的显著变化，带动了社会结构多元格局的逐步形成。当前，人民群众对美好生活的需要和期盼日益强烈，表达自身诉求的途径与方式也呈现出多样化，但各级政府部门满足民众美好期望的举措或多或少存在不足。如果长期漠视和损害一部分群体的利益诉求，就容易造成社会紧张情绪的蔓延，引发严重的社会问题，危及社会稳定。受当代中国社会转型带来的社会关系复杂化、利益差别化、矛盾多样化的影响，社会价值取向和评价标准逐渐趋于多元化，除了集体主义、爱国主义等主流价值观外，还存在着极端利己主义、享乐主义等消极价值观，从而削弱了社会主义意识形态形塑社会的功能，导致主流意识形态影响力下降。总之，随着中国社会经济政治等各项改革的不断深入，社会阶层的利益分化趋势也在加大，利益诉求也不断增加，网络便成为日益增长的利益表达需求的主要宣泄渠道。一旦关系群众切身利益的现实社会问题未得到合理解决时，人们便会将现实的不满转移到网络空间中来，并借助网络扩大消息传播力的“乘数效应”，而网络舆情发酵一旦突破一定的阈值，便会对党和政府形成舆论压力。由于网络表达内容本身具有即时性，有关部门很难对隐藏在虚假、夸大表达内容背后的始作俑者进行实时追踪，广大网民也就无法及时获得对这些表达内容进行真假判断的依据，这一状况有可能导致对党和政府的执政认同感弱化，这是网络意识形态风险产生的一个重要根源。

(II) Low Quality of Ideological Risk Prevention Among Online Subjects

(二）网络主体意识形态风险防范素质不高

At present, the internet is the main battlefield and the most advanced front of ideological struggle, and internet users have become important targets that all countries in the world strive to win over in the realm of public opinion. Therefore, the overall quality of internet subjects, especially their awareness and ability to guard against ideological risks, is related to the level of online ideological risk prevention and the security of cyberspace ideology. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [1]1 Fan-circle culture (饭圈文化): A subculture centered on organized fan communities for celebrities, often involving intense loyalty, coordinated online activities, and confrontational behavior toward perceived rivals., China has attached importance to the construction of moral self-discipline among the vast number of internet users and internet service providers, and the quality of ideological risk prevention among internet subjects has been improved, but there are also problems of insufficient prevention quality among some internet subjects. First, the capability of the online ideological work force needs to be strengthened. Some online ideological workers have an unstable theoretical foundation in Marxism, weak ideals and convictions, lack the ability to judge, distinguish, and prevent diverse ideological trends, have low vigilance against online risks, and are prone to losing direction in complex online ideological struggles; they have a shallow understanding of netizens’ ideological tendencies and new situations emerging in the ideological field, insufficient ability to criticize and resist plots of Westernization and division [2]2 Neil Postman, *Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business* (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 155-156., and lack ideological leadership, control, and emergency response capability. Second, ordinary netizens have a weak awareness of ideological risk prevention. Netizens in the New Era [3]3 Xi Jinping, speech, date unspecified; the quotation reflects a standard formulation in his discussions of the ideological domain. have a high degree of online participation, and it has become normal for them to express their demands and opinions through cyberspace, but some netizens lack independent thinking ability, their political discernment and value judgment are insufficient, and their ideas are easily swayed and co-opted by non-mainstream ideologies and online opinion leaders. In particular, they cannot correctly analyze hidden erroneous ideological tendencies, cannot distinguish right from wrong, and even echo what others say, dare not persist in struggle or raise the flag and draw the sword [4]4 Xi Jinping, speech, date unspecified; “deep-water zone” and “new normal” are standard terms in Chinese political discourse referring to the phase of reform and economic development after 2012., becoming accomplices in the spread of unhealthy trends and “pushers” behind online public opinion incidents. Third, internet service providers have poor self-discipline awareness. In addition to the vast number of netizens, internet service providers are also important internet subjects. Currently, some internet service providers, especially non-mainstream portal websites, are not strict with themselves. For example, they design various eye-catching malicious online incidents for personal gain, or exploit loopholes in the system for malicious business competition, hindering the normal dissemination of mainstream ideology in cyberspace, affecting the civilized progress of the entire online society, and bringing serious hidden dangers to the healthy operation of the internet.

当前，互联网是意识形态斗争的主阵地和最前沿，网络用户已成为舆论场上世界各国极力争取的重要对象。因此，网络主体的整体素质，特别是其意识形态风险防范能力与意识，关系到网络意识形态风险防范的水平和网络空间意识形态的安全。党的十八大以来，我国重视广大网络用户和网络服务商的道德自律建设，网络主体的意识形态风险防范素质得以提升，但也存在部分网络主体防范素质不高的问题。其一，网络意识形态工作队伍能力有待增强。部分网络意识形态工作者的马克思主义理论功底不牢，理想信念淡薄，缺乏多元思想观念的研判力、鉴别力、预防力，对网络风险警惕性不高，在复杂的网络意识形态斗争中容易迷失方向；对网民在意识形态方面的思想倾向以及意识形态领域出现的新情况了解不深，对西化分化图谋批判抵制能力不够，缺乏意识形态引领力、掌控力与应急处置力。其二，普通网民的意识形态风险防范意识较弱。新时代网民具有较高的网络参与度，借助网络空间反映自身诉求、发表观点见解已成为常态，但一些网民缺乏独立思考能力，其政治鉴别力和价值判断力不足，思想观念易受非主流意识形态和网络意见领袖的左右和裹挟，尤其是不能正确分析隐匿的错误思想倾向，无法辨别是非曲直，甚至人云亦云，不敢坚持斗争、不敢举旗亮剑，成为歪风邪气传播的帮凶和网络舆情事件背后的“推手”。其三，网络服务商自律意识较差。除了广大网民外，网络服务商也是重要的网络主体。当前，一些网络服务商特别是非主流门户网站自身要求不严，如为谋取私利设计各种博人眼球的网络恶性事件，或者打制度的擦边球进行恶意的业务竞争，阻碍了主流意识形态在网络空间的正常传播，影响了整个网络社会的文明进步，给网络的良性运行带来了严重隐患。

(3) The propaganda of mainstream ideology needs improvement

（三）主流意识形态宣传有待完善

With the continuous development of the internet, electronic content acquisition and information release have become the main choices of netizens. The rapidly changing modern society has made netizens gradually adapt to a “short, flat, fast” reading experience, and they are more accustomed to gaining perceptual experience from “fragmented, emotional, visualized” information. Therefore, in the field of internet communication, which emphasizes experience and perceptual cognition, netizens pay more attention to seeing ideological content presented in a life-oriented, interesting, and humanized state, and hope that ideology can be disseminated in a diversified, interactive, empathetic, convenient, and integrated manner. Thus, in the face of the current habits and interests of the general public in receiving information, mainstream ideological propaganda must also make corresponding changes in content and form, achieving closeness to life, reality, and the masses, so as to effectively respond to new problems emerging in the new situation. This is the key and difficulty of future propaganda and ideological work and online ideological risk governance.

随着互联网的不断发展，电子化的内容获取和信息发布成为网民的主要选择，快速变化的现代社会使得网民已经逐渐适应了“短、平、快”的阅读体验，更加习惯于在“碎片化、情感化、影像化”的信息中获得感性体验。因此，在注重体验和感性认识的互联网传播领域，网民更加注重看到以生活化、趣味化、人本化状态呈现出的意识形态内容，更加希望意识形态以多样化、互动化、共情化、便捷化与融合化的方式进行传播。因而，在面对当前社会大众新的接收信息的习惯和旨趣时，主流意识形态宣传也必须在内容和形式上作出相应改变，做到贴近生活、贴近实际、贴近群众，从而有效地应对新形势下出现的新问题，这是未来宣传思想工作和网络意识形态风险治理的关键和难点。

(4) Weak supervision of online ideology

（四）网络意识形态监管乏力

Strong supervision of online ideology is an effective means to achieve healthy internet operation, and it can play roles in safeguarding, regulating, and supervising the security of online ideology, running through the entire process of online ideological risk prevention. Currently, China’s overall online supervision is developing positively, but there are also problems of weak supervision. First, control over internet information technology remains at a disadvantage. Internet security technology is a strong guarantee for achieving effective supervision of online ideology and creating a clear cyberspace. Since the New Era, China’s network technology has made considerable progress, but core technologies still have certain disadvantages compared with developed countries abroad. To some extent, there are still problems such as being choked and led by the nose by Western countries, having to act according to others’ wishes, making it difficult to fully achieve technical control over various illegal, harmful, and undesirable information on the internet, resulting in the inability to effectively ensure the security of internet ideology. Second, cybersecurity legislation needs improvement. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has attached importance to using law to supervise cybersecurity and has formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations to regulate and manage internet behavior. However, some laws and regulations have failed to adapt to the rapid development trend of the internet, and their pertinence and applicability are insufficient, making it difficult to provide strong legal support for removing negative online information, thus seriously affecting the security of online ideology. Third, the level of network management is not high. China’s online supervision has long been in

强有力的网络意识形态监管是实现网络健康运行的有效手段，对网络意识形态安全能够起到保障、规范、监督等作用，贯穿于网络意识形态风险防范的全过程。当前，我国网络监管整体发展向好，但也存在监管乏力的问题。其一，网络信息技术控制仍处于劣势。互联网安全技术是实现网络意识形态有效监管、营造清朗网络空间的强力保证。新时代以来，我国的网络技术取得了长足发展，但是核心技术同国外发达国家相比仍然存在一定的劣势，还在一定程度上存在被西方国家卡脖子、牵鼻子，不得不看别人脸色行事等问题，难以完全做到对网络上各种非法信息、不良信息、有害信息的技术控制，导致互联网意识形态安全无法得到切实保障。其二，网络安全立法有待完善。党的十八大以来，中国重视运用法律监管网络安全，制定颁布了一系列法律法规来规范和管理互联网行为。但是部分法律法规未能适应互联网迅速发展的趋势，其针对性、适用性不强，很难为清除网络负面信息提供有力的法律支撑，从而严重地影响了网络意识形态安全。其三，网络管理水平不高。我国网络监管长期处于一种各自为政的情形，不止一个部门具有网络监管责任，同时具有网络监管职权的部门数量很多，不仅包括互联网新闻办公室、国务院信息化工作领导小组、工业和信息化部、文化和旅游部、国家广播电影电视总局等主要部门，国家安全、公安、工商行政管理部门也具备一些监管权。而各部门在网络管理中存在的“多头管理、职能交叉、权责不一、效率不高”等弊端直接导致了监督效力与执行力度的“打折”。网络负面信息如得不到有力监管势必误导广大网民，从而影响健康网络空间的构建，这是网络意识形态风险产生的直接原因。

III. Actively Innovating the Governance of Online Ideological Risks in the New Era

三、积极创新新时代网络意识形态风险治理

As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, online ideological risks are becoming increasingly complex, and the struggle over online ideology is growing more severe. To prevent online ideological risks from turning into real dangers and to win the victory in the online ideological struggle, it is necessary to take

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，网络意识形态风险日趋复杂，网络意识形态斗争更为严峻。要避免网络意识形态风险转化为现实危险，赢得网络意识形态斗争的胜利，必须以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为科学指引，切实针对网络意识形态的风险样态及风险成因，积极探索防范化解新时代网络意识形态风险的有效路径。

(I) In principle, adhere to the basic requirements for governing online ideological risks

（一）原则上遵循网络意识形态风险治理的基本要求

In the New Era, building a sound online public opinion ecosystem is an important lever for maintaining the security of mainstream ideology on the internet. This requires that the governance of online ideological risks must, in principle, uphold the organic unity of Party management of the internet and law-based governance of the internet, jointly building a line of defense for cyberspace security.

新时代构建良好的网络舆论生态是维护互联网主流意识形态安全的重要抓手，这要求网络意识形态风险治理必须在原则上坚持党管网络与依法治网的有机统一，共筑网络空间安全防线。

First, ensure the Party’s comprehensive leadership over ideological construction in cyberspace. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in response to various problems emerging in the field of online ideology, Xi Jinping has emphasized: “We must unwaveringly and unambiguously uphold Party management of the internet, strengthen the Party Central Committee’s centralized and unified leadership over internet and information work, and ensure that internet and information undertakings always advance in the correct direction.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization,” *Qiushi*, 2018, no. 16. To consolidate the Party’s leadership, management, and discursive power over online ideology, and to uphold Party management of the media, Party management of the internet, and Party management of propaganda, the Party’s propaganda and ideological work must pay attention to matters of principle and orientation, adhere to the correct political stance, and firmly grasp the public opinion orientation of propaganda and ideological work; it is necessary to start from improving the level of Party committees’ fulfillment of their primary responsibility for online ideological work, establishing and perfecting the assessment system for Party committees’ primary responsibility for online ideological work, the accountability system for primary responsibility, and the intra-Party special responsibility supervision mechanism, and to implement the responsibility system for online ideological work, thereby stabilizing the direction of navigation and promoting a clean and upright cyberspace.

第一，确保党全面领导网络空间意识形态建设。党的十八大以来，针对网络意识形态领域出现的各种问题，习近平强调：“必须旗帜鲜明、毫不动摇坚持党管互联网，加强党中央对网信工作的集中统一领导，确保网信事业始终沿着正确方向前进。”为了巩固党对网络意识形态的领导权、管理权和话语权，坚持党管媒体、党管互联网、党管宣传，党的宣传思想工作一定要注重原则问题、导向问题，坚持正确的政治立场，牢牢把握宣传思想工作的舆论导向；必须从提高党委履行网络意识形态工作主体责任的水平、建立健全党委网络意识形态工作主体责任考核制度、主体责任追究制度、党内专项责任监管机制等方面入手，贯彻落实网络意识形态工作责任制，从而把稳航行方向，促进网络空间风清气正。

Second, improve laws and regulations to safeguard online ideological security. Advancing the rule of law in online governance is the fundamental guarantee for preventing and resolving online ideological risks. Rule-of-law-based online governance means incorporating online legislation into the national legislative plan, using legal means to constrain people’s online behavior, purify the online environment, and ensure that people share information in a healthy online environment. On the whole, although China has formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations to supervise internet behavior, the laws and regulations concerning the prevention of online ideological risks are still insufficient, and their effectiveness and applicability need improvement. At the formal level, it is necessary to combine China’s own concrete realities with the legislative experience of advanced countries in safeguarding online ideological security, incorporating both principled provisions and necessary substantive articles. At the content level, the focus should be on strengthening online ideological security, with the goal of achieving informatization and networking, safeguarding the vital interests of the vast number of netizens, and advancing the rule-of-law construction of the online environment. In online legislation, it is particularly necessary to accelerate the formulation of specialized laws targeting extreme speech, political rumors, negative news, obscene and pornographic content, and hateful emotions online, highlighting the prevention and governance of illegal content and harmful information on the internet.

第二，完善法律法规维护网络意识形态安全。推进网络治理法治化是防范化解网络意识形态风险的根本保障。网络治理法治化，就是要将网络立法纳入国家立法规划中，依靠法律手段约束人们的网络行为，净化网络环境，保证人们在健康的网络环境中共享资讯。从整体上来看，虽然中国已经制定颁布了一系列法律法规来监管互联网行为，但是网络意识形态风险防范方面的法律法规还不够完善，其实效性和应用性还有待提高。从形式层面上来看，要结合中国自身的具体实际，借鉴吸收先进国家的网络意识形态安全立法经验，既有原则性规定，又有必要的实体条文。从内容层面上来看，要以加强网络意识形态安全为核心，以实现信息化、网络化为目标，保障广大网民的切身利益，推进网络环境的法治化建设。在网络立法方面，特别要加快制定针对网络上的极端言论、政治谣言、负面新闻、猥亵色情、仇恨情绪等的专门法律，凸显对网络非法内容与有害信息的预防和治理。

(2) Achieving integrity and innovation in the content of online ideological risk governance

（二）内容上实现网络意识形态风险治理的守正创新

As we embark on the new journey, the governance of online ideological risks must keep pace with the times, conform to the development of practice, and uphold integrity and innovation. This is because integrity ensures that we do not lose our way or commit subversive errors, while innovation enables us to grasp the era and lead the times.

迈向新征程，网络意识形态风险治理必须紧跟时代步伐，顺应实践发展，坚持守正创新，因为守正才能不迷失方向、不犯颠覆性错误，创新才能把握时代、引领时代。

First, uphold positive propaganda to consolidate the foundation of socialist ideology. To maintain online ideological security in the New Era, it is necessary to do a good job in propaganda and ideological work, clarifying the orientation of mainstream ideological propaganda. “We must strengthen online positive propaganda, clearly and unequivocally uphold the correct political direction, public opinion orientation, and value orientation.” [6]6 Source: Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work,” August 19, 2013. First, it is essential to establish positive models, spread positive and healthy ideas, form good positive incentives, and vigorously promote core socialist values through multiple channels of setting advanced examples and positive models, spreading positive energy, so that the people can be inspired and motivated by “ordinary people doing extraordinary things,” and then transform this spirit into psychological identification and behavioral self-discipline. Second, in the public opinion orientation of news dissemination, all types of news media should adhere to a positive focus, guiding the public to think from a rational perspective, with an objective viewpoint and a constructive attitude, through comprehensive, prudent, and meticulous methods, helping the people form correct perceptions. Finally, it is necessary to adhere to a focus on positive propaganda, fully report on the achievements of the Party and the people’s struggle, consolidate and strengthen the mainstream ideological public opinion, thereby creating conditions for cultivating a positive and rational online public opinion environment and providing spiritual nourishment for promoting social harmony and stability.

第一，坚持正面宣传夯实社会主义意识形态基础。维护新时代网络意识形态安全，就必须做好宣传思想工作，明确主流意识形态宣传的导向性，“要加强网上正面宣传，旗帜鲜明坚持正确政治方向、舆论导向、价值取向”。首先，必须树立好正面典型，传播积极健康的思想，形成良好的正向激励，以多渠道树立先进榜样和正面典型的方式，大力弘扬社会主义核心价值观，传播正能量，使人民群众能够受到“平凡人做出不平凡事”的感召和激励，进而把这种精神化为心理认同和行为自觉。其次，在新闻传播的舆论导向中，各类新闻媒体应坚持以正面为主，通过全面、稳妥和细致的方式，站在理性的角度，以客观的视角、建设性的态度去引导社会大众进行思考，帮助人民群众形成正确认知。最后，必须坚持以正面宣传为主，充分报道好党和人民的奋斗业绩，巩固壮大主流思想舆论，从而为培育积极理性的良好网络舆论环境创造条件、为促进社会和谐稳定提供精神养料。

Second, attract diverse groups through rich and varied ideological content. In the internet era, socialist ideological propaganda must emphasize the enrichment and development of content, playing a leading role in diverse social trends in terms of agenda setting, value judgment, policy formulation, and public opinion orientation. To this end, it is necessary to “mobilize the enthusiasm of netizens and engage forces from all sides in governance,” [7]7 Source: Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Cybersecurity and Informatization,” April 19, 2016. thereby building consensus across all social strata. First, respond to the needs of diverse social groups and construct diverse expressions of mainstream ideological content. Propaganda departments at all levels must deeply understand the demands, interests, and thoughts of various social strata, refining ideological forms and discourse expressions that are acceptable to and aligned with the demands of these social groups, so that mainstream ideological propaganda can incorporate more vivid social content, forming a New Era trend of “one guiding the many” and attracting recognition and support from diverse social subjects. Second, stay close to the people’s daily lives and promote the broad acceptance of mainstream ideological content. From the perspective of the people’s actual needs, express and propagate the Party’s lines, principles, and policies of serving the people through simple, understandable, convenient, and diverse content, prompting the people to understand, identify with, and support them; excavate the excellent spiritual heritage of traditional Chinese culture, combine it with the contemporary discourse of socialist ideological propaganda content, so that the mainstream ideology can obtain rich sources of nourishment, thereby responding to the narrative discourse of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Finally, respect the people’s spirit of initiative and enrich the sources from which mainstream ideological content is drawn. On the one hand, respect the people’s self-expression and encourage various expressions of opinion that meet the needs of the times; on the other hand, strive to extract excellent ideological works from among the people, incorporate them into the content of mainstream ideological dissemination, so that mainstream ideological propaganda contains the contemporary significance that the people yearn for, thereby endowing the dissemination of mainstream ideology with vitality.

第二，通过丰富多元的意识形态内容吸引多元群体。在互联网时代，社会主义意识形态宣传必须重视内容的丰富和发展，在议题设置、价值判断、政策制定、舆论导向等方面对多元化的社会思潮起到引领作用，为此必须“调动网民积极性，动员各方面力量参与治理”，从而凝聚全社会各阶层共识。首先，回应社会多元群体需求，构建主流意识形态内容的多样表达。各级宣传部门要深入了解社会各阶层群体的诉求、旨趣和思想，提炼出各社会群体所能接受且符合他们诉求的思想形态和话语表达，从而使主流意识形态宣传能够更多地包含社会鲜活的内容，形成新时代的“一元引领多元”态势，吸引社会多元主体认可和支持。其次，贴近人民群众生活，推动主流意识形态内容的广泛接受。从人民实际需求的角度出发，把党为人民服务的路线、方针和政策通过朴素易懂、简单便捷、丰富多元的内容进行宣传表达，促使人民群众理解、认同并支持；要挖掘出中华传统文化中的优秀精神遗产，将其与社会主义意识形态宣传内容的时代话语相结合，使主流意识形态能够获得丰富的养分来源，进而回应中华民族伟大复兴的叙事话语。最后，尊重人民群众首创精神，丰富主流意识形态内容的汲取来源。一方面，尊重人民群众自我表达，鼓励人们符合时代需求的各种意见表达；另一方面，努力萃取人民群众中的优秀意识形态作品，将其纳入主流意识形态传播的内容中，使主流意识形态宣传包含人民所渴求的时代意蕴，从而赋予主流意识形态传播的生命力。

(3) Promoting synergy and efficiency in the methods of online ideological risk governance

（三）方法上推进网络意识形态风险治理的协同高效

The governance of online ideological risks is a systematic project that requires a multi-pronged approach in cyberspace, with the participation of all relevant social subjects, enhancing the autonomy and synergy of the socialization of online governance, and forming a comprehensive online governance pattern.

网络意识形态风险治理是一项系统工程，需要网络空间多管齐下，社会各相关主体共同参与，增强网络治理社会化的自主性和协同性，形成全方位网络治理格局。

First, achieve the integration of online and offline governance. First, leading cadres at all levels should, as ordinary netizens, “surf the web,” “lurk,” and “speak out” online to understand social conditions and public opinion, thereby analyzing and judging the sensitive points, pain points, and difficulties of social public opinion, and then making targeted and effective propaganda and responses through traditional media channels and online media channels. Second, strengthen material support and investment, complete the “sending information to the countryside,” [8]8 “Sending information to the countryside” (信息上山下乡) is a metaphorical phrase drawing on the historical “sending educated youth to the countryside” movement, here meaning extending information access to remote areas. and deliver television, radio, and newspapers to grassroots areas, remote regions, and rural mountainous areas, so that the Party’s various policies and the great achievements of socialist development are known to the people in these areas, thereby enabling the mainstream ideology to effectively unite the strength of people of all ethnic groups across the country and inject strong spiritual momentum into building the common spiritual home of the Chinese nation. Finally, coordinate online media and offline media to form a propaganda linkage; online media must truly penetrate various online communities and platforms, integrate into netizen groups and circles, and use information dissemination methods that netizen groups find appealing to further enhance the effectiveness of mainstream ideological propaganda.

第一，实现网上与网下治理相结合。首先，各级领导干部要以普通网民身份在网上多“冲冲浪”“潜潜水”“发发声”，了解社情民意，从而分析研判社会舆论的痒点、痛点和难点，进而有针对性地通过传统媒体渠道和网络媒体渠道进行有效的宣传和回应。其次，加强物质支持与投入，完成“信息的上山下乡”，把电视、广播、报纸送到广大基层、偏远地区、农村山区等地方，使党的各项方针政策、社会主义发展的伟大成就被这些地区的人民知晓，从而让主流意识形态能够有效凝聚起全国各族人民的力量，为构筑中华民族共有精神家园注入强大精神动力。最后，协同网络媒体与线下媒体形成宣传联动，网络媒体要真正深入各个网络社区和网络平台，融入网民群体和圈子，以网民群体喜闻乐见的信息传播方式，进一步提高主流意识形态宣传的效力。

Second, promote resonance between the government and civil public opinion fields. Currently, both government media and civil media intend to make their voices heard in the online public opinion field. However, if the many voices cannot form a unified and coordinated chorus, it will cause ideological confusion. Therefore, we should confidently sing the main theme and consolidate and strengthen mainstream ideological public opinion. Specific efforts can be made simultaneously from the following aspects. First, form a pattern of mainstream ideological propaganda with the diverse participation of online social organizations. In the internet era, where “diverse subjects participating in ideological dissemination has become an irreversible reality,” [9]9 Source: Zhang Zhian, “The Logic of Ideological Dissemination in the Internet Era,” *Social Sciences in China*, 2019, no. 2. it is necessary to treat online associations as equal partners, leverage their advantages in professional propaganda and in-depth reporting, thereby clarifying right and wrong in the public opinion field and promoting the great achievements of Chinese-path modernization. Second, form a mainstream ideological dissemination team led by online opinion leaders to guide public expression. Strengthen the education and training of existing online practitioners, build a professional team for online management and public opinion guidance that is politically strong, professionally proficient, morally upright, and disciplined; pay attention to recruiting “big V” netizens [10]10 “Big V” (网络大V) refers to influential users on Chinese social media platforms, typically verified accounts with large numbers of followers. who support the Party’s line and principles, strive to win their public opinion support and professional assistance, thereby maximizing the propaganda effect of the mainstream ideology. Finally, create a situation of mainstream ideological propaganda with the participation of every netizen group. Only by combining the mainstream ideology with the personal preferences, experiences, and emotions of netizens can it “not only bring individuals behavioral and attitudinal responsibilities and obligations but also win for themselves the social attachment and new sense of identity they eagerly desire.” [11]11 Source: Anthony Giddens, *Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age* (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), p. 89. Once the people participate in the construction of the mainstream ideology through online media, they will spontaneously recognize and accept the mainstream ideology and implement it in their own words and actions.

第二，推动政府与民间舆论场域共鸣。当前，不论是政府媒体还是民间媒体都意图在互联网舆论场域中发出自身的声音，但是众多声音中如果不能形成统一协调的大合唱，就会造成思想混乱，为此应当理直气壮唱响主旋律、巩固壮大主流思想舆论，具体可以从以下几方面同时发力。首先，形成网络社会组织多元参与的主流意识形态宣传格局。在“多元主体参与意识形态传播已成不可逆转的现实”的互联网时代，需要将网络社团视为平等的合作伙伴，发挥它们在专业宣传和深度报道方面的优势，从而做到澄清舆论场域的是非对错，宣扬好中国式现代化建设的伟大成就。其次，组成网络意见领袖引领发声的主流意识形态传播队伍。加强对现有网络从业人员的教育培训，打造出一支政治强、业务精、作风正、纪律严的网络管理和舆论引导专业队伍，要注意对拥护党的路线方针的“网络大V”的吸纳，注重赢得他们的舆论支持和专业帮助，从而最大程度提升主流意识形态的宣传效果。最后，打造网民群体人人参与的主流意识形态宣传态势。主流意识形态只有结合网民个人的喜好、体验及情感，才能“不仅带给个体行为上的和态度上的责任与义务，而且也为他自己争得了他所渴望拥有的社会依恋感和新的认同感”。一旦人民群众通过网络媒体参与主流意识形态的构建，他们便会自发地认可和接受主流意识形态，并贯彻进自身的言行之中。

Third, promote interaction between mainstream ideology propagandists and the targets of propaganda. The identification with and practice of mainstream social ideology involves a two-way interaction in dissemination. For this reason, the dissemination of online ideology must grasp the pulse of the times and keep pace with the times, “boldly employing new technologies, new mechanisms, and new models,” and “actively developing various interactive, service-oriented, and experiential news information services.” [12]12 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideology Work, August 2018. First, establish the concept of equal communication and interaction, and update the mode of disseminating mainstream ideology. Mainstream ideological propaganda must break free from the previous coercive practices of “indoctrination” and “force-feeding,” truly penetrate the community of netizens, provide answers and clarifications on hot-button issues that concern netizens, and achieve their understanding and identification with mainstream values through interaction and exchange with netizens. Second, grasp the trends in network development, and form sound interactive forms and discourse. Mainstream ideology propagandists must proactively break the monolithic, one-way mode of dissemination, strive to absorb the forms of expression and interactive topics that netizens enjoy, truly get close to netizens’ lives, and express netizens’ emotional discourse, so as to be able to forge a new “mass line” in the internet age. Finally, grasp the trend of social interaction in network development, and rely on personal social networks to drive interpersonal ideological dissemination. Ideological workers should actively seek out good people and good deeds around them, use online media such as Weibo, WeChat, and forums to write from the heart with their own hands, and rely on real people, real events, and genuine feelings to move people’s hearts. In this way, people will be led by emotions such as being moved to engage in information diffusion behaviors like forwarding and sharing, and the content of mainstream ideology will then spread through social networks along social chains to an ever-wider scope.

第三，促进主流意识形态宣传者与宣传对象的互动。社会主流意识形态的认同和践行存在着传播的双向互动，为此，网络意识形态的传播必须把握住时代脉搏，与时俱进，“大胆运用新技术、新机制、新模式”“积极发展各种互动式、服务式和体验式新闻信息服务”。首先，树立平等沟通互动理念，更新主流意识形态传播方式。主流意识形态宣传要摆脱以往“灌输”和“填鸭”式的强制做法，真正深入网民群体，针对网民所关切的热点进行答疑解惑，通过与网民互动交流实现其对主流价值观念的理解和认同。其次，把握网络发展趋势，形成良好的互动形式和话语。主流意识形态宣传者要主动打破大一统的单向传播形式，努力汲取网民所喜闻乐见的表达形式和互动议题，真正贴近网民生活，表达出网民情感话语，才有可能在网络时代走出新的“群众路线”。最后，把握网络发展社交趋势，依靠个人社交带动人际意识形态传播。意识形态工作者要积极挖掘身边的好人好事，凭借微博、微信、论坛等网络媒体以我手写我情，依靠真人真事和真情实感来打动人心，这样人们就会通过感动等情绪引致转发、分享等信息扩散行为，于是主流意识形态内容就会通过社交网络沿着社交链条不断传播到更大范围。

(4) Technologically ensure the autonomous and controllable governance of online ideological risks

（四）技术上保障网络意识形态风险治理的自主可控

The efficient governance of online ideological risks cannot be separated from the guarantee of advanced science and technology. Given that China’s core internet technologies still lag behind those of developed countries, to guard against online ideological risks in the New Era, China must keep pace with the development of the times, follow the trend of information technology development, enhance the capacity for independent innovation in core technologies, and ensure the security of mainstream ideology on the internet through technological advantages.

网络意识形态风险的高效治理离不开先进科学技术的保障。鉴于我国互联网核心技术仍落后于发达国家的现状，新时代中国要防范网络意识形态风险，必须紧跟时代发展步伐，顺应信息技术发展潮流，提高核心技术自主创新能力，通过技术优势来确保互联网主流意识形态安全。

First, accelerate independent innovation in network technology. Innovation is an important driving force for the development of the Party and the nation’s undertakings. In the area of network technology innovation, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of Xi Jinping’s assertion that “grasping innovation means grasping development, and seeking innovation means seeking the future.” First, increase the intensity of research and development in encryption technology, focus on the comprehensive upgrade of internet data security protection, comprehensively upgrade technologies for preventing, monitoring, and eliminating viruses, especially the identification and dynamic tracking of unknown viruses, further upgrade technologies for intelligent detection and elimination of viruses, maximize the elimination of internet viruses, prevent the internet from being attacked by viruses and hackers, effectively safeguard user data security, thereby achieving technical control over illegal information on the internet, and thus reducing online ideological risks. Second, increase the intensity of AI technology research and development, follow the mechanisms of public opinion generation and evolution, continuously upgrade AI public opinion monitoring systems, comprehensively optimize service functions such as public opinion monitoring, early warning, analysis, and handling, thereby improving the precision of online public opinion governance and maintaining the security of mainstream ideology online. Finally, focus on the research and development of VR technology, and strengthen the concrete construction of red culture in cyberspace. Make full use of VR technology to transform historical heroic figures and historically significant events into cyberspace, restore historical appearances in vivid, rich, and diverse forms, correct people’s erroneous historical perceptions, guide people to establish a correct view of history, create a good online public opinion atmosphere, and promote the widespread dissemination of mainstream ideology.

第一，加快网络技术自主创新。创新是推动党和国家事业发展的重要动力，在网络技术创新方面必须加深对习近平关于“抓创新就是抓发展，谋创新就是谋未来”这一论断的理解。首先，提高加密技术的研发力度，着重对互联网数据安全防护的创新升级，全方位升级对病毒的防范、监测和解除技术，特别是对未知病毒的识别和动态跟踪，进一步升级智能检测和消除病毒的技术，最大限度地清除互联网病毒，防止互联网受到病毒和黑客的攻击，切实维护用户的数据安全，从而实现对网络上非法信息的技术控制，进而降低网络意识形态风险。其次，加大AI技术研发力度，遵循舆情生成演化机理，不断升级AI舆情监控系统，全面优化舆情监测、舆情预警、舆情研判、舆情处理等服务功能，从而提高网络舆情精准治理水平，维护网络主流意识形态安全。最后，注重VR技术的研发，加强网络虚拟空间红色文化的具象化建设。充分利用VR技术将历史英雄人物及具有重大意义的历史事件转化到网络空间，以生动形象、丰富多彩的表现形式还原历史面貌，纠正人们错误的历史认知，引导人们树立正确的历史观，营造良好的网络舆论氛围，促进主流意识形态的广泛传播。

Second, strengthen network technology supervision. Network technology supervision is related to the security of online ideology. In order to create a clean and clear cyberspace, “the competent authorities must fulfill their regulatory responsibilities and strengthen the management of new media in accordance with the law.” [13]13 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on cybersecurity and informatization work, April 2016. First, strengthen awareness of internet supervision. Relevant staff must strengthen their understanding of the importance of internet supervision, carefully analyze the problems existing in supervision, resolutely implement policies and regulations related to internet supervision, rely on modern technology to effectively improve the effectiveness of supervision, and make the internet truly serve the construction of mainstream ideology. Second, be adept at using internet crawler technology. Internet crawlers have significant technical advantages, such as precise information capture, wide coverage, and high efficiency. For this reason, it is necessary to use this technology to achieve precise control over internet information, prevent the emergence of uncontrollable situations with sudden internet information, and thereby ensure online ideological security. Finally, strictly implement real-name registration management. Internet real-name systems have been recognized by some countries in terms of concepts and actions, forming a consensus and cooperation for exchange. China can learn from international experience and strictly implement internet real-name management according to the principle of “voluntary front-end, real-name back-end,” [14]14 “Voluntary front-end, real-name back-end” refers to a policy where users may choose a screen name visible to the public (front-end) but must register with their real identity (back-end) with the platform. actively promote real-name management on major websites, and thereby effectively maintain online ideological security.

第二，加强网络技术监管。网络技术监管关乎网络意识形态安全，为了营造清朗网络空间，“主管部门要履行好监管责任，依法加强新兴媒体管理”。首先，要加强互联网监管意识。相关工作人员必须加强对互联网监管重要性的认识，认真分析监管中存在的问题，坚决执行互联网监管相关政策和法规，依靠现代科技切实提高监管效果，使互联网真正做到为主流意识形态建设服务。其次，善于利用互联网爬虫技术。互联网爬虫具有很大技术优势，对互联网信息有抓取精确、覆盖面广、效率高等特点，为此必须通过该项技术实现对互联网资讯的精准掌控，防止互联网突发资讯出现难以控制的局面，以此来保障网络意识形态安全。最后，严格实行实名制注册管理。互联网实名制在观念和行动上已经得到部分国家的认同并形成了交流合作共识和行动。中国可以借鉴国际经验按照“前台自愿、后台实名”的方式严格进行互联网实名制管理，积极推进各大网站实名制管理，以此切实维护网络意识形态安全。

Third, focus on cultivating network technology talent. The field of cyberspace and informatization is a technology-intensive and innovation-intensive field. To promote innovation in internet technology in the New Era and achieve internet ideological security, “there must be a high-quality team of cybersecurity and informatization talent.” [15]15 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on cybersecurity and informatization work, April 2016. First, establish a personnel management system that suits the characteristics of network informatization, adopt flexible and diverse talent cultivation and introduction policies, and gather outstanding talent in the field of network informatization. Second, establish a scientific and fair talent assessment and evaluation mechanism, using actual ability as the measurement standard, highlighting professionalism, innovation, and practicality; build a flexible talent incentive mechanism, improve the system for the attribution of scientific research results and intellectual property rights and the distribution of benefits in the field of network informatization, and stimulate the drive and pioneering spirit of network information technology talent. Finally, further increase financial investment in core technology research and development, break down institutional barriers to talent mobility, achieve smooth talent flow across various fields, integrate human resources for core internet technology development, and build a high-level core technology research and development team. In short, by forming a large-scale, high-quality team of network technology talent, provide a strong guarantee of human resources for preventing online ideological risks in the New Era.

第三，注重网络技术人才培养。网信领域是技术密集型、创新密集型领域，推进新时代互联网技术创新，实现互联网意识形态安全，“要有高素质的网络安全和信息化人才队伍”。首先，建立适应网络信息化特点的人事管理制度，采用灵活多样的人才培育和引进政策，把优秀人才汇聚到网络信息领域中来。其次，建立科学、公平的人才考核评价机制，以实际能力为衡量标准，突出专业、创新和实用性；构建灵活人才激励机制，完善网络信息领域科研成果、知识产权归属、利益分配制度，激发网络信息技术人才的干劲、闯劲。最后，进一步加大对核心技术研发的资金投入，打破人才流动的体制界限，实现人才在各个领域顺畅流动，整合互联网核心技术开发人才资源，打造高水平核心技术研发团队。总之，要通过组建一支规模宏大的高素质网络技术人才队伍，为新时代网络意识形态风险防范提供坚强人才资源保障。

(Author’s bio: Wang Yonghua, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor at the School of Marxism, Yunnan Normal University)

（作者简介：王永华，云南师范大学马克思主义学院教授、博士研究生导师）

(Project: Phased result of the 2022 Yunnan Province Xingdian Talent Support Plan Cultural Masters Special Project “Research on the Construction of Ideological Discourse Power in Higher Education Institutions in New China”)

（项目：2022年度云南省兴滇英才支持计划文化名家专项“新中国高校意识形态话语权建构研究”的阶段性成果）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心