Comprehensive Deepening of Reform Provides Institutional Guarantees for Developing New Quality Productive Forces in Accordance with Local Conditions

Since July 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping, during inspection tours in Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Guangxi and other places, has proposed integrating scientific and technological innovation resources, leading the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries, and accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces. [1]1 New quality productive forces (新质生产力) refers to a concept introduced by Xi Jinping emphasizing productivity driven by advanced technology, innovation, and high-quality development, distinct from traditional factor-driven growth. The *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization* (hereinafter referred to as the *Decision*), reviewed and approved at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC (党的二十届三中全会) was held in July 2024, focusing on further comprehensive deepening of reform to advance Chinese-path modernization. proposes to “improve the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions. Promote revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries; promote the optimized combination and renewed leap of laborers, means of labor, and subjects of labor; give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers; and develop productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality.” It also proposes to “strengthen innovation in key generic technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies; strengthen the supply of institutions for new fields and new tracks; establish a mechanism for increasing investment in future industries; and improve relevant rules and policies to accelerate the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces, promote the concentration of all types of advanced production factors toward the development of new quality productive forces, and substantially increase total factor productivity.” This further clarifies the key tasks and main directions for developing new quality productive forces, and makes arrangements for improving the institutions and mechanisms for promoting high-quality economic development and accelerating the development of new quality productive forces.

2023年7月以来，习近平总书记先后在四川、黑龙江、浙江、广西等地考察调研时，提出要整合科技创新资源，引领发展战略性新兴产业和未来产业，加快形成新质生产力 。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）提出，“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制。推动技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级，推动劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象优化组合和更新跃升，催生新产业、新模式、新动能，发展以高技术、高效能、高质量为特征的生产力”，同时提出“加强关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新，加强新领域新赛道制度供给，建立未来产业投入增长机制”，“健全相关规则和政策，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚，大幅提升全要素生产率”。这进一步明确了发展新质生产力的重点任务和主攻方向，对健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制、促进加快新质生产力发展作出部署。

I. Building a High-Level Socialist Market Economy System to Provide Institutional Guarantees for Developing New Quality Productive Forces in Accordance with Local Conditions

一、构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，为因地制宜发展新质生产力提供体制保障

The *Decision* proposes that “a high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to better leverage the role of market mechanisms, create a fairer and more dynamic market environment, achieve optimal allocation efficiency and maximum benefits of resources, be both ‘able to let go’ and ‘able to manage well,’ better maintain market order and remedy market failures, smooth the circulation of the national economy, and stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society.”

《决定》提出，“高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障。必须更好发挥市场机制作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化，既‘放得活’又‘管得住’，更好维护市场秩序、弥补市场失灵，畅通国民经济循环，激发全社会内生动力和创新活力。”

A high-level socialist market economy system is an important institutional guarantee for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions. Developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions requires not only that each locality rely on its own advantageous conditions to advance scientific and technological innovation and industrial development, but also that it fully utilize external resources to assist in the leap of its own productive forces. Particularly in economically underdeveloped regions, external resource injection is often needed to leverage their own resources, thereby releasing strong vitality for developing new quality productive forces. Therefore, it is necessary to give full play to the role of market mechanisms, create a fairer and more dynamic market environment, and make full use of both internal and external resources of each locality to develop new quality productive forces. To this end, it is necessary not only to improve the basic systems of the market economy, by protecting property rights to enhance local momentum for scientific and technological innovation, improving the market access system to enliven local scientific and technological innovation vitality, ensuring fair competition to stimulate local scientific and technological innovation potential, and perfecting the social credit system to ensure effective economic operation, thereby creating favorable conditions for each locality to develop new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions; but also to promote the construction of a unified national market, facilitate the free flow of factors, and provide high-quality factor resources for each locality to develop new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions.

高水平社会主义市场经济体制是因地制宜发展新质生产力的重要体制保障。因地制宜发展新质生产力，不仅需要各地依托自身优势条件推进科技创新和产业发展，还需要充分利用外部资源助力本地区生产力跃升。特别是经济欠发达地区，往往需要外部资源注入以撬动其自有资源，从而释放发展新质生产力的强大活力。因此，必须发挥好市场机制作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，充分利用各地方内部和外部两种资源发展新质生产力。为此，不仅要完善市场经济基础制度，通过保护产权以增强地方科技创新动力，完善市场准入制度以活跃地方科技创新活力，保障公平竞争以激发地方科技创新潜力，健全社会信用体系以确保经济有效运行，为各地因地制宜发展新质生产力创造良好条件；还要推动构建全国统一大市场，促进要素自由流动，为各地因地制宜发展新质生产力提供优质要素资源。

On the one hand, it is necessary to improve the basic systems of the market economy, such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, to maximize the stimulation of endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of local economies, and provide institutional guarantees for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions. Specifically, it is necessary to improve the property rights protection system, establish an efficient comprehensive intellectual property management system, strengthen the protection of intangible intellectual property such as patents and trademarks, implement equal responsibility, equal crime, and equal punishment for acts infringing upon the property rights and legitimate rights and interests of all forms of ownership, and, on the basis of ensuring equal and long-term legal protection for the property rights of all forms of ownership, stimulate the innovation momentum of various market entities, so that the source of scientific and technological innovation fully flows in all localities. It is necessary to improve the market access system, strictly prohibit various localities and departments from issuing negative lists with market access nature on their own, clean up and abolish regulations and practices that hinder equal and lawful access and exit, create favorable conditions for leading scientific and technological enterprises and specialized and new “little giant” enterprises [3]3 Specialized and new “little giant” enterprises (专精特新中小企业) are small and medium-sized enterprises in China that are specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative, often recognized as national-level leaders in niche markets. to settle in localities, and enhance the vitality and momentum of each locality in developing new quality productive forces. It is necessary to improve the fair competition system, perfect the rule system for anti-monopoly, restrict administrative monopoly and prevent natural monopoly formed in the process of competition, thereby forming a good atmosphere that encourages enterprises to gain competitive advantages through scientific and technological innovation, and maximize the release of the innovation potential of small and medium-sized enterprises in all localities. It is necessary to improve the social credit system, accelerate the construction of a social credit system, establish a credit information sharing mechanism, form a credit information network covering all credit subjects, all types of credit information, and all regions of the country, and on this basis, strengthen restrictions and punishments on dishonest enterprises in activities such as government procurement, bidding, qualification review, and financial support, so that trustworthy enterprises can participate more in local scientific and technological innovation and industrial development, thereby ensuring that the major project of developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions is advanced efficiently and orderly in a social atmosphere of trustworthiness and promise-keeping.

一方面，要完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，最大限度地激发各地经济发展的内生动力与创新活力，为因地制宜发展新质生产力提供制度保障。具体而言，要完善产权保护制度，建立高效的知识产权综合管理体制，加强对专利、商标等无形知识产权的保护，对侵犯各种所有制经济产权和合法权益的行为实行同责同罪同罚，在确保对各种所有制经济产权进行依法平等长久保护的基础上激发各类市场主体的创新动力，让科技创新的源泉在各地充分涌流。要完善市场准入制度，严禁各地区各部门自行发布具有市场准入性质的负面清单，清理废除妨碍依法平等准入和退出的规定做法，为科技领军企业和专精特新中小企业入驻地方创造良好条件，增强各地发展新质生产力的活力和动力。要完善公平竞争制度，健全反垄断的规则体系，限制行政性垄断并防止竞争中形成的自然性垄断，从而形成鼓励企业依靠科技创新获取竞争优势的良好氛围，最大限度地释放各地中小企业的创新潜力。要完善社会信用制度，加快建设社会信用体系，建立信用信息共享机制，形成覆盖全部信用主体、所有信用信息类别、全国所有区域的信用信息网络，以此为基础在政府采购、招标投标、资质审核、资金扶持等活动中强化对失信企业的限制和惩戒，让守信企业更多地参与地方科技创新和产业发展，从而确保因地制宜发展新质生产力这一重大工程在守信守诺的社会氛围中高效、有序推进。

On the other hand, it is necessary to build a unified national market, improve the systems and rules of the factor market, promote the smooth flow of production factors, the efficient allocation of various resources, and the full release of market potential, and provide factor support for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions. In terms of spatial layout, it is necessary to vigorously develop a modern economic system integrating production factors such as land, talent, capital, technology, and data, select suitable regions based on the actual conditions of each locality to build data factor allocation hub nodes with international influence, and take the preemptive step for the multi-layered, multi-system, cross-regional efficient flow and utilization of factor resources. [4]4 “Take the preemptive step” (下好先手棋) is a Chinese idiom meaning to secure an advantageous position by acting early, often used in strategic planning contexts. In terms of intergovernmental relations, it is necessary to establish horizontal cooperation and exchange mechanisms between governments, accelerate the formation of multi-level, multi-functional substantive cooperative organizations, clarify the sources of problems hindering factor flow through exchanges, solve key difficulties hindering factor flow through cooperation, and gradually reduce and even eliminate the institutional and mechanism obstacles restricting the free flow of factors between regions. In terms of infrastructure, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of infrastructure for factor interconnection, accelerate the construction of a modern logistics system for factors, realize the co-construction and sharing of infrastructure, and provide hardware support for the smooth flow of various factors between regions and between urban and rural areas. In terms of legal guarantees, it is necessary to strengthen the rule of law, adjust relevant laws and regulations that do not meet the requirements of factor market-oriented allocation reform, create a good legal environment for the free and orderly flow of factors between regions, and ensure that there are laws to follow. Through the above measures, all types of advanced and high-quality production factors will flow smoothly into the fields of new quality productive forces development, achieving optimal allocation efficiency and maximum benefits of resources, and providing abundant factor resources for each locality to develop new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions.

另一方面，要构建全国统一大市场，完善要素市场制度和规则，推动生产要素畅通流动、各类资源高效配置、市场潜力充分释放，为因地制宜发展新质生产力提供要素支撑。在空间布局方面，要大力发展融土地、人才、资本、技术、数据等生产要素于一体的现代化经济体系，立足于各地的实际情况，选择合适地区建设具有国际影响力的数据要素配置枢纽节点，为要素资源多圈层、多体系、跨区域的高效流动与利用下好先手棋。在府际关系方面，要建立政府间的横向合作交流机制，加快组建多层级、多功能的实体性合作组织，通过交流明确阻碍要素流动的问题源头，通过合作解决阻碍要素流动的关键难题，逐渐降低乃至消除制约地区间要素自由流动的体制机制障碍。在基础设施方面，要加强要素互联互通的基础设施建设，加快要素物流现代化体系建设，实现基础设施共建共享，为各类要素在区域之间、城乡之间的顺畅流动提供硬件支撑。在法律保障方面，要加强法治建设，调整不符合要素市场化配置改革要求的相关法律法规，为地区间要素自由、有序流动创造良好的法治环境，做到有法可依。通过上述举措，让各类先进优质生产要素顺畅流动到新质生产力发展领域，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化，为各地因地制宜发展新质生产力提供丰富的要素资源。

II. Building Institutions and Mechanisms to Support Comprehensive Innovation to Provide a Source of Innovation Momentum for Developing New Quality Productive Forces in Accordance with Local Conditions

二、构建支持全面创新体制机制，为因地制宜发展新质生产力提供创新动力源

The *Decision* proposes that “education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic supports for Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to thoroughly implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy; coordinate and promote the integrated reform of the institutions and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent; improve the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide; [5]5 The new system of mobilizing resources nationwide (新型举国体制) refers to a modernized version of China’s traditional state-led mobilization of resources for strategic goals, adapted for market conditions and technological innovation. and enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system.” General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee that “it is necessary to smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent in accordance with the requirements for developing new quality productive forces.” [6]6 The 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee (中央政治局第十一次集体学习) was held in January 2024, focusing on the development of new quality productive forces. It can be seen that to improve the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions, it is necessary to consider education, science and technology, and talent as a whole, adhere to giving priority to education development, achieving self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and leading with talent-driven development, emphasize the organic connection among the three, and through their coordinated cooperation and systematic integration, jointly shape new advantages for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions.

《决定》提出，“教育、科技、人才是中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑。必须深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，健全新型举国体制，提升国家创新体系整体效能。”习近平总书记在中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调，“要按照发展新质生产力要求，畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环”。可见，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，必须将教育、科技、人才统筹起来考虑，坚持教育优先发展、科技自立自强、人才引领驱动，强调三者的有机联系，通过三者的协同配合、系统集成，共同塑造因地制宜发展新质生产力的新优势。

First, it is necessary to deepen comprehensive reform of education, align disciplinary development with the needs of developing new quality productive forces, and expand the coverage of high-quality educational resources. Further promote reform of educational evaluation, empowering the practice of developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions in areas such as cultivating urgently needed talent and guiding innovation directions. In disciplinary development, establish a mechanism for adjusting disciplinary offerings that serves major national strategic needs and local economic and social development needs, make extraordinary arrangements for urgently needed disciplines related to developing new quality productive forces, identify and prioritize advantageous disciplines based on the disciplinary characteristics of local universities and the resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions of their regions, strengthen the construction of basic disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary fields, and use a high-quality disciplinary system to advance the cultivation of top-tier talent and major scientific and technological breakthroughs, thereby assisting localities in developing new quality productive forces according to their conditions. In educational resources, continuously raise the level of digitalization in education, build an interconnected, co-constructed, and shared digital education platform system, expand the coverage of high-quality educational resources, improve the educational level of underdeveloped regions, alleviate the problem of unbalanced educational development across regions, and provide rich, high-quality educational resources for localities to build high-level talent teams serving the development of new quality productive forces. In educational evaluation, promote reform of diversified evaluation in higher education, focus on establishing a classified, tiered, and diversified evaluation mechanism that “emphasizes innovation, compares contributions, and values quality” in key technologies and key links of original and disruptive technological innovation, set scientifically reasonable evaluation indicators based on a comprehensive consideration of the needs of developing new quality productive forces and the development characteristics of universities, introduce third-party institutions to evaluate the performance of universities, learn from advanced international experience in educational evaluation and carry out localized adaptation, build an educational evaluation system with multi-subject participation, adapted to China’s actual conditions, and of world-class standards, and give full play to the important guiding and incentivizing role of educational evaluation in promoting technological innovation.

其一，要深化教育综合改革，瞄准新质生产力发展需要推进学科建设，扩大优质教育资源覆盖范围。进一步推动教育评价改革，在培养急需人才、引导创新方向等方面赋能各地因地制宜发展新质生产力的实践。在学科建设方面，要建立服务于国家重大战略需求和地方经济社会发展需要的学科设置调整机制，超常布局与发展新质生产力相关的急需学科专业，根据地方高校学科特色及其所在区域的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等情况划定优势学科并重点发展，加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设，以高质量学科体系推进拔尖人才培养和重大科学技术攻关，助力地方因地制宜发展新质生产力。在教育资源方面，要不断提升教育数字化水平，构建互联互通、共建共享的数字教育平台体系，扩大优质教育资源覆盖面，提升落后地区的教育水平，缓解各地教育发展不平衡的问题，为各地打造服务于发展新质生产力的高水平人才队伍提供丰富、优质的教育资源。在教育评价方面，要推进高等教育多元评价改革，聚焦推动在原创性、颠覆性科技创新的关键技术和关键环节建立“重创新、比贡献、讲质量”的分类、分层的多元评价机制，在综合考虑新质生产力发展需要和高校发展特色的基础上设置科学合理的评价指标，引入第三方机构对高校办学水平进行评价，面向世界学习教育评价先进经验并进行本土化改造，构建多元主体参与、符合中国实际、具有世界水平的教育评价体系，发挥好教育评价对推进科技创新的重要导向和激励作用。

Second, it is necessary to deepen reform of the science and technology system, create a scientific and efficient management system for science and technology plans and a mechanism for cultivating and strengthening leading science and technology enterprises, fully leverage the initiative of both the central and local governments, and collaboratively advance the development of new quality productive forces according to local conditions. On the one hand, improve the management system for science and technology plans, strengthen forward-looking and leading deployment in the fields of basic research, interdisciplinary frontiers, and key areas, enable local governments to carry out major science and technology deployment and breakthroughs under central guidance, ensure that at the central level the principle of “the whole country as a single chessboard” [7]7 “The whole country as a single chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a Chinese political idiom meaning that all parts of the country must coordinate their actions under central planning, like pieces on a single chessboard. is upheld, with rational planning and orderly advancement of original and disruptive technological innovation, and at the local level actively align with national strategies, base efforts on actual conditions in terms of resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions, and develop new quality productive forces that suit local advantages and characteristics. At the same time, strengthen organized basic research, improve the basic research investment mechanism combining competitive support and stable support, encourage qualified localities, enterprises, social organizations, and individuals to support basic research, fully leverage the initiative of local governments in basic research investment, and ensure that localities can select basic research fields with local advantages and characteristics for focused breakthroughs based on their actual conditions. On the other hand, establish a mechanism for cultivating and strengthening leading science and technology enterprises, strengthen the principal role of enterprises in technological innovation, deepen enterprise-led deep integration of industry, academia, and research, encourage local leading science and technology enterprises to take the initiative to lead or participate in national science and technology tasks, drive the growth of local specialized and sophisticated “little giant” [8]8 “Little giant” (专精特新) refers to small and medium-sized enterprises that are specialized, sophisticated, distinctive, and innovative, a category promoted by the Chinese government. small and medium-sized enterprises, and at the same time guide local universities and research institutes to share the right to use scientific and technological achievements with micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises through a “use first, pay later” model, adopt multiple measures to help enterprises develop new technologies, new industries, new models, and new drivers, and inject strong momentum into the development of new quality productive forces according to local conditions.

其二，要深化科技体制改革，打造科学高效的科技计划管理体系和培育壮大科技领军企业的机制，充分发挥中央和地方的积极性，协同推进因地制宜发展新质生产力。一方面，要改进科技计划管理体系，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域、重点领域的前瞻性、引领性布局，使地方政府能够在中央的指导下进行重大科技布局和攻关，做到在中央层面坚持“全国一盘棋”，合理规划、有序推进原创性、颠覆性科技创新，在地方层面积极对接国家战略，立足自身在资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等方面的实际情况，发展符合本地区优势和特点的新质生产力。同时，要加强有组织的基础研究，完善竞争性支持和稳定性支持相结合的基础研究投入机制，鼓励有条件的地方、企业、社会组织、个人支持基础研究，充分发挥地方在基础研究投入方面的积极性，确保地方能够根据自身的实际情况选择本地具有优势和特色的基础研究领域进行集中攻关。另一方面，要建立培育壮大科技领军企业的机制，强化企业科技创新主体地位，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，鼓励地方科技领军企业主动牵头或参与国家科技攻关任务，带动地方专精特新中小企业发展壮大，同时引导地方高校和科研院所以先使用后付费的方式将科技成果使用权与中小微企业共享，多措并举助力企业开发新技术、新产业、新模式和新动能，为各地因地制宜发展新质生产力注入强大动力。

Third, it is necessary to deepen reform of the systems and mechanisms for talent development, improve the working mechanisms for talent cultivation, introduction, use, and orderly flow, and lay a solid talent foundation for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions. In talent cultivation, build a high-level talent cultivation system, provide systematic theoretical training and practical exercise for young scientific and technological innovation talent, accelerate the construction of world-class universities and first-class disciplines, strengthen the supply of first-class educational and teaching resources, and at the same time make good use of high-quality resources from local universities, research institutes, and enterprises, continuously deepen school-enterprise cooperation and integration of industry and education, train talent in production practice, and pool efforts from multiple parties to cultivate a large-scale, reasonably structured, and high-quality innovative talent team. In talent introduction, establish a scientific and efficient mechanism for discovering, introducing, and settling talent, improve the support and guarantee mechanism for introducing overseas talent, promote the alignment of talent introduction policies with international standards, and form a talent system with international competitiveness. In talent use, build a mechanism for employing people where “the capable are promoted, the mediocre yield, and the incompetent are dismissed,” form a talent evaluation system oriented toward innovation ability, quality, effectiveness, and contribution, and a income distribution mechanism that fully reflects the value of innovation factors such as knowledge and technology, use talent rationally on the basis of scientific evaluation of ability and ensuring talent treatment, and transform strong talent resources into the talent momentum driving breakthroughs in key core technologies. In talent flow, improve the mechanism for orderly talent flow, break down constraints such as household registration, identity, education, and personnel relations, promote coordinated talent development between urban and rural areas, regions, industries, and different ownership types, encourage and guide talent to flow to regions that are economically underdeveloped but undertake major national scientific and technological innovation tasks, promote the rational regional distribution of talent, deepen talent collaboration between the eastern, central, and western regions, and meet the talent needs of localities for developing new quality productive forces according to their conditions.

其三，要深化人才发展体制机制改革，完善人才培养、引进、使用、合理流动的工作机制，为因地制宜发展新质生产力筑牢人才基石。在人才培养方面，要建设高水平的人才培育体系，对青年科技创新人才进行系统性的理论培养和实践锻炼，加快建设世界一流大学和一流学科，强化一流教育教学资源供给，同时利用好各地方的高等学校、科研院所、企业等优质资源，不断深化校企合作与产教融合，在生产实践中锻炼人才，凝聚多方力量共同培养造就一支规模宏大、结构合理、素质优良的创新型人才队伍。在人才引进方面，要建立科学高效的人才发现、引进、落地机制，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制，推动人才引进政策落实与国际接轨，形成具有国际竞争力的人才制度体系。在人才使用方面，构建“能者上、平者让、庸者下”的用人机制，形成以创新能力、质量、 实效、贡献为导向的人才评价体系和充分体现知识、技术等创新要素价值的收益分配机制，在科学评价才能和保障人才待遇的基础上合理使用人才，将强大的人才资源转化为推动关键核心技术攻坚的人才动能。在人才流动方面，要完善人才有序流动机制，打破户籍、身份、学历、人事关系等制约，促进城乡、区域、行业和不同所有制之间的人才协调发展，鼓励引导人才向经济发展落后但承担国家重大科技创新任务的地区流动，促进人才区域合理布局，深化东中西部人才协作，满足各地因地制宜发展新质生产力的人才需求。

III. Improve the Systems and Mechanisms for High-Standard Opening Up, Creating a Favorable International Environment for Developing New Quality Productive Forces According to Local Conditions

三、完善高水平对外开放体制机制，为因地制宜发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境

The “Decision” [9]9 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. states: “Opening up is a distinct hallmark of Chinese-path modernization. We must adhere to the basic state policy of opening up, persist in promoting reform through opening up, rely on the advantages of China’s super-large market, enhance our ability to open up while expanding international cooperation, and build a new system for a higher-standard open economy.”

《决定》提出，“开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识。必须坚持对外开放基本国策，坚持以开放促改革，依托我国超大规模市场优势，在扩大国际合作中提升开放能力，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。”

Looking at the historical evolution of human society, the development process of productive forces is highly consistent and synchronized with the improvement of the level of global opening up. Moreover, with the continuous deepening and expansion of the depth, breadth, and intensity of world exchanges and integration, the field in which productive forces are transmitted and extended has been broadened, and the cycle of their evolution and iteration has been shortened. Therefore, to achieve the strategic goal of developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, it is necessary to improve the systems and mechanisms for high-standard opening up, form a world-class open innovation ecosystem, continuously deepen scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation with major innovative countries and key small countries, attract global innovation resources, and create a favorable international environment for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions.

纵观人类社会的历史演进，生产力发展历程与全球开放水平提升是高度吻合、高度同步的，并且伴随着世界交流交融深度、广度、强度等的不断深化拓展，生产力传导延伸的场域得以拓宽，生产力演变迭代的周期得以缩短。因此，要实现因地制宜发展新质生产力的战略目标，需要完善高水平对外开放体制机制，形成世界一流的开放创新生态，不断深化与创新大国和关键小国的科技交流与合作，吸引全球创新资源，为因地制宜发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。

First, optimize the pattern of regional opening up, clarify the role positioning of each region within the new pattern of high-level opening up, and, on the basis of fully utilizing the opening-up resources of each region, form a dynamic situation of complementary advantages, differentiated development, and coordinated synergy to advance the development of new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. Specifically, it is necessary to consolidate the leading position of the eastern coastal regions in opening up, rely on their solid foundations in capital, technology, talent, and industrial development, take the lead in boldly exploring areas such as institutional opening up and innovative development of the service trade, accumulate valuable experience in opening up and innovation, and build frontier positions for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions; leverage the geographical advantages of the central region connecting the south and north and linking the east and west, maximize the smooth flow of factor resources, fully utilize all types of advanced and high-quality productive factors to develop new quality productive forces, and build inland-type open innovation and development highlands; deeply implement the Belt and Road Initiative Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation Action Plan, and through carrying out scientific and technological and people-to-people exchanges with participating countries (regions), jointly building joint laboratories, strengthening cooperation in science and technology parks, and developing technology transfer, continuously enhance the scientific and technological innovation capacity of the western region; increase the openness and cooperation of the northeastern region with its deep hinterland, focus on international scientific, technological, and industrial cooperation in the Northeast Asia region, promote industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, and achieve a leap in productive forces in the northeastern region. Through the above measures, ultimately form a comprehensive opening-up pattern with linkage between land and sea, and mutual reinforcement between the east and the west, enabling each locality to promote open innovation based on differentiated opening-up resources, thereby assisting the development of new quality productive forces in light of local conditions.

其一，优化区域开放格局，明确各区域在高水平对外开放新格局中的角色定位，在充分利用各区域开放资源的基础上，形成优势互补、错位发展、协同联动推进因地制宜发展新质生产力的生动局面。具体而言，要巩固东部沿海地区开放先导地位，依托其在资金、技术、人才、产业发展等方面的良好基础，率先在制度型开放、服务贸易创新发展等方面大胆探索，积累开放创新的宝贵经验，打造因地制宜发展新质生产力的前沿阵地；发挥中部地区连南接北、承东启西的地缘优势，最大限度地实现要素资源顺畅流动，充分利用各类先进优质生产要素发展新质生产力，打造内陆型开放创新发展高地；深入实施“一带一路”科技创新行动计划，通过与参与建设国家（地区）开展科技人文交流、共建联合实验室、加强科技园区合作、发展技术转移，不断提升西部地区科技创新能力；加大东北地区与深远腹地的开放合作力度，重点聚焦东北亚地区的国际科技和产业合作，以科技创新推动产业创新，实现东北地区生产力跃升。通过上述举措，最终形成陆海内外联动、东西双向互济的全面开放格局，使各地基于差异化的开放资源推动开放创新，助力因地制宜发展新质生产力。

Second, establish and improve the open cooperation mechanism in the field of new quality productive forces, and formulate investment and trade liberalization and facilitation policies oriented towards developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. On the one hand, deepen the reform of the management system and mechanism for foreign investment and outbound investment. Promote the reform of the foreign investment promotion system and mechanism, ensure national treatment for foreign-funded enterprises in factor acquisition, qualification licensing, standard setting, government procurement, etc., and support their participation in supporting collaboration along the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain. Improve the system and mechanism for promoting and ensuring outbound investment, refine the outbound investment management service system, and promote international cooperation in the industrial chain and supply chain. On the other hand, deepen the reform of the foreign trade system, strengthen the coordination of trade policies with fiscal, tax, financial, and industrial policies, build an institutional support and policy support system for a strong trading nation, accelerate the reform of the integration of domestic and foreign trade, and create an institutional environment conducive to the development of new business forms and models. Through the above measures, attract more capital and technology to be injected into local scientific and technological innovation and industrial development processes, while simultaneously promoting localities to rapidly adapt to and integrate into the international market through outbound investment, encouraging localities to jointly carry out technological research and development and industrialization promotion with foreign research institutions and technology enterprises, and develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions on the basis of extensively utilizing global innovation resources and grasping the general trend of international industrial development.

其二，建立健全新质生产力领域的开放合作机制，以因地制宜发展新质生产力为导向制定投资和贸易自由化便利化政策。一方面，深化外商投资和对外投资管理体制机制改革。推动外商投资促进体制机制改革，保障外资企业在要素获取、资质许可、标准制定、政府采购等方面的国民待遇，支持其参与产业链上下游的配套协作。完善促进和保障对外投资体制机制，健全对外投资管理服务体系，推动产业链供应链国际合作。另一方面，深化外贸体制改革，强化贸易政策与财税、金融、产业政策协同，打造贸易强国制度支撑和政策支持体系，加快内外贸一体化改革，营造有利于新业态新模式发展的制度环境。通过上述举措，吸引更多的资金和技术注入地方科技创新和产业发展进程，同时推动地方依靠对外投资迅速适应和融入国际市场，促进各地方与国外科研机构、科技企业联合开展技术研发和产业化推广，在广泛运用全球创新资源、把握国际产业发展大势的基础上因地制宜发展新质生产力。

Third, steadily expand institutional opening up, create a more open, transparent, stable, and predictable institutional environment, accumulate favorable conditions for each locality to deeply embed itself in the global innovation chain, industrial chain, and value chain, and open up broader international development space for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. On the one hand, actively align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, achieve compatibility and consistency in rules, regulations, management, and standards in areas such as property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, e-commerce, and finance, reduce institutional barriers for local enterprises to participate in international scientific, technological, and industrial cooperation, and provide a good institutional environment and policy support for each locality to deeply integrate into the new wave of the scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. On the other hand, uphold the multilateral trading system centered on the World Trade Organization, actively participate in the reform of the global economic governance system, promote China's transformation from a follower and acceptor of high-standard international economic and trade rules to a participant and maker, and create a more favorable international institutional environment for each locality to develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions.

其三，稳步扩大制度型开放，创造更加开放、透明、稳定、可预期的制度环境，积聚各地深度嵌入全球创新链、产业链和价值链的有利条件，为因地制宜发展新质生产力开拓更为广阔的国际发展空间。一方面，主动对接国际高标准经贸规则，在产权保护、产业补贴、环境标准、电子商务、金融领域等实现规则、规制、管理、标准相通相容，减少各地企业参与国际科技和产业合作的制度性障碍，为各地深度融入新一轮科技革命与产业变革浪潮提供良好的制度环境和政策支持。另一方面，维护以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体系，积极参与全球经济治理体系变革，推动我国从高标准国际经贸规则的跟随者、接受者向参与者、制定者转变，为各地因地制宜发展新质生产力创造更有利的国际制度环境。

(Author's brief biography: Zhou Wen, selected for the National High-Level Talent Program, Distinguished Professor of Fudan University, Deputy Director of the Academy of Marxism, Director of the Research Center for the Sinicization of Marxist Political Economy, Doctoral Supervisor, Chief Expert of Fudan University's Two Major Projects, Chief Expert of the National Social Science Fund Major Project and the Ministry of Education Major Research Project. Main concurrent academic positions: Vice President of the China Political Economy Society, Distinguished Research Fellow of the Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era of the Ministry of Education)

（作者简介：周文，国家高层次人才计划入选者，复旦大学特聘教授、马克思主义研究院副院长、马克思主义经济学中国化研究中心主任、博士生导师，复旦大学两大工程首席专家，国家社科重大项目及教育部重大攻关项目首席专家。主要学术兼职：中国政治经济学会副会长、教育部习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特聘研究员）

Online Editor: Tongxin

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