The Evolutionary Logic, Value Implications, and Basic Principles of Deepening Reform Comprehensively in the New Era

The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization (hereinafter referred to as the Decision), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, builds on the historical experience of reform and opening up and grasps the key focal points of reform in the New Era. It explicitly identifies “why deepening reform comprehensively should be placed in a more prominent position, and how to further deepen reform comprehensively by closely centering on Chinese-path modernization” as one of its major tasks. This is both a practical continuation of the comprehensive deepening of reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC and a new chapter of the era in advancing Chinese-path modernization on the new journey. It stands as a new milestone on the new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects. At this new historical starting point, comprehensively examining and scientifically analyzing the evolutionary logic of deepening reform comprehensively, and flexibly grasping its overall value implications and basic principles, holds profound significance for further making good use of the “important magic weapon” and “key move” in advancing Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》），在总结改革开放历史经验和把握新时代改革关键着力点的基础上，明确将“为什么要把全面深化改革放在更加突出的位置、如何紧紧围绕中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革”作为重大课题之一。这既是党的十八届三中全会以来全面深化改革的实践续篇，也是新征程推进中国式现代化的时代新篇，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程上矗立起的新里程碑。在新的历史起点上，全面审视和科学理析全面深化改革的演进逻辑，灵活把握其整体性价值意蕴和基本原则，对于进一步用好推进中国式现代化的“重要法宝”和“关键一招”具有深远意义。

I. The Evolutionary Logic of Deepening Reform Comprehensively in the New Era

一、新时代全面深化改革的演进逻辑

Tracing and analyzing the evolutionary logic of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era allows for a dynamic grasp of the inherent laws of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era has achieved innovative development through theoretical inheritance, anchored a new historical orientation amid shifts in the historical landscape, and opened up new practical pathways amid the transformation of tasks, realizing the organic unity of theoretical logic, historical logic, and practical logic.

追溯和分析新时代全面深化改革的演进逻辑，可以动态把握马克思主义中国化时代化的内在规律。新时代全面深化改革在理论继承中实现了创新发展，在历史图景变迁中锚定历史新方位，在任务转换中开创实践新路径，实现了理论逻辑、历史逻辑和实践逻辑的有机统一。

(1) Achieving Innovative Development through Theoretical Inheritance

（一）在理论继承中实现创新发展

Theoretical evolution is a vivid microcosm of historical change; every step forward in theory represents the inheritance, development, and innovation of existing theoretical achievements. Marx and Engels founded dialectical materialism and historical materialism, scientifically pointing out the basic laws of human historical development, which serve as the philosophical foundation for deepening reform comprehensively. Constrained by the historical circumstances of their time, their research focus was more on social revolution, and they did not discuss socialist reform. Nevertheless, their key expositions remain highly instructive. In a letter to Otto von Boenigk in August 1890, Engels pointed out: “The so-called ‘socialist society’ is not something immutable, but, like any other social system, should be regarded as a society that is constantly changing and reforming.” This indicates that socialism gradually demonstrates its vigorous vitality precisely through continuous exploration and reform. In the process of exploring the transition to socialism and the path of construction in a relatively economically and culturally backward country, Lenin enriched and developed Marxist reform thought, which became a living source for deepening reform comprehensively. Lenin profoundly noted: “The new world, the socialist world, appears before us in the form of the Soviet Republic. It is not surprising that this world is not born perfect, nor does it spring fully formed from the head of Jupiter like Minerva.” [1]1 In Roman mythology, Minerva (the goddess of wisdom) sprang fully grown and armed from the head of Jupiter (the king of the gods). Engels used this metaphor to argue that socialist society does not emerge perfect and complete at its birth. Like other social formations, socialism is in a constant process of development and change; it will continuously transform institutions and mechanisms and adjust relations of production to propel history forward. Building socialism in a country as economically backward as Russia was destined to involve a prolonged “period of birth pangs.” Therefore, Lenin emphasized the need to carry out socialist reform based on Russia’s concrete realities, stating, “Every step we take forward and every rise we make must simultaneously improve and transform our Soviet system.”

理论演进是历史演变的生动缩影，理论每前进一步都是对既有理论成果的继承发展和创新。马克思恩格斯创立了辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，科学指出了人类历史发展的基本规律，这是全面深化改革的哲学基础。囿于当时历史环境，他们的研究重心更多地放在社会革命上，并没有论及社会主义改革，但他们作出的关键性论述仍具有极强的指导意义。1890年8月，恩格斯在致奥·伯尼克的信中曾指出：“所谓‘社会主义社会’不是一种一成不变的东西，而应当和任何其他社会制度一样，把它看成是经常变化和改革的社会。”这表明，社会主义正是在不断探索和改革中逐渐展现其旺盛生命力的。列宁在探索经济文化相对落后的国家向社会主义过渡及建设道路的过程中，丰富和发展了马克思主义的改革思想，成为全面深化改革的活水源泉。列宁意味深长地指出：“新的世界，社会主义的世界，是以苏维埃共和国的面貌出现在我们面前的。毫不奇怪，这个世界不会一生下来就完美无缺，不会像密纳发那样一下子从丘必特脑袋里钻出来。”社会主义和其他社会形态一样都处在不断发展变化的过程中，它将不断变革体制机制和调整生产关系，推动历史向前发展。在俄国这样一个经济落后的国家进行社会主义建设，注定要有漫长的“阵痛期”。因此，列宁强调要从俄国的具体实际出发进行社会主义改革，“我们每前进一步和每提高一步都必定要同时改善和改造我们的苏维埃制度”。

During the process of advancing socialist revolution and construction, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, integrated the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities, achieving a “soul” alignment between theory and reform practice. As early as 1957, Mao Zedong, in the practical exploration of “taking the Soviet Union as a mirror,” [2]2 “Taking the Soviet Union as a mirror” (以苏为鉴) refers to Mao Zedong’s call in the mid-1950s to learn from the mistakes and shortcomings of the Soviet model of socialism, particularly after the de-Stalinization campaign and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, in order to find a Chinese path to socialist construction. formed a Sinicized socialist reform thought. Mao Zedong explicitly proposed the principle of the Party leading socialist reform and construction, emphasizing: “China’s reform and construction depend on our leadership.” He creatively put forward the idea of two types of contradictions of different natures and proposed the view of handling “non-antagonistic contradictions” through reform and adjustment. This provided an important theoretical basis for reform and opening up. As the practice of reform and opening up and socialist modernization deepened, socialist reform thought with Chinese characteristics was continuously improved and developed. Deng Xiaoping profoundly pointed out: “Reform can also be called a revolutionary change.” He scientifically explained the nature, purpose, and basic principles of reform, essentially establishing the framework of socialist reform theory.

以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人在推进社会主义革命和建设的进程中，将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，实现了理论与改革实践的“灵魂”契合。早在1957年，毛泽东就在“以苏为鉴”的实践探索中形成了中国化的社会主义改革思想。毛泽东明确提出了党领导社会主义改革和建设的原则，强调：“中国的改革和建设靠我们来领导。”他创造性地提出两类不同性质的矛盾的思想，并提出通过改革与调整处理“非对抗性矛盾”的观点。这为改革开放提供了重要的理论依据。随着改革开放和社会主义现代化建设实践逐渐深入，具有中国特色的社会主义改革思想不断完善和发展。邓小平深刻指出：“改革也可以叫革命性的变革。”他科学阐释了改革性质、目的和基本原则，基本确立了社会主义改革理论的框架体系。

Since the beginning of the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, standing at a new historical starting point and discerning the trends of the times, has achieved theoretical innovation in deepening reform comprehensively. General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly stated: “Reform and opening up is an important magic weapon for the Party and the people to catch up with the times in big strides, the only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, a key move in determining the fate of contemporary China, and also a key move in realizing the Two Centenary Goals [3]3 The Two Centenary Goals (两个一百年) are the goals of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC in 2021, and building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China in 2049. and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” While scientifically pointing out that deepening reform comprehensively is the fundamental driving force for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, he further emphasized that deepening reform comprehensively should place greater emphasis on systemic integration, highlighting key areas, and enhancing the actual effectiveness of reform. General Secretary Xi Jinping clarified that the overall goal of deepening reform comprehensively is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to advance the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance. In terms of the leadership force, methodological principles, and safeguard systems for deepening reform comprehensively, he has constructed the “four beams and eight pillars” [4]4 “Four beams and eight pillars” (四梁八柱) is a Chinese architectural metaphor for a solid, well-structured framework. In political discourse, it refers to the main components or foundational elements of a theoretical or institutional system. of the theoretical system, forming a mature theoretical reflection with new breakthroughs.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央站在新的历史起点上，洞察时代大势，实现了全面深化改革的理论创新。习近平总书记明确指出：“改革开放是党和人民大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招，也是决定实现‘两个一百年’奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。”他在科学指明全面深化改革作为坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的根本动力的同时，进一步强调全面深化改革要更加注重系统集成、更加注重突出重点、更加注重改革实效。习近平总书记明确全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，在全面深化改革的领导力量、方法原则、保障体系等方面构筑起了理论体系的“四梁八柱”，成为具有新突破的成熟性理论思考。

(2) Anchoring a New Historical Orientation amid Shifts in the Historical Landscape

（二）在历史图景变迁中锚定历史新方位

Marx pointed out: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past.” Deepening reform comprehensively, as a form of ideological understanding and objective practice, is the product of all previous economic production and changes in social structure. Only by placing deepening reform comprehensively within the historical coordinates can we further grasp its characteristics of continuity and stages. General Secretary Xi Jinping once pointed out: “Change and openness have generally been the historical norm in China.” It is precisely the historical initiative spirit of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation to actively seek change, innovate, and forge ahead that drives reform practice to continuously create new chapters in history.

马克思指出：“人们自己创造自己的历史，但是他们并不是随心所欲地创造，并不是在他们自己选定的条件下创造，而是在直接碰到的、既定的、从过去承继下来的条件下创造。”全面深化改革作为一种思想认识与客观实践，是以往一切经济生产和社会结构变迁的产物。只有将全面深化改革置于历史坐标中才能进一步把握其连续性与阶段性特征。习近平总书记曾指出：“变革和开放总体上是中国的历史常态。”正是中国人民和中华民族主动求变、开拓创新的历史主动精神推动着改革实践不断创造历史新篇。

Seeking change was the way the Chinese nation responded to national crises. When the wheel of history rolled into modern times, China’s feudal rulers went against the tide of history, delaying China’s historical process toward modernization. Western powers used their strong ships and powerful cannons to smash open the gates of ancient China. Facing the historical calamity of a people living in destitution and a land torn asunder, countless people with lofty ideals sought change amid arduous and extraordinary struggles, successively putting forward many different theoretical propositions such as reformism, anarchism, and pragmatism, all of which ended in failure. The October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to China with the roar of cannons. Under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, the Communist Party of China was founded, and the face of the Chinese revolution was completely renewed from then on. The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, adhered to the fine style of integrating theory with practice, successfully blazed a new revolutionary path of encircling the cities from the countryside, led the Chinese people in bloody battles, and ultimately achieved victory in the revolution. It can be said that the practice of change during this period was mainly manifested as different classes seeking plans to save the nation at a time of crisis, a transition from spontaneity to conscious action, which became the spiritual symbol of the Chinese people’s search for change and self-reliance.

寻求变革是中华民族应对民族危机的探索方式。当历史的车轮行至近代时，中国的封建统治者却逆历史潮流而动，迟滞了中国走向现代化的历史进程。西方列强以坚船利炮撞开了古老中国的大门。面对民不聊生、山河破碎的历史性劫难，无数仁人志士在艰苦卓绝中寻求变革，先后提出了诸如改良主义、无政府主义、实用主义等诸多不同的理论主张，但均以失败告终。十月革命一声炮响给中国送来了马克思列宁主义。在马克思列宁主义指导下，中国共产党成立了，中国革命的面貌从此焕然一新。以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，坚持理论联系实际的优良作风，成功开辟出农村包围城市的革命新道路，带领中国人民浴血奋战，最终取得了革命的胜利。可以说，这一时期的变革实践主要呈现为不同阶级在危亡关头探寻救国方案，是由自发性逐步向自觉性的行动转换，成为中国人民寻求变革、自救图强的精神标识。

The Three Great Socialist Transformations [1]1 In Roman mythology, Minerva (the goddess of wisdom) sprang fully grown and armed from the head of Jupiter (the king of the gods). Engels used this metaphor to argue that socialist society does not emerge perfect and complete at its birth. were a vivid practice in which the Party led the people in carrying out the socialist revolution. After the founding of New China, the historical task of the Chinese Communists gradually shifted to leading the people in carrying out socialist transformation and construction. Facing the historical question of "when to carry out socialist transformation and how to transform," the Chinese Communist Party led the people in exploring a new path of peaceful transformation that both radiated the brilliance of Marxist theory and possessed Chinese characteristics. This new path adhered to the simultaneous pursuit of socialist transformation and socialist industrialization, promoting the development of the productive forces and gradually improving the people's livelihood. It adopted a policy of gradual progress, from low to high, and step-by-step transition, achieving profound social change alongside overall stability. Historically speaking, China's socialist transformation created a rare achievement: carrying out profound social change in a country with a huge population, which not only did not damage the productive forces or cause massive social upheaval, but instead promoted the development of the national economy and enhanced social stability and unity. This was the original contribution of the Chinese Communists to the world socialist movement, providing the material foundation, valuable experience, and historical reference for China's reform and opening up in the new period.

社会主义三大改造是党带领人民进行社会主义革命的生动实践。新中国成立后，中国共产党人的历史任务逐步转变为带领人民进行社会主义改造和建设。面对“何时进行社会主义改造，如何改造”的历史课题，中国共产党带领人民探索出一条既闪烁着马克思主义理论光辉又具有中国特色的和平改造新路。这条新路就是坚持在社会主义改造和社会主义工业化建设并举中，促进生产力发展和逐步改善人民生活，采用循序渐进、由低到高、逐步过渡的方针实现了社会深刻变革与总体稳定。历史地看，我国的社会主义改造创造了在人口规模巨大的国家中进行深刻社会变革，不仅没有破坏生产力和引起巨大社会动荡，反而促进了国民经济发展，增进了社会安定团结的罕见功绩。这是中国共产党人对世界社会主义运动的独创性贡献，为新时期中国改革开放提供了物质基础、宝贵经验和历史借鉴。

Reform and opening up was a strategic choice that enabled China to catch up with the trend of the times in big strides. At a critical historical juncture regarding where China was heading, the Chinese Communist Party led the people in making the great decision of reform and opening up. From the countryside to the cities, from the economic sphere to other spheres, from internal reform to opening up to the outside world, reform and opening up enabled the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics to achieve achievements that attracted worldwide attention. It is in this sense that General Secretary Xi Jinping, with deep feeling, pointed out: "Comrade Deng Xiaoping said in the 1980s: 'The significance of reform is to lay a foundation for sustained good development for the next decade and the first fifty years of the next century. Without reform, there would be no sustained development in the future. Therefore, reform is not just about looking at three or five years, but at twenty years, and at the first fifty years of the next century. This matter must be resolutely carried out.' Comrade Deng Xiaoping saw far and thought deeply." [2]2 “Taking the Soviet Union as a mirror” (以苏为鉴) refers to Mao Zedong’s call in the mid-1950s to learn from the mistakes and shortcomings of the Soviet model of socialism, particularly after the de-Stalinization campaign and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, in order to find a Chinese path to socialist construction. As reform practice has progressed to the present day, it is now at the critical period that General Secretary Xi Jinping referred to as "the first fifty years of the next century." Socialism with Chinese characteristics is bursting forth with increasingly powerful practical force in the tough battle of reform. Currently, the new round of global technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, and the deep-seated institutional and structural obstacles faced by deepening reform comprehensively are increasingly becoming hindrances to advancing Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, we must consciously place reform in a more prominent position and closely focus on advancing Chinese-path modernization to further deepen reform comprehensively.

改革开放是使中国大踏步赶上时代潮流的战略抉择。在中国向何处去的关键历史节点，中国共产党带领人民作出了改革开放的伟大决策。从农村到城市、从经济领域到其他各领域、从对内改革到对外开放，改革开放使得中国特色社会主义事业取得举世瞩目的成就。正是在此意义上，习近平总书记饱含深情地指出：“邓小平同志在上个世纪八十年代曾经说过：‘改革的意义，是为下一个十年和下世纪的前五十年奠定良好的持续发展的基础。没有改革就没有今后的持续发展。所以，改革不只是看三年五年，而是要看二十年，要看下世纪的前五十年。这件事必须坚决干下去。’邓小平同志看得很远、想得很深。”改革实践推进到今天，正处于习近平总书记所说的“要看下世纪前五十年”的关键期，中国特色社会主义在改革攻坚战中迸发出愈发雄厚的实践伟力。当前，全球范围内新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速发展，全面深化改革所面对的深层次体制机制障碍和结构性矛盾愈发成为推进中国式现代化的阻碍。因此，必须自觉把改革摆在更加突出位置，紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革。

(III) Opening Up New Paths of Practice in the Transformation of Tasks

（三）在任务转换中开创实践新路径

The transformation of tasks is the fundamental driving element for unleashing the practical effectiveness of deepening reform comprehensively. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: "Reform is forced by

任务的转换是发挥全面深化改革实践效能的根本驱动要素。习近平总书记深刻指出：“改革是由问题倒逼而产生，又在不断解决问题中得以深化。”他反复强调：“中国要前进，就要全面深化改革开放。”改革开放每前进一步都必须顺应实践逻辑，精准把握历史脉搏，谨慎部署战略工程。

The transformation of the principal contradiction in Chinese society is an important foundation for comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. A comprehensive grasp of changes in the state of the principal social contradiction is a prerequisite for understanding the stage-specific characteristics of social development. The 19th National Congress of the CPC made a major judgment regarding the change in China’s principal contradiction: on the basis of the major achievements made since the founding of New China and especially since reform and opening up, the principal contradiction in Chinese society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. Comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era must take the principal social contradiction as its objective basis. On the one hand, comprehensively deepening reform must, on the foundation of continuing to liberate and develop the productive forces, focus on cultivating new quality productive forces, continuously meet the new expectations of the masses, improve the quality and efficiency of development, promote high-quality development, and enhance China’s international competitiveness. On the other hand, comprehensively deepening reform must, on the basis of coordinating the overall situation of the development of the national cause, focus on resolving the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development across regions, fields, and aspects. It must fully implement the strategic deployment made in the “Decision” adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC: “Focus on improving the quality of life of the people, perfect the income distribution and employment systems, improve the social security system, enhance the balance and accessibility of basic public services, and promote more obvious and substantive progress in the comprehensive development of people and common prosperity for all the people.” It must promote the resolution of shortcomings in the people’s livelihood within the systems and mechanisms, and continue to steer the ship of socialism with Chinese characteristics steadily forward.

我国社会主要矛盾的转变是新时代全面深化改革的重要基础。全面把握社会主要矛盾状况变化是认识社会发展阶段性特征的前提。党的十九大对我国的主要矛盾变化作出了重大判断：在新中国成立特别是改革开放以来取得重大成就的基础上，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。新时代全面深化改革必须以社会主要矛盾为客观依据。一方面，全面深化改革要在继续解放和发展生产力的基础上，着力培育新质生产力，不断满足人民群众的新期待，提升发展质量和效益，推动高质量发展，增强我国的国际竞争力。另一方面，全面深化改革要在统筹国家事业发展全局的基础上，着力解决各区域各领域各方面发展的不平衡和不充分问题。要充分贯彻党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》中所作出的战略部署：“聚焦提高人民生活品质，完善收入分配和就业制度，健全社会保障体系，增强基本公共服务均衡性和可及性，推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。”推动解决体制机制上的民生短板，继续引领中国特色社会主义航船不断驶向前进。

Advancing Chinese-path modernization is the theme of further comprehensively deepening reform. Chinese-path modernization is a unique development path, enriched and developed in the practice of deepening reform and opening up. Reform and opening up is an important driving force for Chinese-path modernization; it not only broke the shackles of the old system and stimulated social vitality, but also provided broad space and infinite possibilities for modernization. In his speech at the symposium commemorating the 130th anniversary of Comrade Mao Zedong’s birth, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “To advance Chinese-path modernization, we must further comprehensively deepen reform and opening up, continuously liberate and develop the social productive forces, and liberate and enhance social vitality.” The new trends of the times, the new requirements of practical development, and the new expectations of the people require our Party to take Chinese-path modernization as the central task in advancing the new journey of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The fourth meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening Reform held in February 2024 once again emphasized, “We must scientifically plan major measures for further comprehensively deepening reform, focusing on the institutional and mechanistic obstacles that hinder the smooth advancement of Chinese-path modernization.” Chinese-path modernization is continuously advanced through reform and opening up. Facing the torrent of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, we must closely focus on advancing Chinese-path modernization to further comprehensively deepen reform.

推进中国式现代化是进一步全面深化改革的主题。中国式现代化是一条独特的发展道路，它在不断深化的改革开放实践中丰富发展。改革开放是中国式现代化的重要推动力，它不仅打破了旧有的体制束缚，激发了社会活力，也为现代化建设提供了广阔的空间和无限的可能性。习近平总书记在纪念毛泽东同志诞辰130周年座谈会上的讲话中指出：“推进中国式现代化，必须进一步全面深化改革开放，不断解放和发展社会生产力、解放和增强社会活力。”时代发展的新趋势、实践发展的新要求和人民群众的新期待要求我们党必须将以中国式现代化作为推进中华民族伟大复兴新征程的中心任务。2024年2月召开的中央深改委第四次会议再次强调，“要科学谋划进一步全面深化改革重大举措，聚焦妨碍中国式现代化顺利推进的体制机制障碍”。中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革洪流，必须紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革。

Perfecting and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, is the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. From the initial laying of foundations and building of platforms, to the mid-term accumulation of momentum and consolidation of gains, and then to the current stage of systemic integration, the reform process has gradually moved towards comprehensiveness and depth, which makes it all the more urgent to clarify the goal orientation of reform. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Comprehensively deepening reform — ‘comprehensive’ means promoting reform in all fields in a coordinated manner, which requires an overarching goal, and also requires answering the question of what the ultimate purpose of promoting reform in all fields is and what overall result is to be achieved.” The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC systematically planned comprehensively deepening reform and clarified its overall goal and tasks; the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC outlined a clear blueprint for comprehensively deepening reform and opening up; the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, based on the historical juncture of “a critical period for comprehensively building a strong country and advancing the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization,” formulated a timetable and roadmap for further realizing the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform. Facing the new situation and tasks, the overall goal must be used to define the fundamental direction of comprehensively deepening reform, clarify its orientation for the times, and continuously better transform China’s institutional advantages into national governance effectiveness.

完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化是新时代全面深化改革的总目标。从前期夯基垒台到中期积厚成势，再到现阶段的系统集成，改革进程逐步走向全面深入，这就更加迫切需要明确改革的目标导向问题。习近平总书记指出：“全面深化改革，全面者，就是要统筹推进各领域改革，就需要有管总的目标，也要回答推进各领域改革最终是为了什么、要取得什么样的整体结果这个问题。”党的十八届三中全会对全面深化改革进行系统规划并明确其总目标和任务，党的十九届四中全会为全面深化改革开放勾勒出清晰蓝图，党的二十届三中全会立足“以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期”这个历史方位，为进一步实现全面深化改革总目标制定了时间表和路线图。面对新的形势和任务，必须以总目标规定全面深化改革的根本方向、明确全面深化改革的时代指向，不断把我国的制度优势更好地转化为国家治理效能。

II. The Value Implications of Comprehensively Deepening Reform in the New Era

二、新时代全面深化改革的价值意蕴

Comprehensively deepening reform is a great undertaking with no precedent to follow. Since the New Era, the great practice of comprehensively deepening reform and theoretical innovation have been mutually compatible and interactively bidirectional. The national governance system and governance capacity have achieved a three-dimensional transformation and holistic reshaping. Chinese-path modernization has developed in depth, and the potential for creating a new form of human civilization has been continuously and deeply tapped. Comprehensively deepening reform has deepened the depth of reform in the century-long history of struggle of the Communist Party of China, tempered the resilience of reform in the history of reform and opening up, extended the breadth of reform in the history of socialist development, and enhanced the effectiveness of reform in the history of human civilization development.

全面深化改革是一项没有任何成例可援的伟大事业。新时代以来，全面深化改革伟大实践与理论创新彼此契合、双向互动，国家治理体系和治理能力实现了立体式变革和整体性重塑，中国式现代化向纵深发展，人类文明新形态创造潜力不断得到深入挖掘。全面深化改革深化了中国共产党百年奋斗史中的改革深度，锤炼了改革开放史中的改革韧度，延展了社会主义发展史中的改革广度，提升了人类文明发展史中的改革效度。

(1) Deepening the Depth of Reform in the Century-Long History of Struggle of the Communist Party of China

（一）深化了中国共产党百年奋斗史中的改革深度

China’s reform process is the history of struggle in which the Party has led the people to pioneer the path of Chinese-path modernization over the course of a century. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee [n7], the Party has led the people through more than 40 years of magnificent reform and opening up, enabling the people’s lives to achieve a historic leap from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity in all respects, and enabling the Chinese nation to achieve a great leap from standing up to becoming prosperous. In the new historical stage, reform and opening up has entered the deep-water zone. Facing the difficult rapids and dangerous shoals of reform, how to achieve substantive breakthroughs has become a major issue for Chinese Communists in the New Era to further deepen the depth of reform.

中国的改革历程，就是党带领人民在百年征程中开创中国式现代化道路的奋斗史。党的十一届三中全会以来，党领导人民走过了改革开放40多年波澜壮阔的历程，使人民生活实现了从温饱不足到全面小康的历史性跨越，使中华民族实现了从站起来到富起来的伟大飞跃。在新的历史阶段，改革开放已经进入深水区，面对改革的难关险滩，如何取得实质性突破，成为新时代中国共产党人进一步深化改革深度的重大课题。

The depth of deepening reform lies first and foremost in “better leveraging the role of the market mechanism, creating a fairer and more dynamic market environment, and achieving optimal allocation of resources and maximum efficiency.” Using economic system reform as the main axis to drive comprehensive deepening of reform is an effective and important reform experience. After more than 40 years of reform practice, we have formed basic socialist economic systems, including the system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop side by side, the system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay and multiple forms of distribution coexist, and the socialist market economy system. However, at the present stage, China’s socialist market economy system still suffers from problems such as an incomplete system, insufficient market development, and a not yet fully straightened-out relationship between the government and the market. Especially at present, a high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization, and the main-axis role of economic system reform has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, we need to continuously deepen economic system reform, focus on solving the deep-seated institutional and mechanistic problems that constrain high-quality development, further clarify the boundary between government and market, improve market rules, promote the formation of a unified national market, and lay a solid foundation for building a high-level socialist market economy system.

深化改革的深度，首要的就是“更好发挥市场机制作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化”。以经济体制改革为主轴牵引全面深化改革是行之有效的重要改革经验。经过40多年的改革实践，我们已经形成了公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度。但是，现阶段我国的社会主义市场经济体制仍然存在体系不健全、市场发育程度不充分、政府和市场关系尚未完全理顺等问题。尤其在当下，高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障，经济体制改革的主轴作用便越发凸显。因此，我们需持续深化经济体制改革，聚焦解决制约高质量发展的深层次体制机制问题，进一步厘清政府与市场边界，完善市场规则，推动形成全国统一大市场，为构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制奠定坚实基础。

Anchoring the new stage of development, implementing the new development philosophy, and fostering a new pattern of development to advance comprehensive deepening of reform are strategic measures to deepen the depth of reform. The “Decision” [n8] adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee points out: “High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. We must use the new development philosophy to guide reform, anchor the new stage of development, deepen supply-side structural reform, improve the incentive and constraint mechanisms for promoting high-quality development, and shape new drivers and new advantages for development.” The new stage of development requires us not only to continue consolidating and expanding existing reform and development achievements, but also to have the courage to pioneer and innovate, exploring development models and paths that meet the requirements of the times. The new development philosophy is not only a compass for China’s reform practice to transform from “quantitative accumulation” to “qualitative leap,” but also the key to our response to complex domestic and international situations and the achievement of sustainable development. Fostering a new pattern of development with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other is a strategic choice to adapt to changes in the global economic landscape and enhance China’s economic resilience and competitiveness. The historical experience of comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era tells us that only by accurately positioning the stage of development, mastering the development philosophy, and smoothing domestic and international circulations can we grasp the historical initiative in advancing the practice of comprehensive deepening of reform and continue to write a new chapter of comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era.

立足新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局，推进全面深化改革，是深化改革深度的战略举措。党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》指出：“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。必须以新发展理念引领改革，立足新发展阶段，深化供给侧结构性改革，完善推动高质量发展激励约束机制，塑造发展新动能新优势。”新发展阶段要求我们不仅要继续巩固和拓展已有的改革发展成果，更要勇于开拓创新，探索符合时代要求的发展模式和路径。新发展理念不仅是我国改革实践由“量的积累”向“质的飞跃”转变的指南针，更是我们应对国内外复杂形势、实现可持续发展的关键所在。构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，是适应全球经济格局变化、增强我国经济韧性和竞争力的战略抉择。新时代全面深化改革的历史经验告诉我们，精准定位发展阶段、掌握发展理念，畅通国内国际双循环，才能在推进全面深化改革实践中把握历史主动，续写新时代全面深化改革华章。

(2) It has tempered the resilience of reform in the history of reform and opening up

（二）锤炼了改革开放史中的改革韧度

Reform and opening up is not accomplished in a single day. The historical process of reform and opening up is a process of continuous exploration and progress, and also a process in which the Party has led the people to continuously temper the resilience of reform. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The modernization of a large country with a population of over 1.3 billion has no precedent in human history. China’s development is destined to follow a path of its own. We have been ‘crossing the river by feeling the stones,’ continuously deepening reform and opening up, continuously exploring and advancing, and creating and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.” Only by daring to take the first step, boldly trying and boldly forging ahead, can we hone the resilience of reform in the process of advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics. China is a large country, and it must never make subversive mistakes on fundamental issues; at the same time, it cannot become complacent, rigid, and closed because of this. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the method of testing the waters and piloting first to accumulate small victories into big victories, so that the resilience of reform is continuously forged from rural areas to cities, from coastal areas to inland areas, and from parts to the whole. This has formed a reform method with Chinese characteristics — “crossing the river by feeling the stones,” that is, through practice, understanding, re-practice, and re-understanding, continuously summing up experience in experiments, and promoting reform in a gradual and wave-like manner.

改革开放并非一日之功。改革开放的历史进程是不断探索前进的进程，也是党带领人民不断锤炼改革韧度的进程。习近平总书记指出：“一个十三亿多人口的大国实现现代化，在人类历史上没有先例可循。中国的发展注定要走一条属于自己的道路。我们‘摸着石头过河’，不断深化改革开放，不断探索前进，开创和发展了中国特色社会主义。”只有敢于迈出第一步，大胆地试、大胆地闯，才能在推进中国特色社会主义的过程中磨砺改革韧劲。中国是一个大国，绝不能在根本问题上犯颠覆性错误，同时又不能因此而故步自封、僵化封闭。因此，必须采用投石问路、试点先行的方式积小胜为大胜，使得改革韧度从农村到城市、从沿海到内陆、从局部到整体不断得到锻造。这就形成了具有中国特点的改革方式——“摸着石头过河”，即通过实践、认识、再实践、再认识不断在试验中总结经验，推动改革渐进式、波浪式前行。

Building consensus on reform in scientifically responding to key issues is an important forging force for reform resilience. Some scholars believe that “the reason why the market-oriented reform of socialist countries is difficult to break through, besides the resistance of established interest patterns, lies mainly in ideological obstacles.” At the beginning of reform and opening up, people were full of doubts about the nature of new things such as special economic zones, securities, and stock markets. Deng Xiaoping clearly used the “three favorable criteria” [n9] and the “theory of the essence of socialism” [n10] to forcefully break the ideological shackles of reform. As the reform process advanced, “how to view the relationship between the two historical periods before and after reform and opening up” became a key issue of ideological debate. Whether this issue can be accurately responded to determines whether reform can continue to be deepened. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Correctly handling the relationship between the socialist practice explorations before and after reform and opening up is not only a historical issue, but more importantly a political issue.” The socialist practice exploration before reform and opening up is the starting point for the Party and the people to grasp reality and create the future in the new historical period, and the socialist practice after reform and opening up is the adherence, reform, and development of the previous period. This prepared the ideological foundation for continuing to push reform forward in the new period and consolidated consensus on reform.

在科学回应关键问题中凝聚改革共识，是改革韧度的重要锻造之力。有学者认为，“社会主义国家市场化改革之所以很难突破，除了既成利益格局的阻力，关键在于意识形态障碍”。改革开放之初，人们对特区、证券、股市等新生事物的性质充满疑惑。邓小平明确以“三个有利于”判断标准和“社会主义本质论”有力破除了改革的思想禁锢。随着改革历程的推进，“如何看待改革开放前后两个历史时期的关系”成为思想争论的关键性问题。能否准确回应这一问题，决定着能否继续将改革引向深处。习近平总书记指出：“正确处理改革开放前后的社会主义实践探索的关系，不只是一个历史问题，更主要的是一个政治问题。”改革开放前的社会主义实践探索是党和人民在历史新时期把握现实、创造未来的出发阵地，改革开放后的社会主义实践是对前一个时期的坚持、改革和发展。这就为新时期继续把改革推向前进准备了思想基础，凝聚了改革共识。

Demonstrating the effectiveness of reform in the peaks and troughs of history is the most important criterion for testing reform resilience. At the end of the 20th century, facing the severe situation of the world socialist movement falling into a low tide, the Communist Party of China remained calm and unperturbed, unswervingly advanced reform and opening up, and resolutely led the Chinese people to set off a new upsurge in socialist modernization on the land of China. The financial crisis triggered by the US subprime mortgage crisis in 2008 spread globally, and the economies of capitalist countries fell into a downturn, while China’s “landscape was uniquely beautiful here” [n11], still leading global economic development at a high speed of 9%. Especially since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era, China’s economic and social development has achieved historic accomplishments that shine in the annals of the Chinese nation’s development. In 2013, China became the world’s largest trading nation and exporter of goods; in 2018, China became the world’s second largest R&D spender; in 2019, China became the only country in the world with all industrial categories. A report from the International Finance Forum shows that in 2023, China’s economy contributed 32% to global economic growth, making it the largest engine of world economic growth. At every key juncture in historical development, China’s reform and opening up has powerfully proven, with its strong resilience, what General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform and opening up is a great revolution in the history of the development of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation.” In this great social revolution, the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process.

在历史的波峰浪谷中彰显改革成效，是改革韧度最重要的检验标准。20世纪末，面对世界社会主义运动陷入低潮的严峻形势，中国共产党处变不惊，坚定不移推进改革开放，毅然带领中国人民在中华大地上掀起了社会主义现代化建设的新高潮。2008年美国次贷危机引发的金融危机在全球蔓延，资本主义国家经济陷入低迷，而中国“风景这边独好”，仍以90%的高速度引领全球经济发展。尤其是中国特色社会主义进入新时代以来，中国经济社会发展取得了彪炳中华民族发展史册的历史性成就。2013年中国成为全球最大的贸易国和商品出口国，2018年中国成为全球第二大科研投入国家，2019年中国成为全世界唯一拥有全部工业门类的国家。国际金融论坛报告显示，2023年中国经济对全球经济增长贡献率达32%，是世界经济增长的最大引擎。在历史发展的每个关键节点，中国改革开放都以强劲的韧度有力证明了习近平总书记所指出的：“改革开放是中国人民和中华民族发展史上一次伟大革命。”在这场伟大社会革命中，中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程。

(3) It has extended the breadth of reform in the history of socialist development

（三）延展了社会主义发展史中的改革广度

Socialism develops forward through reform. The reality that socialism first achieved victory in relatively economically and culturally backward countries posed a historic issue to proletarian revolutionaries: in the historical era of the coexistence of two systems, capitalism and socialism, how to adjust and reform the tension between the relations of production and the productive forces? In the second half of the 20th century, socialist countries explored and advanced amidst the wave of reform. Some countries prospered due to reform, while others perished due to reform. China has held high the banner of socialism in its reform practice and has become the mainstay of the world socialist movement. China’s reform practice, in its historical unfolding, has further extended the breadth of reform in the history of socialist development, providing important reference for the reform practices of other socialist countries in the world.

社会主义是在改革中向前发展的。社会主义首先在经济文化相对落后国家取得胜利的现实向无产阶级革命家们提出了历史性课题：在资本主义与社会主义两制并存的历史时代，如何调整和改革生产关系与生产力之间的张力？20世纪后半期，社会主义国家在改革浪潮中探索前行，有的国家因改革而兴，有的国家因改革而人亡政息。中国在改革实践中高高举起社会主义旗帜，成为世界社会主义运动的中流砥柱。中国改革实践在历史性展开中进一步延展了社会主义发展史中的改革广度，为世界其他社会主义国家的改革实践提供了重要借鉴。

First, socialist reform must scientifically assess the historical juncture of social development. Only by clarifying the historical juncture can one base oneself on the actual conditions of one’s own country, fully recognize the long-term and arduous nature of building socialism, and highlight the comparative advantages of socialist reform in the contest between the two systems. On the basis of its actual national conditions, China developed the Marxist theory of stages of social development and creatively put forward the theory of the primary stage of socialism. This has important reference significance for the reform undertakings of socialist countries such as Vietnam and Laos. In 1991, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam adopted the “Program for National Construction during the Period of Transition to Socialism,” which preliminarily determined the overall goals of its transition period. In the same year, the Fifth National Congress of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party proposed that Laos would enter socialism only after passing through several historical stages and a considerable period of time, thereby providing a realistic premise for its “reform and opening up.”

一是社会主义改革要科学研判社会发展的历史方位。只有明确历史方位，才能立足本国实际，充分认识建设社会主义的长期性和艰巨性，突出社会主义改革在两种制度较量中的比较优势。中国依据现实国情，发展了马克思主义社会发展阶段论，创造性地提出了社会主义初级阶段理论。这对越南、老挝等社会主义国家的改革事业具有重要借鉴意义。1991年越南共产党七大通过的《社会主义过渡时期的国家建设纲领》初步确定了其过渡时期的总目标。同年，老挝人民革命党第五次全国代表大会提出，老挝将经过若干历史阶段和相当长的时间才能进入社会主义，这就为其“革新开放”提供了现实前提。

Second, socialist reform must unswervingly adhere to the socialist orientation. The fundamental purpose of reform and opening up is to consolidate and promote the socialist cause, absolutely not to weaken or even abandon the socialist cause. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Gorbachev completely abandoned the Soviet socialist path and comprehensively implemented the “humane, democratic socialism” reform line, resulting in a tragedy of the century. China has consistently adhered to the “Four Cardinal Principles” [12]12 Chinese-path modernization (中国式现代化): The model of modernization under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, characterized by common prosperity, material and cultural-ethical advancement, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful development, as distinct from Western capitalist modernization. in its reforms, upholding the socialist direction of reform, so that China’s reform cause has advanced to this day and remains brilliant, becoming a model for socialist countries promoting reform. The “Five Cardinal Principles” adhered to by Vietnam’s Doi Moi, the “Six Cardinal Principles” adhered to by Laos, and Cuba’s “Three No’s” [13]13 The “Six Upholds” (六个坚持): The six principles for further deepening reform comprehensively, as outlined in the resolution of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee: upholding the comprehensive leadership of the Party, a people-centered approach, the principal position of the people, the rule of law, systems thinking, and the Party’s self-revolution. are all important measures to ensure the socialist direction of reform.

二是社会主义改革必须毫不动摇地坚持社会主义方向。改革开放的根本目的是要巩固和促进社会主义事业，绝不是要削弱甚至放弃社会主义事业。20世纪80年代末90年代初，戈尔巴乔夫彻底放弃苏联的社会主义道路，全面推行“人道的、民主的社会主义”改革路线，酿成了世纪悲剧。中国在改革中始终坚持“四项基本原则”，坚持改革的社会主义方向，使中国的改革事业推进到今天依然熠熠生辉，成为社会主义国家推进改革的样板。越南革新开放坚持的“五项基本原则”，老挝坚持的“六项基本原则”，古巴的“三不放弃”，都是确保社会主义改革方向的重要举措。

Third, socialist reform must rationally absorb and draw lessons from all advanced achievements of civilization. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “Only by recognizing backwardness can we change it. Only by learning from the advanced can we catch up with and surpass the advanced… Any nation or country needs to learn from the strengths of other nations and countries, and learn from their advanced science and technology.” General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out: “We must more proactively learn from and draw on all the outstanding achievements of civilization created by humanity.” Cuba, emulating China’s reform of its foreign trade system, appropriately expanded the autonomy of state-owned enterprises and established the Mariel Special Development Zone, greatly promoting economic and social development. Vietnam also proposed establishing a socialist-oriented market economy system, actively introducing and utilizing foreign capital, and achieving a new economic takeoff. North Korea, drawing on China’s experience, successively established four “special economic zones” from 1992 to 2005 to attract foreign capital. These are all true portrayals of the continuous expansion of the breadth of China’s reforms in the history of socialist development.

三是社会主义改革要合理吸收借鉴一切先进文明成果。邓小平指出：“认识落后，才能去改变落后。学习先进，才有可能赶超先进……任何一个民族、一个国家，都需要学习别的民族、别的国家的长处，学习人家的先进科学技术。”习近平总书记也指出：“要更加积极主动地学习借鉴人类创造的一切优秀文明成果。”古巴效仿中国改革外贸体制，适当扩大国有企业自主权，建立马列尔“发展特区”，极大地推动了经济社会发展。越南也提出建立社会主义定向的市场经济体制，积极引进和利用外资，实现了经济新的腾飞。朝鲜借鉴中国经验，从1992年到2005年先后建立了四个“经济特区”以吸引外资。这些都是中国改革广度在社会主义发展史中不断延展的真实写照。

(4) It has enhanced the effectiveness of reform in the history of the development of human civilization.

（四）提升了人类文明发展史中的改革效度

The effectiveness of deepening reform comprehensively has already become a world model for creating a new form of civilization. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “This second revolution of China, reform and opening up, has not only profoundly changed China but also profoundly influenced the world!” The Communist Party of China has led the people in blazing the path of Chinese-path modernization, generating a new form of human civilization in the practice of reform. In the course of reform advancing continuously in depth, China has achieved a great leap from catching up with the times to leading the times, continuously providing new opportunities and making new contributions to world development, bringing great encouragement and confidence to the people of all countries. This undoubtedly enhances the effectiveness of reform in the history of the development of human civilization.

全面深化改革成效已然成为创造文明新形态的世界典范。习近平总书记深刻指出：“改革开放这场中国的第二次革命，不仅深刻改变了中国，也深刻影响了世界！”中国共产党带领人民开辟了中国式现代化道路，在改革实践中生成了人类文明新形态。在改革不断向纵深推进的历程中，中国实现从赶上时代到引领时代的伟大跨越，不断为世界发展提供新机遇，作出新贡献，给世界各国人民带来极大的鼓舞和信心，这无疑提升了人类文明发展史中的改革效度。

First, reform practice has driven the reversal of the world historical pattern of “the East being subordinate to the West” under the dominance of Western modernization logic. After more than 40 years of unremitting struggle through reform and opening up, China has become the world’s second-largest economy, the largest industrial country, the largest trader in goods, and the largest holder of foreign exchange reserves, striding forward on the path of socialist modernization. According to a World Bank report, from 2013 to 2021, China’s average annual economic growth rate reached 6.6%, not only significantly higher than the world average growth rate of 2.6% for the same period, but also higher than the average growth rate of 3.7% for developing economies, and even higher than the major developed economies, making it the primary driver of world economic growth. These data indicate that in the world structure of the 21st century, China’s practice of deepening reform comprehensively is, through its deep development, continuously creating a unique civilizational significance.

第一，以改革实践推动扭转西方现代化逻辑主导下“东方从属于西方”的世界历史格局。经过改革开放40多年的不懈奋斗，中国成为阔步走在社会主义现代化道路上的世界第二大经济体、第一大工业国、第一大货物贸易国、第一大外汇储备国。根据世界银行的报告，从2013年到2021年，中国经济的年均增长率高达6.6%，不仅大大高于2.6%的同期世界平均增速，也高于3.7%的发展中经济体平均增速，更高于世界主要发达经济体，成为世界经济增长的第一动力。这些数据表明，在21世纪的世界格局中，中国的全面深化改革实践正在以其深度发展不断创造特有的文明意蕴。

Second, it has broken the either-or yardstick for evaluating reform effectiveness and advocated for exchanges and mutual learning among world civilizations. General Secretary Xi Jinping sharply

第二，打破了非此即彼的改革成效评判标尺，倡导世界文明交流互鉴。习近平总书记尖锐批判了以西方标准评判改革成效的做法，“看到别的国家有而我们没有就简单认为有欠缺，要搬过来；或者，看到我们有而别的国家没有就简单认为是多余的，要去除掉。”西方现代化模式影响极为深刻，以至于其他国家往往抛弃自己的制度而盲目照搬西方“先进”制度。诸如非洲、拉美国家推行的“欧化”运动，19世纪末20世纪初土耳其推行的“青年土耳其”运动，印度的圣雄甘地所掀起的“非暴力不合作”运动等，最终都使自身深深陷入资本主义主导下的国际分工体系之中。而今，中国所主张的文明交流、文明互鉴、文明共存无不展现出中国改革实践强大的包容性，凸显了中国改革的成功之道，即：在改革的历史进程中，我们既要坚决反对抛弃“根脉”的文化激进主义，又要选择适合自己的文明改革之路。

Third, it has boosted the developmental confidence of late-developing countries in moving toward modernization through autonomous reform. The practical efficacy demonstrated by China’s reform proves to late-developing countries that they must independently choose a path to modernization suited to their own conditions, based on their specific national realities. In a historical era where capitalist relations of production still occupy a dominant position, late-developing countries generally face the perplexing global problem of modernization. Difficulties such as backward and distorted economic structures, impoverished social conditions, and dependent international relations make the difficulty of late-developing countries’ march toward modernization indescribable. The successful opening up of the Chinese-path modernization [n12] has not only set an excellent example for backward countries moving toward modernization but has also provided a Chinese solution for the development of world modernization. Donald Rushabwa, a researcher at the Zimbabwe-China Economic and Cultural Exchange Center, once pointed out that African countries cannot achieve modernization by plundering colonial wealth as Western countries did. China, however, shares a similar background with many African countries and also suffered aggression from Western powers. Yet, in just over 40 years, without exploiting any country, China achieved an economic takeoff and completed comprehensive modernization in multiple fields such as science and technology and infrastructure. This is precisely the model for developing countries to learn from.

第三，提振了后发国家以自主改革走向现代化的发展自信。中国改革彰显的实践效能向后发国家证明了，必须依据本国具体实际，自主选择适合自身的现代化之路。在资本主义生产关系还占据主导地位的历史时代，后发国家普遍面临着现代化世界难题的困扰。落后畸形的经济结构、贫困化的社会境况、依附型的国际关系等难题，使得后发国家走向现代化的困难程度是难以描述的。中国式现代化道路的成功开辟，不仅为落后国家迈向现代化树立了优秀的榜样，也为世界现代化发展提供了中国方案。津巴布韦中非经济文化交流中心研究员唐纳德·鲁沙布瓦（Donald Rushabwa）曾指出，非洲国家不可能像西方国家那样通过攫取殖民地的财富来实现现代化，而中国与非洲许多国家有相似的背景，也曾遭受西方列强的侵略，但中国只用了短短40多年时间，在没有剥削任何国家的前提下，就实现了经济的腾飞、完成了科技和基建等多个领域的全面现代化，这正是发展中国家学习的榜样。

III. The Basic Principles of Deepening Reform Comprehensively in the New Era

三、新时代全面深化改革的基本原则

The current period and the period ahead constitute a critical juncture for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization. On the path forward to further deepening reform comprehensively, we must adhere to the basic principles of the “Six Upholds.” [n13]

当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。在进一步全面深化改革的前进道路上，我们必须遵循“六个坚持”基本原则。

(I) Upholding the Comprehensive Leadership of the Party

（一）坚持党的全面领导

The “Decision” [n14] adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [n15] states: “The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization.” This sets new requirements for our Party to closely center on the core tasks in advancing reform practice on the new journey, and to further manifest the Marxist party’s consciousness of direction, consciousness of guidance, and consciousness of mission.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》指出：“党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。”这为我们党在新征程上紧紧围绕中心任务推进改革实践，进一步彰显马克思主义政党的方向自觉、引领自觉与使命自觉提出了新的要求。

Adhering to the directional consciousness of socialism with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Reform and opening up is a profound revolution; it must be advanced in the correct direction and along the correct path.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up” (December 18, 2018), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 3 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2020), p. 220. Direction is the fundamental issue of deepening reform comprehensively. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and also the greatest strength of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. Deepening reform comprehensively is a continuous process of promoting the self-improvement and development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, not a change of course for it. For reform to have direction, principles, and a standpoint, it must always take the Party’s overall leadership as its fundamental guarantee, must use the Party’s leadership to “firmly grasp the forward direction of reform and opening up,” and must adhere to the principle that “what should and can be reformed, we resolutely reform; what should not and cannot be reformed, we resolutely do not reform.”

坚持中国特色社会主义的方向自觉。习近平总书记指出：“改革开放是一场深刻革命，必须坚持正确方向，沿着正确道路推进。”方向问题是全面深化改革的根本性问题。中国共产党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，也是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。全面深化改革是不断推动中国特色社会主义制度的自我完善和发展，而不是对其改弦更张。改革要有方向、有原则、有立场，就要始终以党的全面领导为根本保证，就要以党的领导“牢牢把握改革开放的前进方向”，坚持做到“该改的、能改的我们坚决改，不该改的、不能改的坚决不改”。

Strengthening the leading consciousness of using self-revolution to lead social revolution. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Courage in self-revolution is a significant hallmark that distinguishes the Communist Party of China from other political parties.” Self-revolution is our Party’s innovative answer to the question of escaping the “historical cycle of rise and fall” [17]17 The “historical cycle of rise and fall” (历史周期率) refers to the recurring pattern of dynastic founding, flourishing, decline, and collapse in Chinese history. The question of how a ruling party can escape this cycle was famously raised by the democratic figure Huang Yanpei during a 1945 conversation with Mao Zedong. and is the key to our Party’s continuous progress from victory to victory. Deepening reform comprehensively is a profound and comprehensive social transformation in the New Era. Therefore, to further advance deepening reform comprehensively, it is necessary not only to forge the leading主体 with the courage and sharpness to turn the blade inward, but also to face the world situation, national conditions, and Party conditions that are undergoing profound changes, to continuously improve the Party’s leadership methods and governance methods, and to continuously raise the Party’s leadership level in advancing Chinese-path modernization.

增强以自我革命引领社会革命的引领自觉。习近平总书记指出：“勇于自我革命是中国共产党区别于其他政党的显著标志。”自我革命是我们党对跳出治乱兴衰“历史周期率”课题的创新性回答，是我们党不断从胜利走向胜利的关键所在。全面深化改革是新时代的一场深刻而全面社会变革。因此，进一步推进全面深化改革，不仅要以刀刃向内的勇气和锐气锻造领导主体，还要直面正在发生深刻变化的世情、国情、党情，不断完善党的领导方式和执政方式，不断提高党推进中国式现代化的领导水平。

Fully fulfilling the mission consciousness of never forgetting the original aspiration and keeping the founding mission in mind. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has taken “seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation” as its original aspiration and founding mission. Over the past century, the original aspiration and founding mission of the CPC has always run through the practice of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, and has always run through the course of the Party leading the people in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The original aspiration and founding mission of reform is to continuously meet the people’s desire for a better life and to advance toward the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. To promote deepening reform comprehensively in depth, we must persevere and be good at achieving results, always educate cadres with the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, and ensure that reform measures more precisely meet the needs of development, the expectations of the grassroots, and the aspirations of the people.

充分践行不忘初心、牢记使命的使命自觉。中国共产党自成立之日起就把“为中国人民谋幸福，为中华民族谋复兴”作为自己的初心使命。百年来，中国共产党的初心使命始终贯穿于中国革命、建设和改革的实践中，始终贯穿于党领导人民推进马克思主义中国化时代化的历程中。改革的初心和使命就是不断满足人民对美好生活的向往，向着实现中华民族伟大复兴而迈进。推动全面深化改革向纵深发展，必须持之以恒、善作善成，始终以党的初心使命教育干部，确保改革措施更加精准地对接发展所需、基层所盼、民心所向。

(2) Adhering to a people-centered approach

（二）坚持以人民为中心

The CPC’s fundamental political stance of being people-centered has forged the value orientation of deepening reform comprehensively. The people are the creators of history and the practical subjects of deepening reform comprehensively. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Reform for the people has meaning; reform relying on the people has momentum.” This profoundly reveals the value purpose and source of strength of deepening reform comprehensively, providing value guidance for Chinese Communists in the New Era to continuously open up new horizons in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

中国共产党以人民为中心的根本政治立场铸就了全面深化改革的价值指向性。人民群众是历史的创造者，是全面深化改革的实践主体。习近平总书记深刻指出：“为了人民而改革，改革才有意义；依靠人民而改革，改革才有动力。”这深刻揭示了全面深化改革的价值旨归和力量之源，为新时代中国共产党人不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界提供了价值指引。

Deepening reform comprehensively for the people manifests the value dimension of reform. In the course of advancing socialist reform, the CPC has always firmly maintained the people’s standpoint, ensuring that the fruits of reform serve the broadest masses of the people. In March 1957, Mao Zedong pointed out at the CPC’s National Conference on Propaganda Work: “Our country needs many people who sincerely serve the people, sincerely serve the socialist cause, and are determined to reform. All of us Communists should be such people.” In May 2024, when presiding over a symposium of entrepreneurs and experts, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal. Grasping reform and promoting development, in the final analysis, is to let the people live better lives. We must plan and advance reform from the people’s overall interests, fundamental interests, and long-term interests, and follow the Party’s mass line in the New Era.” Adhering to the people-centered value orientation and the principle of putting the people first in deepening reform comprehensively profoundly reflects the value foundation of the CPC.

全面深化改革为了人民，彰显了改革的价值向度。中国共产党在推进社会主义改革的历程中，始终坚定人民立场，使改革成果为最广大的人民群众服务。1957年3月，毛泽东在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上指出：“我们国家要有很多诚心为人民服务、诚心为社会主义事业服务、立志改革的人。我们共产党员都应该是这样的人。”2024年5月，习近平总书记在主持召开企业和专家座谈会上指出：“人民对美好生活的向往就是我们的奋斗目标，抓改革、促发展，归根到底就是为了让人民过上更好的日子。要从人民的整体利益、根本利益、长远利益出发谋划和推进改革，走好新时代党的群众路线。”坚持以人民为中心的价值指向，坚持全面深化改革的人民性原则，深刻体现了中国共产党的价值底色。

Deepening reform comprehensively relying on the people indicates the force on which reform depends. The creative practice of the people is the realistic foundation for the CPC to advance deepening reform comprehensively. What to reform, how to reform, and whom to rely on for reform in deepening reform comprehensively ultimately cannot be separated from the people. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the CPC fully leveraged its political advantage in mobilizing and organizing the masses to carry out socialist industrialization, laying a solid foundation for reform and opening up. During the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the CPC earnestly listened to the voices of the masses, solved the problems the people were thinking about and hoping for, promptly eliminated institutional and mechanism defects that hindered people’s livelihoods, and formed reform achievements recognized by the people. To this end, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Every breakthrough and development in the understanding and practice of reform and opening up, the emergence and development of every new thing in reform and opening up, and the creation and accumulation of every aspect of experience in reform and opening up all come from the practice and wisdom of hundreds of millions of people.”

全面深化改革依靠人民，指明了改革的依靠力量。人民群众的创造性实践是中国共产党推进全面深化改革的现实基础。全面深化改革改什么、如何改、靠谁改，归根到底离不开人民群众。社会主义革命和建设时期，中国共产党充分发挥动员群众、组织群众的政治优势开展社会主义工业化建设，为改革开放奠定了坚实的基础。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，中国共产党认真听取群众呼声、解决人民所思所盼的问题，及时破除妨碍民生的体制机制弊病，形成了人民群众所认同的改革成果。为此，习近平总书记指出：“改革开放在认识和实践上的每一次突破和发展，改革开放中每一个新生事物的产生和发展，改革开放每一个方面经验的创造和积累，无不来自亿万人民的实践和智慧。”

The fruits of deepening reform comprehensively being shared by the people is the ultimate落脚点 of reform. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “The fundamental purpose of our Party in advancing deepening reform comprehensively is to promote social fairness and justice and to let the fruits of reform and development benefit all the people more and more fairly.” In reform, promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing the people’s welfare should be taken as a mirror to examine the effectiveness of reform. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party has led the people in winning the largest-scale battle against poverty in human history through deepening reform comprehensively, completing the historical task of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and continuing to lead the people in unremitting struggle to achieve common prosperity for all the people. Where the people call, reform must respond. Through deepening reform comprehensively, we continuously optimize the income distribution system, raise the level of livelihood security, enable more people to enjoy high-quality public services such as education and medical care, thereby narrowing the gap between rich and poor, promoting social fairness and justice, turning the people’s expectations into reform practice, and turning the people’s hopes into reform results.

全面深化改革成果由人民共享，是改革的最终落脚点。习近平总书记深刻指出：“我们党推进全面深化改革的根本目的，就是要促进社会公平正义，让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。”在改革中，要把促进社会公平正义，增进人民福祉作为审视改革成效的一面镜子。党的十八大以来，党带领人民在全面深化改革中打赢了人类历史上规模最大的脱贫攻坚战，完成了全面建成小康社会的历史任务，并继续带领人民为实现全体人民共同富裕不懈奋斗。人民有所呼，改革就要有所应。通过全面深化改革，不断优化收入分配制度，提高民生保障水平，让更多人享受到优质的教育、医疗等公共服务，从而缩小贫富差距，促进社会公平正义，把人民的期待变成改革实践，把人民的希望变成改革成效。

(3) Adhering to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground

（三）坚持守正创新

Only by upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground can we avoid losing ourselves, grasp the times, and lead the times. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “What we are engaged in is a great cause without precedent. Upholding fundamental principles keeps us from losing our direction or making fatal mistakes; breaking new ground enables us to grasp the times and lead the times.” The CPC is by no means a conservative party; it always absorbs the progressive spiritual essence with the integrity and sharpness of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, leading the people in composing a glorious chapter of reform in the course of adhering to and advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

守正创新才能不迷失自我，才能把握时代、引领时代。党的二十大报告指出：“我们从事的是前无古人的伟大事业，守正才能不迷失方向、不犯颠覆性错误，创新才能把握时代、引领时代。”中国共产党绝不是守旧的政党，它总是以守正创新的正气和锐气不断吸取进步的精神内核，在坚持和推进马克思主义中国化时代化的历程中带领人民谱写改革华章。

Adhering to a problem-oriented approach, facing new changes of the times with the greatest courage, and proposing solutions to problems are inevitable requirements for the CPC to continuously advance deepening reform comprehensively. General Secretary Xi Jinping once profoundly pointed out: “Reform breakthroughs require correct methods, adhering to innovative thinking, following problems, targeting problems, accurately recognizing changes, scientifically responding to changes, actively seeking changes, and achieving reform and innovation on the basis of grasping laws.” The fourth meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening Reform Comprehensively held in February 2024 emphasized: “Reform measures must have a clear direction, targeting the most prominent problems to solve; the flavor of reform must be strong, and the quality must be sufficient.” Deepening reform comprehensively is a profound and complex social transformation. Only by proceeding from reality in everything and highlighting the problem orientation can we creatively propose new measures, formulate new strategies, gather new forces, and sublimate new theories in the face of new contradictions and new challenges.

坚持以问题为导向，以最大的勇气直面时代新变化，并提出解决问题的方案，是中国共产党不断推进全面深化改革的必然要求。习近平总书记曾深刻指出：“改革攻坚要有正确方法，坚持创新思维，跟着问题走、奔着问题去，准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，在把握规律的基础上实现变革创新。”2024年2月召开的中央深改委第四次会议强调：“改革举措要有鲜明指向性，奔着解决最突出的问题去，改革味要浓、成色要足。”全面深化改革是一场深刻复杂的社会变革，只有一切从实际出发，突出问题导向，才能在面对新矛盾新挑战中，创造性地提出新举措、制定新策略、凝聚新力量、升华新理论。

The “Decision” adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC points out: “Uphold fundamental principles and break new ground; unswervingly uphold socialism with Chinese characteristics; keep pace with the times, respond to the demands of practice and development, and take a problem-oriented approach; and advance theoretical, practical, institutional, cultural, and other innovations on a new starting point.” [18]18 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. Upholding fundamental principles means upholding the correctness of truth, and politically always adhering to socialism with Chinese characteristics; breaking new ground means daring to break conventions and daring to be the first in the world. To uphold fundamental principles and break new ground in deepening reform comprehensively, first, we must base ourselves on the new historical development orientation, answer the new issues of the times, and continuously advance theoretical innovation on the basis of practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on deepening reform comprehensively are the theoretical sublimation of the Party and the people’s reform practice in the New Era, and are an important achievement of the Party in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Adhering to the guidance of this most vital theoretical achievement in reform practice is the key to our driving reform to develop in depth. Second, facing the major trend of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the Communist Party of China must always remain sober and resolute, meet new challenges, break down new barriers, and accelerate the cultivation of new quality productive forces. Cultivating new quality productive forces and deepening reform comprehensively are mutually reinforcing. Use new quality productive forces to resolve the “bottleneck” crisis in key areas, enhance independent innovation capabilities, and provide new momentum for deepening reform comprehensively. At the same time, deepening reform comprehensively must focus on unblocking the blockages and choke points that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, innovate the modes of allocation of production factors, and enable all types of advanced and high-quality production factors to flow smoothly toward the development of new quality productive forces.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》指出：“坚持守正创新，坚持中国特色社会主义不动摇，紧跟时代步伐，顺应实践发展，突出问题导向，在新的起点上推进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新。”守正，即守真理之正，在政治上始终坚持中国特色社会主义；创新，即勇于打破常规，敢为天下先。在全面深化改革中坚持守正创新，一是要立足新的历史发展方位，解答新的时代课题，不断推进实践基础上的理论创新。习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，是新时代党和人民推动改革实践的理论升华，是党推进马克思主义中国化时代化的重要成果。坚持用这一最鲜活的理论成果指导改革实践，是我们推动改革向纵深发展的关键。二是面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革大趋势，中国共产党要时刻保持清醒坚定，迎接新挑战，破除新壁垒，加快培育新质生产力。培育新质生产力和全面深化改革是相互促进的。以新质生产力破解关键领域“卡脖子”危机，提升自主创新能力，为全面深化改革提供新动能。同时，全面深化改革要着力于打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动。

(4) Adhere to Taking Institutional Development as the Main Line

（四）坚持以制度建设为主线

Adhering to taking institutional development as the main line is a distinctive feature of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party, in the process of deepening reform comprehensively, has strengthened top-level design and overall planning, established the new while abolishing the old, and first established the new before abolishing the old, consolidated fundamental institutions, improved basic institutions, and innovated important institutions, promoting the organic articulation and efficient operation of institutions in all aspects, achieving a profound transformation of the state system and governance system. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that the project of forming a more mature and more定型 [19]19 The Chinese term “定型” (dìngxíng) means “finalized” or “stereotyped,” here referring to a system that is mature, stable, and well-defined in its form and function. system is extremely grand, “piecemeal adjustments will not do, nor will fragmented repairs; it must be a comprehensive and systematic reform and improvement, a linkage and integration of reforms and improvements in all fields, producing an overall effect and achieving overall results in the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” Therefore, adhering to taking institutional development as the main line must focus on systemic integration, pay more attention to highlighting key points, and pay more attention to reform effectiveness.

坚持以制度建设为主线是新时代全面深化改革的鲜明特征。党的十八大以来，我们党在全面深化改革进程中，加强顶层设计、总体谋划，破立并举、先立后破，筑牢根本制度、完善基本制度、创新重要制度，推动各方面制度有机衔接，高效运作，实现了国家制度和治理体系的深刻变革。习近平总书记指出，形成更加成熟更加定型的制度这项工程极为宏大，“零敲碎打调整不行，碎片化修补也不行，必须是全面的系统的改革和改进，是各领域改革和改进的联动和集成，在国家治理体系和治理能力现代化上形成总体效应、取得总体效果。”因此，坚持以制度建设为主线必须注重系统集成，更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效。

Paying more attention to systemic integration means further advancing institutional development with a holistic perspective and systematic thinking. We must regard various institutions as an interconnected and mutually influencing whole, promote the construction of a comprehensive, logically rigorous, and efficiently operating institutional system, ensure that institutions in different fields and at different levels can be interconnected and complementary, form synergy, and avoid institutional conflicts. We must combine the new situation, comprehensively utilize modern information technology means such as big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, enhance the intelligent and precise level of institutional implementation, and achieve the automation and high efficiency of institutional operation.

更加注重系统集成，意味着要进一步以全局视野和系统思维来推进制度建设。要将各项制度视为一个相互关联、相互影响的整体，推动构建一个全面覆盖、逻辑严密、运行高效的制度体系，确保不同领域、不同层级的制度之间能够相互衔接、相互补充，形成合力，避免制度冲突现象。要结合新形势，综合运用大数据、云计算、人工智能等现代信息技术手段，提升制度执行的智能化、精准化水平，实现制度运行的自动化和高效化。

Paying more attention to highlighting key points means that in the process of institutional development, we must further focus on key issues, key links, and key fields, concentrate forces to tackle difficulties, and achieve breakthroughs in key areas. We must deeply analyze the institutional bottlenecks and systemic obstacles that constrain economic and social development, clarify the main direction and breakthrough points of reform, thereby achieving the use of limited resources to solve core problems, ensure that reform makes substantive progress and achieves obvious results, and promote institutional innovation and reform deepening in related fields and links.

更加突出重点，是指在制度建设过程中要进一步聚焦关键问题、关键环节和关键领域，集中力量攻坚克难，实现重点突破。要深入分析制约经济社会发展的制度瓶颈和体制障碍，明确改革的主攻方向和突破口，从而实现将有限的资源用于解决核心问题，确保改革取得实质性进展和明显成效，推动相关领域和环节的制度创新和改革深化。

Paying more attention to reform effectiveness means prominently emphasizing the actual effects of institutional development. In the process of advancing institutional reform, we must focus on long-term impact, strengthen implementation efforts, ensure that various institutions are effectively executed and implemented, and prevent institutions from degenerating into “scarecrows” or “paper tigers.” [20]20 “Scarecrows” and “paper tigers” are metaphors for institutions or rules that exist in name only and are not enforced or effective. At the same time, we must establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation mechanism, promptly identify problems and improve institutional defects, and ensure that institutions are forward-looking and sustainable. Only through these measures can we build a more complete, more efficient, and more time-appropriate institutional system, providing a strong guarantee for realizing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

更加注重改革实效，就是要突出强调制度建设的实际效果。在推进制度改革的过程中，必须注重长远影响，强化执行力度，确保各项制度得到有效执行和落实，防止制度沦为“稻草人”或“纸老虎”。同时要建立科学合理的评估机制，及时发现问题并改进制度缺陷，确保制度具有前瞻性和可持续性。通过这些举措，才能构建起更加完善、更加高效、更加符合时代要求的制度体系，为实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化提供有力保障。

(5) Adhere to Law-Based Governance

（五）坚持全面依法治国

Law-based governance is an important guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively. In his 2015 New Year’s message, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must make deepening reform comprehensively and advancing law-based governance comprehensively like the two wings of a bird and the two wheels of a cart, driving the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects to be realized on schedule.” Today, the phased goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has become a reality. On the path forward, law-based governance remains the driving force for developing socialist rule of law and also the strategic support for deepening reform comprehensively.

全面依法治国是进一步全面深化改革的重要保障。习近平总书记在2015年新年贺词中强调：“我们要让全面深化改革、全面推进依法治国如鸟之两翼、车之双轮，推动全面建成小康社会的目标如期实现。”而今，全面建成小康社会的阶段性目标已然成为现实。在前进道路上，全面依法治国仍然是推动发展社会主义法治的动力所在，也是全面深化改革的战略支撑。

First, we must scientifically understand the relationship between the rule of law and reform. The rule of law and reform go hand in hand and complement each other. Reform is the driving force for social progress and national development; the rule of law is the basic method and means of governing the country. The deepening of reform will inevitably advance the deepening of the process of law-based governance, and the perfection of the rule of law will provide strategic guarantees for reform. In the process of reform, the rule of law can ensure the legality, stability, and sustainability of reform. Advancing reform through the rule of law clarifies the goals and direction of reform, standardizes the behavior and process of reform, and ensures that the achievements of reform are consolidated and developed, thereby creating a stable social environment for reform. It is in this sense that we emphasize that wherever reform and opening up advances, the construction of the rule of law must follow.

首先，要科学认识法治与改革的关系。法治与改革相伴而行，相辅相成。改革是社会进步、国家发展的动力，法治是治理国家的基本方法与手段。改革的深化必将推进依法治国进程的深化，法治的完善将会为改革提供战略保障。在改革过程中，法治能够确保改革的合法性、稳定性和可持续性。通过法治的方式推进改革，明确改革的目标和方向，规范改革的行为和过程，保障改革的成果得到巩固和发展，从而为改革创造稳定的社会环境。正是在此意义上，我们强调改革开放推进到哪一步，法治建设就要跟进到哪一步。

In practice, we need to adhere to both law-based governance and deepening reform, using the rule of law to guide and promote reform, and using reform to promote and perfect the rule of law. We must adhere to the principle that major reforms have a legal basis. First, ensure that all reform measures are carried out within the legal framework. For areas where new laws need to be formulated, promptly put forward legislative needs and legislative suggestions, promote the formulation and perfection of relevant laws, and especially accelerate the legislative work in key areas, emerging areas, and foreign-related areas. Second, focus on using the rule of law to consolidate and expand reform achievements, promptly elevate proven effective experiences into law, making them behavioral norms that must be universally followed. At the same time, deepen reforms in the field of the rule of law, coordinately advance reforms in legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law-abiding, improve the rule-of-law literacy of the whole society, especially leading cadres at all levels, and create a good atmosphere of respecting, studying, abiding by, and applying the law. Third, steadily advance reform on the track of the rule of law, focusing on the unity and connectivity of reform decisions and legislative decisions. When formulating reform plans, fully consider the legal basis; for areas where practical conditions are not yet mature but need to be piloted first, obtain authorization in accordance with legal procedures; for existing laws that do not meet the requirements of reform, promptly promote the revision and abolition of relevant laws to prevent outdated legal provisions from becoming obstacles to reform. Only by forming a favorable situation where law-based governance and deepening reform comprehensively promote each other can we ensure the smooth progress of reform and ensure the long-term stability and sustained effectiveness of reform achievements.

在实践中，我们需要坚持依法治国和深化改革并举，以法治引领和推动改革，以改革促进和完善法治。要坚持重大改革于法有据的原则。一是确保所有改革措施均在法律框架内进行。对于需要制定新法的领域，要及时提出立法需求和立法建议，推动相关法律的制定和完善，特别是要加快推进重点领域、新兴领域、涉外领域的立法工作。二是要注重运用法治巩固和拓展改革成果，把实践证明行之有效的经验及时上升为法律，使之成为必须普遍遵循的行为规范。同时，要深化法治领域改革，协同推进立法、执法、司法、守法各环节的改革，提高全社会特别是各级领导干部的法治素养，营造尊法学法守法用法的良好氛围。三是要在法治轨道上稳步推进改革，注重改革决策和立法决策的统一性与衔接性。制定改革方案时要充分考虑法律依据，对于实践条件还不成熟但需要先行先试的领域，应按照法定程序获得授权；对于现有法律不适应改革要求的，应及时推动相关法律的修改和废止，以防止过时的法律条款成为改革的阻碍。只有形成全面依法治国与全面深化改革相互促进的良好局面，才能保障改革的顺利进行，确保改革成果的长期稳定和持续发挥效益。

(6) Adhere to the Systems Concept

（六）坚持系统观念

Emphasizing systematicity, wholeness, and synergy is an inherent requirement of deepening reform comprehensively and an important method for enhancing the overall effectiveness of reform. Since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era, reform has entered the deep-water zone, facing deeper-level systemic and institutional issues; relying solely on reforms in a single field or at a single level is difficult to achieve results. Therefore, deepening reform comprehensively must coordinate the overall situation, focusing on the systematic and coordinated advancement of all aspects and fields. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Reform and opening up is a systematic project; we must adhere to comprehensive reform and advance it through the coordinated cooperation of various reforms.” The historic achievements and historic transformations in China’s economy and society are vivid footnotes to the greater emphasis on system coordination in reform. Practice has proven that being good at playing the “combination punch,” [21]21 “Combination punch” (组合拳) is a metaphor from boxing, meaning a coordinated series of measures or policies applied together for maximum effect. strengthening the interconnectedness and systematicity of various reforms, and enabling various reforms to promote each other and interact positively can maximize the formation of reform synergy and release reform dividends.

注重系统性、整体性、协同性，是全面深化改革的内在要求，也是提升改革整体成效的重要方法。中国特色社会主义进入新时代以来，改革进入深水区，面对的是更深层次的体制机制问题，仅仅依靠单个领域、单个层次的改革难以奏效。因此，全面深化改革必须统筹全局，注重各方面各领域系统协调推进。习近平总书记指出：“改革开放是一个系统工程，必须坚持全面改革，在各项改革协同配合中推进。”我国经济社会取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，就是改革更加注重系统协调的生动注脚。实践证明，善于打好“组合拳”，加强各项改革的关联性和系统性，使各项改革相互促进、良性互动，才能最大程度地形成改革合力，释放改革红利。

Systematic thinking is the foundational method of thought for deepening reform comprehensively. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Take into account all factors and balance them comprehensively, highlight the key points and drive the overall situation; sometimes one must grasp the major and let go of the minor, using the major to encompass the minor; at other times one must use the minor to drive the major, seeing the major in the minor; figuratively speaking, it is like playing the piano with ten fingers.”[22]22 A metaphor from Xi Jinping’s speeches, drawn from the Chinese idiom “playing the piano with ten fingers,” meaning to coordinate multiple tasks simultaneously, as a pianist uses all ten fingers in harmony. China is still in the primary stage of socialism. In this stage, advancing the deepening of reform comprehensively often touches the whole body when one part is moved. Therefore, it is necessary to establish systematic thinking, coordinate the two overall situations of domestic and international arenas, coordinate the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, consciously judge the orientation from the overall situation, make arrangements from the whole, and advance work systematically.

系统思维是全面深化改革的基础性思想方法。习近平总书记指出：“统筹兼顾、综合平衡，突出重点、带动全局，有的时候要抓大放小、以大兼小，有的时候又要以小带大、小中见大，形象地说，就是要十个指头弹钢琴。”我国仍处于社会主义初级阶段，在这一阶段，推进全面深化改革往往牵一发而动全身。因此，必须树立系统思维，统筹国内国际两个大局，统筹“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，自觉从大局研判方位，从整体安排部署，系统推进工作。

Overall planning and holistic advancement are effective strategies for deepening reform comprehensively. Reform and opening up is a comprehensive and profound social transformation, involving both productive forces and relations of production, both the economic base and the superstructure, and encompassing not only the economic sphere but also the political, cultural, social, and ecological spheres. Every reform has an important impact on other reforms, and at the same time, every reform requires the coordination and cooperation of other reforms. Therefore, in the critical period of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, our Party must closely center on Chinese-path modernization to make an overall plan and strategic arrangement for further deepening reform comprehensively, further handle the relationship between holistic advancement and breakthroughs on key points, the relationship between the mainstream and the tributary, and the relationship between systematic planning and sustained perseverance, advance steadily with a strong historical initiative, promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and open up broad prospects for Chinese-path modernization through further deepening reform comprehensively.

全局谋划、整体推进是全面深化改革行之有效的策略。改革开放是一场全面而深刻的社会变革，既涉及生产力又涉及生产关系，既涉及经济基础又涉及上层建筑，既包括经济领域又包括政治、文化、社会、生态各领域。每一项改革都会对其他改革产生重要影响，同时每一项改革又都需要其他改革协同配合。因此，在实现民族复兴伟业的关键时期，我们党必须紧紧围绕中国式现代化对进一步全面深化改革作出总体部署和战略安排，进一步处理好整体推进与重点突破的关系、主流和支流的关系、系统谋划和久久为功的关系，以强烈的历史主动精神稳扎稳打，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，以进一步全面深化改革开辟中国式现代化广阔前景。

(Authors: Chen Mingfan, tenured professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Marxism, Tsinghua University; Xiao Yao, 2023 doctoral student at the School of Marxism, Tsinghua University)

（作者：陈明凡，清华大学马克思主义学院长聘教授、博士研究生导师；肖瑶，清华大学马克思主义学院2023级博士研究生）

Online editor: You Heng

网络编辑：有恒