A Scientific Response to Major Theoretical and Practical Economic Questions in the New Era

The Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people in successfully blazing the path of Chinese-path modernization, creating the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, and steadily advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era. Communists with Comrade Xi Jinping as their chief representative have founded Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Adhering to a practice-oriented and problem-oriented approach, in the process of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization, it scientifically answers a series of major theoretical and practical economic questions of the New Era, such as for whom to develop, what to develop, and how to develop.

中国共产党领导中国人民成功开辟了中国式现代化道路，创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹，接续推进中华民族伟大复兴。党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。习近平经济思想是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，坚持实践导向和问题导向，在以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的进程中，科学回答了为谁发展、发展什么、如何发展等一系列新时代重大经济理论和实践问题。

Clarifying the Fundamental Guarantee and Fundamental Stance of Economic Development

明确经济发展根本保证根本立场

Strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over economic work is the fundamental guarantee for China’s economic development. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest strength of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. Upholding the Party’s overall leadership is the only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics. Economic construction is the Party’s central task; strengthening the Party’s leadership over economic work is an inherent requirement of strengthening the Party’s overall leadership. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized: “Strengthening the Party’s leadership over economic work and comprehensively improving the Party’s level of leading economic work are inevitable requirements for upholding democratic centralism and are also an advantage of our political system. The Party exercises overall leadership and coordinates all parties; economic work is the central task, and the Party’s leadership must naturally be fully reflected in the central task. By grasping this ‘ox nose’ of the central task, other work can be better carried out.” Strengthening the Party’s leadership over economic work does not mean taking over everything, but rather managing major affairs and deliberating on major issues, doing a good job in the top-level design, overall layout, overall coordination, overall advancement, supervision, and implementation of major work in the economic field, playing a role in setting the direction, managing the overall situation, and ensuring implementation, using medium- and long-term planning to guide economic and social development, and effectively transforming the institutional advantages of the Party’s leadership over economic work into governance effectiveness.

加强党对经济工作的全面领导，是我国经济发展的根本保证。中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。坚持党的全面领导，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路。经济建设是党的中心工作，加强党对经济工作的领导，是加强党的全面领导的题中应有之义。习近平总书记强调：“加强党对经济工作的领导，全面提高党领导经济工作水平，是坚持民主集中制的必然要求，也是我们政治制度的优势。党是总揽全局、协调各方的，经济工作是中心工作，党的领导当然要在中心工作中得到充分体现，抓住了中心工作这个牛鼻子，其他工作就可以更好展开。”加强党对经济工作的领导并不是包办一切，而是要管大事、议大事，做好经济领域重大工作的顶层设计、总体布局、统筹协调、整体推进、督促落实，发挥把方向、管大局、保落实作用，用中长期规划指导经济社会发展，切实把党领导经济工作的制度优势转化为治理效能。

Adhering to a people-centered approach is the fundamental stance of China’s economic development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has taken enhancing the well-being of the people, promoting the well-rounded development of individuals, and steadily advancing toward common prosperity as the starting point and ultimate goal of economic development. Closely following the changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society, it has actively responded to the thoughts, expectations, and urgent needs of the people, insisting on ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods through development, so that the people have a greater sense of gain in co-building and sharing development. At the meeting between the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee and Chinese and foreign journalists, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward that “the people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal.” At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, he explicitly proposed the people-centered development philosophy. At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, he further emphasized the need to strive to promote more obvious and substantive progress in common prosperity for all the people. Achieving common prosperity for all the people ultimately depends on development. It is necessary to firmly grasp economic construction as the central task, make the “cake” bigger and better through the joint efforts of the whole nation, and cut and distribute the “cake” well through reasonable institutional arrangements, so that all the people can steadily advance toward the goal of common prosperity. It is necessary to do one’s best within one’s capacity, adhere to gradual progress, correctly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness, build a basic institutional arrangement for the coordinated and complementary functioning of primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution, and promote common prosperity in the course of high-quality development.

坚持以人民为中心，是我国经济发展的根本立场。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展、朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进作为经济发展的出发点和落脚点，紧扣我国社会主要矛盾变化，积极回应人民群众所想、所盼、所急，坚持在发展中保障和改善民生，使人民群众在共建共享发展中有更多获得感。习近平总书记在十八届中央政治局常委同中外记者见面时提出“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标”，在党的十八届五中全会上明确提出了坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，在党的十九届五中全会上进一步强调要努力促进全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。实现全体人民共同富裕最终靠的是发展，必须紧紧抓住经济建设这个中心，通过全国人民共同奋斗把“蛋糕”做大做好，并通过合理的制度安排把“蛋糕”切好分好，使全体人民朝着共同富裕目标扎实迈进。要尽力而为、量力而行，坚持循序渐进，正确处理效率和公平的关系，构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配协调配套的基础性制度安排，在高质量发展中促进共同富裕。

Anchoring High-Quality Development as the Primary Task

锚定高质量发展这个首要任务

Economic development is a spiraling upward process; the rise is not linear. When quantitative accumulation reaches a certain stage, it must shift to qualitative improvement. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has continuously deepened its understanding of the stage-specific characteristics and laws of China’s economic development, placing greater emphasis on high-quality development. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC stated that China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further proposed that economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period should take promoting high-quality development as its theme. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized that high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. In the New Era, the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. With rising labor costs and increasing resource and environmental constraints, the extensive development model is unsustainable, and the problem of poor economic circulation is also prominent. Achieving high-quality development is an inevitable requirement for adapting to the changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society and for comprehensively building a modern socialist country; it is an inevitable requirement for maintaining sustained and healthy economic and social development. High-quality development means shifting from “whether there is enough” to “whether it is good.” It is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. It is necessary to adhere to quality first and efficiency priority, promote changes in the quality, efficiency, and drivers of economic development, continuously improve labor efficiency, capital efficiency, land efficiency, resource efficiency, and environmental efficiency, and increase the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress, in order to adapt to new scientific and technological changes and the new needs of the people.

经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，上升不是线性的，量积累到一定阶段，必须转向质的提升。党的十八大以来，党中央不断深化对我国经济发展阶段性特征和规律的认识，更加强调发展的高质量。党的十九大报告提出，我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。党的十九届五中全会进一步提出，“十四五”时期经济社会发展要以推动高质量发展为主题。党的二十大报告强调，高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。随着劳动力成本上升、资源环境约束增大，粗放的发展方式难以为继，经济循环不畅问题也较为突出。实现高质量发展，是适应我国社会主要矛盾变化和全面建设社会主义现代化国家的必然要求，是保持经济社会持续健康发展的必然要求。高质量发展，就是从“有没有”转向“好不好”，是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，必须坚持质量第一、效益优先，推动经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，不断提高劳动效率、资本效率、土地效率、资源效率、环境效率，提升科技进步贡献率，以适应科技新变化、人民新需要。

Adhering to high-quality development is the hard truth of the New Era. It requires correctly understanding the historical juncture and development stage in which China finds itself. After completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving the first centenary goal, China has embarked on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and marching toward the second centenary goal, marking China’s entry into a new stage of development. The world today is undergoing changes unseen in a century; a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening, and the balance of international forces is undergoing profound adjustment. China has significant institutional advantages, improved governance effectiveness, a long-term positive economic outlook, a solid material foundation, abundant human resources, a vast market space, strong development resilience, and overall social stability. It has multiple advantages and conditions for continued development. At the same time, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development remains prominent, the task of reforming key areas and crucial links remains arduous, and innovation capacity does not meet the requirements of high-quality development. The profound changes in the domestic and international environment have brought a series of new opportunities and new challenges. The key to preventing and defusing various risks and hidden dangers and actively responding to the impacts and challenges brought by changes in the external environment lies in handling our own affairs well, achieving high-quality development, and firmly grasping the initiative in development.

坚持高质量发展是新时代的硬道理，需要正确认识我国发展所处的历史方位和发展阶段。全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标之后，乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军，标志着我国进入了一个新发展阶段。当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际力量对比深刻调整。我国制度优势显著，治理效能提升，经济长期向好，物质基础雄厚，人力资源丰富，市场空间广阔，发展韧性强劲，社会大局稳定，继续发展具有多方面优势和条件，同时发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，重点领域关键环节改革任务仍然艰巨，创新能力不适应高质量发展要求。国内外环境的深刻变化带来一系列新机遇和新挑战，防范化解各类风险隐患，积极应对外部环境变化带来的冲击挑战，关键在于办好自己的事，实现高质量发展，牢牢掌握发展主动权。

High-quality development is development that embodies the new development philosophy. The development philosophy is the precursor to development actions and the concentrated embodiment of development ideas, development directions, and development priorities. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “In pursuing development in the New Era, we must unswervingly implement the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, and promote high-quality economic development.” Among them, innovation-driven development focuses on solving the problem of development momentum; coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of unbalanced development; green development focuses on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature; open development focuses on solving the problem of internal and external linkages in development; and shared development focuses on solving the problem of social fairness and justice. The five development concepts are interconnected and mutually reinforcing; they must be implemented in a unified manner, without neglecting one for another or substituting one for another. To fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy and unswervingly promote high-quality development, it is necessary to place innovation at the core of the overall national development and promote self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology; correctly handle major relationships in development and continuously enhance the overall integrity of development; firmly follow the path of civilized development featuring production development, affluent living, and a sound ecological environment, and achieve the coordinated unity of economic and social development and ecological environmental protection; develop a higher-level open economy, and use expanded opening up to drive innovation, promote reform, and facilitate development; and adhere to development for the people, by the people, and with the people sharing in its fruits, and unswervingly improve people’s well-being.

高质量发展是体现新发展理念的发展。发展理念是发展行动的先导，是发展思路、发展方向、发展着力点的集中体现。习近平总书记指出，“新时代抓发展，必须坚定不移贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，推动经济高质量发展”。其中，创新发展注重的是解决发展动力问题，协调发展注重的是解决发展不平衡问题，绿色发展注重的是解决人与自然和谐问题，开放发展注重的是解决发展内外联动问题，共享发展注重的是解决社会公平正义问题。五大发展理念相互贯通、相互促进，要统一贯彻，不能顾此失彼，也不能相互替代。完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，坚定不移推动高质量发展，就要把创新摆在国家发展全局的核心位置，推进科技自立自强；正确处理发展中的重大关系，不断增强发展整体性；坚定走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，实现经济社会发展和生态环境保护协调统一；发展更高层次的开放型经济，以扩大开放带动创新、推动改革、促进发展；坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，坚定不移增进民生福祉。

High-quality development should achieve smooth circulation in production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, forming a high-level dynamic equilibrium with effective supply-demand alignment and benign interaction. Therefore, promoting high-quality development is intrinsically unified with constructing a new development pattern that takes the domestic great circulation as the mainstay and promotes mutual reinforcement between domestic and international dual circulations. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasizes, “We must adhere to the theme of promoting high-quality development, organically combine the implementation of the strategy to expand domestic demand with deepening supply-side structural reform, enhance the endogenous driving force and reliability of the domestic great circulation, and raise the quality and level of the international circulation.” [1]1 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022; its report outlined the Party’s strategic priorities for the next five years and beyond. As a socialist country with a large population and an enormous market scale, in the historical process of advancing toward modernization, China must further shift the foundation of its development to the domestic sphere, relying more on the domestic market to achieve economic development. It must take the unified national market as the foundation, adhere to the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand, and form a benign circulation of the national economy. On the basis of possessing a strong domestic economic circulation system and a stable foundation, it must form a strong attraction for global factors and resources, a strong competitiveness in fierce international competition, and a strong driving force in global resource allocation.

高质量发展应该实现生产、流通、分配、消费循环通畅，形成供需有效衔接、良性互动的高水平动态平衡。因此，推动高质量发展与构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局是内在统一的。党的二十大报告强调，“我们要坚持以推动高质量发展为主题，把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来，增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性，提升国际循环质量和水平”。我国作为一个人口众多和超大市场规模的社会主义国家，在迈向现代化的历史进程中，必须进一步把发展立足点放在国内，更多依靠国内市场实现经济发展。要以全国统一大市场为基础，坚持扩大内需这个战略基点，形成国民经济良性循环。在具备强大的国内经济循环体系和稳固基本盘的基础上，形成对全球要素资源的强大吸引力、在激烈国际竞争中的强大竞争力、在全球资源配置中的强大推动力。

Since the New Era, high-quality development has achieved notable results, but it also faces numerous constraining factors, requiring guidance from a new theory of productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping has made multiple important expositions on developing new quality productive forces, emphasizing that “developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and key focus for promoting high-quality development.” New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces that are dominated by innovation, break away from traditional economic growth models and paths of productive forces development, and conform to the new development philosophy. They are driven by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Their basic connotation is the leap in laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combination, and their core hallmark is a substantial increase in total factor productivity. Their characteristic is innovation, the key is superior quality, and their essence is advanced productive forces. It is necessary to continue doing a good job on the article of innovation, develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and continuously achieve new results in promoting high-quality development.

新时代以来，高质量发展取得明显成效，同时也面临不少制约因素，需要新的生产力理论来指导。习近平总书记对发展新质生产力多次作出重要论述，强调“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点”。新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。它由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力。要继续做好创新这篇大文章，因地制宜发展新质生产力，推动高质量发展不断取得新成效。

Strengthen overall planning and strategic coordination to gain strategic initiative

加强统筹谋划赢得战略主动

Xi Jinping’s economic thought encompasses both epistemology at the strategic level and methodology for doing economic work well, providing fundamental guidance for making strategic judgments, conducting strategic planning, and gaining strategic initiative.

习近平经济思想既有战略层面的认识论，也有关于做好经济工作的方法论，为作出战略判断、进行战略谋划、赢得战略主动，提供了根本遵循。

Further deepen reform comprehensively. General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly elucidated the important strategic considerations of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in studying the further comprehensive deepening of reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, emphasizing that “this is an urgent need to promote high-quality development and better adapt to changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society.” [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensive reform to advance Chinese-path modernization. Currently, the prominent problem facing the promotion of high-quality development remains unbalanced and inadequate development. The market system is still not fully developed, market development is insufficient, the relationship between the government and the market has not yet been completely straightened out, and innovation capacity does not meet the requirements of high-quality development. These are all problems arising in the course of development and must be addressed by further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting solutions from the institutional and mechanistic level. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that deepening economic system reform remains the focus of further comprehensively deepening reform, with the main tasks being to improve the institutions and mechanisms conducive to promoting high-quality development, shape new drivers and new advantages for development, uphold and implement the “two unswervinglys,” [3]3 The “two unswervinglys” refer to unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. build a unified national market, and improve the basic systems of the market economy. This requires creating a fairer and more dynamic market environment, achieving optimal allocation efficiency and maximum benefit of resources, better maintaining market order and compensating for market failures, and smoothing the circulation of the national economy. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the institutions and mechanisms for high-standard opening up, steadily expand institutional opening up, deepen the reform of the foreign trade system, improve the mechanisms for promoting the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, and form new advantages in international cooperation and competition.

进一步全面深化改革。习近平总书记深刻阐明了党的二十届三中全会研究进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化问题的重要战略考量，强调“这是推动高质量发展、更好适应我国社会主要矛盾变化的迫切需要”。当前，推动高质量发展面临的突出问题依然是发展不平衡不充分。市场体系仍不健全、市场发育还不充分、政府和市场的关系尚未完全理顺、创新能力不适应高质量发展要求等，都是发展中的问题，必须进一步全面深化改革，从体制机制上推动解决。习近平总书记指出，深化经济体制改革仍是进一步全面深化改革的重点，主要任务是完善有利于推动高质量发展的体制机制，塑造发展新动能新优势，坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，构建全国统一大市场，完善市场经济基础制度。这就要求创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化，更好维护市场秩序、弥补市场失灵，畅通国民经济循环。同时，要完善高水平对外开放体制机制，稳步扩大制度型开放，深化外贸体制改革，完善推进高质量共建“一带一路”机制，形成国际合作和竞争新优势。

Solve the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development in the course of development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has made systematic plans and strategic deployments on issues concerning the overall situation and long-term interests, implementing a series of major development strategies. It adheres to a grand historical perspective in viewing issues concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, comprehensively advances rural revitalization, adheres to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas, and accelerates the pace of agricultural and rural modernization; implements the coordinated regional development strategy, adjusts and improves the regional policy system according to objective economic laws, leverages the comparative advantages of various regions, promotes the rational flow and efficient agglomeration of various factors, and forms a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development; advances people-centered new urbanization, promotes the coordinated development of large, medium, and small cities and small towns, advances urbanization construction with counties as important carriers, takes the path of integrated urban-rural development, and forms a new type of urban-rural relationship featuring mutual promotion between industry and agriculture, complementarity between urban and rural areas, coordinated development, and shared prosperity.

解决发展中的不平衡不充分问题。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央针对关系全局、事关长远的问题作出系统谋划和战略部署，实施了一系列重大发展战略。坚持用大历史观来看待农业、农村、农民问题，全面推进乡村振兴，坚持农业农村优先发展，加快农业农村现代化建设步伐；实施区域协调发展战略，按照客观经济规律调整完善区域政策体系，发挥各地区比较优势，促进各类要素合理流动和高效集聚，形成优势互补、高质量发展的区域经济布局；推进以人为核心的新型城镇化，促进大中小城市和小城镇协调发展，推进以县城为重要载体的城镇化建设，走城乡融合发展之路，形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系。

Build a modern industrial system. The real economy is the foundation for China’s economic development and for gaining the initiative in international economic competition, and it is an important support for building strategic advantages for future development. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC made important deployments for building a modern industrial system, emphasizing “adhering to focusing the efforts of economic development on the real economy, advancing new industrialization, and accelerating the building of a manufacturing powerhouse, a quality powerhouse, a space powerhouse, a transportation powerhouse, a cyber powerhouse, and a digital China.” [4]4 The 20th National Congress report’s call to build multiple “powerhouses” and a “digital China” is a standard formulation for China’s industrial modernization goals. To solve the current problem that China’s industrial system is generally large but not strong, comprehensive but not refined, it is necessary to promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of the manufacturing industry, and accelerate the development of advanced manufacturing; consolidate the leading position of advantageous industries, accelerate filling gaps in areas related to secure development, and enhance the capacity to guarantee the supply of strategic resources; promote the integrated and clustered development of strategic emerging industries, and build a number of new growth engines such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, and green environmental protection; build a new high-quality and efficient service industry system, and promote the deep integration of modern service industries with advanced manufacturing and modern agriculture. At the same time, it is also necessary to build an efficient and smooth circulation system, promote the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, and build a modern infrastructure system.

建设现代化产业体系。实体经济是我国经济发展、在国际经济竞争中赢得主动的根基，是构筑未来发展战略优势的重要支撑。党的二十大报告对建设现代化产业体系作出重要部署，强调“坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，推进新型工业化，加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国、数字中国”。解决我国目前产业体系整体大而不强、全而不精的问题，就要推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展，加快发展先进制造业；巩固优势产业领先地位，在关系安全发展的领域加快补齐短板，提升战略性资源供应保障能力；推动战略性新兴产业融合集群发展，构建新一代信息技术、人工智能、生物技术、新能源、新材料、高端装备、绿色环保等一批新的增长引擎；构建优质高效的服务业新体系，推动现代服务业同先进制造业、现代农业深度融合。同时，还要建设高效顺畅的流通体系，促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合，构建现代化基础设施体系。

Coordinate development and security. General Secretary Xi Jinping has made a series of important expositions on coordinating development and security. It is necessary to adhere to placing equal emphasis on development and security, achieving a benign interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, both enhancing national security capabilities through development and deeply advancing innovation in national security thinking, systems, and methods, creating a secure environment conducive to economic and social development, considering security factors more in the course of development, and striving to achieve a dynamic balance between development and security. It is necessary to firmly shoulder the responsibility for food security, ensure national energy security, safeguard national financial security, and do a good job in ensuring the stability and security of industrial and supply chains, national network and information security, and ecological and environmental security, both fighting a well-prepared battle to prevent and resist risks and fighting a strategic initiative battle to turn danger into safety and crisis into opportunity.

统筹发展和安全。习近平总书记围绕统筹发展和安全作出一系列重要论述。要坚持发展和安全并重，实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动，既通过发展提升国家安全实力，又深入推进国家安全思路、体制、手段创新，营造有利于经济社会发展的安全环境，在发展中更多考虑安全因素，努力实现发展和安全的动态平衡。要扛稳粮食安全重任，保障国家能源安全，维护国家金融安全，做好确保产业链供应链稳定安全、国家网络和信息安全、生态环境安全等方面的工作，既打好防范和抵御风险的有准备之战，也打好化险为夷、转危为机的战略主动战。

Achieve innovation and transcendence over traditional development economics

实现对传统发展经济学的创新与超越

After the Second World War, most developing economies in the world successively broke free from colonial rule, achieved national independence and liberation, and urgently needed to achieve rapid economic development. At that time, traditional development economics emerged as the times required, mainly studying the problems of how some developing countries transitioned from agricultural to industrial societies. From the perspective of the historical process of mankind, the modernization of a country must both accomplish the task of eradicating poverty and the task of building a strong country. Xi Jinping’s economic thought answers the major economic development questions of how a country can eradicate poverty and, after eradicating poverty, how to seize the momentum to build a modernized strong country, providing scientific guidance in theory for a country to successfully achieve modernization.

第二次世界大战后，世界大多数发展中经济体纷纷摆脱殖民统治，实现了国家独立和民族解放，迫切需要尽快实现经济发展。当时，传统发展经济学应运而生，主要研究的是一些发展中国家如何从农业社会过渡到工业社会的问题。从人类历史进程来看，一个国家的现代化既要实现摆脱贫困的任务，又要实现建成强国的任务。习近平经济思想回答了一个国家如何摆脱贫困以及在摆脱贫困后如何乘势而上建设现代化强国的重大经济发展问题，从理论上为一个国家成功实现现代化提供了科学指引。

Xi Jinping’s economic thought embodies innovation and transcendence over traditional development economics. The people-centered development thought redefines the criteria for evaluating development; high-quality development shifts the pursuit from growth speed and quantity to development quality and efficiency; the new stage of development emphasizes both the historical nature of the development stage and the dynamism of different stages; the new development philosophy endows the process of building a strong country with new developmental connotations; the new pattern of development elucidates the relationship between the domestic and international circulation of the national economy; and new quality productive forces, on the basis of inheriting and developing Marxist political economy, resolve the issue of the power source for high-quality development. Unlike traditional development economics, which primarily prescribes remedies based on the experiences of successful countries, Xi Jinping’s economic thought is grounded in the concrete realities of development, elevating practical experience into a systematic scientific theory. In adapting to new circumstances, solving new problems, and responding to new challenges, it has formed a series of theoretical achievements with distinct contemporaneity and creativity, which are continuously enriched and developed in practice. This provides strong support for comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization through high-quality development and contributes Chinese wisdom to the modernization of human society.

习近平经济思想体现了对传统发展经济学的创新与超越。以人民为中心的发展思想重新定义了发展的评价标准，高质量发展将追求增长速度和数量转向追求发展质量和效益，新发展阶段既强调发展阶段的历史性又强调了不同阶段的动态性，新发展理念赋予强国建设进程中新的发展内涵，新发展格局阐释了国民经济内外循环的关系，新质生产力在继承和发展马克思主义政治经济学基础上解决了高质量发展的动力源问题。与传统发展经济学主要基于成功国家的经验来开药方不同，习近平经济思想基于发展的具体实际，将实践经验上升为系统化的科学理论，在适应新形势、解决新问题、应对新挑战中形成了一系列具有鲜明时代性和创造性的理论成果，并在实践中不断丰富和发展，为以高质量发展全面推进中国式现代化提供了有力支撑，为人类社会走向现代化贡献了中国智慧。

(The author is a researcher at the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Institute and a professor at the School of Economics, Renmin University of China.)

（作者系中国人民大学习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究院研究员、经济学院教授）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧