Uphold and Implement the “Two Unswervinglys” to Gather Strong Synergy for Development

The public sector of the economy and the non-public sector of the economy are both important components of the socialist market economy and both constitute important foundations for China’s economic and social development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has attached great importance to the development of all forms of ownership, publishing a series of important discourses and repeatedly emphasizing the need to uphold the “Two Unswervinglys,” thereby providing fundamental guidance for promoting the development of all forms of ownership. At present, China’s development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities coexist with risks and challenges, and uncertain and unpredictable factors are increasing. Advancing Chinese-path modernization through high-quality development places new and higher demands on the development of all forms of ownership. On the new journey of the New Era, we must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership, so as to continuously open up broad prospects for Chinese-path modernization in the course of further deepening reform comprehensively.

公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，都是我国经济社会发展的重要基础。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记高度重视各种所有制经济发展，发表了一系列重要论述，多次强调坚持“两个毫不动摇”，为促进各种所有制经济发展提供了根本遵循。当前，我国发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期，以高质量发展推进中国式现代化，对各种所有制经济发展提出新的更高要求。新时代新征程，要毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展，在进一步全面深化改革进程中不断开辟中国式现代化广阔前景。

The “Two Unswervinglys” Are a Major Policy of the Party and the State

“两个毫不动摇”是党和国家一项大政方针

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that we must make our stance clear and unambiguous, always adhere to the reform direction of the socialist market economy, and uphold the “Two Unswervinglys.” The “Two Unswervinglys” are an important component of upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system; they are a long-term policy that has not changed in the past and will change even less in the future. A high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” [1]1 The “Decision” was adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposes “building a high-level socialist market economy system,” requiring “upholding and implementing the ‘Two Unswervinglys’” and “promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership.” This provides an important institutional guarantee for the realization of the goals of Chinese-path modernization.

习近平总书记指出，我们必须亮明态度、决不含糊，始终坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，坚持“两个毫不动摇”。“两个毫不动摇”是坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度的重要内容，是长久之策，过去没有变，以后更不会变。高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》提出“构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制”，要求“坚持和落实‘两个毫不动摇’”“促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展”，这为中国式现代化目标的实现提供重要制度保障。

Promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership is a major strategic deployment for upholding and improving China’s basic socialist economic system, for implementing the institutional mechanisms of the “Two Unswervinglys,” and for promoting the growth and strengthening of all forms of ownership. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has issued a series of policy documents supporting the development of all forms of ownership, and China’s public sector and non-public sector economies have achieved remarkable results. In the course of development, the public sector and non-public sector economies have learned from each other’s strengths to offset weaknesses and deepened cooperation, gradually forming a development pattern of industrial collaboration and coordinated innovation. However, for some time, there have been erroneous views in society that set the public sector economy and the non-public sector economy in opposition to each other, and we must resolutely oppose these. Consolidating and developing the public sector economy well is not opposed to encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector economy; rather, they are organically unified. The public sector economy and the non-public sector economy should complement and reinforce each other, not exclude or cancel each other out.

促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展，是坚持和完善我国社会主义基本经济制度、落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制、促进各种所有制经济发展壮大的重大战略部署。党的十八大以来，党中央出台一系列支持各种所有制经济发展的政策文件，我国公有制经济和非公有制经济发展取得显著成效。公有制经济和非公有制经济在发展过程中，相互取长补短、深化合作，逐步形成产业协作、协同创新的发展格局。然而一段时间以来，社会上有一些把公有制经济和非公有制经济对立起来的错误观点，我们要坚决反对。把公有制经济巩固好、发展好，同鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展不是对立的，而是有机统一的。公有制经济、非公有制经济应该相辅相成、相得益彰，而不是相互排斥、相互抵消。

The “Two Unswervinglys” are an inherent requirement for upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system. Both the public sector economy and the non-public sector economy are important forces in Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to continuously improve the institutional mechanisms for implementing the “Two Unswervinglys,” ensuring that all forms of ownership can use factors of production equally in accordance with the law, participate fairly in market competition, and receive equal legal protection. We must improve policy measures supporting the development of all forms of ownership, refine the methods of policy implementation, strengthen policy coordination, respond promptly to enterprises’ concerns and demands, fully stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of all types of business entities, and gather a powerful synergy to drive development.

“两个毫不动摇”是坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度的内在要求，无论是公有制经济还是非公有制经济，都是中国式现代化建设的重要力量。要不断完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，健全支持各种所有制经济发展的政策举措，完善政策执行方式，加强政策协调性，及时回应企业关切和诉求，充分激发各类经营主体的内生动力和创新活力，汇聚起推动发展的强大合力。

Enhancing the Core Functions of State-Owned Assets and State-Owned Enterprises to Provide Strong Support for Chinese-Path Modernization

增强国资国企核心功能为中国式现代化提供有力支撑

State-owned enterprises are an important material and political foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, a vital pillar and relying force for the Party in governing and rejuvenating the country, and play an irreplaceable role in comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization. It is essential to incorporate the deepening of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprise reform into the strategic overall plan for further deepening reform comprehensively, promote the optimization and structural adjustment of the state-owned sector layout, make state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises stronger, better, and larger, enhance core functions, and improve core competitiveness, thereby providing a solid strategic support for Chinese-path modernization.

国有企业是中国特色社会主义的重要物质基础和政治基础，是党执政兴国的重要支柱和依靠力量，在全面推进中国式现代化进程中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。必须把深化国资国企改革纳入进一步全面深化改革的战略全局，推进国有经济布局优化和结构调整，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，增强核心功能，提升核心竞争力，为中国式现代化提供坚实战略支撑。

Enhancing the function of industrial leadership. Build a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone, constructing a strong material and technological foundation for Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to further clarify the functional positioning of different types of state-owned enterprises, improve the management of primary responsibilities and core businesses, and define the key investment areas and directions for state-owned capital. Promote the concentration of state-owned capital in important industries and key fields related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, in public services, emergency response capabilities, and public welfare fields related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, and in forward-looking and strategic emerging industries. The public sector economy and the non-public sector economy should leverage their respective advantages in the industrial chain, learn from each other’s strengths to offset weaknesses, and complement each other’s advantages, collaboratively building a modern industrial system that is autonomous and controllable, safe and reliable, and highly competitive.

增强产业引领功能。构建以先进制造业为骨干的现代化产业体系，为中国式现代化构筑强大物质技术基础。要进一步明晰不同类型国有企业功能定位，完善主责主业管理，明确国有资本重点投资领域和方向。推动国有资本向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域集中，向关系国计民生的公共服务、应急能力、公益性领域等集中，向前瞻性战略性新兴产业集中。公有制经济与非公有制经济在产业链上发挥各自优势，取长补短、优势互补，协同打造自主可控、安全可靠、竞争力强的现代化产业体系。

Enhancing the function of original innovation. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that “to advance Chinese-path modernization, science and technology must take the lead, and technological innovation is the only way.” State-owned enterprises are rich in innovation resources, have prominent organizational advantages, and possess strong risk tolerance; they are a strategic force supporting high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology under the new type of nationwide system for mobilizing resources. [2]2 The “new type of nationwide system for mobilizing resources” (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led system for concentrating resources on major scientific and technological tasks, adapted to a market economy context. Improve the institutional arrangements for state-owned enterprises to promote original innovation, strengthen goal-oriented basic research and applied basic research, enhance the deep docking and integration of technological innovation with industrial innovation, and achieve the effective integration of original innovation, integrated innovation, and open innovation. Accelerate the building of original innovation sources, promote the deep integration of state-owned enterprises into the national innovation system, and make them important entities in original technological innovation decision-making, R&D investment, scientific research organization, and achievement transformation.

增强源头创新功能。习近平总书记指出，“推进中国式现代化，科学技术要打头阵，科技创新是必由之路”。国有企业创新资源富集、组织优势突出、风险承受力强，是在新型举国体制下支撑高水平科技自立自强的战略力量。健全国有企业推进原始创新制度安排，强化目标导向的基础研究和应用基础研究，加强科技创新与产业创新深度对接融合，实现原始创新、集成创新、开放创新的有效贯通。加快打造原始创新策源地，推动国有企业深度融入国家创新体系，成为原创技术创新决策、研发投入、科研组织、成果转化的重要主体。

Enhancing the function of strategic investment. It is necessary to deepen the reform of state-owned capital investment and operation companies, further optimize the layout of state-owned capital, improve the allocation and operational efficiency of state-owned capital, promote the revitalization of existing assets and the disposal of low-efficiency and ineffective assets, achieve the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets, and better serve national strategic needs. At present, vigorously developing venture capital and expanding patient capital that can bear higher risks and accompany enterprises through economic cycles has become an important link in cultivating new quality productive forces. State-owned capital has the inherent characteristics of long-term and stability, which are highly compatible with the attributes of patient capital. Leveraging the role of state-owned capital as a “national team,” increasing the weight and scale of equity asset allocation of long-term state-owned funds, promoting state-owned capital to act as long-term capital, patient capital, and strategic capital, and leveraging its demonstration, guidance, and leverage functions are conducive to better smoothing the virtuous cycle of science and technology, industry, and finance for new quality productive forces.

增强战略投资功能。要深化国有资本投资、运营公司改革，进一步优化国有资本布局、提升国有资本配置和运营效率，促进存量资产盘活和低效无效资产处置，实现国有资产保值增值，更好服务国家战略需要。当前，大力发展创业投资，壮大承受较高风险、陪伴企业穿越经济周期的耐心资本，成为培育新质生产力的重要环节。国有资本具有长期性、稳定性的内生特性，与耐心资本的属性高度契合。发挥国有资本“国家队”作用，加大国资长期资金权益资产配置的权重和规模，促进国有资本当好长期资本、耐心资本、战略资本，发挥其示范引领和杠杆撬动功能，有利于更好畅通新质生产力的科技、产业、金融良性循环。

The Private Sector Economy Is an Important Force in Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

民营经济是推进中国式现代化的重要力量

The private sector economy is an important achievement of the development of the socialist market economy, an important force in promoting the development of the socialist market economy, and an important subject in advancing supply-side structural reform, promoting high-quality development, and building a modern economic system. It is necessary to adhere to the policy of creating a good environment and providing more opportunities for the development of the non-public sector economy, provide all-round services to ensure the healthy development of the private sector economy, and make the non-public sector economy, including the private sector economy, an important force in advancing Chinese-path modernization.

民营经济是社会主义市场经济发展的重要成果，是推动社会主义市场经济发展的重要力量，是推进供给侧结构性改革、推动高质量发展、建设现代化经济体系的重要主体。要坚持致力于为非公有制经济发展营造良好环境和提供更多机会的方针政策，全方位服务保障民营经济健康发展，让包括民营经济在内的非公有制经济成为推进中国式现代化的重要力量。

Strengthening guarantees through legislation. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that “a modern country must be a country governed by the rule of law.” The rule of law is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization. Give full play to the guiding, promoting, regulating, and guaranteeing role of the rule of law, and coordinate the protection of the private sector economy through legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law-abiding links. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” proposes formulating a law to promote the private sector economy. This is precisely to leverage the normative, authoritative, and stable functions of the rule of law, by ensuring that all types of business entities participate fairly in market competition and use factors of production equally, improving the investment and financing environment for the private sector economy, supporting the private sector economy to take the lead and participate in technological innovation, and creating a legal environment and social atmosphere conducive to the common development of all forms of ownership, including the private sector economy.

以立法强保障。习近平总书记指出，“一个现代化国家必然是法治国家”。法治是中国式现代化的重要保障。充分发挥法治引导、推动、规范、保障作用，从立法、执法、司法、守法等环节协同保障民营经济发展。《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》提出制定民营经济促进法，就是要发挥法治规范性、权威性、稳定性功能，通过保障各类经营主体公平参与市场竞争、平等使用生产要素，改善民营经济投融资环境，支持民营经济牵头和参与科技创新，营造有利于包括民营经济在内的各种所有制经济共同发展的法治环境和社会氛围。

Add momentum through reform. The private economy is an important foundation for high-quality development and a key entity in building a modern economic system; promoting the healthy development of the private economy has overall significance for Chinese-path modernization. We must adhere to a problem-oriented approach, break through the bottlenecks and constraints on the private economy, and promote the integration of the private economy into the overall national modernization. Thoroughly dismantle market access barriers, promote the fair opening of competitive areas of infrastructure to business entities, improve the long-term mechanism for private enterprises to participate in the construction of major national projects, broaden channels for medium- and long-term investment of private capital, and enhance the ability of the private economy to compete on an equal footing under open conditions; support capable private enterprises in taking the lead in undertaking major national technological research tasks, further open up major national scientific research infrastructure to private enterprises, guide qualified private enterprises to conduct high-risk, high-value technological research, take on the responsibility of national scientific and technological breakthroughs, cultivate a large number of leading scientific and technological enterprises, and further consolidate the micro-foundation of high-quality development.

以改革添动力。民营经济是高质量发展的重要基础，是建设现代化经济体系的重要主体，促进民营经济健康发展对中国式现代化具有全局性意义。要坚持问题导向，破除民营经济发展的瓶颈制约，促进民营经济融入国家现代化大局。深入破除市场准入壁垒，推进基础设施竞争性领域向经营主体公平开放，完善民营企业参与国家重大项目建设长效机制，拓宽民间资本中长期投入渠道，增强民营经济在开放条件下参与平等竞争的能力；支持有能力的民营企业牵头承担国家重大技术攻关任务，向民营企业进一步开放国家重大科研基础设施，引导有条件的民营企业开展高风险、高价值技术研究，担当国家科技攻关重任，培育一大批科技领军企业，进一步夯实高质量发展的微观基础。

Strengthen confidence through implementation. At present, expectations and confidence in the future have become key factors affecting the macroeconomic trend and the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, it is necessary to implement targeted policies and systems to improve financing support for private enterprises, solving the long-standing problems of difficult and expensive financing; improve the long-term regulatory mechanisms for fees involving enterprises and the legal and regulatory systems for settling overdue payments owed to enterprises, reduce enterprise operating costs, and effectively safeguard enterprise rights and interests; improve the credit enhancement system for private small and medium-sized enterprises, increase the avenues for enterprises to improve their credit ratings, and enhance their financing capacity and market recognition in financial markets; standardize administrative inspections involving private enterprises, and create a favorable environment for private enterprises to focus on their main business and operate with peace of mind. In particular, it is essential to implement the "Two Unswervinglys" [3]3 The "Two Unswervinglys" (两个毫不动摇) refer to the policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. in specific reform measures, and use tangible and perceptible reform results to enhance the expectations and confidence of the vast number of non-public economic entities.

以落实强信心。当前，对未来的预期和信心成为影响宏观经济走势和中国式现代化全局的关键。所以要有针对性地实施完善民营企业融资支持政策制度，破解长期存在的融资难、融资贵问题；健全涉企收费长效监管和拖欠企业账款清偿法律法规体系，降低企业运营成本，有效维护企业权益；健全民营中小企业增信制度，增加企业提升信用等级的途径，增强其在金融市场上的融资能力和市场认可度；规范涉民营企业行政检查，为民营企业专心主业、安心经营创造良好环境。特别是要在具体改革举措中落实“两个毫不动摇”，以可感可及的改革成效增强广大非公有制经济主体的预期和信心。

(The author is Deputy Director of the Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Executive Vice President of the Party School of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the CPC)

（作者系江苏省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心副主任、中共江苏省委党校常务副校长）

Online Editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧