Grasping the Five "Points of Convergence" between the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security

As original new concepts and new thinking for the New Era, the New Development Philosophy is the fundamental guiding principle for economic work, while the Holistic Approach to National Security is the fundamental guideline and action guide for national security work. Both are important components of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized: "Implementing the New Development Philosophy is the only way for China to grow and prosper in the New Era," and that we must "unswervingly implement the Holistic Approach to National Security" and "ensure a new security architecture to safeguard a new development pattern." [1]1 "New development pattern" (xin fazhan geju) refers to the "dual circulation" strategy, where domestic economic circulation plays a leading role while international circulation remains an extension and supplement. Although the New Development Philosophy guides high-quality economic development and the Holistic Approach to National Security commands national security practice, under the governance strategy of coordinating development and security, the concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing are highly consistent with the essential meaning of the Holistic Approach to National Security. Only by systematically grasping their "points of convergence" can we coordinately advance high-quality development and high-level security, and ensure a new security architecture to safeguard a new development pattern.

作为新时代原创性新理念新思想，新发展理念是经济工作的根本指针，总体国家安全观是国家安全工作的根本遵循和行动指南，两者都是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要内容。党的二十大报告强调：“贯彻新发展理念是新时代我国发展壮大的必由之路”，“必须坚定不移贯彻总体国家安全观”，“以新安全格局保障新发展格局”。尽管新发展理念引领经济高质量发展，总体国家安全观统领国家安全实践，但在统筹发展和安全治国理政方略下，创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享发展理念与总体国家安全观内涵要义彼此高度契合，只有系统把握两者的“契合点”，才能统筹推进高质量发展和高水平安全，以新安全格局保障新发展格局。

I. Innovative Development and Systemic Transformation: Both the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security Pursue "Seeking Innovation and Embracing Change"

一、创新发展与体系变革：新发展理念与总体国家安全观都追求“谋新思变”

Innovative development focuses on solving the driving force of development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to innovative development, consistently placing innovation at the core of the overall work of the Party and the state, and deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy. Xi Jinping pointed out: "Development is the top priority, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force. If China does not take the path of innovation-driven development and cannot smoothly transform its old and new growth drivers, it cannot truly become strong; it can only be large but not strong." [2]2 Xi Jinping, speech at a symposium with experts in science and technology, May 28, 2018. In fact, with the vigorous rise of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, disruptive technological innovations are emerging one after another, new industries, new business forms, and new models are accelerating growth, and productive forces and relations of production are undergoing major adjustments. Scientific and technological innovation has become an important factor in measuring a country's comprehensive national power and core competitiveness. At the same time, economic and social development is increasingly dependent on innovation in fields such as theory, institutions, technology, and culture. Currently, China still faces prominent problems such as weak basic research, insufficient original innovation capability, and key core technologies being "strangled" by foreign countries. These problems undoubtedly need to be gradually solved through innovative development. It can be said that in this rapidly changing high-tech era, without innovation there is no development and progress, and insufficient innovation capability makes it difficult to continuously promote high-quality development.

创新发展关注解决发展的动力。党的十八大以来，党中央高度重视创新发展，始终把创新摆在党和国家事业发展全局的核心位置，深入实施创新驱动发展战略。习近平指出：“发展是第一要务，人才是第一资源，创新是第一动力。中国如果不走创新驱动道路，新旧动能不能顺利转换，是不可能真正强大起来的，只能是大而不强。”实际上，随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革蓬勃兴起，颠覆性技术创新层出不穷，新产业、新业态、新模式加速成长，生产力和生产关系正发生重大调整，科技创新已经成为衡量一个国家综合国力和核心竞争力高低的重要因素。与此同时，经济社会发展也越来越依赖于理论、制度、科技、文化等领域的创新，当前我国还存在基础研究薄弱、原始创新能力不强、关键核心技术被外国“卡脖子”等突出问题，而这些问题无疑都需要通过创新发展来逐步加以解决。可以说在这个日新月异的高科技时代，没有创新就没有发展进步，创新能力不足也就难以持续推动高质量发展。

Corresponding to the era background faced by innovative development, as China enters the New Era, the changes in its national security situation present a series of new characteristics and trends, such as a significant increase in the instability and uncertainty of the security situation, a growing number of predictable and unpredictable risks and challenges, and the possibility of external suppression and containment escalating at any time. At this juncture, in safeguarding national security, one cannot rest on one's laurels, respond to changes with unchanged methods, or put new wine into old bottles. Instead, one must adhere to the guidance of the Holistic Approach to National Security, face problems with greater political wisdom and courage, carry out bold reforms, and systematically transform and comprehensively reshape national security work. The resolution on the major achievements and historical experience of the Party's century-long struggle reviewed and approved at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, [3]3 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee was held in November 2021; its resolution was the third historical resolution of the CPC, summarizing the Party's century-long history. as well as the subsequent report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, comprehensively reviewed and summarized the historic achievements and historic changes in safeguarding national security over the past decade of the New Era. It is precisely because these institutional, systemic, and mechanism changes were advanced in step with the times that many long-standing problems that were difficult to solve were resolved, and many major tasks that were previously desired but impossible were accomplished. National security work in the New Era achieved a historic leap from fragmentation to concentration, from sluggishness to efficiency, and from passivity to initiative. National security was comprehensively strengthened, and the overall initiative in safeguarding national security was firmly grasped.

与创新发展面临的时代背景相对应，进入新时代我国国家安全形势变化呈现出一系列新特点、新趋势，如安全形势不稳定性不确定性显著上升、各类可以预料和难以预料的风险挑战日益增多、来自外部的打压遏制随时可能升级等。此时，在维护国家安全上就不能固步自封，以不变应万变、用旧瓶装新酒，而必须坚持以总体国家安全观为指导，以更大的政治智慧勇气直面问题、锐意改革，对国家安全工作大刀阔斧进行系统性变革、整体性重塑。党的十九届六中全会审议通过《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》以及之后党的二十大报告，对新时代十年来维护国家安全取得的历史性成就、发生的历史性变革作了全面回顾总结。正是因为与时俱进推动了这些体制、制度、机制变革，才解决了许多长期想解决而没有解决的难题，办成了许多过去想办而没有办成的大事，国家安全工作在新时代实现从分散到集中、迟缓到高效、被动到主动的历史性飞跃，国家安全得到全面加强，牢牢掌握了维护国家安全的全局性主动。

Currently, changes of a magnitude unseen in a century in the world, the times, and history are unfolding in unprecedented ways. Facing new changes and challenges in the international and domestic situation, whether in development or security, we must accurately recognize changes, scientifically respond to changes, and actively seek changes. Only in this way can we coordinate the two major tasks of development and security under the "two overall situations," [4]4 "Two overall situations" refers to the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world. promote dynamic balance, benign interaction, and deep integration between development and security, and in the new stage of development, both vigorously advance high-quality development and continuously open up new prospects for national security work, ultimately ensuring a new security architecture to safeguard a new development pattern.

当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，面对国际国内形势新变化新挑战，不管是发展还是安全都必须准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，唯有如此才能在“两个大局”下统筹好发展和安全两件大事，推动发展和安全动态平衡、良性互动、深度融合，在新发展阶段既着力推进高质量发展，又不断开创国家安全工作新局面，最终实现以新安全格局保障新发展格局。

II. Coordinated Development and Scientific Coordination: Both the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security Pursue "Holistic Synergy"

二、协调发展与科学统筹：新发展理念与总体国家安全观都追求“整体协同”

Coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of imbalance in the development process. China has a vast territory and a large population, with significant differences in natural resource endowments across regions. The problem of unbalanced regional economic development is prominent, fully reflected in relationships such as between regions, urban and rural areas, economy and society, material and cultural-ethical progress, and economic construction and national defense construction. Currently, the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. It is precisely because of unbalanced and inadequate development that we must deeply implement the New Development Philosophy and pay more attention to coordinated development. Xi Jinping emphasized: "Coordinated development means identifying shortcomings and making greater efforts to fill them, thereby tapping development potential and enhancing development momentum through filling the gaps." [5]5 Xi Jinping, speech on the New Development Philosophy, January 29, 2016. This is similar to the "barrel principle": how much water a barrel can hold is determined by its shortest plank. In the process of promoting high-quality development, only by insisting on the coordination of development across different fields, regions, and stages can we focus on gaps, fill shortcomings, and continuously enhance the integrity and coordination of development. It is precisely based on this pursuit of coordinated development that the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed implementing a series of national strategic measures, such as the regional coordinated development strategy, major regional strategies, the main functional area strategy, and the new urbanization strategy, to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern.

协调发展注重解决发展过程中的不平衡问题。我国幅员辽阔、人口众多，各地自然资源禀赋差别大，区域经济发展不平衡问题突出，在区域、城乡、经济与社会、物质文明和精神文明、经济建设和国防建设等关系上均有充分体现。当前，我国社会主要矛盾已转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，正是因发展不平衡不充分，要求我们必须深入贯彻新发展理念，更加重视协调发展。习近平强调：“协调发展，就要找出短板，在补齐短板上多用力，通过补齐短板挖掘发展潜力、增强发展后劲。”这类似于“木桶原理”，一个木桶能盛多少水，是由最短的那块木板决定的。在推动高质量发展过程中，只有坚持不同领域、不同地区、不同阶段发展相协调一致，才能聚焦差距、补齐短板，不断增强发展的整体性、协调性。也正是基于对协调发展之追求，党的二十大报告提出，深入实施区域协调发展战略、区域重大战略、主体功能区战略、新型城镇化战略等一系列国家战略举措，加快构建新发展格局。

The key to the Holistic Approach to National Security lies in the word "holistic," which prominently emphasizes the concept of "big security." The "coordination" of coordinated development and the core spirit of the word "holistic" in the Holistic Approach to National Security can be said to be of the same vein; both emphasize the comprehensive consideration of multiple factors under systematic thinking. Entering the New Era, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, the international strategic landscape is undergoing profound adjustments, traditional security threats and non-traditional security threats are intertwined, and various risks and challenges are continuously accumulating or even surfacing prominently. The complexity and difficulty of the national security issues China faces have significantly increased. Xi Jinping pointed out: "Currently, the connotation and extension of our country's national security are richer than at any time in history, the temporal and spatial domains are broader than at any time in history, and the internal and external factors are more complex than at any time in history." [6]6 Xi Jinping, speech at the first meeting of the Central National Security Commission, April 15, 2014. Undoubtedly, under the new historical conditions where the connotation and extension of national security are richer, the temporal and spatial domains are broader, and internal and external factors are more complex, to effectively safeguard holistic national security, it is necessary to implement the Holistic Approach to National Security, strengthen the coordination mechanism for national security work, coordinately advance security in all fields, and coordinately respond to traditional and non-traditional security threats.

总体国家安全观关键在“总体”，其突出强调“大安全”理念。协调发展的“协调”与总体国家安全观的“总体”二字的核心精神可谓一脉相通，两者皆强调系统思维下对多种因素统筹兼顾。进入新时代，世界正经历百年变局，国际战略格局深度调整，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，各种风险挑战不断积累甚至集中显露，我国面临国家安全问题的复杂程度、艰巨程度明显加大。习近平指出：“当前我国国家安全内涵和外延比历史上任何时候都要丰富，时空领域比历史上任何时候都要宽广，内外因素比历史上任何时候都要复杂”。毫无疑问，在国家安全内涵外延更加丰富、时空领域更加宽广、内外因素更加复杂的新的历史条件下，要切实维护总体国家安全，就必须贯彻总体国家安全观，强化国家安全工作协调机制，统筹推进各领域安全，统筹应对传统安全和非传统安全。

In fact, since the Holistic Approach to National Security was creatively proposed in 2014, its essential meaning has been in a process of continuous enrichment and development. However, from the essence of the Holistic Approach to National Security—the "five elements" and "five pairs of relationships" [7]7 "Five elements" are political security, economic security, military security, cultural security, and social security; "five pairs of relationships" include the relationship between development and security, external and internal security, etc. to the subsequent "ten insistences" and "five coordinations," [8]8 "Ten insistences" and "five coordinations" are later elaborations of the Holistic Approach to National Security, detailing principles and methods for coordinating various security domains. all emphasize the scientific coordination of national security under the guidance of systematic thinking and the concept of big security. Of course, from a broader perspective, the coordination of development and security itself is a process that deepens with changes in the security situation: in the stage of standing up, our Party placed greater emphasis on security issues; in the stage of getting rich, it placed greater emphasis on development issues; in the new stage of becoming strong, the Party Central Committee emphasizes coordinating development and security. Thus, the 19th National Congress of the CPC elevated coordinating development and security to a major principle of governance, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [9]9 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee was held in October 2020, where the proposals for the 14th Five-Year Plan were adopted. for the first time incorporated coordinating development and security into the guiding ideology for China's economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and made strategic deployments, and the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized "improving the ability of leading cadres at all levels to coordinate development and security." These all clearly demonstrate, from different levels, the high degree of convergence between the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security in emphasizing "holistic synergy."

实际上，自2014年总体国家安全观创造性提出以来，其内涵要义一直处于不断丰富发展的进程中，但从总体国家安全观精髓要义“五大要素”“五对关系”到此后的“十个坚持”“五个统筹”，无不强调在系统思维、大安全理念引领下对国家安全的科学统筹。当然，从更为宏观角度看，对发展和安全的统筹本身就是一个随着安全形势变化而不断深化的过程：在站起来阶段，我们党更加强调安全问题；在富起来阶段，更为强调发展问题；在强起来的新阶段，党中央又强调统筹发展和安全。由是，党的十九大把统筹发展和安全上升为治国理政重大原则，党的十九届五中全会首次把统筹发展和安全纳入“十四五”时期我国经济社会发展指导思想并作出战略部署，党的二十大报告强调“提高各级领导干部统筹发展和安全能力”，这些均从不同层面清晰展现新发展理念与总体国家安全观在强调“整体协同”上的高度契合。

III. Green Development and Ecological Security: Both the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security Pursue "Harmonious Coexistence"

三、绿色发展与生态安全：新发展理念与总体国家安全观都追求“和谐共生”

In ideological continuity with sustainable development, green development emphasizes promoting the harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, achieving maximum economic and social benefits with minimal resource and environmental costs. The green development concept profoundly embodies an ecological value orientation centered on harmony between humanity and nature, with green, low-carbon, and circular principles as its main tenets, and ecological progress as its fundamental focus. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have continuously deepened our understanding of the laws governing ecological progress. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization, we have adhered to the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” unswervingly followed a path of ecological priority and green, low-carbon development, promoted a comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, and achieved historic, transformative, and holistic changes in ecological progress, taking major steps in building a Beautiful China. The connotation of green development includes at least three aspects: first, treating environmental resources as intrinsic elements of development; second, taking the realization of sustainable development as a development goal; third, regarding the “greening” of the economic activity process and the “ecologization” of its outcomes as the main content and pathway of development. Therefore, green development is a mode of economic growth and social development aimed at efficiency, harmony, and sustainability, and it is also an important global development trend.

与可持续发展在思想上一脉相承，绿色发展强调促进人与自然和谐共生，用最少资源环境代价取得最大经济社会效益的发展。绿色发展理念深刻体现了以人与自然和谐为价值取向、以绿色低碳循环为主要原则、以生态文明建设为基本抓手的生态价值观。党的十八大以来，我们不断深化对生态文明建设的规律性认识，在习近平生态文明思想引领下，坚持“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色低碳发展道路，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，生态文明建设发生了历史性、转折性、全局性变化，美丽中国建设迈出重大步伐。绿色发展的内涵至少包括三个方面：一是把环境资源作为发展的内在要素；二是把实现可持续发展作为发展目标；三是把经济活动过程的“绿色化”与结果的“生态化”作为发展的主要内容和途径。因此，绿色发展是一种以效率、和谐、持续为目标的经济增长和社会发展方式，也是世界发展的重要趋势。

Within the holistic approach to national security, ecological security is both an important component of the national security system and a vital safeguard for sustained and healthy economic and social development. Green development and ecological security are closely interrelated; ecological security can be said to be an unbreachable “red line” for development. This is frequently expressed in the governance discourse system of the New Era. For example, the 20th Meeting of the Central Committee for Deepening Overall Reform in 2021 emphasized: “We must adhere to protection as a priority, treat ecological environmental protection as a basic prerequisite and rigid constraint for regional development, persist in the systematic governance of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts, and strictly guard the ecological security red line.” [10]10 The “red line” for ecological security refers to a mandatory spatial boundary and management threshold set by the Chinese government to protect critical ecological functions and fragile environments, beyond which development activities are prohibited or strictly restricted. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, when discussing the characteristic of Chinese-path modernization as “harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature,” pointed out that “humanity and nature form a community of life; endlessly extracting from and even destroying nature will inevitably be retaliated against by nature.” Green development actually constitutes a new pathway for maintaining ecological security. To advance high-quality development and promote the creation of a new pattern of development on the new journey of the New Era, we must adhere to ecological priority and green development, and effectively consolidate the national ecological security barrier.

在总体国家安全观中，生态安全既是国家安全体系的重要组成部分，也是经济社会持续健康发展的重要保障。绿色发展与生态安全息息相关，生态安全可以说是发展的一条不可逾越的“红线”，这在新时代治国理政话语体系中多有相关表达，如2021年中央全面深化改革委员会第二十次会议强调“要坚持保护优先，把生态环境保护作为区域发展的基本前提和刚性约束，坚持山水林田湖草沙冰系统治理，严守生态安全红线”；党的二十大报告在论及中国式现代化“人与自然和谐共生”的特征时，指出“人与自然是生命共同体，无止境地向自然索取甚至破坏自然必然会遭到大自然的报复”。绿色发展实际上也构成维护生态安全的一条新路径，新时代新征程推进高质量发展、推动构建新发展格局，必须坚持生态优先绿色发展，切实筑牢国家生态安全屏障。

It is precisely this interconnected, mutually reinforcing, and indivisible relationship between green development and ecological security that makes the New Development Philosophy and the holistic approach to national security closely converge in the pursuit of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. A series of strategic tasks for building a Beautiful China, such as green, low-carbon, and circular development, fighting the battle against pollution, and strengthening ecological protection and restoration, are also important tasks for maintaining national ecological security. They are integrated into the process of Chinese-path modernization characterized by harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.

正是绿色发展与生态安全之间相互联系、相辅相成、不可分割的关系，使新发展理念和总体国家安全观在追求人与自然和谐共生上紧密契合，绿色低碳循环发展、打好污染防治攻坚战、加强生态保护修复等一系列美丽中国建设战略任务，也是维护国家生态安全的重要任务，其统合于人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化进程之中。

IV. Open Development and Common Security: Both the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security Pursue “Mutual Benefit and Win-Win”

四、开放发展与共同安全：新发展理念与总体国家安全观都追求“互利共赢”

Human history develops through openness; openness constitutes the essential path to national prosperity and development. Although in recent years, the trend of “anti-globalization” has risen, unilateralism and protectionism have increased, global supply chains face risks of passive disruption and active decoupling, and the world economy is experiencing a sluggish recovery, in the long run, economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend and current of the times. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Economic globalization is the objective requirement of the development of social productive forces and the inevitable result of scientific and technological progress. It is not something created by any individuals or any countries. Economic globalization has provided a strong impetus for world economic growth, promoted the flow of goods and capital, scientific and technological progress, and exchanges among peoples of all countries.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Jointly Shoulder the Responsibility of Our Times, Promote Global Development,” keynote speech at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2017, January 17, 2017. To this end, unlike some Western countries that resort to “deglobalization” through closure and decoupling, we have made opening up a fundamental national policy, insist on opening the door to engage in construction and seek development, firmly pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win opening-up strategy, continuously enrich the connotation of opening up and raise its level, and coordinately promote strategic mutual trust, economic and trade cooperation, and people-to-people and cultural exchanges. This provides more opportunities for countries to share in China’s development achievements and opens up greater space for win-win cooperation between China and the world. China’s door of opening up will not close; it will only open wider. It can be said that openness has become a distinct hallmark of contemporary China.

人类历史是在开放中发展的，开放构成国家繁荣发展的必由之路。尽管近年来“逆全球化”思潮抬头，单边主义、保护主义上升，全球供应链出现被动断裂和主动脱钩风险，世界经济复苏乏力，但从长远看，经济全球化是不可逆转的历史大势、时代潮流。习近平深刻指出：“经济全球化是社会生产力发展的客观要求和科技进步的必然结果，不是哪些人、哪些国家人为造出来的。经济全球化为世界经济增长提供了强劲动力，促进了商品和资本流动、科技和文明进步、各国人民交往。”为此，不同于一些西方国家动辄搞封闭脱钩的“去全球化”，我们把对外开放作为基本国策，坚持打开国门搞建设、谋发展，坚定奉行互利共赢的开放战略，不断丰富对外开放内涵、提高对外开放水平，协同推进战略互信、经贸合作、人文交流，为各国分享我国发展成果提供更多机遇，为我国与世界合作共赢开辟更大空间。我国开放的大门不会关闭，只会越开越大，可以说开放已经成为当代中国的一个鲜明标识。

In recent years, some Western countries have been keen on waging trade wars and technological wars, advocating “decoupling and severing supply chains” with China. The underlying support remains the “zero-sum game” mentality of “you lose, I win,” which is identical to their way of thinking in the security domain. A zero-sum game implies that only competitive relationships exist between countries; one side’s gain inevitably leads to the other side’s loss, ultimately summing to zero. Influenced by a narrow zero-sum security outlook, a country often pursues only its own security, neglecting common security; it firmly believes in absolute security while ignoring relative security. Unlike the Western zero-sum security outlook, the holistic approach to national security emphasizes “relying on the promotion of international security” and “coordinating one’s own security with common security,” holding that security should be universal, equal, and inclusive. As Xi Jinping pointed out, “There is no absolutely secure island in the world; universal security is true security,” and “International security is indivisible; sacrificing the interests of other countries to seek absolute security for oneself will ultimately harm oneself.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Forge a New Partnership of Win-Win Cooperation and Create a Community of Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the General Debate of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly, September 28, 2015. Based on these profound dialectical understandings, China insists on promoting international common security, advocates fostering a vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable global security, strengthens multilateral coordination to improve the global security governance system, and jointly builds a community with a shared future for mankind characterized by universal security.

近些年来，一些西方国家热衷于打贸易战、科技战，鼓吹对华“脱钩断链”，背后的支撑仍然是你输我赢的“零和博弈”思维，这同其在安全方面的思维方式如出一辙。零和博弈意味着国与国之间只存在竞争关系，一方得益必然导致另一方受损，最终总和归零。在狭隘的零和式安全观影响下，一国往往只追求自身安全，忽视共同安全；笃信绝对安全，忽略相对安全。不同于西方的零和式安全观，总体国家安全观强调要“以促进国际安全为依托”，要“统筹自身安全和共同安全”，认为安全应该是普遍、平等、包容的，正如习近平所指出“世界上不存在绝对安全的孤岛，普遍安全才是真正的安全”，“国际安全不可分割，牺牲别国利益、谋求自身绝对安全，最终会伤及自身”。基于这些深刻的辩证认识，我国坚持推进国际共同安全，推动树立共同、综合、合作、可持续的全球安全观，加强多边协调完善全球安全治理体系，共同构建普遍安全的人类命运共同体。

Entering the New Era, China grasps the common values of humanity from the perspective of all humankind, promotes the maintenance of world peace and development, and works together to address global threats and challenges. This is an extension and expansion of the important assertion of coordinating development and security from the domestic to the international level, demonstrating the continuous expansion of its influence in global governance. In recent years, China has successively proposed the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative. [13]13 The Global Development Initiative (2021), Global Security Initiative (2022), and Global Civilization Initiative (2023) are three major foreign policy proposals put forward by Xi Jinping, aimed at promoting international cooperation on development, security, and civilizational exchange respectively. These are Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions based on the concept of mutual benefit and win-win for maintaining international peace and security and promoting global development and prosperity.

进入新时代，我国站在全人类高度来把握人类的共同价值，推动维护世界和平与发展，携手应对全球性威胁挑战，这是统筹发展和安全重要论断由国内向国际的拓展延伸，表现出在全球治理层面影响力的不断扩大。近年来，我国先后提出《全球发展倡议》《全球安全倡议》《全球文明倡议》，这些都是基于互利共赢理念维护国际和平安全、促进全球发展繁荣的中国智慧和中国方案。

V. Shared Development and People’s Security: Both the New Development Philosophy and the Holistic Approach to National Security Pursue a “People-Centered” Approach

五、共享发展与人民安全：新发展理念与总体国家安全观都追求“人民中心”

The free and comprehensive development of the individual is the value goal of Marxism. As the term suggests, “sharing” means sharing together and possessing together. Shared development is essentially people-centered development. This is a new achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, reflecting the requirement of gradually achieving common prosperity. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed: “Adhering to shared development requires insisting that development is for the people, development relies on the people, and the fruits of development are shared by the people. We must make more effective institutional arrangements so that all the people have a greater sense of gain in jointly building and sharing development, enhance the driving force of development, increase the unity of the people, and steadily advance towards common prosperity.” [14]14 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was held in October 2015, where the “13th Five-Year Plan” proposals were adopted, formally introducing the concept of shared development as part of the New Development Philosophy. This clearly presents four aspects of the complete connotation of shared development, namely, sharing by all, comprehensive sharing, sharing through joint contribution, and gradual sharing. It can be seen that sharing is not sharing by a minority or a part of the people, but sharing by everyone, each getting their due. Nor is sharing achieved overnight; it is a gradual historical process. Of course, sharing and joint contribution are dialectically unified. Only through everyone’s participation and everyone’s best efforts in joint contribution can sharing be achieved, and the process of joint contribution is itself a process of sharing. It is also in this sense that, unlike Western-style modernization characterized by polarization, Chinese-path modernization is modernization for the common prosperity of all the people, and it is also people-centered modernization.

人的自由全面发展是马克思主义的价值旨归。顾名思义，“共享”即共同分享、共同拥有之意，共享发展实质是以人民为中心的发展，这是马克思主义中国化的新成果，体现了逐步实现共同富裕的要求。党的十八届五中全会提出：“坚持共享发展，必须坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，作出更有效的制度安排，使全体人民在共建共享发展中有更多获得感，增强发展动力，增进人民团结，朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进。”其中清晰呈现了共享发展完整内涵的四个方面，即全民共享、全面共享、共建共享和渐进共享。可见，共享不是少数人、一部分人共享，而是人人享有、各得其所，共享也不是一蹴而就的，而是一个渐进的历史过程。当然，共享与共建是辩证统一的，只有人人参与、人人尽力共建才能共享，而共建的过程又是共享的过程。也正是在这个意义上，不同于以两极分化为表征的西式现代化，中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，也是以人民为中心的现代化。

In alignment with the value implications of shared development, the holistic approach to national security has, since its inception, consistently emphasized people’s security, and as the holistic approach to national security has continuously enriched and developed, the connotations and essentials of people’s security have also been enriched and developed. In 2014, the first meeting of the Central National Security Commission proposed that the “five key elements” of the holistic approach to national security include “taking people’s security as the purpose.” [15]15 The “five key elements” of the holistic approach to national security are: taking people’s security as the purpose, political security as the foundation, economic security as the basis, military, cultural, and social security as the safeguards, and international security as the support. Subsequently, the 19th National Congress of the CPC, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, and the 20th National Congress of the CPC all stressed “taking people’s security as the purpose.” [16]16 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee (October 2019) and the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee (November 2021) were key meetings of the CPC Central Committee that addressed national governance and Party history, respectively. The dedicated chapter on national security in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC states the need to “improve the social governance system” and “build a social governance community in which everyone is responsible, everyone fulfills their duties, and everyone enjoys the benefits.” These formulations are closely similar in expression and consistent in logic to the important discourse on shared development. The core essence of taking people’s security as the purpose lies in two aspects: national security is entirely for the people and entirely relies on the people. On the one hand, it is necessary to adhere to putting the people first and prioritizing human life, effectively safeguarding the security rights and interests of the broad masses of the people, and providing strong security guarantees for the people to live and work in peace and contentment. On the other hand, it is necessary to always regard the people as the foundational force for national security, continuously consolidate the mass base for national security and social stability, and gather the powerful strength to safeguard national security.

与共享发展的价值意蕴相契合，总体国家安全观自提出以来就一直强调人民安全，且随着总体国家安全观不断丰富发展，人民安全的内涵要义也得到丰富与发展。2014年，中央国家安全委员会第一次会议提出总体国家安全观“五大要素”就包括“以人民安全为宗旨”，此后党的十九大、党的十九届四中、六中全会和党的二十大都强调了“以人民安全为宗旨”。党的二十大报告国家安全专章指出要“完善社会治理体系”，“建设人人有责、人人尽责、人人享有的社会治理共同体”，这些更是与共享发展的重要论述表述相近、理路相通。以人民安全为宗旨的核心要义在于国家安全一切为了人民、一切依靠人民两个方面，一方面要坚持以民为本、以人为本，切实维护广大人民群众安全权益，为群众安居乐业提供坚强安全保障；另一方面，要始终把人民作为国家安全的基础性力量，不断夯实国家安全和社会稳定的群众基础，汇聚起维护国家安全的强大力量。

Of course, from the perspective of national governance, whether it is development or security, both are important aspects of our Party’s governance, and adhering to a people-centered approach is the fundamental governing philosophy of our Party, as well as one of the basic strategies for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. As Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized, “the country is the people, and the people are the country.” [17]17 “The country is the people, and the people are the country” is a slogan frequently used by Xi Jinping to express the people-centered governing philosophy. Based on this, the people are the creators of history and the fundamental force determining the future and destiny of the Party and the country. Therefore, both the new development philosophy and the holistic approach to national security take the people’s standpoint as their fundamental standpoint, fully respect the people’s principal position and pioneering spirit, always adhere to a people-centered approach to better coordinate development and security, and continuously enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security.

当然，从治国理政角度看，不管是发展还是安全都是我们党治国理政的重要方面，而坚持以人民为中心是我们党的根本执政理念，也是新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略之一，正如习近平反复强调的“江山就是人民，人民就是江山”。基于此，人民是历史的创造者，是决定党和国家前途命运的根本力量，所以新发展理念和总体国家安全观都把人民立场作为根本立场，充分尊重人民的主体地位和首创精神，始终坚持以人民为中心更好统筹发展和安全，不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

Security is the prerequisite for development, and development is the guarantee of security. It is precisely the dialectical relationship between development and security that determines the existence of points of convergence between the new development philosophy and the holistic approach to national security at the level of thought and concept. On the new journey of the New Era, as we advance toward building a great modern socialist country and march toward the second centenary goal, the relationship between development and security will undoubtedly become even closer. Only by learning and applying the dialectics of development and security well, adhering to the coordination of development and security, insisting on giving equal weight to development and security, and consciously promoting the deep integration of development and security, can we truly achieve a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, and help Chinese-path modernization proceed steadily and far.

安全是发展的前提，发展是安全的保障。正是发展和安全的辩证关系决定了在思想理念层面，新发展理念和总体国家安全观之间契合点的存在。在新时代新征程上，随着社会主义现代化强国建设、向第二个百年奋斗目标迈进，发展和安全两者间的关系无疑将更加紧密。只有学好用好发展和安全的辩证法，坚持统筹发展和安全，坚持发展和安全并重，自觉推动发展和安全深度融合，才能真正实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动，助力中国式现代化行稳致远。

(The author is an associate professor at the School of National Security, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, and a researcher at the Institute for the Holistic Approach to National Security, Ph.D.)

（作者系西南政法大学国家安全学院副教授、总体国家安全观研究院研究员，博士）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧