Adhering to the Systems Conception Is the Scientific Methodology for Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” (hereinafter referred to as the “Decision”), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, clearly states: we must summarize and apply the valuable experience gained from reform and opening up, especially from the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era; adhere to the systems conception; properly handle major relationships such as those between the economy and society, the government and the market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security; and enhance the systemic, integrated, and coordinated nature of reform. The adherence to the systems conception is not only fully implemented in the Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee but is also enriched and developed therein.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》(以下简称《决定》)明确指出,总结和运用改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验,坚持系统观念,处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系,增强改革系统性、整体性、协同性。坚持系统观念在党的二十届三中全会的《决定》中不仅得到充分贯彻,而且得到丰富与发展。

I. The Comprehensive Deepening of Reform Must Adhere to the Systems Conception; This Is a Dual Requirement of Theory and Practice

一、全面深化改革必须坚持系统观念,这是理论与实践的双重要求

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the comprehensive deepening of reform achieved historic accomplishments. An important reason for this is that, both theoretically and practically, we recognized the extreme importance of adhering to the systems conception and consistently applied the systems conception throughout all areas and links of comprehensive reform. This is a requirement not only of the Marxist worldview and methodology, especially the method of the universal interconnection of things, but also of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially its worldview and methodology.

党的十八大之后,全面深化改革取得历史性成就,一个重要原因就是无论从理论上还是从实践上,我们都认识到坚持系统观念的极端重要性,把坚持系统观念始终贯穿到全面改革的各个领域各个环节。这既是马克思主义世界观和方法论特别是事物普遍联系方法的要求,也是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想特别是其世界观和方法论的要求。

(I) Adhering to the Systems Conception Is an Inherent Requirement of the Worldview and Methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（一）必须坚持系统观念是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论在全面深化改革中的内在要求

The systems conception is a foundational way of thinking and working method, an important stance, viewpoint, and method of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and an enrichment and development of the Marxist view of the universal interconnection of things. Adhering to and applying the systems conception means insisting on analyzing and solving problems developmentally rather than statically, systematically rather than fragmentarily, in terms of universal interconnection rather than in isolation, comprehensively rather than one-sidedly, and by dividing one into two rather than absolutely. Insisting on analyzing and solving reform problems developmentally rather than statically requires: regarding the problem as a process of development and change, studying its historical origins, current state, and future development trends. Insisting on analyzing and solving problems systematically rather than fragmentarily requires: clarifying and understanding the overall state of the problem, grasping its totality and complete picture, and comprehending the historical background, conditions, and internal logic of its operation and change. Insisting on analyzing and solving problems in terms of universal interconnection rather than in isolation requires: clearly explaining the internal relationships between the problem and other problems, not discussing the problem in isolation but addressing it within its connections, understanding it within its genealogy; of course, universal interconnection is not a forced linkage but an organic, internal unity. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Dialectical materialism holds that things are universally interconnected, that things and their constituent elements influence and condition each other, and that the entire world is an interconnected whole and also an interacting system. Adhering to dialectical materialism means grasping things from the internal connections of objective things to understand problems and handle problems.” Insisting on analyzing and solving problems comprehensively rather than one-sidedly requires: thoroughly dissecting all aspects of the problem, grasping both its most essential content and its non-essential aspects; knowing both what the core of the problem is and how non-core issues affect the resolution of the core problem. Insisting on analyzing and solving problems by dividing one into two rather than absolutely requires: judging and studying the problem under specific historical conditions, not speaking only of one side of the problem while ignoring other aspects, not seeing only the good side while ignoring the bad, and likewise not speaking only of the bad side while ignoring the good.

系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法,是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要立场观点方法,是对马克思主义事物普遍联系观点的丰富发展。坚持和运用系统观念,就是要坚持发展地而不是静止地、系统地而不是零散地、普遍联系地而不是孤立地、全面地而不是片面地、一分为二地而不是绝对地分析和解决问题。坚持发展地而不是静止地分析和解决改革问题就要求:把问题看作一个发展变化的过程,研究这个问题的历史由来、现实状况以及未来发展趋势等。坚持系统地而不是零散地分析和解决问题就要求:把问题的整体状况搞清楚、弄明白,要把握问题的总体性和全貌,把握问题产生的时代背景、条件以及运行变化的内在逻辑。坚持普遍联系地而不是孤立地分析和解决问题就要求:把问题与其他问题之间的内在关系讲清楚,不是孤立地就该问题谈该问题,而是在联系中谈问题,在谱系中认识问题,当然普遍联系不是生拉硬拽,而是有机的内在统一。习近平总书记指出:“唯物辩证法认为,事物是普遍联系的,事物及事物各要素相互影响、相互制约,整个世界是相互联系的整体,也是相互作用的系统。坚持唯物辩证法,就要从客观事物的内在联系去把握事物,去认识问题、处理问题。”坚持全面地而不是片面地分析和解决问题就要求:把问题的方方面面都要剖析彻底,既要把握问题最本质的内容,又要把握非本质的东西;既要知道问题的核心是什么,又要明白非核心的问题如何影响核心问题的解决。坚持一分为二地而不是绝对地分析和解决问题就要求:把问题一定放在特定历史条件下进行研判,不能只讲问题的一面而忽视其他的方面,不能只看到问题好的一面而忽视其不好的一面,同样也不能只说问题不好的一面而忽视其好的一面。

In advancing comprehensive reform, we must adhere to and apply the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially adhering to the systems conception. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must adhere to the systems viewpoint, carry out systemic design in accordance with the integrity and interconnectedness of the new development concepts, achieving mutual promotion and coordinated progress, and not acting alone or attending to one thing while losing sight of another, nor being biased toward one side or overemphasizing one aspect at the expense of another.” Adhering to the systems conception in the comprehensive deepening of reform has the following requirements:

在推进全面改革中,必须坚持和运用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论,特别是坚持好系统观念。习近平总书记指出:“要坚持系统的观点,依照新发展理念的整体性和关联性进行系统设计,做到相互促进、齐头并进,不能单打独斗、顾此失彼,不能偏执一方、畸轻畸重。”在全面深化改革中坚持系统观念有以下要求:

1. We must proceed from the overall situation of reform, see the overall problems of reform, and at the same time pay attention to specific reform issues. The overall problems are the key and core issues in reform. For example, among all reforms, economic system reform plays a leading role, functioning as the “ox nose” [1]1 “Ox nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom referring to the key link or crucial point that, once grasped, can control the entire situation.; we must grasp the ox nose to carry out reform. Another example: to build a high-level socialist market economy system, we must handle the core issue of the relationship between the government and the market, allowing the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation while also allowing the government to better play its role. This “both…and…” is carried out in a dilemma or multiple-choice dilemma and is particularly complex. This requires establishing a scientific macro-control system and an effective government governance system to achieve the goal of being both “able to unleash vitality” and “able to manage effectively.”

1.既要从改革的整体出发,看到改革的整体问题,又要注重改革的具体问题。整体问题就是改革中的关键问题和核心问题,例如,在所有改革中,经济体制改革起到牵引作用,发挥着牛鼻子作用,要抓住牛鼻子进行改革;还比如,构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制,就要处理好政府和市场关系这个核心问题,既要让市场在市场配置资源中发挥决定性作用,又要让政府更好发挥作用。这个“既要又要”是在两难选择或者多难选择中进行的,是特别复杂的,这就要求建立科学的宏观调控体系、有效的政府治 理制度体系,实现既“放得活”又“管得住”的目标。

2. We must pay attention to immediate reform issues while also focusing on long-term reform issues. Reform must focus on immediate issues, meaning seizing favorable opportunities to resolve and properly handle the problems that urgently need solving, preventing the accumulation of immediate issues into major problems. At the same time, we must not only fix our eyes on immediate issues but also look toward long-term and fundamental issues, resolving immediate issues naturally in the process of solving fundamental issues. We must clearly understand the internal relationship between immediate and long-term issues. Some immediate issues are an important component of long-term issues; solving the immediate issue involves addressing the long-term issue. Other immediate issues are precisely the stumbling blocks and obstacles affecting long-term issues; only by solving the immediate issues can we clear the way for resolving long-term issues.

2.既要关注改革眼前问题,又要着眼于改革长远问题。改革必须注重眼前问题,就是要抓紧有利时机把当前迫切需要解决的问题解决掉、解决好,防止眼前问题累积成大问题,同时又不能只盯着眼前问题,还要着眼于长远问题、根本问题,在解决根本问题的进程中自然地解决眼前问题。要认识清楚眼前问题与长远问题的内在关系,有的眼前问题是长远问题的一个重要组成部分,解决眼前问题就涉及解决长远问题;有的眼前问题恰恰是影响长远问题的绊脚石、拦路虎,只有解决了眼前问题,才能为长远问题的解决扫清障碍。

3. We must regard reforms in various fields as an indivisible organic whole while also finding the internal connections between different reform fields. Reforms in various fields are mutually linked and influence each other. Economic system reform inevitably affects political system reform, cultural system reform, social system reform, and reform of the ecological civilization system. Reforms in all fields advance within the overall reform. We must be adept at studying the linkage and internal mechanism of interaction between institutional reforms in various fields, discovering their degree of correlation and mode of action.

3.既要把各个领域的改革看成不可分割的有机整体,又要找到改革不同领域的内在联系。各个领域的改革是相互联动、彼此影响的。经济体制改革必然会影响到政治体制改革、文化体制改革、社会体制改革、生态文明建设体制改革,各个领域的改革都是在整体改革中前进的。要善于研究各个领域体制机制改革的联动性和相互作用的内在机理,发现其中的关联度和作用方式。

(II) Adhering to the Systems Conception Is a Requirement of the Practice of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

(二)必须坚持系统观念是全面深化改革实践的要求

Since the New Era, in the practice of comprehensively deepening reform, our Party has always emphasized the comprehensiveness and systematic nature of reform. General Secretary Xi Jinping has consistently stressed that comprehensively deepening reform is a complex systemic project, and that various reform measures have strong mutual effects and counter-effects. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform and opening up is a systemic project; we must adhere to comprehensive reform and advance it through the coordination and cooperation of various reforms. Reform and opening up is a profound and comprehensive social transformation, involving not only the economic system but also the political, cultural, social, and ecological systems; it involves not only productive forces but also relations of production; it involves not only the economic base but also the superstructure. Every reform will have an important impact on other reforms, and every reform requires the coordination and cooperation of other reforms.” We deeply understand that comprehensively deepening reform is not a single-area, single-department, or single-aspect reform but a reform involving the overall situation of the Party and the state’s undertakings, all fields of economic and social development, and a series of major theoretical and practical issues; it is an extremely complex systemic project. As the cause of Chinese-path modernization continues to unfold, the correlation and interaction between reforms in various areas and links have significantly strengthened. The effect of “one move affecting the whole situation” [2]2 “One move affecting the whole situation” (牵一发而动全身) is a Chinese idiom meaning that a small change in one part can affect the entire system. is very evident. Many reform issues are intertwined; reforming one area inevitably affects reforms in other areas. A slight carelessness can create a series of new problems. Moreover, problems in the economic sphere often arise because certain reforms in the social sphere are unscientific, and problems in the cultural sphere often result from inadequate reforms in the economic sphere, and so on.

新时代以来,在全面深化改革的实践中,我们党始终强调改革的全面性、系统性。习近平总书记一直强调,全面深化改革是一项复杂的系统工程,各项改革举措之间具有很强的作用性与反作用性。习近平总书记指出:“改革开放是一个系统工程,必须坚持全面改革,在各项改革协同配合中推进。改革开放是一场深刻而全面的社会变革,既包括经济体制又包括政治体制、文化体制、社会体制、生态体制,既涉及生产力又涉及生产关系,既涉及经济基础又涉及上层建筑,每一项改革都会对其他改革产生重要影响,每一项改革又都需要其他改革协同配合。”我们深刻认识到,全面深化改革不是单个领域单个部门单个方面的单项改革,而是涉及党和国家事业全局、经济社会发展各领域、一系列重大理论与现实问题的改革,是极为复杂的系统工程。随着中国式现代化事业不断展开,各个领域各个环节改革关联性互动性明显增强,“牵一发而动全身”的效应十分明显,很多改革问题相互缠绕在一起,对一个领域进行改革就必然会牵动其他领域的改革,稍不留神就会造成一系列新问题,而且往往会出现经济领域的问题是由于社会领域某些改革不科学造成的,文化领域出现的问题往往是经济领域改革没有到位带来的,等等。

The practice of more than a decade in the New Era has proven: emphasizing systematicity, wholeness, and coordination is both an inherent requirement of deepening reform comprehensively and an important method for advancing reform. The deeper the reform goes, the more it enters the deep-water zone and crosses dangerous passes, the more attention must be paid to coordination. This coordination includes: coordination of reform plans — when reforms are carried out in various fields and plans are designed, there should be mutual communication to see the possible impact of other fields’ reform plans on one’s own; coordination in reform implementation — this requires providing information to each other during implementation, understanding the progress of reforms in other departments and the real impact and depth of that progress on one’s own field, so that plans can be adjusted in a timely manner; coordination of reform effects — one must promptly pay attention to the effects of one’s own reforms, see whether the goals one designed have been achieved, and at the same time assess the impact of one’s own reforms on reforms in other fields. Over the more than ten years of the New Era, systematicity, wholeness, and coordination have been continuously strengthened. Various reform measures have complemented each other in policy orientation, promoted each other in the implementation process, and benefited each other in reform outcomes. The results of deepening reform comprehensively have become increasingly evident. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “To plan and advance reform, we must adhere to a systematic approach and a holistic perspective, strengthen strategic thinking and dialectical thinking, prioritize tasks by order of importance and urgency, and pay more attention to system integration. We must strengthen the coordination and matching of reform measures, promote the concerted efforts of reform measures in all fields and aspects, and enhance overall effectiveness.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Speech on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization’,” *People’s Daily*, July 22, 2024.

新时代十多年的实践证明:注重系统性、整体性、协同性既是全面深化改革的内在要求,也是推进改革的重要方法。改革越深入,越向深水区,越过险关,越要注意协同。这个协同包括:改革方案协同,各个领域进行改革,进行方案设计时,彼此之间应当进行相互沟通,看看对方改革方案对自身改革的可能性影响;改革落实协同,就要求在落实方案时要相互提供信息,了解其他部门改革的进展,对自身领域改革的现实影响有多大多深,可以及时调整方案;改革效果协同,要及时关注自身改革的成效,看是否达到了自身设计的目标,同时要评估自身改革对其他领域改革带来的效果。新时代十多年来,系统性、整体性、协同性不断加强,各项改革举措在政策取向上相互配合,在实施过程中相互促进,在改革成效上相得益彰,全面深化改革的成效日渐明显。习近平总书记强调:“谋划和推进改革,必须坚持系统观念、全局观念,强化战略思维、辩证思维,分轻重缓急,更加注重系统集成。要加强改革举措协调配套,推动各领域各方面改革举措同向发力,增强整体效能。”

II. Deepening Reform Comprehensively Must Adhere to the Systematic Approach, Which Requires Handling Several Major Relationships

二、全面深化改革必须坚持系统观念,就要处理好若干重大关系

Our Party has always attached importance to correctly handling major relationships related to economic and social development, whether during the period of socialist construction, the new period of reform and opening up, or the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into a New Era.

我们党历来注重正确处理涉及经济社会发展的重大关系问题,无论是在社会主义建设时期,还是在改革开放新时期,抑或是在中国特色社会主义进入新时代,都是如此。

(I) Correctly Handling Major Relationships Is a Fine Tradition of Our Party

(一)正确处理重大关系是我们党的优良传统

As early as the period of socialist construction, Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized the need to correctly handle the Ten Major Relationships, namely: the relationship between heavy industry and light industry and agriculture; the relationship between coastal industry and inland industry; the relationship between economic construction and national defense construction; the relationship between the state, production units, and individual producers; the relationship between the central authorities and local authorities; the relationship between the Han nationality and minority nationalities; the relationship between the Party and non-Party groups; the relationship between revolution and counter-revolution; the relationship between right and wrong; and the relationship between China and foreign countries. Many of these relationships still exist today. In different periods of reform and opening up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping put forward a series of strategic principles of “grasping with both hands,” emphasizing the handling of various major relationships. In the process of advancing socialist modernization, Comrade Jiang Zemin proposed that twelve major relationships must be handled, namely: the relationship between reform, development, and stability; the relationship between speed and efficiency; the relationship between economic construction and population, resources, and the environment; the relationship between primary, secondary, and tertiary industries; the relationship between the eastern region and the central and western regions; the relationship between market mechanisms and macroeconomic regulation; the relationship between the public ownership economy and other economic components; and the relationship between the state, enterprises, and individuals in income distribution. This thinking powerfully promoted the development of the modernization cause. Entering the new century, Comrade Hu Jintao pointed out that we must correctly understand and properly handle the major relationships in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, coordinate urban and rural development, regional development, economic and social development, harmonious development between man and nature, domestic development and opening up to the outside world, coordinate the relationship between the central and local authorities, and coordinate the interests of individuals and collectives, local interests and overall interests, current interests and long-term interests, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all sides.

早在社会主义建设时期,毛泽东同志就强调要正确处理十大关系,即重工业和轻工业、农业的关系,沿海工业和内地工业的关系,经济建设和国防建设的关系,国家、生产单位和生产者个人的关系,中央和地方的关系,汉族和少数民族的关系,党和非党的关系,革命和反革命的关系,是非关系,中国和外国的关系。这些关系很多到现在依然是存在的。在改革开放不同时期,邓小平同志提出了一系列“两手抓”的战略方针,强调处理好各种重大关系。江泽民同志在推进社会主义现代化建设的过程中提出必须处理好十二大关系,即改革、发展、稳定的关系,速度和效益的关系,经济建设和人口、资源、环境的关系,一二三产业的关系,东部地区和中西部地区的关系,市场机制和宏观调控的关系,公有制经济和其他经济成分的关系,收入分配中国家、企业和个人的关系等,这一思想有力地推动现代化事业发展。进入新世纪,胡锦涛同志指出,要正确认识和妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业中的重大关系,统筹城乡发展、区域发展、经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展、国内发展和对外开放,统筹中央和地方关系,统筹个人利益和集体利益、局部利益和整体利益、当前利益和长远利益,充分调动各方面积极性。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has paid even more attention to the correct handling of various major relationships in the process of deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization. He emphasized that to advance deepening reform comprehensively, we must grasp the pulse of reform from the complex surface of things and grasp several major relationships of deepening reform comprehensively. In July 2013, during an inspection in Hubei Province, General Secretary Xi Jinping systematically summarized the “Five Major Relationships” to be grasped in deepening reform comprehensively, namely: the relationship between emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts; the relationship between overall advancement and breakthroughs on key points; the relationship between top-level design and crossing the river by feeling the stones; the relationship between boldness in action and steadiness in steps; and the relationship between reform, development, and stability. On the basis of summarizing the historical experience of China’s socialist modernization, especially the historical experience of Chinese-path modernization, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that advancing Chinese-path modernization requires handling six major relationships. In 2020, when formulating the *Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035*, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized handling the relationship between inheritance and innovation, the relationship between government and market, the relationship between opening up and self-reliance, the relationship between development and security, and the relationship between strategy and tactics. On February 7, 2023, in a speech at a seminar for newly elected members and alternate members of the Central Committee and leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that advancing Chinese-path modernization is a systematic project that requires overall consideration, systematic planning, and holistic advancement, correctly handling a series of major relationships, namely: the relationship between top-level design and practical exploration; the relationship between strategy and tactics; the relationship between upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground; the relationship between efficiency and fairness; the relationship between vitality and order; and the relationship between self-reliance and opening up to the outside world. The “Five Major Relationships” proposed by adhering to the systematic approach — namely, handling the relationships between economy and society, government and market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security — are not only an adherence to and development of the existing “Ten Major Relationships,” “Twelve Major Relationships,” and “Eight Major Relationships,” but also an enrichment and improvement of the two sets of “Five Major Relationships” and one set of “Six Major Relationships” theses. [4]4 The “Eight Major Relationships” refers to the eight relationships Hu Jintao emphasized in the report to the 17th National Congress of the CPC in 2007, concerning the coordination of urban and rural, regional, economic and social, man-nature, domestic and international development, as well as central-local, individual-collective, and current-long-term interests.

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记更是注重全面深化改革和推进中国式现代化进程中的各种重大关系的正确处理。他强调,推进全面深化改革,必须从纷繁复杂的事物表象中把准改革脉搏,要把握全面深化改革的几个重大关系。2013年7月,习近平总书记在湖北省考察时系统总结了全面深化改革要把握的“五大关系”,即解放思想和实事求是的关系、整体推进和重点突破的关系、顶层设计和摸着石头过河的关系、胆子要大和步子要稳的关系、改革发展稳定的关系。在总结中国社会主义现代化历史经验特别是中国式现代化历史经验的基础上,习近平总书记强调推进中国式现代化需要处理好六个重大关系。2020年,在制定《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》时,习近平总书记强调处理好继承和创新的关系、政府和市场的关系、开放和自主的关系、发展和安全的关系、战略和战术的关系。2023年2月7日,在新进中央委员会的委员、候补委员和省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的二十大精神研讨班上讲话中,习近平总书记指出,推进中国式现代化是一个系统工程,需要统筹兼顾、系统谋划、整体推进,正确处理好一系列重大关系,即顶层设计与实践探索的关系、战略与策略的关系、守正与创新的关系、效率与公平的关系、活力与秩序的关系、自立自强与对外开放的关系。坚持系统观念提出的要处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等“五大关系”,既是对已有的“十大关系”“十二大关系”“八大关系”的坚持和发展,更是对两个“五大关系”、一个“六大关系”论断的丰富与完善。

(II) Deepening Reform Comprehensively Must Handle Five Major Relationships

(二)全面深化改革要处理好五大关系

1. Handle the relationship between economy and society. Handling the relationship between economy and society is the primary requirement of the systematic approach in deepening reform comprehensively. Its essence is to solve the problem of whether the fruits of economic development can truly be transformed into the interests of the vast majority of the people. In the process of human modernization, many countries experienced rapid economic development for a certain period, but the fruits of development simply did not reach the broad masses, resulting in a situation of so-called “economic growth without human development.” Deepening reform comprehensively is to transform the fruits of high-quality economic development into benefits for the people in the most direct and fastest way, promoting the development of social undertakings; conversely, continuously progressing social undertakings provide a good social environment and development impetus for economic development. This is very evident from the *Decision* of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee. When discussing economic development, the *Decision* emphasizes building a high-level socialist market economy system, which requires better leveraging the role of market mechanisms, creating a fairer and more dynamic market environment, optimizing resource allocation efficiency and maximizing benefits, and stimulating the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society. That is to say, the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system is not only about creating a more efficient economic system but also about achieving fairer social justice. Strengthening people’s livelihood construction that is inclusive, fundamental, and provides a safety net, and solving the most direct and realistic issues of greatest concern to the people, is not only a requirement for resolving the principal contradiction in society but also a requirement for promoting economic development. This is because we can identify the focus of work and the point of policy application from the expectations of enterprises and the masses, and cultivate new economic growth points in solving the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the people. For example, the development of the silver economy can create diverse and personalized job positions suitable for the elderly, allowing social human resources to be more fully utilized. [5]5 The “silver economy” refers to economic activities and industries oriented toward the needs of the elderly population.

1.处理好经济和社会的关系。处理好经济与社会的关系,这是系统观念在全面深化改革中的第一位的要求,其本质是解决好经济发展成果能否真正转化为最大多数人民群众利益的问题。在人类现代化的进程中,不少国家在一定时期经济发展很快,但发展成果就是惠及不到广大民众,出现了所谓“有经济增长无人类发展”的状况。全面深化改革就是要把经济高质量发展的成果最直接最快地惠及人民群众,促进社会事业发展;反过来,不断进步的社会事业为经济发展提供良好的社会环境和发展动力。我们从党的二十届三中全会的《决定》中看得十分明显。《决定》在谈到经济发展时强调构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制,这就要更好发挥市场机制作用,创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境,实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化,激发全社会内生动力和创新活力。也就是说,高水平社会主义市场经济体制的构建不仅是创造更有效率的经济体系,而且是要实现更加公平的社会正义。加强普惠性、基础性、兜底性民生建设,解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题,既是解决社会主要矛盾的要求,也是促进经济发展的要求,因为我们可以从企业和群众期盼中找准工作着眼点、政策发力点,在解决人民群众急难愁盼中培育新的经济增长点,例如,银发经济的发展可以创造出适合老年人的多样化、个性化就业岗位,使社会人力资源得到更充分发挥。

2. Handle the relationship between government and market. Adhering to the direction of socialist market economy reform, the core issue is to handle the relationship between government and market, enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and allowing the government to better play its role. The thesis that “the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation” has been put forward for more than ten years, and its decisive role in practice has become increasingly evident. At the same time, it must be noted that this decisive role is not fully exerted; in some areas, due to various non-economic factors, it is exerted incompletely and unsystematically; in some areas, it is only initially manifested. In response to this issue, the *Decision* emphasizes a series of requirements:

2.处理好政府和市场的关系。坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向,核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。“市场在资源配置中起决定性作用”这个论断已经提出十多个年头了,在实践中其决定性作用的发挥也越来越明显。同时要看到,这个决定性发挥得并不完全充分,有的领域还因为种种非经济因素的限制,发挥得不完整不系统;有的领域还只是初步显现。针对这一问题,《决定》强调了一系列要求:

(1) Promote the independent operation of natural monopoly segments and the market-oriented reform of competitive segments in industries such as energy, railways, telecommunications, water conservancy, and public utilities. Through market-oriented reform, enable natural monopoly industries to have stronger market economy competitiveness, reducing costs while improving efficiency, so as to better serve the people.

(1)推进能源、铁路、电信、水利、公用事业等行业自然垄断环节独立运营和竞争性环节市场化改革。通过市场化改革使自然垄断行业有更强的市场经济竞争力,在提高效率的同时降低成本,更好地服务于民众。

(2) Improve the mechanism for determining factor prices primarily by market supply and demand, preventing improper government intervention in price formation; deepen the reform of the investment approval system, improve the mechanism for stimulating the vitality of social capital investment and promoting the implementation of investment, and form a market-led endogenous growth mechanism for effective investment. This provides institutional guarantees for market entities to play their roles autonomously, enabling them to fully utilize market signals to make decisions and ensure the realization of their own interests.

(2)完善主要由市场供求关系决定要素价格机制,防止政府对价格形成的不当干预;深化投资审批制度改革,完善激发社会资本投资活力和促进投资落地机制,形成市场主导的有效投资内生增长机制。这为市场主体自主发挥作用提供制度化保障,使市场主体能够充分利用市场信号作出决策,保证自身利益的实现。

(3) Prevent and correct the use of administrative and criminal means to intervene in economic disputes, and improve the mechanism for lawfully identifying and correcting wrongful cases involving enterprises. Providing a sound rule-of-law supply for market entities is an important duty that the government should undertake and a key aspect of good governance. When the government uses its own power to suppress enterprises, it can easily cause them to collapse, and such problems should be effectively prevented. Of course, the government should play its own role positioning well: as a strategic planner, constructing mechanisms for the formulation and implementation of national strategies, strengthening the deep integration of major national strategies, and enhancing the macro-guidance and overall coordination functions of national strategies; as an industry navigator, selecting industries the nation is determined to develop, and improving development policies and governance systems for strategic industries such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology; as an institutional supplier, providing high-quality institutional supply for economic and social development, especially strengthening institutional supply in new fields and new tracks such as key generic technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovation.

(3)防止和纠正利用行政、刑事手段干预经济纠纷,健全依法甄别纠正涉企冤错案件机制。为市场主体提供良好的法治供给是政府应当承当的重要职责,是政府善为的重要方面。政府利用自身力量打压企业很容易让企业垮掉,应当切实防止这类问题的出现。当然政府要发挥好自身的角色定位:战略规划师,构建国家战略制定和实施机制,加强国家重大战略深度融合,增强国家战略宏观引导、统筹协调功能;产业引航员,选定国家要坚决发展的产业,完善推动新一代信息技术、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端装备、生物医药、量子科技等战略性产业发展政策和治理体系;制度供给者,为经济社会发展提供高质量的制度供给,特别是加强关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新等新领域新赛道制度供给。

3. Properly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness. Properly handling the relationship between efficiency and fairness has always been a complex problem that comprehensive deepening of reform must strive to solve. Whether this relationship is handled well directly concerns the process and success or failure of reform. Comprehensive deepening of reform develops precisely in the process of handling the relationship between the two. When it is handled well, reform can advance smoothly; conversely, it will stagnate. In essence, comprehensive deepening of reform means breaking down institutional and mechanistic barriers that constrain the development of productive forces, improving economic development efficiency, while simultaneously resolving the unfairness brought about by economic development, including unfairness in ownership, distribution, and so on. Theoretically, comprehensive deepening of reform should be a "Pareto improvement" that can simultaneously achieve efficiency and fairness. But in practice, as reform deepens, the conditions for compatibility between fairness and efficiency become increasingly numerous, increasingly demanding, and even increasingly stringent. The institutional and mechanistic designs proposed in the *Decision* [n] are intended to achieve a high-level unity of efficiency and fairness under new historical conditions.

3.处理好效率和公平的关系。处理好效率与公平的关系,始终是全面深化改革要着力解决的一道复杂的难题,能否处理好这对关系,直接关系到改革的进程与成败。全面深化改革就是在处理好二者的关系中发展的,什么时候处理得好,改革就能顺利推进;反之,就会停滞不前。全面深化改革实质上就是要打破束缚生产力发展的体制机制障碍,提高经济发展的效率,同时要解决好经济发展带来的不公平性,包括所有制、分配上等等的不公平问题。从理论上讲,全面深化改革应当是效率与公平能够同时实现的“帕累托改进”,但在实践上,随着改革的深化,公平与效率之间兼容实现的条件越来越多、越来越高甚至是越来越苛刻。《决定》提出的制度和体制机制的设计就是要在新的历史条件下实现高水平的效率与公平的统一。

(1) While emphasizing the promotion of revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries, it also emphasizes promoting the optimized combination and upgraded renewal of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor. Both emphasize the unity of efficiency and fairness.

(1)在强调推动技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级的同时,还强调推动劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象优化组合和更新跃升,二者都强调效率与公平的统一。

(2) On the one hand, it emphasizes promoting the concentration of all kinds of advanced production factors towards the development of new quality productive forces, substantially increasing total factor productivity; on the other hand, it emphasizes breaking down administrative barriers to cross-regional operations, implementing equal responsibility and equal punishment for acts infringing on the property rights and legitimate interests of various forms of ownership, and improving the punitive damages system. On the one hand, it emphasizes market-oriented and efficiency-oriented incentives, proposing to improve the mechanism whereby production factors such as labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, and data are evaluated by the market for their contribution and determine remuneration according to contribution; on the other hand, it focuses on income fairness, proposing "two increases," namely, increasing the share of household income in the distribution of national income, and increasing the share of labor remuneration in primary distribution. Comprehensive deepening of reform adheres to a people-centered approach, providing the people with a stage to create historical achievements, and allowing the fruits of reform to be shared by the people. We always take the promotion of social fairness and justice on the basis of higher efficiency as a mirror to examine our various institutional mechanisms and policy provisions. Wherever problems do not conform to the promotion of social fairness and justice, reform is needed there.

(2)一方面强调促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚,大幅提升全要素生产率;另一方面,强调破除跨地区经营行政壁垒对侵犯各种所有制经济产权和合法利益的行为实行同责同罪同罚,完善惩罚性赔偿制度。一方面强调激励的市场化、效率化,提出健全劳动、资本、土地、知识、技术、管理、数据等生产要素由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的机制;另一方面,注重收入的公平性,提出“两个提高”,即提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重,提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重。全面深化改革坚持以人民为中心,给人民创造历史伟业的舞台,让改革成果由人民共享。我们始终把促进更高效率基础上的社会公平正义作为一面镜子,审视我们各方面体制机制和制度政策规定,哪里有不符合促进社会公平正义的问题,哪里就需要改革。

4. Properly handle the relationship between vitality and order. Properly handling the relationship between vitality and order is not only a worldwide challenge facing the modernization of all countries but also a key issue that comprehensive deepening of reform strives to resolve. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "In the historical process of modernization, handling this relationship is a worldwide challenge. Chinese-path modernization should and can achieve a dynamic balance of being vibrant without chaos, active yet orderly." [n] From a global perspective, the process of modernization is not only a process of differentiation that gives rise to new social strata and groups, but also a process of fragmentation where existing social strata and groups continuously generate new demands and needs, and moreover, an evolutionary process of mutual hedging between old and new social strata. In this process of differentiation, fragmentation, and evolution, a series of problems will arise. If not handled well, they can impact modernization. These include: when the demands of new social strata and groups cannot be met, or cannot be met in a timely manner, within the existing institutional and organizational framework, they will impact the dike of the existing system. If the dike is not solid, it may be breached, generating many disorderly behaviors, even street politics; conflicts of interest may arise between the new demands generated by existing social groups and strata and the new demands of new strata and groups. The existing systems and institutional mechanisms may only be able to meet the demands of some strata and groups within the same time period, possibly even at the expense of one or several strata and groups to satisfy others. Comprehensive deepening of reform is about continuously creating a world miracle of mutual promotion between "rapid economic development" and "long-term social stability" while solving these difficult problems. In the 46 years of China's reform and opening up, two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability have already been achieved. The New Era has continued to write new chapters of these two miracles. On the new journey of the New Era, comprehensive deepening of reform must depict even greater and more magnificent new pictures of the two miracles. From the *Decision*, we can discern the brushwork for painting this picture:

4.处理好活力和秩序的关系。处理好活力与秩序的关系,既是各国现代化面临的一道世界性难题,也是全面深化改革着力解决的重点问题。习近平总书记指出:“在现代化的历史进程中,处理好这对关系是一道世界性难题。中国式现代化应当而且能够实现活而不乱、活跃有序的动态平衡。”从世界范围来看,现代化的过程既是一个催生新的社会阶层和社会群体的分化过程,也是已有社会阶层和群体不断产生新诉求和新需要的裂化过程,更是新旧社会阶层之间相互对冲的演化过程。在这个分化、裂化、演化的过程中,会产生一系列问题,处理不好会冲击现代化,这包括:新的社会阶层和群体的需求在已有的体制和组织架构下无法满足,或者无法及时满足,就会冲击现有体制的堤坝,如果堤坝不牢固,就会冲垮堤坝,产生很多无序行为甚至是街头政治;已有社会群体和阶层产生的新需求与新阶层新群体的新需求之间会发生利益冲突,现有制度和体制机制在同一时间段内有可能只能满足一部分阶层和群体的要求,甚至是以牺牲其中一个或者几个阶层和群体来满足其他阶层与群体。全面深化改革就是要在破解这些难题中持续创造“经济快速发展”和“社会长期稳定”之间相互促进的世界奇迹。中国改革开放46年来已经实现了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定的两大奇迹,新时代续写了两大奇迹的新篇章。新时代新征程,全面深化改革要描绘更大更宏伟的两大奇迹新画卷。从《决定》中,我们可以看出画卷的绘就笔法:

(1) Promote state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises to become stronger, better, and larger, enhance core functions, and improve core competitiveness, making state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises a source of vitality. Improve the systems and rules for factor markets, use sound institutions to promote the smooth flow of production factors, efficient allocation of various resources, and full release of market potential, so that market entities are full of vitality.

(1)推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大,增强核心功能,提升核心竞争力,使国有资本和国有企业成为活力之源。完善要素市场制度和规则,以良好的制度推动生产要素畅通流动、各类资源高效配置、市场潜力充分释放,使市场主体充满生机活力。

(2) Deepen the reform of the science and technology system, fill the science and technology system with innovative vitality, allow scientific research public institutions to implement more flexible management systems than ordinary public institutions, and explore the implementation of enterprise-style management.

(2)深化科技体制改革,让科技体制充满创新活力,允许科研类事业单位实行比一般事业单位更灵活的管理制度,探索实行企业化管理。

(3) Steadily expand institutional opening up, promote reform through opening up, and stimulate the vitality of reform through comprehensive opening up to the outside world. Achieve compatibility of rules, regulations, management, and standards in areas such as property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, labor protection, government procurement, e-commerce, and finance, creating a transparent, stable, and predictable institutional environment; implement the comprehensive cancellation of restrictions on foreign investment access in the manufacturing sector, and promote the orderly expansion of opening up in sectors such as telecommunications, the internet, education, culture, and medical care. While emphasizing vitality, the *Decision* also particularly emphasizes the issue of order:

(3)稳步扩大制度型开放,以开放促改革,以全面对外开放带动改革活力迸发。在产权保护、产业补贴、环境标准、劳动保护、政府采购、电子商务、金融领域等实现规则、规制、管理、标准相通相容,打造透明稳定可预期的制度环境;落实全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施,推动电信、互联网、教育、文化、医疗等领域有序扩大开放。在强调活力的同时,《决定》也特别强调秩序问题:

(1) Emphasize adhering to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, emphasizing stabilizing expectations, stabilizing growth, and stabilizing employment. Stabilizing expectations means stabilizing people's confidence in the future, stabilizing the broad masses of the people's optimistic expectations for the future. We often say: confidence is more precious than gold. In nearly half a century of China's reform and opening up, achieving a rare miracle in the world, an important reason is that the broad masses have always had confidence in the future, feeling that they have prospects and hope. Comprehensive deepening of reform is precisely about enhancing people's confidence and expectations. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized improving the reform incentive and public opinion guidance mechanisms to create a good atmosphere for reform.

(1)强调坚持稳中求进工作总基调,强调稳预期、稳增长、稳就业。稳预期就是稳住人们对未来的信心,稳住广大人民群众对未来的乐观期望。我们经常讲:信心比黄金更宝贵。中国改革开放近半个世纪,取得世所罕见的奇迹,一个重要原因就是广大群众对未来始终有信心,感觉自己有奔头、有盼头。全面深化改革就是要增强人们的信心和预期。党的二十届三中全会强调,完善改革激励和舆论引导机制,营造良好改革氛围。

(2) Promote the concentration of state-owned capital in key industries and critical fields that bear on national security and the lifeline of the national economy, in public services, emergency response capacity, and public welfare fields that bear on the national economy and people’s livelihood, and in forward-looking strategic emerging industries. These “three concentrations” are an important foundation for maintaining overall stability.

(2)推动国有资本向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域集中,向关系国计民生的公共服务、应急能力、公益性领域等集中,向前瞻性战略性新兴产业集中。这“三个集中”是保持大局稳定的重要基础。

(3) Stabilize public services for the permanent urban population and promote their urbanization. Implement a system for providing basic public services based on household registration at the place of habitual residence, promote the entitlement of eligible agricultural transfer populations to social insurance, housing security, compulsory education for accompanying children, and other rights equal to those of the registered population in the place of in-migration, and accelerate the urbanization of the agricultural transfer population.

(3)稳定城市常住人口的公共服务,推动其市民化。推行由常住地登记户口提供基本公共服务制度,推动符合条件的农业转移人口社会保险、住房保障、随迁子女义务教育等享有同迁入地户籍人口同等权利,加快农业转移人口市民化。

(4) Strengthen ethnic unity, eliminate ethnic estrangement and ethnic separatism, improve the institutional mechanisms for forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, and enhance the cohesive force of the Chinese nation.

(4)加强民族团结,消除民族隔阂和民族分裂,健全铸牢中华民族共同体意识制度机制,增强中华民族凝聚力。

(5) Improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting equality of opportunity, unblock channels of social mobility, and prevent the solidification of social strata.

(5)完善促进机会公平制度机制,畅通社会流动渠道,防止阶层固化。

5. Properly handle the relationship between development and security. Properly handling the relationship between development and security is both an inherent requirement of Chinese-path modernization and an important task of comprehensively deepening reform. The relationship between development and security is becoming increasingly close; security factors within development are growing day by day, including people’s security, political security, economic security, military, scientific, technological, cultural, and social security, and international security, as well as external security and internal security, territorial security and national security, traditional security and non-traditional security, one’s own security and common security, and so on. Security issues are increasingly becoming an endogenous factor in development; a high level of security promotes high-quality development, while a low level of security makes it difficult to achieve the requirements of high-quality development. Therefore, in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the reform of the national security system and mechanisms must be planned and deployed together with the improvement of the economic and social development system and mechanisms, and promoted and implemented as an integrated whole. We must be adept at both using the fruits of reform and development to consolidate the material and economic foundation of national security and shaping a security environment conducive to economic and social development. The *Decision* [8]8 The *Decision* refers to the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization*, adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. proposes:

5.处理好发展和安全的关系。处理好发展与安全的关系,既是中国式现代化的内在要求,也是全面深化改革的重要任务。发展与安全问题越来越关系密切,发展中的安全因素日益增多,有人民安全、政治安全、经济安全、军事科技文化社会安全、国际安全,有外部安全和内部安全、国土安全和国民安全、传统安全和非传统安全、自身安全和共同安全,等等。安全问题日益成为发展的内生因素,高水平的安全就会促进高质量的发展,安全水平低就难以实现高质量发展的要求。因此,在全面深化改革的过程中,必须把国家安全体制机制改革同经济社会发展机制体制完善一起谋划和部署,一体推进和实施,既善于运用改革发展成果夯实国家安全的物质和经济基础,又善于塑造有利于经济社会发展的安全环境。《决定》提出:

(1) Highlight the diversity of risks. It emphasizes both preventing and defusing risks in key areas such as real estate, local government debt, and small and medium-sized financial institutions, and weaving a tight network for preventing and controlling social security risks; it clarifies both effectively preventing and defusing ideological risks and effectively responding to external risk challenges.

(1)突出风险的多样性。既强调了防范化解房地产、地方政府债务、中小金融机构等重点领域风险,又强调了织密社会安全风险防控网;既明确了有效防范化解意识形态风险问题,又明确了要有效应对外部风险挑战。

(2) Focus on establishing and improving institutional mechanisms for resolving hidden risk problems in the course of comprehensively deepening reform. For example, improve the risk diversification mechanism for major technological breakthroughs and establish a science and technology insurance policy system; build safe and efficient financial infrastructure, establish a hard constraint system for early correction of risks, and build a solid financial stability guarantee system that effectively prevents systemic financial risks; improve the mechanism for protecting financial consumers and combating illegal financial activities, and build a “firewall” between industrial capital and financial capital, etc.

(2)注重在全面深化改革中建立健全解决风险隐患问题的体制机制。如健全重大技术攻关风险分散机制,建立科技保险政策体系;建设安全高效的金融基础设施建立风险早期纠正硬约束制度,筑牢有效防控系统性风险的金融稳定保障体系;健全金融消费者保护和打击非法金融活动机制,构建产业资本和金融资本“防火墙”等。

III. To comprehensively deepen reform, it is necessary to adhere to the systematic approach, which means focusing on solving a series of major difficult problems.

三、全面深化改革必须坚持系统观念,就要着力解决好一系列重大难题

The current and future period is a critical period for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. The new contradictions and new problems we face will emerge in an endless stream, and the problems of two-choice dilemmas and multi-choice dilemmas will increase day by day. To comprehensively deepen reform, we must find specific scientific methods for solving these problems by adhering to the systematic approach.

当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期,我们面临的新矛盾新问题会层出不穷,面临的两难选择和多难选择问题会日益增多。全面深化改革就要在坚持系统观念中找到解决这些问题的具体的科学方法。

(I) Apply the method of overall consideration and balanced planning to scientifically solve many complex difficult problems.

（一）运用好统筹兼顾的方法,科学解决诸多复杂难题

Overall consideration and balanced planning is a scientific methodology long employed by the Communist Party of China; its philosophical connotation is Marxist dialectics. In 1956, Mao Zedong, in *On the Ten Major Relationships*, proposed that the basic policy for socialist construction is “overall consideration and balanced planning, so that each gets its due.” In October 2003, the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Improving the Socialist Market Economy System* adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee put forward new requirements for “balancing urban and rural development, balancing regional development, balancing economic and social development, balancing the development of man and nature, and balancing domestic development and opening up to the outside world.”

统筹兼顾是中国共产党长期运用的一个科学方法论,其哲学内涵就是马克思主义辩证法。1956年,毛泽东在《论十大关系》中提出,社会主义建设的基本方针就是“统筹兼顾,各得其所”。2003年10月,党的十六届三中全会作出的《中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》提出了“统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放”的新要求。

In the New Era, due to the development of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the new goal of building a modern socialist country, overall consideration and balanced planning has new requirements. The *Decision* proposes many issues that require overall planning.

在新时代,由于中国特色社会主义事业的发展和建设社会主义现代化强国的新目标,统筹兼顾有新要求,《决定》提出了很多需要统筹的问题。

1. Coordinate new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization, comprehensively raise the level of integration of urban and rural planning, construction, and governance, promote equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural factors, narrow the urban-rural gap, and promote the common prosperity and development of urban and rural areas. This is a coordination among three aspects: how new-type industrialization can better drive new-type urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization, how new-type urbanization can better provide space and impetus for new-type industrialization, and how comprehensive rural revitalization can provide more support for new-type industrialization and new-type urbanization. If coordinated properly, the three will cooperate with each other and form a synergy; if coordinated improperly, it will bring many problems. In the process of promoting new-type industrialization and cultivating and strengthening advanced manufacturing clusters, more consideration should be given to deploying industrial clusters at the county level, so that the county economy becomes stronger, which is conducive to both the advancement of new-type urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization.

1.统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴,全面提高城乡规划、建设、治理融合水平,促进城乡要素平等交换、双向流动,缩小城乡差别,促进城乡共同繁荣发展。这是三个方面之间的统筹,新型工业化如何更好地带动新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴,新型城镇化如何更好地为新型工业化提供空间和动力,乡村全面振兴如何为新型工业化、新型城镇化提供更多支持。如果统筹得当,三者之间就会相互配合,形成合力;如果统筹不当,就会带来诸多问题。在推进新型工业化、培育壮大先进制造业集群的过程中,应当更多考虑在县域部署产业集群,让县域经济实力壮大起来,既有利于新型城镇化的推进,也有利于乡村全面振兴。

2. Coordinate the promotion of the integrated reform of the education, science and technology, and talent systems and mechanisms, so that building a strong country in education, building a strong country in science and technology, and building a strong country in talent are unified as a trinity. The *Decision* proposes establishing a mechanism for adjusting discipline settings and a talent cultivation model driven by scientific and technological development and national strategic needs, and strengthening the construction of basic disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary disciplines, as well as the cultivation of top-notch talents. The improvement of this mechanism and model will provide an important guarantee for building a strong country in science and technology and a strong country in talent. Each of these efforts to build a strong country includes overall planning: coordinate the promotion of reforms in education methods, school-running models, management systems, and guarantee mechanisms; optimize the organizational mechanism for major scientific and technological innovation, and coordinate the strengthening of key core technology breakthroughs; promote central-local coordination in scientific and technological innovation, and coordinate the construction of various science and technology innovation platforms.

2.统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革,使教育强国建设、科技强国建设、人才强国建设三位一体统一起来。《决定》提出建立科技发展、国家战略需求牵引的学科设置调整机制和人才培养模式,加强基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科建设和拔尖人才培养,这一机制和模式的完善会为科技强国、人才强国建设提供重要保证。每一个强国建设中都包含统筹:统筹推进育人方式、办学模式、管理体制、保障机制改革;优化重大科技创新组织机制,统筹强化关键核心技术攻关;推进科技创新央地协同,统筹各类科创平台建设。

3. Coordinate the establishment of a mechanism for inter-provincial horizontal benefit compensation in grain production and marketing areas, and take substantive steps in compensating major grain-producing areas. This is a requirement for ensuring national food security and coordinated regional development, and is of great significance. Coordinate the promotion of reforms in the grain purchase, sale, and reserve management system and mechanisms, and establish a new regulatory model, which can both improve the level of food security and promote the conservation and utilization efficiency of grain. Some of these overall plans are overall plans at the macro level, while others are plans for various aspects of specific fields.

3.统筹建立粮食产销区省际横向利益补偿机制,在主产区利益补偿上迈出实质步伐,这是保证国家粮食安全和各地区域协调发展的要求,意义重大。统筹推进粮食购销和储备管理体制机制改革,建立监管新模式,既能够促进粮食安全水平提高,又能够促进粮食的节约和利用效率的提升。这些统筹有的是整体领域上的统筹,有的是具体领域各个方面的统筹。

(II) Achieve scientific decision-making by enhancing the consistency of macro-policy orientation.

（二）在增强宏观政策取向一致性中实现决策科学化

Since there are multiple sub-goals under the overall goal of reform, how to make the multiple goals all converge on the overall goal is an important issue in advancing the reform process. Adhering to the systematic approach requires that sub-goals be developed and realized around the overall goal. It is necessary to strengthen the synergy effect of reform policies and enhance the consistency of macro-policy orientation. The systematic approach requires that, centering on the overall situation of reform and development and the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, the coordination and cooperation of fiscal, financial, tax, industrial, regional, scientific and technological, environmental protection, employment, and social security policies be strengthened, that non-economic policies be included in the consistency assessment of macro-policy orientation, and that policy coordination be strengthened to ensure that they work in the same direction and form a synergy. The *Decision* clearly states that, in implementing national development plans and major strategies, fiscal, monetary, industrial, price, employment, and other policies should be promoted to work in synergy, and “both economic policies and non-economic policies should be included in the consistency assessment of macro-policy orientation.” This consistency assessment is of great significance. On the one hand, it can prevent major decisions from producing obvious long-term negative effects; on the other hand, it can solve the problem of policy conflicts between different departments.

由于改革总目标之下有多个分目标,因此在推进改革进程中,如何使多目标都趋向总目标,是一个重要问题。坚持系统观念,就要使分目标都围绕总目标展开和实现。要加强改革政策的合力效应,增强宏观政策取向一致性。系统观念要求围绕改革发展大局,围绕全面深化改革总目标,加强财政、金融、税收、产业、区域、科技、环保、就业、社保等政策协调配合,把非经济性政策纳入宏观政策取向一致性评估,强化政策统筹,确保同向发力、形成合力。《决定》明确指出,围绕实施国家发展规划、重大战略促进财政、货币、产业、价格、就业等政策协同发力,“把经济政策和非经济性政策都纳入宏观政策取向一致性评估”。这种一致性评估意义重大,一方面可以防止重大决策出现明显的长期化的负面效应;另一方面,可以解决不同部门之间的政策掣肘问题。

1. Consistency assessment is a means of promptly detecting and preventing the distortion of policies during their medium- and long-term implementation. Many policies, especially major ones, can achieve tangible results in the short term, but over the medium and long term these effects may give rise to negative problems that often erode the gains already made. As early as his speech at the forum of private entrepreneurs in November 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “No matter how good the original intention of any policy may be when it is introduced, it is necessary to consider the possible negative impacts, to consider the difference between actual implementation and the original intention of the policy, to consider whether there are overlapping effects with other policies, and constantly to raise the level of policy-making. All policies must coordinate with one another, exert force in the same direction, and form a combined force.” Consistency assessment includes the continuous evaluation of a policy’s short-term effects, medium-term efficacy, and long-term effectiveness, so that the policy proceeds continuously in time, rather than its ultimate outcome straying far from or even contradicting the original intention of the policy.

1.一致性评估是及时发现和预防政策实施在中长期过程中的变异。很多政策特别是重大政策在短期内容易取得实效,但这些效果在中长期时间段内就会出现一些负面的问题,往往会消解已有的成效。早在2018年11月的民营企业家座谈会上的讲话中,习近平总书记就指出:“任何一项政策出台,不管初衷多么好,都要考虑可能产生的负面影响,考虑实际执行同政策初衷的差别,考虑同其他政策是不是有叠加效应,不断提高政策水平。各项政策要相互协同,同向发力,形成合力。”一致性评估就包括对政策的短期效应、中期效能、长期效度的连续性评估,使这一政策在时间上是连续进行的,而不是最终效果远离了甚至是背离了政策制定的初衷。

2. Consistency assessment can effectively prevent the so-called “fallacy of composition” in public policy. The “fallacy of composition” refers to the fact that what is correct for an individual is not always correct for the whole. From the perspective of each department, every policy’s formulation and implementation has a certain rationale and its own legal basis, but when these policies are implemented simultaneously and forcefully, a situation can arise where one department heads east while another heads west, with the result that they pull in opposite directions. In concrete work, some policies are not coordinated with one another, the effects of policies superimpose in the same direction, or the working methods are simplistic, causing some policies with good intentions to produce the opposite effect. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “It is necessary to raise the level of performance of government departments, and in the micro-level enforcement of laws in areas such as workplace safety and environmental protection, to avoid simplification in accordance with the direction of national macro-control, to adhere to seeking truth from facts, to proceed from reality in everything, and not to implement policies with a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach.”

2.一致性评估可以有效防止公共政策上的所谓“合成谬误”。“合成谬误”是指就个体来说是对的东西,在整体上并不总是对的。从各部门来看,每项政策的制定和执行都有一定道理,都有自身的合法依据,但当这些政策被齐头并进强力实施时,会出现南辕北辙的情形,有的部门是向东的,有的是往西的。在具体工作中,有些政策互相不协调,政策效应同向叠加,或者工作方式简单,导致一些初衷是好的政策产生了相反的作用。习近平总书记深刻地指出:“要提高政府部门履职水平,按照国家宏观调控方向,在安监、环保等领域微观执法过程中避免简单化,坚持实事求是,一切从实际出发,执行政策不能搞‘一刀切’。”

Deepening reform comprehensively is a great undertaking that has only a present tense and no completion tense; it is a magnificent project that concerns the interests of 1.4 billion Chinese people and the people of the world. In advancing this great undertaking and building this magnificent project, adhering to the systems conception has very important practical significance.

全面深化改革是只有进行时没有完成时的伟大事业,是关乎14亿中国人民、关乎世界人民利益的宏伟工程,在推进这一伟大事业、建设这一宏伟工程过程中,坚持系统观念有十分重要的现实意义。

Source: *Theoretical Discussion Editorial Department*, August 22, 2024

文章来源：《理论探讨编辑部》2024年8月22日

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆