Innovative Explorations in the Autonomous Knowledge System of Chinese Economics

Xi Jinping’s economic thought, as the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the world of the 21st century, provides the fundamental guidance and action guide for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, and also establishes the theoretical norms and academic foundations for constructing an autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics.

习近平经济思想作为马克思主义政治经济学在当代中国、21世纪世界的最新理论成果，为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供了根本遵循和行动指南，也为中国经济学自主知识体系建构创立了学理规范和学术根基。

Rooted in China’s soil, with the economic development of the New Era as its realistic background and object

扎根中国大地，以新时代经济发展为现实背景和对象

In November 2015, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held its 28th collective study session on the basic principles and methodology of Marxist political economy. When presiding over the study, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that we must base ourselves on our national conditions and development practices, deeply study the new situations and new problems facing the world economy and China’s economy, reveal new characteristics and new laws, refine and summarize the regular achievements of China’s economic development practices, elevate practical experience into a systematized economic theory, continuously open up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy, and contribute Chinese wisdom to the innovative development of Marxist political economy. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is deeply rooted in China’s soil. It continuously expands the knowledge system of Chinese economics and elevates the systematized economic theory with Chinese characteristics through exploring the questions of what kind of socialist economic relations with Chinese characteristics to build and develop in the New Era, and how to build and develop them.

2015年11月，中共中央政治局就马克思主义政治经济学基本原理和方法论进行第二十八次集体学习，习近平总书记在主持学习时强调，我们要立足我国国情和我们的发展实践，深入研究世界经济和我国经济面临的新情况新问题，揭示新特点新规律，提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说，不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，为马克思主义政治经济学创新发展贡献中国智慧。习近平经济思想深深扎根于中国大地，是在对新时代建设和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义经济关系、怎样建设和发展中国特色社会主义经济关系问题的探索中，不断拓新中国经济学的知识体系、不断升华中国特色系统化经济学说的。

In August 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a symposium of experts in the economic and social fields. While listening to the opinions and suggestions of the attending expert representatives on the formulation of the 14th Five-Year Plan, he further pointed out: “Come from Chinese practice, go to Chinese practice, write papers on the motherland’s soil, and make theoretical and policy innovations conform to China’s reality and have Chinese characteristics.” Xi Jinping’s economic thought adheres to basing itself on the national conditions of the New Era and the actualities of China’s economic reform and development. In the process of accumulating practical experience and elevating rational understanding, it continuously thickens the academic foundation of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics.

2020年8月，习近平总书记主持召开经济社会领域专家座谈会，在听取与会专家代表对“十四五”规划编制的意见和建议时进一步指出，“从中国实践中来、到中国实践中去，把论文写在祖国大地上，使理论和政策创新符合中国实际、具有中国特色”。习近平经济思想坚持立足新时代我国国情和经济改革发展的实际，在实践经验积累和理性认识跃升的过程中，不断厚植中国经济学自主知识体系的学术根基。

In April 2022, during an inspection at Renmin University of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that accelerating the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics is, in the final analysis, about constructing an autonomous knowledge system of China. It is necessary to take China as the reference and the times as the reference, base oneself on China’s reality, solve China’s problems, continuously promote the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, continuously advance knowledge innovation, theoretical innovation, and methodological innovation, so that philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics can truly stand among the world’s academic forests

2022年4月，习近平总书记在中国人民大学考察时指出，加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学，归根结底是建构中国自主的知识体系。要以中国为观照、以时代为观照，立足中国实际，解决中国问题，不断推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展，不断推进知识创新、理论创新、方法创新，使中国特色哲学社会科学真正屹立于世界学术之林。在习近平经济思想中，加强党对经济工作的全面领导、坚持以人民为中心的发展思想、进入新发展阶段、坚持新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展、坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度等，这些经济问题的提出、探索和解决，都立足于中国经济社会发展实际，从新时代改革开放的实践出发，不断推进中国经济学自主知识体系的建构。

Taking China’s actual conditions as the starting point for research, through systematic integration and overall planning, putting forward theoretical viewpoints with subjectivity and originality can solve China’s practical problems and form its own characteristics and advantages. Chinese-path modernization is one of the most notable achievements in continuously advancing knowledge innovation, theoretical innovation, and methodological innovation. From the proposal of the characteristics and connotations of Chinese-path modernization at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, to the clarification of its essential requirements and major principles at the 20th National Congress of the CPC, to the exploration after the 20th National Congress of the historical logic of Chinese-path modernization and a series of major relationships that must be correctly handled from a theoretical system perspective, and then to the important deployment made at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization, all of these are closely integrated with the specific national conditions of China in the New Era, the development of the times, and changes in practice, especially with the reality of building a great modern socialist country in all respects and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

以我国实际为研究起点，经过系统集成和统筹规划，提出具有主体性、原创性的理论观点，就能解决我国的实际问题，并形成自己的特色和优势。中国式现代化是不断推进知识创新、理论创新、方法创新的一个最显著的成果。从党的十九届五中全会提出中国式现代化的特征和内涵，到党的二十大明确中国式现代化的本质要求和重大原则，到党的二十大后从理论体系上对中国式现代化历史逻辑和要正确处理好的一系列重大关系的探索，再到党的二十届三中全会对进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化作出重要部署，都同新时代中国具体国情、时代发展和实践变化，特别是同强国建设、民族复兴伟业的实际紧密地结合在一起。

Refining identifying concepts and promoting a “revolution in terminology”

提炼标识性概念，推动“术语的革命”

When evaluating the contribution of Marxist political economy to theoretical innovation, Engels noted: “Every new insight into a science implies a revolution in the terminology of that science.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, "Speech at a Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences," May 17, 2016. The core categories, important concepts, and basic principles within China’s independent economic knowledge system all belong to the connotation of the “revolution in terminology” within the knowledge system. General Secretary Xi Jinping has proposed: “We must be adept at refining identifying concepts, creating new concepts, new categories, and new expressions that are easily understood and accepted by the international community, and guide the international academic community to conduct research and discussion.” [2]2 This is a quotation from the ancient Chinese text *Guoyu* (Discourses of the States), attributed to the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE). Refining new concepts and theories with scholarly rationality is the focal point and emphasis of constructing an independent knowledge system for Chinese economics.

恩格斯在评价马克思主义政治经济学理论创新的贡献时提到：“一门科学提出的每一种新见解都包含这门科学的术语的革命。”中国自主的经济学知识体系中的核心范畴、重要概念和基本原理，都属于知识体系中“术语的革命”的内涵。习近平总书记提出：“要善于提炼标识性概念，打造易于为国际社会所理解和接受的新概念、新范畴、新表述，引导国际学术界展开研究和讨论。”提炼出有学理性的新概念、新理论，是中国经济学自主知识体系建构的着力点和着重点。

In August 2020, during a discussion on major issues concerning China’s medium- and long-term economic and social development, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Theory originates from practice and is used to guide practice. Since reform and opening up, we have promptly summarized new vivid practices, continuously advanced theoretical innovation, and put forward many important judgments on major issues such as development concepts, ownership, distribution systems, government functions, market mechanisms, macroeconomic regulation, industrial structure, corporate governance structures, people’s livelihood guarantees, and social governance.” [3]3 This is a quotation from the Song dynasty scholar Su Xun's essay "On the Balance of Power" (*Quan Shu*). In Xi Jinping’s economic thought, adhering to the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing; letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of government; advancing supply-side structural reform; and promoting the synchronous development of new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization—a series of innovations in knowledge elements and terminology not only effectively guide the practice of China’s economic reform and development in the New Era but also continuously advance the construction of an independent knowledge system for Chinese economics, achieving the unique scholarly connotation and academic framework of this independent knowledge system.

2020年8月，在对我国中长期经济社会发展重大问题的探讨中，习近平总书记指出：“理论源于实践，又用来指导实践。改革开放以来，我们及时总结新的生动实践，不断推进理论创新，在发展理念、所有制、分配体制、政府职能、市场机制、宏观调控、产业结构、企业治理结构、民生保障、社会治理等重大问题上提出了许多重要论断。”在习近平经济思想中，坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，推进供给侧结构性改革，推动新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化同步发展等，一系列知识要素和术语的创新，不仅有力指导着新时代我国经济改革和发展的实践，而且不断地推进中国经济学自主知识体系的建构，成就了中国经济学自主知识体系独特的学理内涵和学术构架。

The proposal of the major concept of new quality productive forces has achieved another “revolution in terminology.” Emancipating and developing productive forces is the essential requirement for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and is also an important connotation of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. The 18th National Congress of the CPC made a major deployment to implement the innovation-driven development strategy, emphasizing that scientific and technological innovation is the strategic support for improving social productive forces and comprehensive national strength and must be placed at the core of the overall national development. In 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “maximally emancipating and stimulating the huge potential contained in science and technology as the primary productive force” and “achieving an overall leap in the level of China’s social productive forces.” [4]4 This is a quotation from the Ming dynasty text *Zhang Juzheng's Collected Works*. This not only reflects a new understanding of the transformation of productive forces in the new technological revolution but is also a profound condensation of theoretical exploration on productive forces, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the essential characteristics and basic connotations of new quality productive forces.

提出新质生产力这一重大概念，实现了又一次“术语的革命”。解放生产力和发展生产力是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的本质要求，也是习近平经济思想的重要内涵。党的十八大作出了实施创新驱动发展战略的重大部署，强调科技创新是提高社会生产力和综合国力的战略支撑，必须摆在国家发展全局的核心位置。2014年，习近平总书记提出“最大限度解放和激发科技作为第一生产力所蕴藏的巨大潜能”和“实现我国社会生产力水平总体跃升”。这既体现了对新科技革命中生产力变革的新认识，也是关于生产力理论探索的深刻凝练，为认识和理解新质生产力的本质特征与基本内涵提供了理论基石。

The construction of an independent knowledge system for Chinese economics highlights the scholarly and academic characteristic of “we must speak about Marxist political economy, and contemporary socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics must be spoken about extensively and emphatically.” [5]5 This is a quotation from the Song dynasty text *Song Shi* (History of Song). The “extensively and emphatically” here does not mean simply repeating the knowledge and terminology of Marxist political economy, but rather advancing with the times, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. Xi Jinping’s economic thought takes the economic relations of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era and the understanding of their laws as its object, reflecting the social and historical stipulations of China’s independent economic knowledge system at this specific stage. Its innovative knowledge elements and creative theoretical achievements not only effectively guide China’s economic development practice but also open up new horizons for Marxist political economy. The independent knowledge system for Chinese economics is both guided by the basic principles of Marxist political economy and characterized by articulating “new statements that the classic Marxist writers never made.” [6]6 This is a quotation from the Song dynasty historian Ye Shi's *Collected Works of Ye Shi*.

中国经济学自主知识体系的建构，凸显“要讲马克思主义政治经济学，当代中国社会主义政治经济学要大讲特讲”的学理和学术特征。这里的“大讲特讲”，并不是停留在对马克思主义政治经济学的知识和术语的简单重复上，而是要与时俱进、守正创新。习近平经济思想以新时代中国特色社会主义经济关系及其规律性认识为对象，体现的是这一特定阶段中国经济学自主知识体系的社会性和历史性规定。其创新性的知识要素及创造性的理论成果，不仅有力指导了我国经济发展实践，而且开拓了马克思主义政治经济学新境界。中国经济学自主知识体系，既以马克思主义政治经济学基本原理为指导，又以讲出马克思主义经典作家“没有讲过的新话”为鲜明特征。

Adhering to the fundamental principles and methodology of Marxist political economy does not exclude the rational components of foreign economic theories. Knowledge in Western economics concerning finance, markets, exchange rates, growth, management, and other aspects reflects certain general laws of large-scale socialized production and the market economy. Regarding this knowledge, one must persist in discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, and adhering to the principle of taking ourselves as the mainstay while making use of it for our own purposes. The autonomy of the Chinese economics knowledge system is consistent with its openness; its knowledge elements possess both distinct Chinese characteristics and notable features of the times, encompassing both China's independent theoretical innovations and creations, as well as the reference and absorption of all valuable rational components from various economic theories.

坚持马克思主义政治经济学基本原理和方法论，并不排斥国外经济理论的合理成分。西方经济学中关于金融、市场、汇率、增长、管理等方面的知识，有反映社会化大生产和市场经济一般规律的一面。对于这些知识，要坚持去粗取精、去伪存真，坚持以我为主、为我所用。中国经济学知识体系的自主性同开放性是相一致的，其中的知识要素既具有鲜明的中国特色，也具有显著的时代特征，既有中国自主的理论创新和理论创造，也有对各种经济学中一切有价值的合理成分的借鉴和吸收。

Excavate new materials, discover new problems, propose new viewpoints, and construct new theories from practice.

从实践中挖掘新材料、发现新问题、提出新观点、构建新理论

The vitality of theory lies in innovation. As society continuously advances, new situations and new problems emerge in an endless stream, many of which cannot be addressed or resolved by old experiences and old methods. This requires promptly studying, proposing, and applying new ideas, new concepts, and new approaches. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "China's philosophy and social sciences should center on what we are doing, excavate new materials from the practice of our reform and development, discover new problems, propose new viewpoints, and construct new theories." [1]1 Xi Jinping, "Speech at a Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences," May 17, 2016. In Xi Jinping Thought on the Economy, the important theoretical achievements of Chinese economics and their systematization are closely linked to the simultaneously developing knowledge elements and knowledge system of Chinese economics. The most prominent feature of the autonomy of the Chinese economics knowledge system is its adherence to the approach and concept of "rooted in China, drawing on foreign experience, excavating history, grasping the contemporary, caring for humanity, and facing the future"; its most distinctive quality is the firm cultural confidence and academic confidence, possessing an academic conviction that manifests China's stance, China's wisdom, and China's value, sublimating the unique intellectual wisdom and cultural essence of the Chinese nation.

理论的生命力在于创新。随着社会不断向前发展，新情况新问题层出不穷，其中有不少是老经验、老办法不能应对和解决的。这就要求必须及时研究、提出和运用新思想、新理念、新办法。习近平总书记指出，“我国哲学社会科学应该以我们正在做的事情为中心，从我国改革发展的实践中挖掘新材料、发现新问题、提出新观点、构建新理论”。在习近平经济思想中，中国经济学的重要理论成果及其系统化，与同时发展起来的中国经济学的知识要素及知识体系密切地联系在一起。中国经济学知识体系自主性的最显著特征，就是秉持“立足中国、借鉴国外，挖掘历史、把握当代，关怀人类、面向未来”的思路和理念；最鲜明的品质，就是坚定文化自信和学术自信，具有彰显中国立场、中国智慧、中国价值的学术信念，升华中华民族独特的思想智慧和文化精粹。

In Xi Jinping Thought on the Economy, the evolutionary logic of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics is embodied in the development process from proposing that China's economic development has entered a New Normal to advancing supply-side structural reform; in the deep integration process of the new development philosophy, the new stage of development, the new development pattern, and high-quality development; in the process from emphasizing the strengthening of scientific and technological innovation to proposing the development of new quality productive forces; in the overall planning from comprehensively deepening reform and opening up to further comprehensively deepening reform; and in the new judgment on the change in the principal contradiction in society and the new summarization of the basic socialist economic system. It is particularly embodied in the exploration of the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization.

在习近平经济思想中，中国经济学自主知识体系的演进逻辑，体现在从提出经济发展进入新常态到推进供给侧结构性改革的发展过程，体现在新发展理念、新发展阶段、新发展格局、高质量发展的深相结合过程，体现在从强调加强科技创新到提出发展新质生产力，体现在从全面深化改革到进一步全面深化改革的整体谋划，体现在对社会主要矛盾变化的新判断及对社会主义基本经济制度的新概括等。特别是体现在对中国式现代化的理论体系的探索之中。

Chinese-path modernization is a major achievement obtained by our Party leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country through long-term exploration and practice, enduring countless hardships and paying a huge price. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has continued to advance on the existing foundation, continuously achieving innovative breakthroughs in theory and practice, and successfully advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC clearly summarized the five aspects of Chinese characteristics of Chinese-path modernization, profoundly revealed the scientific connotation of Chinese-path modernization, and pointed out a broad path for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC closely focused on the theme of advancing Chinese-path modernization to outline strategic measures for further comprehensively deepening reform. This exploration process contains profound practical logic and theoretical logic, outlining the paradigmatic characteristics of the academic and theoretical nature of Chinese-path modernization. The connotation and characteristics of Chinese-path modernization constitute the core elements of its theoretical system; the academic implications of its evolutionary process, internal logic, main line, goals, advantages, and institutional stipulations highlight the theoretical norms in the systematic integration of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics.

中国式现代化是我们党领导全国各族人民在长期探索和实践中历经千辛万苦、付出巨大代价取得的重大成果。党的十八大以来，我们党在已有基础上继续前进，不断实现理论和实践上的创新突破，成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。党的二十大报告明确概括了中国式现代化5个方面的中国特色，深刻揭示了中国式现代化的科学内涵，为全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴指明了一条康庄大道。党的二十届三中全会紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化这个主题擘画进一步全面深化改革战略举措。这一探索过程，蕴含着深刻的实践逻辑和理论逻辑，勾画了中国式现代化学术性和学理性的范式特征。中国式现代化的内涵和特征，构成中国式现代化的理论体系的核心要素，其演进过程、内在逻辑、主线、目标、优势和制度规定等方面的学术意蕴，凸显了中国经济学自主知识体系系统集成中的学理规范。

Continue the Chinese cultural lineage and explore the rich ideological resources of fine traditional Chinese culture.

赓续中华文脉，发掘中华优秀传统文化的丰富思想资源

Continuing the Chinese cultural lineage and consolidating the academic foundation are important theoretical features of Xi Jinping Thought on the Economy in constructing the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics. In his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, when profoundly elaborating on the Two Integrations, pointed out: "We must strengthen historical confidence and cultural confidence, adhere to making the past serve the present and weeding through the old to bring forth the new, integrate the essence of Marxist thought with the cream of fine traditional Chinese culture, and integrate it with the common values that the people unconsciously hold, continuously endowing scientific theory with distinct Chinese characteristics, continuously consolidating the historical and mass foundations for adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and allowing Marxism to take deep root in China." Fine traditional Chinese culture contains many important ideological elements, which are also valuable knowledge elements and important academic factors in Chinese economic thought. Integrating these ideological elements and knowledge factors with the development of Chinese economics in the New Era can not only endow Chinese economics with new vitality of the times but also reflect the academic implications of the autonomy of Chinese economics.

赓续中华文脉、厚植学术根基，是习近平经济思想在中国经济学自主知识体系建构上重要的学理特征。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中深刻阐释“两个结合”时指出：“我们必须坚定历史自信、文化自信，坚持古为今用、推陈出新，把马克思主义思想精髓同中华优秀传统文化精华贯通起来、同人民群众日用而不觉的共同价值观念融通起来，不断赋予科学理论鲜明的中国特色，不断夯实马克思主义中国化时代化的历史基础和群众基础，让马克思主义在中国牢牢扎根。”中华优秀传统文化有许多重要的思想元素，同样也是中国经济思想中富有价值的知识要素和重要的学术因素。把这些思想元素和知识要素同新时代中国经济学发展结合起来，不仅能够赋予中国经济学以新的时代活力，而且还能够体现中国经济学的自主性的学术意蕴。

Fine traditional Chinese culture is rooted in the hearts of the Chinese people, influencing their ways of thinking and behavior, and possesses its timeless value. The social ideal of a world for all and a commonwealth for all; the governance thought of the people being the foundation of the state and governing with virtue; the tradition of great unity under heaven with diverse integration; the family-nation sentiment of cultivating oneself, regulating the family, governing the state, and pacifying the world, with a sense of responsibility for the rise and fall; the spiritual pursuit of embracing all things with virtue and promoting morality; the economic ethics of enriching the people, ensuring their welfare, and balancing righteousness and profit; the ecological concept of harmony between man and nature and the coexistence of all things; the philosophical thought of seeking truth from facts and the unity of knowledge and action; the thinking method of grasping the two extremes and using the mean, maintaining the mean to achieve harmony; the way of interaction based on trust, good-neighborliness, and benevolence—these ideological elements provide rich ideological resources and academic factors for the construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics, consolidating its cultural foundation.

中华优秀传统文化植根在中国人内心，影响着中国人的思想方式和行为方式，有其永不褪色的时代价值。天下为公、天下大同的社会理想，民为邦本、为政以德的治理思想，九州共贯、多元一体的大一统传统，修齐治平、兴亡有责的家国情怀，厚德载物、明德弘道的精神追求，富民厚生、义利兼顾的经济伦理，天人合一、万物并育的生态理念，实事求是、知行合一的哲学思想，执两用中、守中致和的思维方法，讲信修睦、亲仁善邻的交往之道，等等，这些思想要素，为中国经济学自主知识体系建构提供了丰富的思想资源和学术要素，厚植了文化底色。

In December 2021, at the Central Economic Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a profound exposition on correctly understanding and grasping major theoretical and practical issues in China's development. When discussing correctly understanding and grasping the strategic goals and practical pathways for achieving common prosperity, he cited the ancient saying, "A state's claim to wealth lies in enriching its people," [2]2 This is a quotation from the ancient Chinese text *Guoyu* (Discourses of the States), attributed to the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE). which helps to understand the connotation that "the creation and distribution of wealth is a major issue faced by all countries." When discussing correctly understanding and grasping the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, he cited, "What unites the people of the world is wealth; what manages the wealth of the world is law," [3]3 This is a quotation from the Song dynasty scholar Su Xun's essay "On the Balance of Power" (*Quan Shu*). which aids in deep reflection on "exploring how to leverage the positive role of capital under the conditions of the socialist market economy while effectively controlling its negative effects." When discussing correctly understanding and grasping the guarantee of primary product supply, he cited, "If extraction is regulated and use is frugal, there will be abundance; if extraction is unregulated and use is wasteful, there will be scarcity," [4]4 This is a quotation from the Ming dynasty text *Zhang Juzheng's Collected Works*. which helps to enhance the consciousness of "implementing a comprehensive conservation strategy and promoting conservation actions in all fields." When discussing correctly understanding and grasping the prevention and resolution of major risks, he cited, "When a disaster is just beginning to emerge, it should be nipped in the bud; when a disease is just showing symptoms, its root should be eradicated," [5]5 This is a quotation from the Song dynasty text *Song Shi* (History of Song). which aids in understanding the principle of "seeing the big from the small, addressing issues early and at an early stage, and striving to avoid the occurrence of major risks or crises." In January 2022, at a special seminar for leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level on studying and implementing the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that "correct strategies require correct tactics to implement," and cited the ancient saying, "Only with a certain strategy can there be a certain achievement. Strategies cannot be formulated hastily, and achievements cannot be obtained by luck." [6]6 This is a quotation from the Song dynasty historian Ye Shi's *Collected Works of Ye Shi*. These traditional economic thoughts and viewpoints scattered throughout various dynasties involve both ideological methods and concepts, as well as direct discussions on state governance, finance, and economic management. Examining real economic issues in conjunction with traditional Chinese economic thoughts and viewpoints reflects the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, and also presents the ideological implications and knowledge characteristics of the construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics.

2021年12月，习近平总书记在中央经济工作会议上对正确认识和把握我国发展重大理论和实践问题作出深刻论述。在论及正确认识和把握实现共同富裕的战略目标和实践途径时，提到“国之称富者，在乎丰民”，有助于认识“财富的创造和分配是各国都面对的重大问题”的内涵；在论及正确认识和把握资本的特性和行为规律时，提到“合天下之众者财，理天下之财者法”，有助于对“探索如何在社会主义市场经济条件下发挥资本的积极作用，同时有效控制资本的消极作用”进行深入思考；在论及正确认识和把握初级产品供给保障时，提到“取之有制、用之有节则裕，取之无制、用之不节则乏”，有助于增强“实施全面节约战略，推进各领域节约行动”的自觉；在论及正确认识和把握防范化解重大风险时，提到“祸几始作，当杜其萌；疾证方形，当绝其根”，有助于理解“见微知著，抓早抓小，着力避免发生重大风险或危机”的道理。2022年1月，习近平总书记在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十九届六中全会精神专题研讨班上强调“正确的战略需要正确的策略来落实”，同时提到古人说：“有一定之略，然后有一定之功。略者不可以仓卒制，而功者不可以侥幸成也。”这些散见于历朝历代的传统经济思想及其观点，既有涉及思想方法和理念的，也有直接论及治国理财、经济管理的。在与中国传统经济思想和观点结合中审视经济现实问题，体现了对中华优秀传统文化的创造性转化和创新性发展，也呈现了中国经济学自主知识体系建构的思想意蕴和知识特征。

Establish an international perspective and explore common issues facing humanity.

树立国际视野，探讨人类面临的共同课题

Unswervingly and comprehensively expanding opening up is a fundamental component of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Opening up brings progress, while isolation inevitably leads to backwardness. China’s development cannot be separated from the world, and the world’s prosperity also needs China. We coordinate both domestic and international imperatives, adhere to the basic state policy of opening up, implement a proactive opening-up policy, and form a comprehensive, multi-tiered, and broad-based new pattern of all-round opening up, thereby creating a favorable international environment for our country and opening up broad space for development.” Xi Jinping’s economic thought insists on embracing the world, emphasizing correctly understanding and handling relations with the external world from the perspective of the great trends of human development, the great patterns of world change, and the great history of China’s development, standing on the right side of history and on the side of human progress. This brings important inspiration for the construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics. This important thought closely and profoundly integrates the new practices of China’s and the world’s economic development in the 21st century, enabling Chinese economics to radiate theoretical power and intellectual wisdom that is more contemporary and open, not only on Chinese soil but also globally.

坚定不移全面扩大开放，是习近平经济思想的一个基本内容。习近平总书记强调：“开放带来进步，封闭必然落后。中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣也需要中国。我们统筹国内国际两个大局，坚持对外开放的基本国策，实行积极主动的开放政策，形成全方位、多层次、宽领域的全面开放新格局，为我国创造了良好国际环境、开拓了广阔发展空间。”习近平经济思想坚持胸怀天下，强调从人类发展大潮流、世界变化大格局、中国发展大历史正确认识和处理同外部世界的关系，站在历史正确的一边，站在人类进步的一边，对中国经济学自主知识体系建构带来重要启示。这一重要思想紧密深刻结合21世纪中国和世界经济发展的新的实践，使中国经济学不仅在中国大地而且在世界范围焕发出更具时代性和开放性的理论力量和思想智慧。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the process of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, issues such as how to develop a higher-level open economy, how to actively participate in global economic governance, and how to prevent and resolve various economic risks to ensure national economic security have become important topics in Xi Jinping’s economic thought. In particular, the terminological revolution and theoretical innovation concerning building a community with a shared future for mankind and creating a new form of human civilization have become prominent markers of the elevation of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics.

党的十八大以来，在新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的进程中，如何发展更高层次的开放型经济，如何积极参与全球经济治理，如何防范和化解各种经济风险、确保国家经济安全等问题，成为习近平经济思想的重要课题。特别是关于构建人类命运共同体与创造人类文明新形态的术语革命和理论创新，更成为中国经济学自主知识体系升华的显著标识。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has proposed building a community with a shared future for mankind, enriching and developing the Marxist theory of world history. “Today, the global nature of human interaction is deeper and broader than ever before, and the interconnection and interdependence among countries are more frequent and closer than ever before.” “We must examine the development trends of the world and the major issues we face from the height of world history, adhere to the path of peaceful development, uphold an independent foreign policy of peace, adhere to the open strategy of mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, continuously expand cooperation with countries around the world, actively participate in global governance, and achieve win-win cooperation and common development in more fields and at higher levels.” These important expositions highlight the significance and practical requirements of promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记提出构建人类命运共同体，丰富发展了马克思主义世界历史理论。“今天，人类交往的世界性比过去任何时候都更深入、更广泛，各国相互联系和彼此依存比过去任何时候都更频繁、更紧密”“我们要站在世界历史的高度审视当今世界发展趋势和面临的重大问题，坚持和平发展道路，坚持独立自主的和平外交政策，坚持互利共赢的开放战略，不断拓展同世界各国的合作，积极参与全球治理，在更多领域、更高层面上实现合作共赢、共同发展”。这些重要论述，彰显了推动构建人类命运共同体的重要意义和实践要求。

In March 2023, President Xi Jinping delivered a keynote speech at the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meeting, stating: “All civilizations created by human society shine with brilliance, accumulating profound heritage and endowing distinctive characteristics for the modernization of various countries. They transcend time and space and national borders, jointly making important contributions to the modernization process of human society. Chinese-path modernization, as a new form of human civilization, will draw on other civilizations globally and will surely greatly enrich the garden of world civilizations.” The theoretical principles and scholarship of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics profoundly contain China’s contributions and wisdom in the development of a new form of human civilization.

2023年3月，习近平主席在中国共产党与世界政党高层对话会上发表主旨讲话指出：“人类社会创造的各种文明，都闪烁着璀璨光芒，为各国现代化积蓄了厚重底蕴、赋予了鲜明特质，并跨越时空、超越国界，共同为人类社会现代化进程作出了重要贡献。中国式现代化作为人类文明新形态，与全球其他文明相互借鉴，必将极大丰富世界文明百花园。”中国经济学自主知识体系的学理和学术，深刻地包含着人类文明新形态发展的中国贡献和中国智慧。

The Western modernization process once brought profound suffering to developing countries. After the end of World War II, third-world countries represented by China and Africa achieved independence and development one after another, continuously correcting historical injustices in the modernization process. In September 2024, President Xi Jinping, in his keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, proposed that “China and Africa jointly pursuing the dream of modernization will surely set off a wave of Global South modernization and write a new chapter in building a community with a shared future for mankind.” “Global South modernization” has six connotations and characteristics: jointly advancing just and reasonable modernization, jointly advancing open and win-win modernization, jointly advancing people-first modernization, jointly advancing diverse and inclusive modernization, jointly advancing eco-friendly modernization, and jointly advancing peaceful and secure modernization. These connotations and characteristics clarify that promoting national modernization must both follow general laws and, more importantly, suit national realities; highlight that mutually beneficial cooperation is the bright path that aligns with the long-term and fundamental interests of all countries; establish that realizing the free and comprehensive development of individuals is the ultimate goal of modernization; demonstrate that achieving coordinated development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress is the lofty pursuit of modernization; present green development as a distinctive marker of modernization in the New Era; and emphasize that modernization cannot be separated from a peaceful and stable development environment. “Global South modernization” is a pioneering exploration of world significance for the new form of human civilization. Xi Jinping’s economic thought, with its profound global vision and distinct spirit of the times, endows the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics with a new theoretical realm.

西方现代化进程曾给广大发展中国家带来深重苦难。第二次世界大战结束后，以中国和非洲为代表的第三世界国家相继实现独立和发展，不断纠正现代化进程中的历史不公。2024年9月，习近平主席在中非合作论坛北京峰会开幕式的主旨讲话中提出，“中非共逐现代化之梦，必将掀起全球南方现代化热潮，谱写构建人类命运共同体的崭新篇章”。“全球南方现代化”具有六个方面的内涵和特征，即携手推进公正合理的现代化、携手推进开放共赢的现代化、携手推进人民至上的现代化、携手推进多元包容的现代化、携手推进生态友好的现代化、携手推进和平安全的现代化。这些内涵和特征，明确了推进国家现代化建设既要遵循一般规律更要符合本国实际，凸显了互利合作是符合各国长远和根本利益的阳光大道，确立了实现人的自由全面发展是现代化的最终目标，彰显了实现物质文明和精神文明协调发展是现代化的崇高追求，呈现了绿色发展是新时代现代化的鲜明标识，突出了现代化离不开和平稳定的发展环境。“全球南方现代化”，是对人类文明新形态作出的具有世界意义的开创性探索。习近平经济思想以深邃的世界眼光、鲜明的时代精神，赋予中国经济学自主知识体系以新的理论境界。

Adhering to a problem-oriented approach, embodying the systematic integration of theoretical principles and practical application

坚持问题导向，体现学理性和实践性系统集成

Knowledge does not spontaneously possess systematicity in terms of theoretical principles or scholarship; the convergence of knowledge into a knowledge system is the result of problem awareness and a problem-oriented approach. Following a problem-oriented approach, the transformation of knowledge into a knowledge system can manifest in two basic orientations: one is the orientation of theoretical principles or scholarship; the other is the orientation of practice or application. In the sense of systematic economic theory, General Secretary Xi Jinping requires achieving “in-depth research, ascertaining the actual situation, proposing practical measures, fully reflecting the real conditions, and making theoretical and policy innovations well-grounded and reasonable.” This means that the construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics must be formed and developed in the process of “in-depth research, ascertaining the actual situation, proposing practical measures,” and must also achieve theoretical and policy innovation on the basis of “fully reflecting the real conditions.” It must achieve “well-groundedness” in terms of theoretical principles or scholarship, and also achieve “reasonableness” in terms of practice or application. The basic requirement for the “systematization” of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics is the systematic integration of a knowledge system driven by the orientation of theoretical principles or scholarship with a knowledge system driven by the orientation of practice or application.

知识并不自发地具有学理或学术上的体系性；知识向知识体系汇聚，是问题意识、问题导向作用的结果。按照问题导向，知识向知识体系转化可表现为两种基本取向：一种是学理性或学术性的取向；另一种是实践性或应用性的取向。从系统化的经济学说意义上，习近平总书记要求达到的是“深入调研，察实情、出实招，充分反映实际情况，使理论和政策创新有根有据、合情合理”。这就是说，中国经济学自主知识体系的建构，要在“深入调研，察实情、出实招”的过程中形成和发展起来，也要在“充分反映实际情况”的基础上实现理论创新和政策创新；既要在学理性或学术性上达到“有根有据”，也要在实践性或应用性上达到“合情合理”。对中国经济学自主知识体系“系统化”的基本要求，是学理性或学术性问题取向驱动的知识体系同实践性或应用性问题取向驱动的知识体系之间的系统集成。

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s emphasis on “making theoretical and policy innovations fully reflect advanced nature and scientificity” is an important principle and distinctive feature of the construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics. The construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics requires theoretical innovation through the process of discovering problems, screening problems, researching problems, and solving problems. The “discovering problems, screening problems, researching problems, and solving problems” mentioned here are sometimes oriented toward problem awareness in terms of theoretical principles or scholarship, and sometimes targeted at problem awareness in terms of practice or application. The autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics must achieve “systematization” both in theoretical innovation and in supporting policy application.

习近平总书记所强调的“使理论和政策创新充分体现先进性和科学性”，是中国经济学自主知识体系建构的重要原则和显著特征。中国经济学自主知识体系的建构，需要按照发现问题、筛选问题、研究问题、解决问题的过程进行理论创新。这里讲的“发现问题、筛选问题、研究问题、解决问题”，有的是面向学理化或学术化的问题意识，有的是针对实践性或应用性的问题意识。中国经济学自主知识体系既要实现理论创新上的“系统化”，也要达成政策应用支撑上的“系统化”。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating China. Without a solid material and technological foundation, it is impossible to build a great modern socialist country in all respects. We must fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, adhere to the direction of socialist market economy reform, adhere to high-level opening up, and accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other.” Here, in making arrangements for “accelerating the construction of a new development pattern and striving to promote high-quality development,” it reflects an innovative exploration of the integration of two types of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese economics, enabling theoretical and policy innovations to fully embody advanced nature and scientificity.

党的二十大报告提出：“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。发展是党执政兴国的第一要务。没有坚实的物质技术基础，就不可能全面建成社会主义现代化强国。必须完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，坚持高水平对外开放，加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。”这里在对“加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展”作出部署时，体现了对中国经济学自主知识体系两种类型集成的创新性探索，使理论和政策创新充分体现先进性和科学性。

The theory and practice of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics have raised new problems that urgently need to be solved. We must consciously take

坚持和发展中国特色社会主义理论和实践提出了亟待解决的新问题。要自觉以习近平经济思想为指导，围绕经济工作的前瞻性、战略性、全局性重大问题，持续积累和深化对做好经济工作的规律性认识，形成一批高质量高水平的理论研究成果，加快建构中国经济学自主知识体系，更好传播中国声音、中国理论、中国思想，讲好新时代中国经济发展故事。

(Source of this article: Economic Daily Author: Gu Hailiang, Director of the Xi Jinping Economic Thought Research Center at Peking University)

（本文来源：经济日报 作者：北京大学习近平经济思想研究中心主任 顾海良）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧