Accelerating the Formation of Relations of Production More Compatible with New Quality Productive Forces

Since reform and opening up, the tremendous achievements in China’s economic and social development have been primarily due to our continuous adjustment of relations of production to activate social productive forces and our ongoing improvement of the superstructure to better adapt it to the economic base. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “To develop new quality productive forces,

改革开放以来，我国经济社会发展之所以取得巨大成就，主要原因就在于我们通过不断调整生产关系激活了社会生产力，不断完善上层建筑使之更加适应经济基础。习近平总书记指出，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”。这一重要论断深刻揭示了新质生产力发展的内在要求，指明了进一步全面深化改革的方向，是对马克思主义关于生产力与生产关系相互关系基本原理的继承和发展。新征程上，写好改革的新时代篇章，需要加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，不断增强社会主义现代化建设的活力。

New Quality Productive Forces Put Forward New Demands on Relations of Production

新质生产力对生产关系提出新的要求

The contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, is the fundamental contradiction of human society. On the one hand, productive forces determine relations of production; productive forces are the dominant and decisive aspect. The state of productive forces determines the nature of relations of production, and the development of productive forces inevitably leads to changes and development in relations of production. On the other hand, relations of production exert an active counter-effect on the development of productive forces. When relations of production suit the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, they promote the development of productive forces; conversely, they hinder it. Only by constantly adjusting and reforming certain factors, links, and aspects of relations of production that are unsuitable for the development of productive forces, in accordance with the state of development of productive forces, and making them continuously adapt to the needs of productive forces development, can we persistently promote the development of productive forces and thereby advance the overall progress of society.

生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑之间的矛盾是人类社会的基本矛盾。一方面，生产力决定生产关系，生产力是处于支配地位、起决定作用的方面，生产力状况决定生产关系的性质，生产力的发展必然引起生产关系的变化和发展。另一方面，生产关系对生产力的发展具有能动的反作用，当生产关系适合生产力发展的客观要求时，对生产力的发展起推动作用，反之则起阻碍作用。根据生产力的发展状况，不断调整和变革不适合生产力发展的生产关系中的某些因素、环节和方面，使之不断适应生产力发展的需要，才能持续推动生产力的发展，进而推动社会的全面进步。

The process of the formation and development of new quality productive forces is not only a process of scientific and technological innovation and development, but also a process of industrial innovation and the formation and development of a modern industrial system. Between these two, there is also a process of transforming scientific and technological innovation achievements into a modern industrial system. In this transformation process, relations of production play a bridging role. Without this bridging role, science and technology can only be a potential productive force, not a real social productive force. This is the internal logic of why new quality productive forces require relations of production to adapt to them.

新质生产力的形成和发展过程，不仅是一个科学技术创新发展的过程，而且也是一个产业创新和现代化产业体系形成和发展的过程。在这两者之间，还有一个科技创新成果向现代化产业体系转换的过程。在这个转换过程中，生产关系起到了纽带作用。没有这种纽带作用，科学技术只能是一种潜在的生产力而不是现实的社会生产力。这是新质生产力要求生产关系与之相适应的内在逻辑。

The demands of new quality productive forces for the transformation of relations of production are manifested in several aspects: First, they require more dynamic innovation entities, with both individual laborers and enterprises becoming the main forces of innovation. Second, they require the coordinated advancement of institutional reforms in education, science and technology, and talent. New quality productive forces are an advanced form of productive forces driven by innovation. Developing new quality productive forces requires stronger innovation capabilities to achieve breakthroughs in key core technologies and promote the wider application and iteration of new technologies. For this, it is urgently necessary to establish and improve education, science and technology, and talent systems that encourage and protect innovation. Third, they require a more complete market system, reflected in stronger intellectual property protection, fairer competition, and fuller factor mobility. Fourth, they require more rational and effective allocation of production factors. Developing new quality productive forces is a process of achieving innovative allocation and optimal combination of production factors, requiring the transformation of traditional factor allocation methods and the establishment of a more complete policy system for distribution according to factors. Fifth, they require the creation of a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment.

新质生产力对生产关系变革的要求表现在几个方面：一是要求更具活力的创新主体，无论是劳动者个人还是企业都应成为创新的主力军。二是要求统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制改革。新质生产力是创新驱动的先进生产力质态，发展新质生产力要求有更强的创新能力，以实现关键核心技术的突破、推动新技术更广泛的应用和迭代，为此迫切需要建立健全激励创新、保护创新的教育、科技和人才制度体系。三是要求更加完善的市场体系，体现为知识产权保护更加有力、竞争更加公平、要素流动更加充分。四是要求生产要素更加合理有效地配置。发展新质生产力是实现生产要素创新性配置与优化组合的过程，需要变革传统的要素配置方式，建立更加完善的按要素分配政策体系。五是要求打造市场化、法治化、国际化的一流营商环境。

Reform and Innovation Enable Relations of Production to Better Adapt to the Development of Productive Forces

改革创新让生产关系更好适应生产力发展

In the historical process of China's revolution, construction, and reform, our country's relations of production have, on the whole, adapted to the requirements of the development of productive forces, thus achieving remarkable accomplishments. On the new journey of the New Era, compared with the new demands raised by the development of new quality productive forces, there are still blockages and difficulties in some areas that are not yet compatible. It is necessary to further deepen reform comprehensively and accelerate the formation of relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces.

在中国革命、建设和改革的历史进程中，我国的生产关系总体上是适应生产力发展要求的，因此取得了举世瞩目的成就。新时代新征程，与新质生产力发展提出的新要求相比，在一些领域还存在不相适应的堵点、难点问题，必须进一步全面深化改革，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系。

Further deepen economic system reform and leverage the leading role of economic system reform. Economic system reform is the focus of comprehensively deepening reform. The key is to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation through reform, while better playing the role of the government. First, focus on stimulating the vitality and creativity of market entities. Adhere to and implement the "Two Unswervinglys" [1]1 The "Two Unswervinglys" (两个毫不动摇) refer to the Party's policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector., stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of various business entities, and equally protect the legitimate rights and interests of market entities of different ownership types. Centering on building a high-level socialist market economy system, continuously improve basic market economy systems such as property rights protection, fair competition, market access, and social credit; perfect and improve the negative list system for market access and the corresponding access mechanism; uphold the fair competition system to promote full competition and fair transactions among various production and business entities; improve systems for credit commitments, credit evaluation, credit-based tiered and categorized supervision, credit incentives and penalties, and credit repair, to regulate market order.

进一步深化经济体制改革，发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用。经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点，关键是通过改革充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。一是着力激发市场主体的活力、创造力。坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，激发各类经营主体的内生动力和创新活力，平等保护不同所有制类型市场主体的合法权益。围绕构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，持续完善产权保护、公平竞争、市场准入、社会信用等市场经济基础制度；完善并健全市场准入负面清单制度及与之相适应的准入机制；维护公平竞争制度，促进各类生产经营主体充分竞争、公平交易；健全信用承诺、信用评价、信用分级分类监管、信用激励惩戒、信用修复等制度，规范市场秩序。

Further deepen the reform of the science and technology system and improve the science and technology innovation system. Strengthen the Party's overall leadership over science and technology work, clarify the national direction of innovation and development, coordinate various innovation entities and resources, establish a national macro-level science and technology decision-making and consultation mechanism, increase government investment and guarantees in basic innovation, and strengthen the government's overall coordination, policy guidance, and financial support for science and technology innovation. Improve the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources to tackle key core technologies [2]2 The "new nationwide system" (新型举国体制) is a mechanism for mobilizing resources across the country to achieve breakthroughs in strategically important technologies, updated from the planned-economy-era system to incorporate market mechanisms., perfect the organizational models and operational mechanisms for coordinated efforts to solve major scientific and technological problems, and coordinate the strategic guiding role of the government at the macro level and the main role of enterprises in innovation at the micro level. Optimize the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading science and technology enterprises; deeply improve the collaborative innovation mechanism between enterprises, universities, and research institutes; form a deeply integrated innovation system of industry, academia, and research; and comprehensively enhance the innovation efficiency and achievement transformation rate of industry, academia, and research. Improve the financial system supporting science and technology innovation, and build a diversified, multi-level science and technology financial service system. Improve the systems and mechanisms for cultivating top-notch innovative talents, and accelerate the construction of national high-level talent hubs and platforms for attracting and gathering talent. Improve the mechanisms for talent cultivation, introduction, utilization, and rational flow.

进一步深化科技体制改革，完善科技创新体制。加强党对科技工作的全面领导，明确国家的创新发展方向，协调各类创新主体与资源，建立国家科技宏观决策与咨询机制，加大政府在基础创新中的投入与保障，加强政府对科技创新的整体统筹、政策引导、财政支持。健全关键核心技术攻关的新型举国体制，完善协同发力攻克重大科技难题的组织模式和运行机制，统筹发挥好宏观层面的政府战略导向作用和微观层面的企业创新主体作用。优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业的定位和布局，深入完善企业与高等院校、科研院所的协同创新机制，形成产学研深度融合的创新体系，全面提升产学研创新效率及成果转化率。完善支持科技创新的金融体系，构建多元化、多层次的科技金融服务体系。完善培养拔尖创新人才体制机制，加快建设国家高水平人才高地和吸引集聚人才平台。完善人才培养、引进、使用及合理流动的机制。

Innovate the allocation methods of production factors, enabling all types of advanced and high-quality production factors to flow smoothly towards the development of new quality productive forces. Enhance the quality of basic products and the level of technology research and development through high-end technological innovation. Starting from key basic materials, core basic components and parts, and core basic processes, solve the "bottleneck" problems of key core technologies [3]3 "Bottleneck" problems (卡脖子问题) is a common Chinese political-economic term for key technologies in which China is dependent on foreign countries and thus vulnerable to supply restrictions., forming a pattern where technology traction and underlying support synergistically promote each other. Realize "fostering strengths and shoring up weaknesses" in the industrial chain [4]4 "Fostering strengths and shoring up weaknesses" (扬长补短) is a standard four-character idiom in Chinese policy discourse, meaning to leverage existing advantages while addressing deficiencies., and build a modern industrial system that is independent, controllable, safe, reliable, and highly competitive. Build a unified national market that is efficient, standardized, fair in competition, and fully open, ensuring that all forms of ownership economies and various types of market entities can equally use production factors in accordance with the law.

创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动。通过高端技术创新提升基础产品质量和技术研发水平，从关键基础材料、核心基础零部件及元器件、核心基础工艺等着手，解决关键核心技术的“卡脖子”问题，形成技术牵引与底层支撑协同互促的格局。实现产业链“扬长补短”，打造自主可控、安全可靠、竞争力强的现代化产业体系。构建高效规范、公平竞争、充分开放的全国统一大市场，保证各种所有制经济和各类市场主体依法平等使用生产要素。

Expand high-standard opening up. Aim at the world's scientific and technological frontiers, maintain close connections with the development trends of international science and technology at all times, actively participate in international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, gather global innovation factors, and achieve a mutually beneficial and win-win model of scientific and technological innovation cooperation through cross-border cooperation, technology sharing, and market interconnection. Promote institutional opening up in areas such as rules, regulations, management, and standards, actively participate in the formulation of rules for major international scientific and technological cooperation, and improve the open and cooperative international collaborative innovation mechanism.

扩大高水平对外开放。瞄准世界科技前沿，时刻保持与国际科技发展趋势的紧密连接，积极参与国际科技交流与合作，汇集全球创新要素，通过跨国合作、技术共享、市场互通等方式，实现互利共赢的科技创新合作模式。推进规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，积极参与重大国际科技合作规则制定，完善开放合作的国际协同创新机制。

(Author: Zhao Chunling, Associate Professor, School of Marxism, Nankai University)

（作者：赵春玲，系南开大学马克思主义学院副教授）

Online Editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧