Implementing the “Two Unswervinglys” to Promote the Common Development of All Forms of Ownership

The “Decision on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” (hereinafter referred to as the “Decision”) adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China elaborates on the “Two Unswervinglys” in more specific terms than before: “Unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, ensure that all forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, participate fairly in market competition, and receive equal legal protection, and promote the complementary advantages and common development of all forms of ownership.” [1]1 The “Two Unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) is a policy principle first formally proposed at the 16th National Congress of the CPC in 2002, mandating unwavering support for both the public and non-public sectors of the economy. Moreover, the “Decision” particularly emphasizes the issue of implementing the “Two Unswervinglys.” The “Two Unswervinglys” are a basic strategy for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era and a major policy of the Party and the state. We must deeply understand the significance of upholding and implementing the “Two Unswervinglys” and continuously improve the institutional mechanisms for their implementation.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）对“两个毫不动摇”作了相比以前更为具体的阐述：“毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展。”并且，《决定》特别强调了“两个毫不动摇”的落实问题。“两个毫不动摇”是新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略，是党和国家的一项大政方针。我们要深刻认识坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”的重要意义，不断完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制。

Firmly Uphold the Basic Economic System Without Vacillation

坚定维护基本经济制度不动摇

Since reform and opening up, China’s economics community, adhering to the guidance of Marxist theory, drawing on the reasonable elements of Western economics, and through in-depth research on real economic activities, has broken through the theoretical constraints of traditional economics and proposed that the socialist economy is a planned commodity economy. It is held that in such a commodity economy, besides the state-owned sector, there will be multiple economic components, including the private sector. In 1984, the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform” adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee clearly stated that China’s socialist economy is a “planned commodity economy on the basis of public ownership” and that the individual economy is a “necessary and beneficial supplement to the socialist economy.” [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee was held in October 1984 and marked a key early step in China’s urban economic reform. This, in the form of a central document, broke through the traditional concept of “one large and two public” and the notion that the higher the degree of public ownership, the better. [3]3 “One large and two public” (一大二公) refers to the Mao-era policy of large-scale communes and high levels of public ownership, criticized after reform and opening up for being economically inefficient. The Party Central Committee explicitly stated that obstacles should be removed, conditions created, and legal protection provided for the development of the individual economy. The 15th National Congress of the CPC established “public ownership as the mainstay and common development of multiple forms of ownership” as China’s basic economic system. The 16th National Congress of the CPC proposed “unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy” and “unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy,” i.e., the “Two Unswervinglys.” The 19th National Congress of the CPC wrote the “Two Unswervinglys” into the basic strategy for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. Since the 15th National Congress of the CPC, our Party’s attitude toward upholding the basic economic system has been consistent, and its policies toward the private economy have never wavered. This has greatly promoted the development of the private economy and played a positive role in China’s economic takeoff.

改革开放以来，我国经济学界坚持以马克思主义理论为指导，借鉴西方经济学的合理成分，通过对现实经济活动的深入研究，突破传统经济学的理论束缚，提出了社会主义经济是有计划的商品经济；认为在这样的商品经济中，除了国有经济外，还会有包括私营经济在内的多种经济成分存在。1984年，党的十二届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》明确指出，我国社会主义经济是“公有制基础上的有计划的商品经济”，个体经济是“社会主义经济必要的有益的补充”。这就以中央文件的形式，突破了过去“一大二公”、公有制程度越高越好的传统观念。党中央明确提出，要为个体经济的发展扫除障碍、创造条件、予以法律保护。党的十五大把“公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展”确立为我国的基本经济制度。党的十六大提出，“毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济”“毫不动摇地鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展”，即“两个毫不动摇”。党的十九大把“两个毫不动摇”写入新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略。自党的十五大以来，我们党坚持基本经济制度的态度是一以贯之的，对待民营经济的方针政策从来没有任何动摇。这极大地促进了民营经济的发展，对中国经济腾飞起到了积极作用。

From the practical perspective of reform, based on a certain research consensus formed in the economics community, state-owned enterprise reform has progressed from pilot projects to breakthroughs in key areas, and then to comprehensive advancement. Through reforms to expand autonomy, the implementation of the contract responsibility system and the shareholding system, to “grasping the large and letting go of the small” and establishing a modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics, China’s state-owned enterprises have undergone strategic adjustments in their layout, with their scope significantly reduced, but the vitality of state-owned enterprises and the control of state-owned capital over key areas of the national economy have been markedly enhanced. [4]4 “Grasping the large and letting go of the small” (抓大放小) is a reform strategy from the late 1990s that focused state control on large state-owned enterprises while allowing smaller ones to be privatized or restructured. Since reform and opening up, under the correct guidance of the Party, China’s private economy has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, continuously developing and expanding, playing an important role in entrepreneurship and employment, optimizing the economic structure, transferring surplus rural labor, and expanding exports. The state-owned sector and the private sector have jointly driven the rapid rise of China’s economy.

从改革的实践层面看，在经济学界形成一定研究共识的基础上，国企改革从先试点到重点突破，再到全面推进。通过扩大自主权改革，实行承包制、股份制，到“抓大放小”和建立中国特色现代企业制度，我国国有企业在布局上进行了战略性调整，涵盖的范围大规模缩小，但国有企业的活力和国有资本对国民经济关键领域的控制力明显增强。改革开放以来，在党的正确指引下，我国民营经济从小到大、由弱变强，不断发展壮大，在创业就业、优化经济结构、转移农村剩余劳动力和扩大出口等方面发挥了重要作用。国有经济与民营经济共同推动了我国经济的快速崛起。

Of course, this process has not been smooth sailing. From a theoretical perspective, two tendencies occasionally emerge: one denies the unique role of the state-owned sector in China and advocates for the privatization of state-owned enterprises; the other dogmatically interprets certain statements in Marxist classics, proposing positions such as “abolish private ownership” and the “theory of the private economy exiting the stage.” [5]5 The “theory of the private economy exiting the stage” (民营经济离场论) is a controversial argument that emerged in Chinese public discourse around 2018, suggesting that private capital should be phased out in favor of state-owned enterprises. In recent years, the former position has waned, while the latter rhetoric has resurfaced, adversely affecting the development of the private economy. These recurring arguments that deny, doubt, and disparage the private economy essentially question China’s basic economic system and are fundamentally erroneous. In response, the Party Central Committee has always maintained high vigilance, promptly clarifying and combating them. On November 1, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a symposium with private enterprises and delivered an important speech, pointing out that “the private economy is an intrinsic element of our economic system, and private enterprises and entrepreneurs are our own people” and that “on the new journey of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and then comprehensively building a modern socialist country, China’s private economy can only grow stronger, not weaker; not only must it not ‘exit the stage,’ but it must move toward an even broader arena.” [6]6 The symposium on November 1, 2018, was a high-profile meeting where Xi Jinping publicly reassured private In July 2023, the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Development and Growth of the Private Economy” was issued, reiterating adherence to the “Two Unswervinglys.” In July 2024, the “Decision” provided a more comprehensive and specific elaboration of the “Two Unswervinglys” and emphasized “upholding and implementing” them. This further points the way for the complementary advantages and common development of the state-owned sector and the private sector.

当然，这一过程并非一帆风顺。从理论层面看，时不时会出现两种倾向：一是否定国有经济在我国的独特作用，主张国有企业私有化；二是教条式地理解马克思主义经典著作中的一些论述，提出“消灭私有制”“民营经济离场论”等主张。从近年的情况看，前一种主张在式微，后一种论调有所抬头，对民营经济发展产生了不利影响。这些反复出现的否定、怀疑和唱衰民营经济的论调，实质上是在质疑我国的基本经济制度，本质上都是错误的。对此，党中央始终保持高度警惕，及时进行了澄清和斗争。2018年11月1日，习近平总书记主持召开民营企业座谈会并发表重要讲话，指出“民营经济是我国经济制度的内在要素，民营企业和民营企业家是我们自己人”“在全面建成小康社会、进而全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程中，我国民营经济只能壮大、不能弱化，不仅不能‘离场’，而且要走向更加广阔的舞台”。2023年7月，《中共中央国务院关于促进民营经济发展壮大的意见》印发，重申坚持“两个毫不动摇”。2024年7月，《决定》对“两个毫不动摇”作了更为全面具体的阐述，并强调要“坚持和落实”。这就为国有经济和民营经济优势互补、共同发展进一步指明了方向。

All Forms of Ownership Complement Each Other’s Advantages and Jointly Advance Chinese-Path Modernization

各种所有制经济优势互补、共同推进中国式现代化

In his explanation of the “Decision” of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The 20th National Congress of the CPC established the central task of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country and realizing the Second Centenary Goal, advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, elaborated on the Chinese characteristics, essential requirements, and major principles of Chinese-path modernization, and made strategic deployments for advancing Chinese-path modernization.” [7]7 Refers to the "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, adopted in July 2024. Clearly, all forms of ownership, especially the state-owned sector and the private sector, complementing each other’s advantages and jointly advancing Chinese-path modernization, is an important aspect of executing this strategic deployment.

习近平总书记在对党的二十届三中全会所作《决定》的说明中指出：“党的二十大确立了全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的中心任务，阐述了中国式现代化的中国特色、本质要求、重大原则等，对推进中国式现代化作出战略部署。”显然，各种所有制经济特别是国有经济和民营经济优势互补、共同推进中国式现代化，是执行这种战略部署的重要方面。

Complementary advantages in the fields and focal points of distribution. The state-owned sector is mainly distributed in key areas of the national economy related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, especially in fields with natural monopoly characteristics and those providing public goods. The private sector is mainly distributed in the competitive areas of the national economy, with broad public participation, vividly described as the “people’s economy.”

分布的领域、侧重点优势互补。国有经济主要分布在关系国计民生的国民经济关键领域，尤其是带有自然垄断性质、提供公共产品的领域。民营经济则主要分布在国民经济的竞争性领域，具有广泛的民众参与性，被形象地称作是“老百姓经济”。

Complementary advantages in the nature of property rights and the related principal-agent chain. According to the property rights classification of enterprises, the public sector includes central enterprises and local enterprises. State-owned enterprises are owned by the whole people, and collective enterprises are owned by the working masses collectively; both are part of the public sector. Therefore, they have a relatively close relationship with relevant government departments, face certain soft budget constraint issues, have a longer principal-agent chain, and require vertical supervision and management. In contrast, private enterprises have relatively clear and direct property rights relations, a short principal-agent chain, and generally do not have soft budget constraint issues. China’s state-owned enterprises are currently undergoing mixed-ownership reform to leverage the respective advantages of different forms of ownership and overcome their disadvantages. Empirical research shows that in China, a transitional economy, mixed ownership helps compensate for market deficiencies, and the complementarity of heterogeneous shareholders can leverage the advantages of different forms of ownership capital.

产权性质及与此相关的委托—代理链条优势互补。按照企业的产权分类，公有制经济有中央企业和地方企业之分。国有企业属于全民所有，集体企业属于劳动群众集体所有，两者都是公有制经济，因此与政府有关部门的关系比较紧密，存在一定的预算软约束问题，委托代理的链条比较长，需要纵向的监督和管理。而民营企业的产权关系比较明确和直接，委托代理链条短，预算软约束的问题一般不存在。我国国有企业目前正在进行混合所有制改革，以发挥不同所有制经济各自的优势，克服其劣势。实证研究表明：在中国这一转型经济体中，混合所有制有助于弥补市场的不足，异质性股东的互补能够发挥不同所有制资本的优势。

Complementary advantages in serving Chinese-path modernization and safeguarding the national economy and people’s livelihood. Entering the New Era, China’s state-owned enterprises have made positive progress in scale, quality, efficiency, innovation, layout, and reform, with the pace of high-quality development accelerating, and the strategic supporting role of the state-owned sector in the national economy fully demonstrated. The economic operations of state-owned and state-holding enterprises nationwide have maintained a good momentum. From January to August 2024, the total revenue of state-owned and state-holding enterprises nationwide was 538,122.3 billion yuan, total profits were 2,883.68 billion yuan, and taxes payable were 3,922.56 billion yuan. [8]8 The "Eight Major Steps" refer to a set of eight specific actions proposed by China in 2023 to support high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, covering areas such as connectivity, green development, and people-to-people exchanges. At the same time, the private sector also holds a very important position in China’s economy, playing a significant role in stabilizing the economy, increasing employment, national tax revenue, technological innovation, financial development, and foreign trade. According to statistics, the private sector contributes over 50% of tax revenue, over 60% of GDP, over 70% of technological innovation achievements, over 80% of urban employment, and over 90% of the number of enterprises.

服务中国式现代化、保障国计民生方面优势互补。进入新时代，我国国有企业在规模、质量、效益、创新、布局、改革等方面取得积极进展，高质量发展的步伐不断加快，国有经济对国民经济的战略支撑作用充分彰显。全国国有及国有控股企业经济运行保持较好态势。2024年1—8月，全国国有及国有控股企业总收入538122.3亿元，利润总额28836.8亿元，应交税费39225.6亿元。与此同时，民营经济在中国经济中也具有非常重要的地位，在稳定经济、增加就业、国家税收、技术创新、金融发展、对外贸易等方面发挥了重要作用。据统计，民营经济贡献了50%以上的税收，60%以上的国内生产总值，70%以上的技术创新成果，80%以上的城镇劳动就业，90%以上的企业数量。

Promoting common prosperity through complementary advantages. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people.” [1]1 The “Two Unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) is a policy principle first formally proposed at the 16th National Congress of the CPC in 2002, mandating unwavering support for both the public and non-public sectors of the economy. The state-owned economy is an important form of public ownership under socialism and a key instrument for the state to regulate the economy, playing a crucial role in advancing common prosperity. Through its special status and important functions, the state-owned economy provides a solid material foundation and institutional guarantee for promoting common prosperity, and it plays a significant role in the primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution. “The private economy is a vital force in advancing Chinese-path modernization, an important foundation for high-quality development, and a key force in promoting China’s comprehensive construction of a great modern socialist country and achieving the second centenary goal.” [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee was held in October 1984 and marked a key early step in China’s urban economic reform. The private economy is a “people’s economy,” conducive to increasing employment and raising residents’ incomes, and it helps promote common prosperity already in the primary distribution.

促进共同富裕优势互补。党的二十大报告指出：“中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。”国有经济是社会主义公有制的重要载体形式，也是国家调控经济的重要工具，在推进共同富裕中扮演着至关重要的角色。国有经济通过其特殊地位和重要作用，为推进共同富裕提供了坚实的物质基础和制度保障，在初次分配、再分配和第三次分配领域都发挥了重要作用。“民营经济是推进中国式现代化的生力军，是高质量发展的重要基础，是推动我国全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标的重要力量。”民营经济是“老百姓经济”，有利于增加就业、增加居民收入，在初次分配中就有利于促进共同富裕。

Remove institutional and mechanistic barriers that hinder the complementary advantages and common development of the state-owned economy and the private economy.

破除制约国有经济和民营经济优势互补、共同发展的体制机制障碍

In his explanation of the “Decision” of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, [3]3 “One large and two public” (一大二公) refers to the Mao-era policy of large-scale communes and high levels of public ownership, criticized after reform and opening up for being economically inefficient. General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out: “To implement these strategic deployments

习近平总书记在对党的二十届三中全会所作《决定》的说明中还指出：“要把这些战略部署落到实处，把中国式现代化蓝图变为现实，根本在于进一步全面深化改革，不断完善各方面体制机制，为推进中国式现代化提供制度保障。”推进中国式现代化必须坚持“两个毫不动摇”，将其真正落到实处、抓出实效，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、分工协作、共生共济，实现更高水平、更高质量、更可持续的共同发展。

To build a high-level socialist market economy system, creating a sound market economy institutional environment for the common development of the state-owned economy and the private economy. The "Decision" [7]7 Refers to the "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC on further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, adopted in July 2024. points out: "A high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization." We must actively build a high-level socialist market economy system, promote better adaptation between relations of production and productive forces, between the superstructure and the economic base, and between national governance and social development, providing institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization. We should promote the construction of a unified national market, smooth the circulation of the national economy, further improve basic market institutions and macroeconomic governance, achieving both "vitality in relaxation" and "control in regulation"; promote efficient linkage between reform and development, activating the endogenous driving force for high-quality development; promote effective coordination between development and security, preventing and defusing major security risks.

构建高水平的社会主义市场经济体制，为国有经济、民营经济共同发展创造良好的市场经济制度环境。《决定》指出：“高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障。”我们要积极构建高水平的社会主义市场经济体制，推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好适应，为中国式现代化提供制度保障。推动构建全国统一大市场，畅通国民经济循环，市场基础制度和宏观经济治理进一步完善，既“放得活”又“管得住”；推动改革和发展高效联动，激活高质量发展的内生动力；推动发展与安全有效统筹，防范化解重大安全风险。

Continuously advance multi-level institutional innovation to promote the high-quality common development of multiple forms of ownership. The high-quality common development of multiple forms of ownership is the new connotation, new requirement, and new positioning that Chinese-path modernization endows to the common development of multiple forms of ownership. It is necessary to continuously advance multi-level institutional innovation involving the common development of various forms of ownership, making efforts and taking concrete measures in improving foundational institutions, optimizing targeted institutions, strengthening principal institutions, and innovating specialized institutions. Improving foundational institutions focuses on ensuring that various forms of ownership legally and equally use factors of production, participate fairly in market competition, receive equal legal protection, and genuinely enjoy equality of rights, opportunities, and rules. Optimizing targeted institutions requires considering the differentiated characteristics of various forms of ownership, addressing the different institutional obstacles and special institutional needs they face in development, providing institutional supply suitable for the development of specific types of ownership, and improving mechanisms to fully leverage the complementary advantages and strategic functions of various forms of ownership. Advancing Chinese-path modernization must leverage the capital advantages, technological advantages, talent advantages, management advantages, and brand advantages of state-owned enterprises, and utilize their strategic functions in serving national strategy, serving the interests of the entire people, and serving social civilization and progress. The private economy has characteristics such as flexible mechanisms, strong competitive awareness, and rapid response to the market. We must adhere to policies and measures committed to creating a favorable environment and providing more opportunities for the development of the non-public economy, including the private economy. Strengthening principal institutions, starting from the micro-enterprise entity, involves constructing and improving organizational-level institutions that support the high-quality development of various forms of ownership enterprises. Innovating specialized institutions promotes industrial collaboration, innovation coordination, business cooperation, capital integration, and resource sharing among enterprises of various forms of ownership.

持续推进多层次制度创新，推动多种所有制经济高质量共同发展。多种所有制经济高质量共同发展是中国式现代化赋予多种所有制经济共同发展的新内涵、新要求和新定位。需要持续推进涉及各种所有制经济共同发展的多层次制度创新，在完善基础性制度、优化针对性制度、健全主体性制度、创新专门性制度上下功夫、出实招。完善基础性制度，着眼于保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，切实享受权利平等、机会平等、规则平等。优化针对性制度，要考虑各种所有制经济的差异化特点，针对它们在发展中面临的不同制度障碍和特殊的制度需求，分别提供适宜特定类型所有制经济发展所需要的制度供给，完善充分发挥各种所有制经济的互补优势和战略功能的机制。推进中国式现代化必须发挥国有企业的资本优势、技术优势、人才优势、管理优势和品牌优势，发挥国有企业服务国家战略、服务全体人民利益、服务社会文明进步的战略功能。民营经济具有机制灵活、竞争意识强、对市场响应速度快等特点，要坚持致力于为包括民营经济在内的非公有制经济发展营造良好环境和提供更多机会的方针政策。健全主体性制度，从微观企业主体出发，构建和完善支撑各种所有制企业高质量发展的组织层面制度。创新专门性制度，促进各种所有制企业之间开展产业协作、创新协同、业务合作、资本融合和资源共享。

Improve the systems and mechanisms for high-level opening up, creating a better international environment for the common development of the state-owned economy and the private economy. Adhere to the basic state policy of reform and opening up, and steadily expand institutional opening up. Deepen reforms of the foreign trade system, foreign investment and outbound investment management systems, and create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment. Optimize the layout of opening up, and implement the strategy of upgrading pilot free trade zones. Improve the mechanism for promoting high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, and ensure the implementation of the "Eight Major Steps" [8]8 The "Eight Major Steps" refer to a set of eight specific actions proposed by China in 2023 to support high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, covering areas such as connectivity, green development, and people-to-people exchanges.. The 40-plus years of experience from China's reform and opening up prove that opening up can promote reform, and opening up itself is a form of reform. Currently, we are promoting accession to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). To successfully join, it is necessary to create conditions that meet its numerous provisions, including requirements that contracting parties must ensure the independent operation and fair competition of state-owned enterprises, and require the free flow of information and data, among others. This requires us to study how to further promote reforms in relevant areas, such as the reform of state-owned enterprises, to weaken and reduce administrative monopolies, strengthen hard budget constraints, and enhance corporate governance, thereby creating a more favorable international environment for state-owned enterprises in foreign trade and investment, as well as in developing new quality productive forces.

完善高水平对外开放体制机制，为国有经济与民营经济共同发展创造更好的国际环境。坚持改革开放基本国策，稳步扩大制度型开放。深化外贸体制、外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革，营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。优化对外开放布局，实施自由贸易试验区提升战略。完善推进高质量共建“一带一路”机制，抓好“八项行动”落地。我国改革开放40多年的经验证明，开放可以促进改革，开放本身也是一种改革。目前我们正在推动加入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（CPTPP），而要成功加入，需要创造符合其众多条款的条件，其中就包括要求缔约国必须确保国有企业独立运营，公平竞争；要求信息和数据的自由流动，等等。这就需要我们研究如何进一步推动相关方面的改革，比如国有企业的改革，要弱化消减行政性垄断，强化预算硬约束，加强公司治理，从而使国有企业在对外贸易和投资以及发展新质生产力等方面有一个更为良好的国际环境。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗