Accelerating the Construction of New Relations of Production Compatible with New Quality Productive Forces

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “To develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reform comprehensively and form new relations of production compatible with them.” As the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation advances, the emergence of new factors, new technologies, and the formation of new industrial structures have not only reshaped traditional production models but also raised new demands for constructing new relations of production. We must clarify the connotation and requirements of new relations of production, further deepen theoretical research on new relations of production, and provide theoretical guidance for constructing new relations of production and promoting the development of new quality productive forces.

习近平总书记指出：“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革不断推进，新要素、新技术的涌现和新产业结构的形成，不仅重塑了传统的生产模式，也提出了构建新型生产关系的新要求。我们要明晰新型生产关系的内涵和要求，进一步深化新型生产关系理论研究，为构建新型生产关系、促进新质生产力发展提供理论指导。

The Connotation of New Relations of Production

新型生产关系的内涵

New relations of production are relations of production compatible with the development of new quality productive forces. From the perspective of the technology-economy-society paradigm, new quality productive forces, driven by new factors, new technologies, and new industries, inevitably require the construction of new institutional systems centered on these new factors, new technologies, and new industries.

新型生产关系是与新质生产力发展相适应的生产关系。从技术—经济—社会范式来看，以新要素、新技术和新产业为推动力量的新质生产力，必然要求围绕新要素、新技术和新产业构建新的制度体系。

New relations of production are new systems that match the combination of new factors. From the perspective of laborers, new quality productive forces require high-level, high-caliber innovative, composite, and applied talents, including strategic scientists, leading scientific and technological talents, outstanding engineers, master craftsmen, and entrepreneurs. The corresponding new relations of production include a talent cultivation system that matches the characteristics of new-type laborers and a high-quality education system focused on training new laborers’ skills and enhancing their literacy. From the perspective of instruments of labor, the instruments of labor that match new quality productive forces are a series of high-precision and advanced equipment; the corresponding new relations of production include an intelligent technological innovation system compatible with these new instruments of labor. From the perspective of objects of labor, new quality productive forces can both develop more new energy sources and new materials, incorporating more material and non-material forms into the scope of objects of labor, and rely on modern information technologies such as the internet, big data, and artificial intelligence, as well as new infrastructure, to rapidly expand, extend, integrate, and transition into a three-dimensional, interconnected open field encompassing heaven, earth, space, and networks. The new relations of production related to this are a collection of factor systems corresponding to new objects of labor, effectively promoting the diversification of types, expansion of scope, and virtualization of space for objects of labor. Furthermore, data, as a core production factor in the digital economy era, can drive a complete transformation in the connotation and combination model of factors. It is necessary to establish a multi-faceted institutional system including the ownership system and market system for data factors; this new type of relations of production is a reflection of the new factor structure.

新型生产关系是与新要素组合相匹配的新体制。从劳动者角度来看，新质生产力需要高水平高层次的创新型、复合型、应用型人才，包括战略科学家、科技领军人才、卓越工程师、大国工匠以及企业家等。与此相对应的新型生产关系包含与新型劳动者特征相匹配的人才培养体系和以新的劳动者技能培训与素养提升为重点的高质量教育体系。从劳动资料角度来看，与新质生产力相匹配的劳动资料是一系列高精尖设备，相对应的新型生产关系则包含与新劳动资料相适应的智能技术创新体系。从劳动对象角度来看，新质生产力既能开发出更多的新能源、新材料，将更多物质和非物质形态纳入劳动对象范围，又能依托互联网、大数据、人工智能等现代信息技术和新型基础设施向天、地、空、网等立体连接的开放场域快速拓展延伸、融合跃迁。与此有关的新型生产关系是与新劳动对象相对应要素体系的集合，要有效促进劳动对象的种类丰富化、范围扩大化、空间虚拟化。此外，数据作为数字经济时代的核心生产要素，能够促使要素内涵与组合模式产生全新变革。要建立起包含数据要素所有制、市场体系等在内的多方面制度体系，这种新型生产关系是新要素结构的反映。

New relations of production are new mechanisms that match the development of new technologies. Breakthroughs and innovations in technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things have increased production efficiency, optimized the quality of products and services, created entirely new business models, and promoted the formation of new quality productive forces, while also raising new demands for constructing new relations of production. The underlying logic of innovation driving the leap in new quality productive forces is the accumulation and fission-like explosion of human knowledge. As the cycle of scientific and technological innovation driven by knowledge creation shortens and risks increase, constructing new relations of production that lead scientific and technological innovation has become a focus of attention. New relations of production must promote technological innovation to tackle key core technologies in directions such as the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, the main economic battlefield, major national needs, and people’s life and health, achieving original and disruptive technological breakthroughs. Key layouts must be made in cutting-edge cross-cutting technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital information, and connectivity technology development, as well as in basic research fields, striving for technological breakthroughs. The focus should be on constructing new finance, cultivating new factor markets, creating a new innovation environment, and building a new policy system, comprehensively adapting to the development requirements of scientific and technological innovation. Through changes in the economic system and the science and technology system, institutional arrangements and organizational forms should be innovated to promote the efficient allocation of resources and the comprehensive enhancement of productive forces. At the same time, new technologies should be used to continuously improve the operational efficiency of the original institutional system, achieving efficient and orderly operation of the system.

新型生产关系是与新技术发展相匹配的新机制。人工智能、大数据、物联网等技术的突破和创新，提高了生产效率、优化了产品和服务质量，创造了全新的商业模式，推动形成新质生产力，同时也对构建新型生产关系提出了新要求。创新驱动新质生产力跃迁的底层逻辑是人类知识累积并裂变式爆发。随着知识创造驱动的科技创新周期日益缩短、风险不断提升，构建引领科技创新的新型生产关系成为关注的重点。新型生产关系要推动技术创新面向世界科技前沿、经济主战场、国家重大需求与人民生命健康等方向进行关键核心技术攻关，实现原创性、颠覆性技术突破。要在人工智能、数字信息、连接技术开发等尖端交叉技术及基础研究领域进行重点布局，力求实现技术突破。要以新金融建设、新要素市场培养、新创新环境营造、新政策体系构建为重点，全方位适应科技创新的发展要求。通过经济体制与科技体制变革，推动制度安排和组织形式创新，促进资源有效配置和生产力全面提升。同时，还要利用新技术不断提升原有制度体系运行效率，实现制度的高效有序运转。

New relations of production are new systems that match the development requirements of new industries. On the one hand, new quality productive forces use new technologies to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, optimize enterprise decision-making and production processes, and drive the upgrading of the overall industrial structure. On the other hand, new quality productive forces focus on strategic emerging industries and future industries, cultivating and strengthening a group of new industries with high technological content, low energy consumption, and strong leading capacity. The construction of new relations of production must match the development requirements of new industries, implementing precise policies according to the development trends and characteristics of different industries: it is necessary not only to improve the systems and mechanisms for the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries but also to focus on laying out strategic emerging industries and future industries, and to accelerate the integration of the digital economy with the real economy, perfecting the institutional systems for digital industrialization and industrial digitalization. A new industrial support system should be constructed from multiple perspectives, including strong capital guidance, strong policy support, creating a high-quality environment, and cultivating high-level talent. The focus should be on guiding scientific and technological innovation to promote industrial innovation, using the application and transformation of scientific and technological innovation achievements to promote the construction of a multi-level, multi-engine modern industrial system, forming an efficient, fair, and sustainable system of new relations of production.

新型生产关系是与新产业发展要求相匹配的新体系。一方面，新质生产力利用新技术推动传统产业改造升级，优化企业决策与生产过程，推动整体产业结构升级。另一方面，新质生产力以战略性新兴产业与未来产业为重点，培育壮大一批高技术含量、低能耗和强引领的新兴产业。新型生产关系的构建要与新产业发展要求相匹配，针对不同产业发展趋势和发展特征进行精准施策：既要健全传统产业优化升级体制机制，又要重点布局战略性新兴产业与未来产业发展，还需要加快数字经济与实体经济融合，完善数字产业化与产业数字化制度体系。从强资本引领、强政策支持、优质环境打造和高水平人才培育等多角度构建新产业支撑体系。要把重点放在引导科技创新推动产业创新上，以科技创新成果应用转化推动建设多层次、多引擎现代化产业体系，形成高效、公平且可持续的新型生产关系体系。

New Relations of Production Are the Institutional Foundation of New Quality Productive Forces

新型生产关系是新质生产力的制度基础

New quality productive forces are an advanced quality state of productive forces driven by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries. The construction of new relations of production should be guided by this direction for key layouts, taking green development as the basic tone and main direction, and building the institutional foundation for the development of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力是由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生的先进生产力质态。构建新型生产关系要以此为导向进行重点布局，以绿色发展为基本基调和主攻方向，构建新质生产力发展的制度基础。

New relations of production must create a favorable environment for scientific and technological innovation, strengthen support for innovative talent, and provide support for revolutionary breakthroughs in technology. On the one hand, new relations of production create a favorable environment for scientific and technological innovation by improving and perfecting the national science and technology governance system. Reform of the science and technology system must be carried out under the unified leadership of the Party, formulating overall plans for scientific and technological innovation, laying out major scientific and technological innovation projects in a targeted manner, effectively reducing project redundancy and duplicate construction, and strengthening the tackling of key core technologies. At the same time, a new science and technology financial system and fiscal and tax system should be constructed to form strong financial support and policy guarantees, strengthen the principal position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, guide the development of scientific and technological innovation, improve the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation, and create a good and stable environment for technological innovation. On the other hand, new relations of production must also attach importance to the construction of the talent team and the reform of the education system, providing innovative talent support for revolutionary breakthroughs in technology. From the perspective of talent construction, a talent evaluation system oriented towards innovation ability, quality, effectiveness, and contribution can be constructed by optimizing talent incentive policies and improving the talent evaluation indicator system. Project quality should be assessed based on genuine original technologies and major technological breakthroughs, providing material guarantees for key scientific researchers engaged in long-duration, high-investment, slow-output scientific research projects, and stimulating the innovation vitality of talent. From the perspective of talent introduction, more proactive, open, and effective talent policies should be implemented, improving the support and guarantee mechanisms for introducing overseas talent and the orderly flow mechanism of talent, strengthening the construction of innovation teams, promoting international exchanges and cooperation, driving collaborative innovation, and strengthening the talent support for innovation. From the perspective of talent cultivation, efforts should be made to build a high-level education system and improve the talent cultivation model. According to the new trends in scientific and technological development, the disciplinary settings and talent cultivation models of higher education institutions should be optimized to cultivate various urgently needed talents for developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development.

新型生产关系要营造良好的科技创新环境，强化创新人才支撑，为技术革命性突破提供支持。一方面，新型生产关系通过健全和完善国家科技治理体系，营造良好的科技创新环境。要在党的统一领导下进行科技体制改革，制定科技创新统筹规划，有针对性布局重大科技创新项目，有效减少项目冗余与重复建设，强化关键核心技术攻关。同时，构建新型科技金融体系与财税体系，形成强有力的资金支持和政策保障，强化企业科技创新主体地位，引导科技创新发展，提高科技创新效率，营造良好稳定的技术创新环境。另一方面，新型生产关系还要重视人才队伍建设与教育体系改革，为技术革命性突破提供创新人才支持。从人才建设角度，可以通过优化人才激励政策、改进人才评价指标体系，构建以创新能力、质量、实效、贡献为导向的人才评价体系。以真正的原创性技术和重大技术突破为依据考核项目质量，为从事耗时长、投入大、产出慢科研项目的重要科研人员提供物质保障，激发人才创新活力。从人才引进角度，要实施更为积极、开放和有效的人才政策，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制与人才有序流动机制，加强创新团队建设，促进国际交流与合作，推动联合创新，强化创新的人才支撑。从人才培育角度，要着力建设高水平教育体系，完善人才培育模式。根据科技发展新趋势，优化高等学校学科设置、人才培养模式，为发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展培养各类急需人才。

New relations of production must enhance the efficiency of resource and factor allocation, facilitating the innovative allocation of production factors. First, new relations of production are often accompanied by more efficient modes of information circulation, and by leveraging more intelligent digital technologies and modern infrastructure, they effectively reduce transaction costs and improve resource allocation efficiency. Second, the core of new relations of production lies in establishing a high-level socialist market economy system. By building a unified national market and perfecting the basic institutions of the market economy, we can break down institutional and mechanistic barriers between different regions, industries, sectors, and markets, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, promote the full circulation of new factors constituting new quality productive forces, and optimize the innovative allocation of production factors. At the same time, we must fully leverage the advantages of China’s super-large market scale, accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, use demand to guide supply construction, and promote the accelerated development of new quality productive forces. Finally, in response to the production characteristics of new-type production organization models—decentralized production and algorithmic coordination—we must build cooperation mechanisms between enterprises, along industrial chains, and across national borders, achieving resource sharing and collaborative innovation, thereby further improving resource utilization efficiency and innovation capacity.

新型生产关系要提高资源要素配置效率，助力生产要素创新性配置。首先，新型生产关系往往伴随着更加高效的信息流通方式，并借助更为智能的数字化技术与现代化基础设施有效降低交易成本，提升资源配置效率。其次，新型生产关系的核心在于建立高水平社会主义市场经济体制。通过建设全国统一大市场与完善市场经济基础制度，破除不同区域之间、产业之间、部门之间以及市场之间的体制机制障碍，发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，推动构成新质生产力的新要素充分流通，优化生产要素创新性配置。同时，充分发挥我国超大市场规模优势，加快培育完整内需体系，以需求引领供给建设，推动新质生产力加快发展。最后，针对新型生产组织模式分散生产与算法统筹的生产特征，构建企业间、产业链之间以及跨国的合作机制，实现资源共享与协同创新，进一步提升资源利用效率和创新能力。

New relations of production must achieve deep industrial transformation and upgrading by promoting the renovation and upgrading of traditional industries and the optimal layout of emerging and future industries. New relations of production must accelerate the renovation and upgrading of traditional industries by improving methods of industrial integration and methods of technological transformation. On the one hand, new relations of production must promote the high-end, intelligent, and green renovation and upgrading of traditional industries by improving methods of industrial integration. New relations of production focus on building an industrial chain ecosystem, constructing an industrial system characterized by multi-agent cooperation, multi-link coordination, and multi-field integrated development, thereby achieving high-end industrial structure; with the integration of the digital and real economies as the core, they promote the widespread application of digital technologies, achieving intelligent industrial structure. On the other hand, new relations of production must cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, lay out and build future industries, and accelerate the construction of an industry-university-research collaborative innovation system led by enterprises. Oriented toward the rational application and practical transformation of innovation achievements, they must raise the level of transformation of scientific and technological achievements; use scientific and technological innovation to lead industrial innovation, and promote the development, transformation, and application of technology. Furthermore, new relations of production must also, based on the resource endowments, industrial advantages, and research conditions of different regions, and in accordance with the development trends of new technologies, lay out emerging and future industries according to local conditions, establishing a modern industrial system compatible with new quality productive forces.

新型生产关系要通过推动传统产业改造升级与新兴产业和未来产业优化布局，实现产业深度转型升级。新型生产关系要通过改进产业融合方法和改进技术转化方法，加快传统产业改造升级。一方面，新型生产关系要通过改进产业融合方法推进传统产业高端化、智能化、绿色化改造升级。新型生产关系以产业链生态体系建设为重点，构建多主体合作、多环节联合、多领域融合发展的产业体系，实现产业结构高端化；以数实融合为核心，促进数字技术普及应用，实现产业结构智能化。另一方面，新型生产关系要培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，加快构建以企业为主导的产学研协同创新体制。以创新成果合理应用与现实转化为导向，提高科技成果转化水平；以科技创新引领产业创新，推动技术的发展、转化与应用。此外，新型生产关系还要根据不同地区资源禀赋、产业优势与科研条件，基于新技术的发展趋势因地制宜布局新兴产业与未来产业，建立与新质生产力相适应的现代化产业体系。

Building an Effective Institutional Framework for New Relations of Production

搭建有效的新型生产关系制度框架

Relations of production have a counteractive effect on productive forces; constructing new relations of production is an important focal point and practical driving force for promoting the development of productive forces. To further comprehensively deepen reform, it is necessary to clarify the goal orientation, pathway design, and realization mechanisms of the comprehensive deepening of reform in relations of production, and to build an effective institutional framework for new relations of production. The development process of new quality productive forces is an organic unity of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing; the reform of new relations of production must take this as its goal orientation.

生产关系对生产力具有反作用，构建新型生产关系是推动生产力发展的重要着力点与现实推动力。进一步全面深化改革，要明确生产关系全面深化改革的目标导向、路径设计与实现机制，搭建有效的新型生产关系制度框架。新质生产力的发展进程是创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的有机统一，新型生产关系改革要以此为目标导向。

From the dimension of reform pathway design, the main content should be deepening reforms of the systems and mechanisms for high-quality economic development, education, science and technology, and talent, the ecological system, the market economy system, and the system and mechanisms for high-level opening up, thereby constructing a framework system for new relations of production. First, based on the improvement of the ownership system, deepen economic system reform. Clarifying the ownership of property rights for data elements is key to ensuring the smooth transaction and circulation of data, and has a core supporting role in the development of new quality productive forces. It is necessary to improve the legal and regulatory system, legally protect the legitimate rights and interests of data element owners from the three levels of ownership, use rights, and usufruct rights, and construct a graded authorization and negotiation mechanism for data elements, clarifying the specific powers and functions of data element rights and interests, in order to coordinate the relationships among various interested parties. Second, with innovation-driven development as the core, deepen the reform of the science and technology system. From the perspective of scientific and technological innovation, it is necessary to strengthen basic research and research in cross-cutting frontier fields, take frontier, original, and disruptive technological innovation as the core to lay out development priorities and breakthrough directions, guide resources such as capital and talent into emerging industrial fields such as new energy and new materials, and promote scientific and technological innovation. From the perspective of innovation achievement transformation, use scientific and technological innovation to lead industrial innovation, construct a deeply integrated industry-university-research collaborative innovation system, fully leverage the dominant position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, and use market demand to lead technological innovation development. Third, smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, and deepen the reform of the talent development system and mechanisms. It is necessary to cultivate a large number of innovative and application-oriented talents; through pathways such as the design of new education systems, the layout of new disciplines, and new skills training, cultivate new-type laborers adapted to the development of new quality productive forces, and improve the mechanism for independent talent cultivation. With the reconstruction of talent incentive mechanisms as the core, attract talent and stimulate their innovation vitality, leading scientific and technological innovation. At the same time, it is also necessary to promote the entrepreneurial spirit, cultivate entrepreneurial talent with an innovative consciousness, and promote the transformation of innovation achievements. Fourth, with green production, green living, and green governance as pathways, deepen the reform of the ecological civilization system. At the level of green production, it is necessary to focus on both the renovation of green production and the cultivation of new green industries to construct a green production framework, and also to use ecological product innovation and ecological rights trading as starting points to realize the monetization of ecological benefits. At the level of green living, it is necessary to focus on cultivating people’s green lifestyles, consciously protecting the ecological environment, and also to improve the green consumption incentive mechanism, use green consumption as a guide, encourage the research, development, and application of green technologies such as clean energy, environmentally friendly materials, and energy-saving technologies, and promote the formation and development of green consumption patterns. At the level of green governance, with the support of entities such as the government, enterprises, and the public, through the implementation of comprehensive measures such as ecological environmental protection policies, ecological protection and restoration, and green industries and technological innovation, gradually promote the realization of green governance goals. Fifth, with the construction of a unified national market as the key link, build a high-level socialist market economy system. From the dimensions of designing basic market rules, achieving high-standard connectivity of market facilities, constructing a unified market system, the market supervision system, and perfecting the basic institutions of the market economy, break down barriers to factor flow between regions and industries, and promote the construction of a unified national market. Sixth, steadily expand institutional opening up, and improve the systems and mechanisms for high-level opening up to the outside world. It is necessary to both accelerate the construction of a new system for an open economy, strengthen international exchanges and cooperation, introduce advanced experience and technology, and promote the development of new quality productive forces, and also align with international market rules and standards, orderly expand the opening up of commodity markets, service markets, capital markets, and labor markets, further integrate into the global division of labor system, and enhance China’s position and influence in the global industrial chain, supply chain, and innovation chain.

从改革路径设计维度，要以深化经济高质量发展体制机制、教育科技人才体制机制、生态体制、市场经济体制以及高水平对外开放体制机制改革为主要内容，构建新型生产关系框架体系。其一，以所有权制度完善为基础，深化经济体制改革。明晰数据要素的产权归属是保障数据交易流通与顺利运转的关键，对新质生产力的发展具有核心支撑作用。要完善法律法规体系，从数据要素所有权、使用权和收益权三个层面依法保障数据要素拥有者的合法权益，并构建数据要素分级授权协商机制，明晰数据要素权益的具体权能，以协调各方利益主体关系。其二，以创新驱动为核心，深化科技体制改革。从科学技术创新角度，要强化基础研究与交叉前沿领域研究，以前沿性、原创性、颠覆性技术创新为核心布局发展重点和突破方向，引导资金、人才等资源进入新能源、新材料等新兴产业领域，推动科技创新。从创新成果转化角度，以科技创新引领产业创新，构建产学研深度融合的协同创新体系，充分发挥企业科技创新主体地位，以市场需求引领技术创新发展。其三，畅通教育—科技—人才的良性循环，深化人才发展体制机制改革。要培育大量创新型和应用型人才，通过新教育体系设计、新学科布局、新技能培训等途径，培育适应新质生产力发展的新型劳动者，完善人才自主培养机制。以人才激励机制重构为核心，吸引人才并激发人才创新活力，引领科技创新。同时还要弘扬企业家精神，造就具有创新意识的企业家人才，推动创新成果转化。其四，以绿色生产、绿色生活与绿色治理为路径，深化生态文明体制改革。在绿色生产层面，既要以绿色生产改造与绿色新兴产业培育为重点，构建绿色生产框架，又要以生态产品创新和生态权益交易等为抓手，实现生态效益变现。在绿色生活层面，既要着力于培养人们的绿色生活方式，自觉保护生态环境，又要健全绿色消费激励机制，以绿色消费为引领，鼓励清洁能源、环保材料、节能技术等绿色技术的研发和应用，促进绿色消费模式的形成和发展。在绿色治理层面，以政府、企业和公众等主体为支撑，通过实施生态环境保护政策、生态保护与修复、绿色产业与技术创新等综合措施，逐步推动绿色治理目标的实现。其五，以全国统一大市场建设为关键环节，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。从市场基础规则设计、市场设施建设高标准联通、统一大市场体系构建、市场监管体系以及市场经济基础制度完善等维度，打破区域与产业间的要素流动壁垒，推动全国统一大市场建设。其六，稳步扩大制度型开放，完善高水平对外开放体制机制。既要加快构建开放型经济新体制，加强国际交流与合作，引进先进经验与技术，推动新质生产力发展，又要对标国际市场规则与标准，有序扩大商品市场、服务市场、资本市场、劳务市场等对外开放，进一步融入全球分工体系，提升我国在全球产业链、供应链、创新链中的地位和影响力。

From the dimension of reform realization mechanisms, it is necessary to promote reform with strong rule-of-law construction and enforcement, ensuring the formation of new relations of production. On the one hand, strengthen the construction of a policy system supporting innovation, constructing a production system with innovation-driven development as the core, a distribution system with factor contribution as the key, an exchange system with a unified national market as the key, and a consumption system oriented towards supporting new demands, providing policy guarantees for scientific and technological innovation from multiple angles and across all links. On the other hand, improve the national implementation system, increase the enforcement of laws and regulations, and ensure the implementation of reform measures. This requires increasing enforcement efforts at the levels of property rights protection, market supervision, protection of the rights and interests of new-type laborers, and punishment of illegal acts, improving the efficiency of law enforcement and supervision, creating a fair competition market environment, and effectively protecting data privacy and information security.

从改革实现机制维度，要以强有力的法治建设和执行力度推动改革，保障新型生产关系的形成。一方面，加强支持创新的政策体系建设，构建以创新驱动为核心的生产制度、以要素贡献为重点的分配制度、以全国统一大市场为关键的交换制度以及以支持新需求为导向的消费制度，多角度、全环节为科技创新提供政策保障。另一方面，健全国家执行体制，加大法律法规执行力度，保障改革措施落实。这需要在产权保护、市场监管、新型劳动者权益保护以及违法行为惩戒等层面加大执法力度，提高执法与监管效率，营造公平竞争市场环境，有效保护数据隐私与信息安全。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗