The Theoretical Implications of the Assertion That “The Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art”

On October 15, 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a forum on literature and art work

2014年10月15日，习近平总书记主持召开文艺工作座谈会并发表重要讲话，深刻阐明了新时代文艺的创作方向、价值取向、动力源泉、人才队伍等重大命题。在“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”章节中就文艺工作者应具有的思想水平与道德修养、中华民族特有的道德规范和审美风范等给出了具体而微的阐释。“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”这一论断的理论意涵，需要结合习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的理论创新的整体脉络，才能准确把握它对于当下文艺理论研究工作提出的要求和启示。

The proposal of the "Chinese spirit" points explicitly to the national spirit that was reborn through the tempering of blood and fire in modern and contemporary times. Shortly after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the CPC, on 19 November 2012, when visiting the exhibition "The Road to Rejuvenation" and reviewing the historical process of modern and contemporary China, General Secretary Xi Jinping stated: "The Chinese people have never yielded, have continuously risen up in struggle, and have finally taken their destiny into their own hands, embarking on the great process of building their own country, fully demonstrating a great national spirit with patriotism at its core. China today can truly be described as 'the human path is full of vicissitudes' [1]1 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2006.. Since reform and opening up, we have summed up historical experience, continuously explored with arduous effort, and finally found the correct path to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, achieving results that have attracted worldwide attention. This path is socialism with Chinese characteristics." The Chinese spirit is not only the "fruit" of modern and contemporary China's difficult quest, but also the "cause" of the success of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, to be precise, the "Chinese spirit" is not merely a conceptual form; it points not only to traditional Chinese civilization, but also to the Chinese people who have grown up as historical subjects.

“中国精神”的提出明确指向了近现代在血与火的锤炼中涅槃重生的民族精神。党的十八大闭幕后不久，2012年11月19日，习近平总书记在参观《复兴之路》展览时回顾近现代中国的历史进程时谈道，“中国人民从不屈服，不断奋起地抗争，终于掌握了自己的命运，开始了建设自己国家的伟大进程，充分展示了以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神。中华民族的今天，正可谓‘人间正道是沧桑’。改革开放以来，我们总结历史经验，不断艰辛探索，终于找到了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路，取得了举世瞩目的成果。这条道路就是中国特色社会主义”。中国精神不仅是近现代中国艰难求索的“果”，更是中国特色社会主义道路得以成功的“因”。因而，准确地说，“中国精神”并不只是一种观念形态，不仅是指向中华传统文明，而且是指向作为历史主体成长起来的中国人民。

This brings to mind the wording of the inscription on the Monument to the People's Heroes: "Eternal glory to the people's heroes who laid down their lives in the People's War of Liberation and the people's revolution in the past three years! Eternal glory to the people's heroes who laid down their lives in the People's War of Liberation and the people's revolution in the past thirty years! Eternal glory to the people's heroes who laid down their lives in the struggles against domestic and foreign enemies, for national independence and the freedom and happiness of the people, from 1840 onward!" These three short passages summarize the full picture of more than a hundred years of revolutionary history, with "people" appearing eight times as a key word. This is the main thread running through the inscription — those people of lofty ideals who, for national independence, national prosperity and strength, and the freedom and happiness of the people, advanced wave upon wave and sacrificed their lives, regardless of party affiliation or background, are all heroes of the Chinese people — "The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history." This formulation not only marks the consistent historical materialist stance of the CPC, but, more importantly, the return to the people's standpoint provides an important starting point for re-narrating the continuity of modern and contemporary history in today's ideological context.

这使我们想到人民英雄纪念碑碑文的表述：“三年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！三十年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！由此上溯到一千八百四十年，从那时起，为了反对内外敌人，争取民族独立和人民自由幸福，在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！”短短三段话概括了一百多年来革命历史的全貌，“人民”作为关键词出现了八次。这是贯穿碑文的主线——那些为了民族独立、国家富强、人民自由幸福而前赴后继、舍生忘死的仁人志士，无论党派、不问出身，都是中国人民的英雄——“人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的真正动力”。这一表述不仅标识着中国共产党一以贯之的历史唯物主义立场，更为重要的是，回归人民立场为在今天的思想语境中重述近现代历史的连续性提供了重要的出发点。

In the field of modern and contemporary historical research, there has long been a tension between "revolutionary history narrative" and the "modernization narrative" that emerged after the 1980s. This is not only the case in academia; there are corresponding manifestations in the realm of popular culture as well. TV dramas such as *The Human Path Is Full of Vicissitudes* [2]2 A classical allusion to the *Yijing* (Book of Changes): “The people use it daily without awareness.” have sparked divergent and even sharply opposed reviews from various quarters. Tracing this to its roots, the reason for the divergence lies in the ambiguity of historical narrative. How should important historical events of modern and contemporary China be evaluated? How can divisions be bridged and a convincing consensus be formed that takes root in the people's hearts? Historical narrative is not merely a paradigm dispute within the field of social science research, nor is it only a governance issue in the realm of public opinion; it is a major issue concerning political and cultural identity, requiring theoretical innovation for its fundamental resolution.

在近现代史研究界，“革命史叙事”与20世纪80年代之后出现的“现代化叙事”之间一直存在着紧张感。不仅学术界如此，在大众文化领域也有相应的表现，《人间正道是沧桑》等电视剧上映后引发了各方不同的甚至针锋相对的评论。追根究底，产生分歧的原因在于历史叙事的模糊，如何评价近现代中国的重要历史事件，如何弥合分歧，形成深入民心的、有说服力的共识？历史叙事并不仅仅是社会科学研究领域的范式之争，也不仅是一个舆论领域的治理问题，而是事关政治文化认同的重要问题，需要理论层面的创新才能使其获得根本上的解决。

The basis of historical narrative should not be certain specific discourses, but only the unceasing practice of the people. "Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our founding mission firmly in mind." [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, October 18, 2017. The "original aspiration" is not an abstract concept suspended outside history, but the high degree of self-awareness of the ruling party under new historical conditions, and the Chinese spirit of "never yielding, continuously rising up in struggle" that has been flowing continuously in the Party's history. It can be said that the tension and predicament between the "revolutionary history narrative" and the "modernization narrative" in modern and contemporary historical narrative first obtained a theoretical resolution in the Party history narrative centered on the "Two Centenary Goals" [4]4 This policy was formally adopted at the Fourth Congress of Chinese Literary and Art Workers in 1979..

历史叙事的依据不应该是某些特定的话语，而只能是生生不息的人民实践。“不忘初心、牢记使命。”“初心”不是孤悬于历史之外的抽象的观念，而是新的历史条件下执政党的高度自觉，是党史中一直涌流着的“从不屈服、不断奋起抗争”的中国精神。可以说，近现代历史叙事中的“革命史叙事”与“现代化叙事”的张力与困境首先在以“两个一百年”为核心提法的党史叙事中获得了理论表述上的解决。

If "remaining true to our original aspiration" reshapes the CPC's self-affirmation by looking back at history, then the "Chinese spirit" opens up the prospect of socialism in a historical vision centered on the "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." The "great national spirit with patriotism at its core" cannot be narrowly understood as exclusionary nationalist sentiment. The true meaning of the patriotic spirit that emerged from the national crisis of modern and contemporary times can only be historically and accurately understood through the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that generations of Chinese people have explored in their struggle for national salvation and survival. From "only socialism can save China," when the New Democratic Revolution period realized the great leap of China from thousands of years of feudal autocratic politics to people's democracy, to "poverty is not socialism," when the reform and opening up period witnessed the historic leap in people's lives from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity in general and moderate prosperity in all respects, to the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, which, with resolute rhetoric and unquestionable historical confidence, proposed that "socialism with Chinese characteristics is the essential path to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation," one can observe a change in the mode of expression: "China" and "Chinese characteristics" gradually become the subject. It is no longer

如果说，“不忘初心”以回溯历史的方式重塑中国共产党的自我确证，那么“中国精神”则是在以“中华民族伟大复兴”为核心提法的历史视野中开启了社会主义的远景。“以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神”不能被狭隘地理解为排他性的民族主义情感。在近现代的民族危机中产生的爱国主义精神的真正意涵要从一代代中国人在救亡图存的奋斗中探求的中国特色社会主义发展道路中才能获得历史的、准确的理解。从“只有社会主义才能救中国”，新民主主义革命时期实现了中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃，到“贫穷不是社会主义”，改革开放时期人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、全面小康的历史性跨越，到党的二十大报告中以斩钉截铁的修辞和不容置疑的历史自信提出“中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路”，能够观察到表述方式的变化，“中国”“中国特色”逐渐成为主语，不再是以“社会主义”来定义“中国”，而是以“中国”去定义“社会主义”。

The "Chinese spirit" emerged from the historical question of "what is socialism and how to build it." China's development has provided socialism with real historical content and opened up a brand-new path of development. Particularly since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become more mature, and the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity has continuously improved. The ten years of the New Era have provided a more solid material foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, deepened the broad masses of the people's understanding of the nature of socialism, and were an extraordinary decade as well as a crucial historical juncture. It allows us to look back on history from a higher starting point, and also enables us, beyond the political system and economic system, to give socialism a new expression at the level of values.

“中国精神”产生于“什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义”这一历史之问。中国的发展为社会主义提供了真实的历史内容，开辟了崭新的发展道路。特别是党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平不断提高。新时代十年为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了更为坚实的物质基础，加深了广大人民群众对于社会主义性质的认知，是极不平凡的十年，也是至关重要的历史节点。它让我们得以在更高的起点上回望历史，也使得我们在政治制度、经济制度之外，在价值层面赋予社会主义以全新的表述。

The core socialist value system was already put forward at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC [1]1 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2006. and received a systematic elaboration in the report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC. The twenty-four-character core socialist values both inherit China’s intellectual tradition and echo the public order and good customs that the people “use daily without awareness.” [2]2 A classical allusion to the *Yijing* (Book of Changes): “The people use it daily without awareness.” On the one hand, they forcefully respond to the impact and challenge of the value system of the Western capitalist world, intervening more actively in the struggle for ideological discourse power; on the other hand, in the domestic context they effectively guide and integrate increasingly diverse social currents of thought and value concepts. The report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC further proposed that “the core socialist values are the concentrated embodiment of contemporary Chinese spirit,” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, October 18, 2017. more clearly revealing the relationship between “Chinese spirit” and “socialism” as two sides of the same coin, mutually constitutive. At the level of practical work, understanding the core socialist values through Chinese spirit opens up a path for advancing the propaganda, education, study, and practice of the core socialist value system among the masses. Taking the film and television cultural industry as an example, “main melody” films mostly focus on revolutionary history, red culture, biographies of important figures, and similar themes; in particular, as the targeted poverty alleviation effort has steadily advanced, works reflecting real-life themes such as poverty eradication and the people’s livelihood have markedly increased. The core socialist values are not a lofty theoretical formulation; their key issue lies in “landing” — in inspiring longing and enthusiasm for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in every aspect of the people’s lives. Therefore, emphasizing that “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” in fact opens up entirely new imaginative and developmental space for literary and artistic work, and also raises higher expectations for literary and artistic workers in the New Era to fuse the ancient and the modern, to bridge China and the West, and to create new literary and artistic forms and a new literary and artistic ecology.

社会主义核心价值体系在党的十六届六中全会中已被提出，在党的十八大报告中获得了成体系的阐述。二十四个字的社会主义核心价值观，既传承自中国的思想传统，也呼应了百姓生活中“日用而不知”的公序良俗。它一方面有力地回应了西方资本主义世界的价值观的冲击和挑战，以更主动的方式介入到意识形态话语权的斗争中，另一方面在国内语境中有效地引领、整合了日渐多样化的社会思潮和价值观念。党的十九大报告进一步提出“社会主义核心价值观是当代中国精神的集中体现”，更为清晰地揭示了“中国精神”与“社会主义”一体两面、互为表里的关系。而就现实工作层面而言，以中国精神来理解社会主义核心价值观，廓开了推进社会主义核心价值体系在群众中宣传教育、学习践行的路径。以影视文化产业为例，“主旋律”电影多侧重革命历史、红色文化、重要人物传记等题材，特别是随着精准扶贫事业不断推进，反映脱贫攻坚、人民生活等现实题材的作品显著增多。社会主义核心价值观不是高高在上的理论表述，它的关键问题在“落地”，在于人民生活的方方面面都激发起对于实现中华民族伟大复兴的向往与热忱。因此，强调“中国精神”是社会主义文艺的灵魂实际上为文学和艺术工作打开了全新的想象力和发展空间，也对新时代的文艺工作者提出了熔古铸今、会通中西、创造新的文艺形态和文艺生态的更高期待。

In the early period of reform and opening up, the Party put forward the policy that literature and art should “serve the people and serve socialism.” [4]4 This policy was formally adopted at the Fourth Congress of Chinese Literary and Art Workers in 1979. Compared with the “two serves” policy, the formulation “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” places greater emphasis on the subjective consciousness of literary and artistic creation; it does not demand from an external perspective that literature and art serve the socialist cause, but rather prescribes from an internal perspective the socialist character of New Era literature and art in their fundamental nature. “To realize the Chinese Dream, we must promote Chinese spirit. This is the national spirit with patriotism at its core and the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core. This spirit is the soul of the nation that unites and strengthens the country, the soul that makes the country strong.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, speech at the closing ceremony of the First Session of the 12th National People’s Congress, March 17, 2013. The “soul” in “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” must be understood in the sense and at the height of “the soul of the nation that unites and strengthens the country, the soul that makes the country strong.” In this sense, the theoretical connotation of “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” goes far beyond merely emphasizing contemporaneity and reality at the level of the content of literary and artistic creation. The Party Central Committee has set the goal of building China into a socialist cultural powerhouse by 2035 as a preliminary strategic target for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; cultural confidence must take the lead. It is not only about summarizing existing experience and achievements, but also about sounding the clarion call of the times amid the turbulent domestic and international situation. This is not only the historical mission of literary and artistic creators in the New Era, but also an unprecedented opportunity and challenge facing literary theory workers. Only by studying the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Xi Jinping Thought on Culture more deeply can we open up a new phase of literary theory research that is rooted in tradition, grounded in the present, and at the same time possesses a global vision.

改革开放初期，党对于文艺工作曾提出“文艺为人民服务、为社会主义服务”的方针。对比“二为”方针，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的提法更侧重于文艺创作的主体自觉，它不是从外在视角要求文艺服务于社会主义事业，而是以内在的视野规定了新时代文艺在根本性质上的社会主义属性。“实现中国梦必须弘扬中国精神。这就是以爱国主义为核心的民族精神、以改革创新为核心的时代精神。这种精神是凝心聚力的兴国之魂、强国之魂。”“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”中的“灵魂”要在“兴国之魂、强国之魂”的意义和高度上来理解。在这个意义上来说，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论内涵，远不只在文艺创作的内容层面强调时代性与现实性。党中央提出将2035年建成社会主义文化强国作为实现中华民族伟大复兴的先期战略目标，文化自信是要走在前列的，它不仅是要对现有经验成绩作出总结，更是要在风云激荡的国内外局势中发时代之先声。这不仅是新时代文艺创作者的历史使命，更是文艺理论工作者面临的前所未有的机遇与挑战。只有更为深入地学习中国特色社会主义理论、习近平文化思想，才能够开出扎根传统、立足当代，同时具有世界视野的文学理论研究的新局面。

(The author is an associate research fellow at the Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.)

（作者系中国社会科学院文学研究所副研究员）

The Theoretical Implications of “Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art”

“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论意涵

2024-12-25 Author: Liu Zhuo Source: csstoday.com

2024-12-25 作者：刘卓 来源：中国社会科学网-中国社会科学报

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On October 15, 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a forum on literature and art work and delivered an important speech, profoundly elucidating major propositions of New Era literature and art, including the direction of creation, value orientation, source of impetus, and talent cultivation. In the section “Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art,” he gave detailed explanations of the ideological level and moral cultivation that literary and artistic workers should possess, as well as the moral norms and aesthetic standards unique to the Chinese nation. [6]6 The full text of this speech was published as *Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art Work* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2015). The theoretical implications of the thesis “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” can only be accurately grasped in the overall context of the theoretical innovation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, in order to understand the demands and insights it presents for current literary theory research.

2014年10月15日，习近平总书记主持召开文艺工作座谈会并发表重要讲话，深刻阐明了新时代文艺的创作方向、价值取向、动力源泉、人才队伍等重大命题。在“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”章节中就文艺工作者应具有的思想水平与道德修养、中华民族特有的道德规范和审美风范等给出了具体而微的阐释。“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”这一论断的理论意涵，需要结合习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的理论创新的整体脉络，才能准确把握它对于当下文艺理论研究工作提出的要求和启示。

The proposal of “Chinese spirit” clearly points to the national spirit that was reborn through the tempering of blood and fire in modern and contemporary times. Shortly after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the CPC, on November 19, 2012, when visiting the exhibition “The Road to Rejuvenation,” General Secretary Xi Jinping reviewed the historical process of modern and contemporary China and stated: “The Chinese people never yielded; they rose up in unceasing struggle, finally took their destiny into their own hands, and began the great process of building their own country, fully demonstrating the great national spirit with patriotism at its core. China’s present can be described as ‘the world goes on with changes, while the right path runs broad and long.’ [7]7 A line from Mao Zedong’s 1949 poem “The People’s Liberation Army Captures Nanjing,” itself alluding to a classical phrase. Since reform and opening up, we have summed up historical experience, engaged in arduous exploration, and finally found the correct path to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, achieving remarkable results. This path is socialism with Chinese characteristics.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, speech at the exhibition “The Road to Rejuvenation,” November 29, 2012. Chinese spirit is not only the “fruit” of modern China’s arduous quest, but also the “cause” of the success of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, to be precise, “Chinese spirit” is not merely a conceptual form, nor does it refer only to traditional Chinese civilization; it also refers to the Chinese people who have grown up as historical subjects.

“中国精神”的提出明确指向了近现代在血与火的锤炼中涅槃重生的民族精神。党的十八大闭幕后不久，2012年11月19日，习近平总书记在参观《复兴之路》展览时回顾近现代中国的历史进程时谈道，“中国人民从不屈服，不断奋起地抗争，终于掌握了自己的命运，开始了建设自己国家的伟大进程，充分展示了以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神。中华民族的今天，正可谓‘人间正道是沧桑’。改革开放以来，我们总结历史经验，不断艰辛探索，终于找到了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路，取得了举世瞩目的成果。这条道路就是中国特色社会主义”。中国精神不仅是近现代中国艰难求索的“果”，更是中国特色社会主义道路得以成功的“因”。因而，准确地说，“中国精神”并不只是一种观念形态，不仅是指向中华传统文明，而且是指向作为历史主体成长起来的中国人民。

This brings to mind the wording of the inscription on the Monument to the People’s Heroes: “Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the people’s war of liberation and the people’s revolution in the past three years! Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the people’s war of liberation and the people’s revolution in the past thirty years! Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the struggles against domestic and foreign enemies, for national independence and the freedom and happiness of the people, from 1840 onward!” [9]9 The inscription was drafted by Mao Zedong and approved by the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in September 1949. These three short paragraphs summarize the full picture of more than a century of revolutionary history, with “people” appearing eight times as a key word. This is the main thread running through the inscription — those people of lofty ideals who, for national independence, national prosperity and strength, and the freedom and happiness of the people, stepped forward one after another and sacrificed their lives, regardless of party affiliation or background, are all heroes of the Chinese people — “the people, and the people alone, are the real driving force of history.” [10]10 Mao Zedong, “On Coalition Government” (1945). This formulation not only marks the consistent historical materialist stance of the CPC, but, more importantly, returning to the people’s standpoint provides an important starting point for re-narrating the continuity of modern and contemporary history in today’s ideological context.

这使我们想到人民英雄纪念碑碑文的表述：“三年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！三十年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！由此上溯到一千八百四十年，从那时起，为了反对内外敌人，争取民族独立和人民自由幸福，在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！”短短三段话概括了一百多年来革命历史的全貌，“人民”作为关键词出现了八次。这是贯穿碑文的主线——那些为了民族独立、国家富强、人民自由幸福而前赴后继、舍生忘死的仁人志士，无论党派、不问出身，都是中国人民的英雄——“人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的真正动力”。这一表述不仅标识着中国共产党一以贯之的历史唯物主义立场，更为重要的是，回归人民立场为在今天的思想语境中重述近现代历史的连续性提供了重要的出发点。

In the field of modern and contemporary historical studies, there has long been a tension between the “revolutionary history narrative” and the “modernization narrative” that emerged after the 1980s. This is not only the case in academia; corresponding manifestations also appear in the realm of popular culture. Television dramas such as *The World Goes on with Changes, While the Right Path Runs Broad and Long* [11]11 A Chinese television drama broadcast in 2009, covering the period from the 1920s to the 1950s. have sparked divergent and even sharply opposed comments from various quarters after their broadcast. Tracing this to its roots, the reason for the divergence lies in the ambiguity of historical narrative. How should important historical events of modern and contemporary China be evaluated? How can divisions be bridged and a consensus that penetrates the hearts of the people and is persuasive be formed? Historical narrative is not merely a paradigm dispute within the field of social science research, nor is it merely a governance issue in the sphere of public opinion; it is an important matter concerning political and cultural identity, and only theoretical innovation can achieve its fundamental resolution.

在近现代史研究界，“革命史叙事”与20世纪80年代之后出现的“现代化叙事”之间一直存在着紧张感。不仅学术界如此，在大众文化领域也有相应的表现，《人间正道是沧桑》等电视剧上映后引发了各方不同的甚至针锋相对的评论。追根究底，产生分歧的原因在于历史叙事的模糊，如何评价近现代中国的重要历史事件，如何弥合分歧，形成深入民心的、有说服力的共识？历史叙事并不仅仅是社会科学研究领域的范式之争，也不仅是一个舆论领域的治理问题，而是事关政治文化认同的重要问题，需要理论层面的创新才能使其获得根本上的解决。

The basis of historical narrative should not be certain specific discourses, but only the ceaseless practice of the people. “Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind.” [12]12 The theme of the “original aspiration and founding mission” education campaign launched by the CPC in 2019. The “original aspiration” is not an abstract concept suspended outside history, but the high degree of self-awareness of the ruling Party under new historical conditions, and the Chinese spirit of “never yielding, rising up in unceasing struggle” that has always surged within Party history. It can be said that the tension and predicament between the “revolutionary history narrative” and the “modernization narrative” in modern and contemporary historical narrative first obtained a theoretical resolution in the Party history narrative centered on the formulation of the “Two Centenary Goals.” [13]13 The Two Centenary Goals are: completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (2021), and building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (2049).

历史叙事的依据不应该是某些特定的话语，而只能是生生不息的人民实践。“不忘初心、牢记使命。”“初心”不是孤悬于历史之外的抽象的观念，而是新的历史条件下执政党的高度自觉，是党史中一直涌流着的“从不屈服、不断奋起抗争”的中国精神。可以说，近现代历史叙事中的“革命史叙事”与“现代化叙事”的张力与困境首先在以“两个一百年”为核心提法的党史叙事中获得了理论表述上的解决。

If “remaining true to the original aspiration” reshapes the Chinese Communist Party’s self-affirmation by looking back at history, then “Chinese spirit” opens up the prospect of socialism within a historical horizon centered on the formulation “the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The “great national spirit centered on patriotism” cannot be narrowly understood as an exclusionary nationalist sentiment. The true meaning of the patriotic spirit born in the national crisis of modern times can only be historically and accurately grasped through the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that generations of Chinese people have sought in their struggle for national salvation and survival. From “only socialism can save China,” when the New Democratic Revolution achieved the great leap of China from thousands of years of feudal autocracy to people’s democracy, to “poverty is not socialism,” when the period of reform and opening up saw a historic leap in the people’s livelihood from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity in general and then to moderate prosperity in all respects, to the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, which with resolute rhetoric and unquestionable historical confidence declared that “socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” one can observe a change in the mode of expression: “China” and “Chinese characteristics” have gradually become the subject; it is no

如果说，“不忘初心”以回溯历史的方式重塑中国共产党的自我确证，那么“中国精神”则是在以“中华民族伟大复兴”为核心提法的历史视野中开启了社会主义的远景。“以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神”不能被狭隘地理解为排他性的民族主义情感。在近现代的民族危机中产生的爱国主义精神的真正意涵要从一代代中国人在救亡图存的奋斗中探求的中国特色社会主义发展道路中才能获得历史的、准确的理解。从“只有社会主义才能救中国”，新民主主义革命时期实现了中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃，到“贫穷不是社会主义”，改革开放时期人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、全面小康的历史性跨越，到党的二十大报告中以斩钉截铁的修辞和不容置疑的历史自信提出“中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路”，能够观察到表述方式的变化，“中国”“中国特色”逐渐成为主语，不再是以“社会主义”来定义“中国”，而是以“中国”去定义“社会主义”。

The “Chinese spirit” emerged from the historical question of “what is socialism and how to build it.” China’s development has provided socialism with real historical content and opened up a brand-new path of development. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become more mature, and the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity has continuously improved. The decade of the New Era has provided a more solid material foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, deepened the broad masses of the people’s understanding of the nature of socialism, and was an extraordinary decade as well as a crucial historical juncture. It allows us to look back on history from a higher starting point, and also enables us to give socialism a new expression at the value level, beyond the political system and economic system.

“中国精神”产生于“什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义”这一历史之问。中国的发展为社会主义提供了真实的历史内容，开辟了崭新的发展道路。特别是党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平不断提高。新时代十年为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了更为坚实的物质基础，加深了广大人民群众对于社会主义性质的认知，是极不平凡的十年，也是至关重要的历史节点。它让我们得以在更高的起点上回望历史，也使得我们在政治制度、经济制度之外，在价值层面赋予社会主义以全新的表述。

The core socialist value system was already proposed at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC [14]14 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC, held in October 2006, adopted the “Resolution on Major Issues Concerning the Building of a Harmonious Socialist Society,” which first explicitly proposed the core socialist value system. and received a systematic elaboration in the report of the 18th National Congress of the CPC. The twenty-four-character core socialist values both inherit China’s intellectual tradition and echo the public order and good customs that people “use daily without awareness” [15]15 “日用而不知” (used daily without awareness) is a phrase from the *Yijing* (Book of Changes), referring to principles that people follow in everyday life without consciously reflecting on them. in their lives. On the one hand, they forcefully respond to the impact and challenge of the values of the Western capitalist world, intervening more proactively in the struggle for ideological discourse power; on the other hand, in the domestic context, they effectively guide and integrate increasingly diverse social trends of thought and values. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC further proposed that “the core socialist values are the concentrated embodiment of the contemporary Chinese spirit,” more clearly revealing the relationship between the “Chinese spirit” and “socialism” as two sides of the same coin, mutually constitutive. At the practical work level, understanding the core socialist values through the Chinese spirit opens up pathways for promoting the education, publicity, study, and practice of the core socialist value system among the masses. Taking the film and television cultural industry as an example, “main melody” films mostly focus on revolutionary history, red culture, biographies of important figures, and similar themes; in particular, with the continuous advancement of targeted poverty alleviation, works reflecting real-life themes such as poverty alleviation and people’s livelihoods have increased significantly. The core socialist values are not a lofty theoretical expression; their key issue lies in “landing” [16]16 “落地” (landing) is a common Chinese political metaphor meaning the implementation or practical realization of a policy or idea at the grassroots level. — in inspiring the aspiration and enthusiasm for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in every aspect of people’s lives. Therefore, emphasizing that the “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” actually opens up entirely new imagination and development space for literary and artistic work, and also places higher expectations on literary and artistic workers in the New Era to integrate the ancient and the modern, to synthesize China and the West, and to create new literary and artistic forms and ecologies.

社会主义核心价值体系在党的十六届六中全会中已被提出，在党的十八大报告中获得了成体系的阐述。二十四个字的社会主义核心价值观，既传承自中国的思想传统，也呼应了百姓生活中“日用而不知”的公序良俗。它一方面有力地回应了西方资本主义世界的价值观的冲击和挑战，以更主动的方式介入到意识形态话语权的斗争中，另一方面在国内语境中有效地引领、整合了日渐多样化的社会思潮和价值观念。党的十九大报告进一步提出“社会主义核心价值观是当代中国精神的集中体现”，更为清晰地揭示了“中国精神”与“社会主义”一体两面、互为表里的关系。而就现实工作层面而言，以中国精神来理解社会主义核心价值观，廓开了推进社会主义核心价值体系在群众中宣传教育、学习践行的路径。以影视文化产业为例，“主旋律”电影多侧重革命历史、红色文化、重要人物传记等题材，特别是随着精准扶贫事业不断推进，反映脱贫攻坚、人民生活等现实题材的作品显著增多。社会主义核心价值观不是高高在上的理论表述，它的关键问题在“落地”，在于人民生活的方方面面都激发起对于实现中华民族伟大复兴的向往与热忱。因此，强调“中国精神”是社会主义文艺的灵魂实际上为文学和艺术工作打开了全新的想象力和发展空间，也对新时代的文艺工作者提出了熔古铸今、会通中西、创造新的文艺形态和文艺生态的更高期待。

In the early period of reform and opening up, the Party proposed the policy of “literature and art serving the people and serving socialism” for literary and artistic work. [17]17 The “two serves” (二为) policy — “literature and art serving the people and serving socialism” — was formally adopted at the Fourth Congress of Chinese Literary and Art Workers in 1979, replacing the earlier, narrower policy of “literature and art serving politics.” Compared with the “two serves” policy, the formulation “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” places greater emphasis on the subjective consciousness of literary and artistic creation. It does not require literature and art to serve the socialist cause from an external perspective, but rather stipulates, from an internal perspective, the socialist attribute of New Era literature and art in its fundamental nature. “To realize the Chinese Dream, we must promote the Chinese spirit. This is the national spirit with patriotism at its core and the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core. This spirit is the soul of the nation that unites and strengthens the country.” [18]18 This is a direct quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at the closing ceremony of the 12th National People’s Congress on March 17, 2013. The “soul” in “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” must be understood in the sense and at the height of “the soul that unites and strengthens the country.” In this sense, the theoretical connotation of “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” goes far beyond emphasizing contemporaneity and reality at the level of the content of literary and artistic creation. The Party Central Committee has proposed building China into a socialist cultural power by 2035 as a preliminary strategic goal for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Confidence in culture must take the lead; it is not only about summarizing existing experiences and achievements, but also about being the first to voice the spirit of the times amidst the turbulent domestic and international situation. This is not only the historical mission of literary and artistic creators in the New Era, but also an unprecedented opportunity and challenge facing literary and artistic theory workers. Only by more deeply studying the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Xi Jinping’s cultural thought can we open up a new phase of literary theory research that is rooted in tradition, based on the contemporary era, and simultaneously possesses a global vision.

改革开放初期，党对于文艺工作曾提出“文艺为人民服务、为社会主义服务”的方针。对比“二为”方针，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的提法更侧重于文艺创作的主体自觉，它不是从外在视角要求文艺服务于社会主义事业，而是以内在的视野规定了新时代文艺在根本性质上的社会主义属性。“实现中国梦必须弘扬中国精神。这就是以爱国主义为核心的民族精神、以改革创新为核心的时代精神。这种精神是凝心聚力的兴国之魂、强国之魂。”“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”中的“灵魂”要在“兴国之魂、强国之魂”的意义和高度上来理解。在这个意义上来说，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论内涵，远不只在文艺创作的内容层面强调时代性与现实性。党中央提出将2035年建成社会主义文化强国作为实现中华民族伟大复兴的先期战略目标，文化自信是要走在前列的，它不仅是要对现有经验成绩作出总结，更是要在风云激荡的国内外局势中发时代之先声。这不仅是新时代文艺创作者的历史使命，更是文艺理论工作者面临的前所未有的机遇与挑战。只有更为深入地学习中国特色社会主义理论、习近平文化思想，才能够开出扎根传统、立足当代，同时具有世界视野的文学理论研究的新局面。

(The author is an associate research fellow at the Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系中国社会科学院文学研究所副研究员）

The Theoretical Implications of “Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art”

“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论意涵

2024-12-25 Author: Liu Zhuo Source: Chinese Social Sciences Today

2024-12-25 作者：刘卓 来源：中国社会科学网-中国社会科学报

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On October 15, 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a forum on literary and artistic work and delivered an important speech, profoundly elucidating major propositions of New Era literature and art such as the direction of creation, value orientation, source of motivation, and talent team. In the section “Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art,” he gave concrete and detailed explanations of the ideological level and moral cultivation that literary and artistic workers should possess, as well as the moral norms and aesthetic standards unique to the Chinese nation. The theoretical implications of the thesis “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” can only be accurately grasped in the context of the overall theoretical innovation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, in order to understand the requirements and inspiration it offers for current literary and artistic theory research.

2014年10月15日，习近平总书记主持召开文艺工作座谈会并发表重要讲话，深刻阐明了新时代文艺的创作方向、价值取向、动力源泉、人才队伍等重大命题。在“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”章节中就文艺工作者应具有的思想水平与道德修养、中华民族特有的道德规范和审美风范等给出了具体而微的阐释。“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”这一论断的理论意涵，需要结合习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的理论创新的整体脉络，才能准确把握它对于当下文艺理论研究工作提出的要求和启示。

The proposal of the “Chinese spirit” clearly points to the national spirit that was reborn through the tempering of blood and fire in modern times. Shortly after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the CPC, on November 29, 2012, when reviewing the historical process of modern China during a visit to the exhibition “The Road to Rejuvenation,” General Secretary Xi Jinping stated: “The Chinese people have never yielded; through unceasing struggle, they have finally taken their destiny into their own hands and begun the great process of building their own country, fully demonstrating the great national spirit with patriotism at its core. China’s present can truly be described as ‘the right path is the vicissitudes of the world.’ [19]19 “人间正道是沧桑” (the right path is the vicissitudes of the world) is a line from Mao Zedong’s 1949 poem “The People’s Liberation Army Captures Nanjing,” alluding to the revolutionary transformation of society. Since reform and opening up, we have summed up historical experience, continuously explored arduously, and finally found the correct path to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, achieving remarkable results. This path is socialism with Chinese characteristics.” The Chinese spirit is not only the “fruit” of modern China’s arduous quest, but also the “cause” of the success of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Therefore, to be precise, the “Chinese spirit” is not merely a conceptual form; it points not only to traditional Chinese civilization, but also to the Chinese people who have grown up as historical subjects.

“中国精神”的提出明确指向了近现代在血与火的锤炼中涅槃重生的民族精神。党的十八大闭幕后不久，2012年11月19日，习近平总书记在参观《复兴之路》展览时回顾近现代中国的历史进程时谈道，“中国人民从不屈服，不断奋起地抗争，终于掌握了自己的命运，开始了建设自己国家的伟大进程，充分展示了以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神。中华民族的今天，正可谓‘人间正道是沧桑’。改革开放以来，我们总结历史经验，不断艰辛探索，终于找到了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路，取得了举世瞩目的成果。这条道路就是中国特色社会主义”。中国精神不仅是近现代中国艰难求索的“果”，更是中国特色社会主义道路得以成功的“因”。因而，准确地说，“中国精神”并不只是一种观念形态，不仅是指向中华传统文明，而且是指向作为历史主体成长起来的中国人民。

This brings to mind the wording of the inscription on the Monument to the People’s Heroes: “Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the People’s War of Liberation and the people’s revolution in the past three years! Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the People’s War of Liberation and the people’s revolution in the past thirty years! Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who from 1840 laid down their lives in the many struggles against domestic and foreign enemies, for national independence and the freedom and well-being of the people!” In just three short passages it sums up the full picture of more than a century of revolutionary history, with “the people” appearing eight times as the key word. This is the main thread running through the inscription—those people of lofty ideals who, for national independence, national prosperity and strength, and the people’s freedom and well-being, advanced wave upon wave and sacrificed their lives, regardless of party affiliation or background, are all heroes of the Chinese people—“The people, and the people alone, are the real driving force behind the creation of history.” This formulation not only marks the consistent historical materialist stance of the Communist Party of China, but, more importantly, returning to the people’s standpoint provides an important starting point for re-narrating the continuity of modern and contemporary history within today’s ideological context.

这使我们想到人民英雄纪念碑碑文的表述：“三年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！三十年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！由此上溯到一千八百四十年，从那时起，为了反对内外敌人，争取民族独立和人民自由幸福，在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！”短短三段话概括了一百多年来革命历史的全貌，“人民”作为关键词出现了八次。这是贯穿碑文的主线——那些为了民族独立、国家富强、人民自由幸福而前赴后继、舍生忘死的仁人志士，无论党派、不问出身，都是中国人民的英雄——“人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的真正动力”。这一表述不仅标识着中国共产党一以贯之的历史唯物主义立场，更为重要的是，回归人民立场为在今天的思想语境中重述近现代历史的连续性提供了重要的出发点。

In the field of modern and contemporary historical studies, there has long been a tension between the “revolutionary history narrative” and the “modernization narrative” that emerged after the 1980s. This is not only the case in academia; corresponding manifestations also appear in the realm of popular culture. Television dramas such as *The Vicissitudes of Life* [20]20 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC, held in October 2006, adopted the “Resolution on Major Issues Concerning the Building of a Socialist Harmonious Society,” which first explicitly proposed the core socialist value system. sparked divergent and even sharply opposed reviews after their broadcast. Tracing this to its roots, the reason for the divergence lies in the ambiguity of historical narrative. How should the important historical events of modern and contemporary China be evaluated? How can differences be bridged to form a persuasive consensus that takes root in the people’s hearts? Historical narrative is not merely a paradigm dispute within the social sciences, nor is it only a governance issue in the realm of public opinion; it is a major issue concerning political and cultural identity, and it requires theoretical innovation to achieve a fundamental resolution.

在近现代史研究界，“革命史叙事”与20世纪80年代之后出现的“现代化叙事”之间一直存在着紧张感。不仅学术界如此，在大众文化领域也有相应的表现，《人间正道是沧桑》等电视剧上映后引发了各方不同的甚至针锋相对的评论。追根究底，产生分歧的原因在于历史叙事的模糊，如何评价近现代中国的重要历史事件，如何弥合分歧，形成深入民心的、有说服力的共识？历史叙事并不仅仅是社会科学研究领域的范式之争，也不仅是一个舆论领域的治理问题，而是事关政治文化认同的重要问题，需要理论层面的创新才能使其获得根本上的解决。

The basis of historical narrative should not be certain specific discourses, but only the unceasing practice of the people. “Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our founding mission firmly in mind.” [21]21 A classical allusion to the *Yijing* (Book of Changes): “The people use it daily without awareness” (百姓日用而不知), referring to principles or customs that are practiced unconsciously in everyday life. The “original aspiration” is not an abstract concept suspended outside history, but the high-level self-awareness of the ruling party under new historical conditions, and the Chinese spirit of “never yielding, constantly rising up to fight” that has always surged within the Party’s history. It can be said that the tension and predicament between the “revolutionary history narrative” and the “modernization narrative” in modern and contemporary historical narrative first obtained a theoretical expression of resolution within the Party’s historical narrative centered on the core formulation of the “Two Centenary Goals.” [22]22 Xi Jinping’s report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, October 18, 2017.

历史叙事的依据不应该是某些特定的话语，而只能是生生不息的人民实践。“不忘初心、牢记使命。”“初心”不是孤悬于历史之外的抽象的观念，而是新的历史条件下执政党的高度自觉，是党史中一直涌流着的“从不屈服、不断奋起抗争”的中国精神。可以说，近现代历史叙事中的“革命史叙事”与“现代化叙事”的张力与困境首先在以“两个一百年”为核心提法的党史叙事中获得了理论表述上的解决。

If “remaining true to our original aspiration” reshapes the CPC’s self-affirmation by looking back on history, then “Chinese spirit” opens up the prospect of socialism within a historical vision centered on the core formulation of “the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” “The great national spirit with patriotism at its core” cannot be narrowly understood as exclusionary nationalist sentiment. The true meaning of the patriotic spirit born out of modern and contemporary national crises can only be historically and accurately understood through the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that generations of Chinese people have explored in their struggle for national salvation and survival. From “only socialism can save China,” when the New Democratic Revolution period realized China’s great leap from several thousand years of feudal autocratic politics to people’s democracy, to “poverty is not socialism,” when the reform and opening up period witnessed the historic leap in the people’s living standards from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity in general and moderate prosperity in all respects, to the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [23]23 “Land which, with decisive rhetoric and unshakable historical confidence, stated that “socialism with Chinese characteristics is the essential path to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” one can observe a change in the mode of expression: “China” and “Chinese characteristics” have gradually become the subject. It is no

如果说，“不忘初心”以回溯历史的方式重塑中国共产党的自我确证，那么“中国精神”则是在以“中华民族伟大复兴”为核心提法的历史视野中开启了社会主义的远景。“以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神”不能被狭隘地理解为排他性的民族主义情感。在近现代的民族危机中产生的爱国主义精神的真正意涵要从一代代中国人在救亡图存的奋斗中探求的中国特色社会主义发展道路中才能获得历史的、准确的理解。从“只有社会主义才能救中国”，新民主主义革命时期实现了中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃，到“贫穷不是社会主义”，改革开放时期人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、全面小康的历史性跨越，到党的二十大报告中以斩钉截铁的修辞和不容置疑的历史自信提出“中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路”，能够观察到表述方式的变化，“中国”“中国特色”逐渐成为主语，不再是以“社会主义”来定义“中国”，而是以“中国”去定义“社会主义”。

The “Chinese spirit” emerged from the historical question of “what is socialism and how to build it.” China’s development has provided socialism with authentic historical content and opened up a brand-new path of development. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become more mature, and the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity has continuously improved. The ten years of the New Era have provided a more solid material foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, deepened the broad masses of the people’s understanding of the nature of socialism, and were an extraordinary decade as well as a crucial historical juncture. It allows us to look back on history from a higher starting point, and also enables us to give socialism a new expression at the level of values, beyond the political system and economic system.

“中国精神”产生于“什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义”这一历史之问。中国的发展为社会主义提供了真实的历史内容，开辟了崭新的发展道路。特别是党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平不断提高。新时代十年为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了更为坚实的物质基础，加深了广大人民群众对于社会主义性质的认知，是极不平凡的十年，也是至关重要的历史节点。它让我们得以在更高的起点上回望历史，也使得我们在政治制度、经济制度之外，在价值层面赋予社会主义以全新的表述。

The core socialist value system was already proposed at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC [n20] and received a systematic exposition in the report of the 18th National Congress of the CPC. The twenty-four-character core socialist values both inherit China’s intellectual tradition and echo the public order and good customs that people “use daily without awareness” [n21] in their lives. On the one hand, they forcefully respond to the impact and challenges of the values of the Western capitalist world, intervening in the struggle for ideological discourse power in a more proactive manner; on the other hand, in the domestic context, they effectively guide and integrate increasingly diverse social trends and value concepts. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC further proposed that “the core socialist values are the concentrated embodiment of the contemporary Chinese spirit,” [n22] more clearly revealing the relationship between the “Chinese spirit” and “socialism” as two sides of the same coin, mutually constitutive. At the level of practical work, understanding the core socialist values through the Chinese spirit opens up pathways for promoting the education, propaganda, study, and practice of the core socialist value system among the masses. Taking the film and television cultural industry as an example, “main melody” films mostly focus on revolutionary history, red culture, biographies of important figures, and other themes; in particular, with the continuous advancement of targeted poverty alleviation, works reflecting real-life themes such as poverty eradication and people’s livelihoods have increased significantly. The core socialist values are not a lofty theoretical expression; their key issue lies in “landing” [n23] — in inspiring aspiration and enthusiasm for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in every aspect of people’s lives. Therefore, emphasizing that the “Chinese spirit” is the soul of socialist literature and art actually opens up entirely new imagination and space for development in literary and artistic work, and also places higher expectations on literary and artistic workers in the New Era to fuse the ancient and the modern, integrate China and the West, and create new literary and artistic forms and ecologies.

社会主义核心价值体系在党的十六届六中全会中已被提出，在党的十八大报告中获得了成体系的阐述。二十四个字的社会主义核心价值观，既传承自中国的思想传统，也呼应了百姓生活中“日用而不知”的公序良俗。它一方面有力地回应了西方资本主义世界的价值观的冲击和挑战，以更主动的方式介入到意识形态话语权的斗争中，另一方面在国内语境中有效地引领、整合了日渐多样化的社会思潮和价值观念。党的十九大报告进一步提出“社会主义核心价值观是当代中国精神的集中体现”，更为清晰地揭示了“中国精神”与“社会主义”一体两面、互为表里的关系。而就现实工作层面而言，以中国精神来理解社会主义核心价值观，廓开了推进社会主义核心价值体系在群众中宣传教育、学习践行的路径。以影视文化产业为例，“主旋律”电影多侧重革命历史、红色文化、重要人物传记等题材，特别是随着精准扶贫事业不断推进，反映脱贫攻坚、人民生活等现实题材的作品显著增多。社会主义核心价值观不是高高在上的理论表述，它的关键问题在“落地”，在于人民生活的方方面面都激发起对于实现中华民族伟大复兴的向往与热忱。因此，强调“中国精神”是社会主义文艺的灵魂实际上为文学和艺术工作打开了全新的想象力和发展空间，也对新时代的文艺工作者提出了熔古铸今、会通中西、创造新的文艺形态和文艺生态的更高期待。

In the early period of reform and opening up, the Party proposed the policy for literary and artistic work of “literature and art serving the people and serving socialism.” [n24] Compared with the “Two Serves” policy, the formulation “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” places greater emphasis on the subjective consciousness of literary and artistic creation. It does not require literature and art to serve the socialist cause from an external perspective, but rather stipulates, from an internal perspective, the socialist attribute of literature and art in the New Era in its fundamental nature. “To realize the Chinese Dream, we must promote the Chinese spirit. This is the national spirit with patriotism at its core and the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core. This spirit is the soul of the nation that unites and gathers strength, the soul that makes the country strong.” [n25] The “soul” in “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” must be understood in the sense and at the height of “the soul that makes the country strong.” In this sense, the theoretical connotation of “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” goes far beyond merely emphasizing timeliness and reality in the content of literary and artistic creation. The Party Central Committee has proposed building China into a socialist cultural powerhouse by 2035 as a preliminary strategic goal for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; cultural confidence must take the lead. It is not only about summarizing existing experiences and achievements, but also about sounding the clarion call of the times amidst the turbulent domestic and international situation. This is not only the historical mission of literary and artistic creators in the New Era, but also an unprecedented opportunity and challenge facing literary theory workers. Only by studying the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Xi Jinping’s cultural thought more deeply can we open up a new phase of literary theory research that is rooted in tradition, based on the contemporary era, and simultaneously possesses a global vision.

改革开放初期，党对于文艺工作曾提出“文艺为人民服务、为社会主义服务”的方针。对比“二为”方针，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的提法更侧重于文艺创作的主体自觉，它不是从外在视角要求文艺服务于社会主义事业，而是以内在的视野规定了新时代文艺在根本性质上的社会主义属性。“实现中国梦必须弘扬中国精神。这就是以爱国主义为核心的民族精神、以改革创新为核心的时代精神。这种精神是凝心聚力的兴国之魂、强国之魂。”“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”中的“灵魂”要在“兴国之魂、强国之魂”的意义和高度上来理解。在这个意义上来说，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论内涵，远不只在文艺创作的内容层面强调时代性与现实性。党中央提出将2035年建成社会主义文化强国作为实现中华民族伟大复兴的先期战略目标，文化自信是要走在前列的，它不仅是要对现有经验成绩作出总结，更是要在风云激荡的国内外局势中发时代之先声。这不仅是新时代文艺创作者的历史使命，更是文艺理论工作者面临的前所未有的机遇与挑战。只有更为深入地学习中国特色社会主义理论、习近平文化思想，才能够开出扎根传统、立足当代，同时具有世界视野的文学理论研究的新局面。

(The author is an associate research fellow at the Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系中国社会科学院文学研究所副研究员）

The Theoretical Implications of “Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art”

“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论意涵

2024-12-25 Author: Liu Zhuo Source: Chinese Social Sciences Net–Chinese Social Sciences Today

2024-12-25 作者：刘卓 来源：中国社会科学网-中国社会科学报

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On October 15, 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a forum on literature and art work and delivered an important speech, profoundly elucidating major propositions of the New Era [n24] such as the creative direction, value orientation, driving force, and talent pool of literature and art. In the section “The Chinese Spirit Is the Soul of Socialist Literature and Art,” he gave a concrete and detailed explanation of the ideological level and moral cultivation that literary and art workers should possess, as well as the unique moral norms and aesthetic standards of the Chinese nation. The theoretical implications of the assertion that “the Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” can only be accurately grasped in the context of the overall theoretical innovation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, in order to understand the demands and insights it places on current theoretical research in literature and art.

2014年10月15日，习近平总书记主持召开文艺工作座谈会并发表重要讲话，深刻阐明了新时代文艺的创作方向、价值取向、动力源泉、人才队伍等重大命题。在“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”章节中就文艺工作者应具有的思想水平与道德修养、中华民族特有的道德规范和审美风范等给出了具体而微的阐释。“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”这一论断的理论意涵，需要结合习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的理论创新的整体脉络，才能准确把握它对于当下文艺理论研究工作提出的要求和启示。

The proposal of the “Chinese spirit” explicitly points to the national spirit that was reborn through the tempering of blood and fire in modern times. Shortly after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [n25] on November 19, 2012, when visiting the exhibition “The Road to Rejuvenation,” General Secretary Xi Jinping reviewed the historical process of modern China and stated, “The Chinese people have never yielded; they have risen up in unceasing struggle, finally taking their destiny into their own hands and beginning the great process of building their own country, fully demonstrating the great national spirit with patriotism at its core. Today’s China can truly be described as ‘the right path is the vicissitudes of the world.’ [n26] Since reform and opening up, we have summed up historical experience, continuously explored with difficulty, and finally found the correct path to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, achieving results that have attracted worldwide attention. This path is socialism with Chinese characteristics.” The Chinese spirit is not only the “fruit” of modern China’s arduous quest but also the “cause” of the success of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Thus, to be precise, the “Chinese spirit” is not merely a conceptual form; it does not only point to traditional Chinese civilization but also to the Chinese people who have grown up as historical subjects.

“中国精神”的提出明确指向了近现代在血与火的锤炼中涅槃重生的民族精神。党的十八大闭幕后不久，2012年11月19日，习近平总书记在参观《复兴之路》展览时回顾近现代中国的历史进程时谈道，“中国人民从不屈服，不断奋起地抗争，终于掌握了自己的命运，开始了建设自己国家的伟大进程，充分展示了以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神。中华民族的今天，正可谓‘人间正道是沧桑’。改革开放以来，我们总结历史经验，不断艰辛探索，终于找到了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路，取得了举世瞩目的成果。这条道路就是中国特色社会主义”。中国精神不仅是近现代中国艰难求索的“果”，更是中国特色社会主义道路得以成功的“因”。因而，准确地说，“中国精神”并不只是一种观念形态，不仅是指向中华传统文明，而且是指向作为历史主体成长起来的中国人民。

This brings to mind the inscription on the Monument to the People’s Heroes: “Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the People’s War of Liberation and the people’s revolution in the past three years! Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who laid down their lives in the People’s War of Liberation and the people’s revolution in the past thirty years! Eternal glory to the people’s heroes who from 1840 laid down their lives in the many struggles against domestic and foreign enemies, for national independence and the freedom and well-being of the people!” These three short paragraphs summarize the full picture of more than a century of revolutionary history, with “people” appearing as a key word eight times. This is the main thread running through the inscription—those people of lofty ideals who, for national independence, national prosperity, and the freedom and well-being of the people, advanced wave upon wave and sacrificed their lives, regardless of party affiliation or background, are all heroes of the Chinese people—“The people, and the people alone, are the real driving force of history.” This formulation not only marks the consistent historical materialist stance of the CPC but, more importantly, returning to the people’s standpoint provides an important starting point for re-narrating the continuity of modern history in today’s ideological context.

这使我们想到人民英雄纪念碑碑文的表述：“三年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！三十年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！由此上溯到一千八百四十年，从那时起，为了反对内外敌人，争取民族独立和人民自由幸福，在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！”短短三段话概括了一百多年来革命历史的全貌，“人民”作为关键词出现了八次。这是贯穿碑文的主线——那些为了民族独立、国家富强、人民自由幸福而前赴后继、舍生忘死的仁人志士，无论党派、不问出身，都是中国人民的英雄——“人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的真正动力”。这一表述不仅标识着中国共产党一以贯之的历史唯物主义立场，更为重要的是，回归人民立场为在今天的思想语境中重述近现代历史的连续性提供了重要的出发点。

In the field of modern history studies, there has long been a tension between “revolutionary history narrative” and the “modernization narrative” that emerged after the 1980s. This is not only the case in academia; corresponding manifestations also appear in the realm of popular culture. Television dramas such as *The Right Path Is the Vicissitudes of the World* [n27] have sparked differing and even sharply opposed reviews after their broadcast. Tracing this to its roots, the reason for the divergence lies in the ambiguity of historical narrative. How should important historical events of modern China be evaluated? How can differences be bridged to form a convincing consensus that penetrates the hearts of the people? Historical narrative is not merely a paradigm dispute within the social sciences, nor is it only a governance issue in the sphere of public opinion; it is a major issue concerning political and cultural identity, requiring theoretical innovation to achieve a fundamental resolution.

在近现代史研究界，“革命史叙事”与20世纪80年代之后出现的“现代化叙事”之间一直存在着紧张感。不仅学术界如此，在大众文化领域也有相应的表现，《人间正道是沧桑》等电视剧上映后引发了各方不同的甚至针锋相对的评论。追根究底，产生分歧的原因在于历史叙事的模糊，如何评价近现代中国的重要历史事件，如何弥合分歧，形成深入民心的、有说服力的共识？历史叙事并不仅仅是社会科学研究领域的范式之争，也不仅是一个舆论领域的治理问题，而是事关政治文化认同的重要问题，需要理论层面的创新才能使其获得根本上的解决。

The basis of historical narrative should not be certain specific discourses, but only the unceasing practice of the people. “Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind.” [n28] The “original aspiration” is not an abstract concept suspended outside history, but a high degree of self-awareness of the ruling party under new historical conditions, and the Chinese spirit of “never yielding, rising up in unceasing struggle” that has always flowed within the Party’s history. It can be said that the tension and predicament between the “revolutionary history narrative” and the “modernization narrative” in modern historical narrative first achieved a theoretical resolution in the Party’s historical narrative centered on the core formulation of the “Two Centenary Goals.” [n29]

历史叙事的依据不应该是某些特定的话语，而只能是生生不息的人民实践。“不忘初心、牢记使命。”“初心”不是孤悬于历史之外的抽象的观念，而是新的历史条件下执政党的高度自觉，是党史中一直涌流着的“从不屈服、不断奋起抗争”的中国精神。可以说，近现代历史叙事中的“革命史叙事”与“现代化叙事”的张力与困境首先在以“两个一百年”为核心提法的党史叙事中获得了理论表述上的解决。

If “remaining true to our original aspiration” reshapes the CPC’s self-affirmation by looking back at history, then the “Chinese spirit” opens up the prospect of socialism within the historical horizon centered on the core formulation of “the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The “great national spirit with patriotism at its core” cannot be narrowly understood as exclusionary nationalist sentiment. The true meaning of the patriotic spirit born from the national crisis of modern times can only be historically and accurately understood through the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that generations of Chinese people have explored in their struggle for national salvation and survival. From “only socialism can save China,” when the New Democratic Revolution [n30] achieved the great leap of China from a feudal autocracy of several thousand years to people’s democracy, to “poverty is not socialism,” when the period of reform and opening up witnessed the historic leap from inadequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity in general and moderate prosperity in all respects, to the 20th National Congress of the CPC report, which with decisive rhetoric and unshakable historical confidence proposed that “socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” one can observe a change in the mode of expression: “China” and “Chinese characteristics” gradually become the subject. It is no longer “socialism” that defines “China,”

如果说，“不忘初心”以回溯历史的方式重塑中国共产党的自我确证，那么“中国精神”则是在以“中华民族伟大复兴”为核心提法的历史视野中开启了社会主义的远景。“以爱国主义为核心的伟大民族精神”不能被狭隘地理解为排他性的民族主义情感。在近现代的民族危机中产生的爱国主义精神的真正意涵要从一代代中国人在救亡图存的奋斗中探求的中国特色社会主义发展道路中才能获得历史的、准确的理解。从“只有社会主义才能救中国”，新民主主义革命时期实现了中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃，到“贫穷不是社会主义”，改革开放时期人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、全面小康的历史性跨越，到党的二十大报告中以斩钉截铁的修辞和不容置疑的历史自信提出“中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路”，能够观察到表述方式的变化，“中国”“中国特色”逐渐成为主语，不再是以“社会主义”来定义“中国”，而是以“中国”去定义“社会主义”。

The "Chinese spirit" emerged from the historical question of "what is socialism and how to build it." China's development has provided socialism with authentic historical content and opened up a brand-new path of development. Particularly since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become more mature, and the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity has continuously improved. The ten years of the New Era have provided a more solid material foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, deepened the broad masses of the people's understanding of the nature of socialism, and were an extraordinary decade as well as a crucial historical juncture. It allows us to look back on history from a higher starting point, and also enables us, beyond the political system and economic system, to give socialism a new expression at the level of values.

“中国精神”产生于“什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义”这一历史之问。中国的发展为社会主义提供了真实的历史内容，开辟了崭新的发展道路。特别是党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平不断提高。新时代十年为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了更为坚实的物质基础，加深了广大人民群众对于社会主义性质的认知，是极不平凡的十年，也是至关重要的历史节点。它让我们得以在更高的起点上回望历史，也使得我们在政治制度、经济制度之外，在价值层面赋予社会主义以全新的表述。

The system of core socialist values was already put forward at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC [24]24 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC, held in October 2006, adopted the “Resolution on Major Issues Concerning the Building of a Socialist Harmonious Society,” which first proposed the system of core socialist values. and received a systematic exposition in the report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC. [25]25 The 18th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2012, formally presented the twenty-four-character core socialist values: prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony; freedom, equality, justice, rule of law; patriotism, dedication, integrity, friendship. The twenty-four-character core socialist values both inherit China’s intellectual tradition and echo the public order and good customs that the people “use daily without awareness.” [26]26 “Use daily without awareness” (日用而不知) is a classical allusion to the *Yijing* (Book of Changes), referring to principles that people follow in daily life without conscious reflection. On the one hand, they forcefully respond to the impact and challenge of the values of the Western capitalist world, intervening in the struggle for ideological discourse power in a more proactive manner; on the other hand, in the domestic context they effectively guide and integrate increasingly diverse social trends and value concepts. The report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC [27]27 The 19th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2017, adopted Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era into the Party Constitution. further stated that “the core socialist values are the concentrated embodiment of contemporary Chinese spirit,” revealing more clearly the relationship between “Chinese spirit” and “socialism” as two sides of the same coin, mutually constitutive. At the level of practical work, understanding the core socialist values through Chinese spirit opens up pathways for advancing the propaganda, education, study, and practice of the system of core socialist values among the masses. Taking the film and television cultural industry as an example, “main melody” films mostly focus on revolutionary history, red culture, biographies of important figures, and similar themes; in particular, as the targeted poverty alleviation effort [28]28 Targeted poverty alleviation (精准扶贫) is a national strategy launched under Xi Jinping to eliminate absolute poverty by has steadily advanced, works reflecting real-life themes such as poverty eradication and the people’s livelihood have increased significantly. The core socialist values are not a theoretical formulation suspended high above; their key issue lies in “landing” — in inspiring longing and enthusiasm for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in every aspect of the people’s life. Therefore, emphasizing that “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” in fact opens up entirely new imaginative and developmental space for literary and artistic work, and also places higher expectations on literary and artistic workers in the New Era to fuse the ancient and the modern, to bridge China and the West, and to create new literary and artistic forms and a new literary and artistic ecology.

社会主义核心价值体系在党的十六届六中全会中已被提出，在党的十八大报告中获得了成体系的阐述。二十四个字的社会主义核心价值观，既传承自中国的思想传统，也呼应了百姓生活中“日用而不知”的公序良俗。它一方面有力地回应了西方资本主义世界的价值观的冲击和挑战，以更主动的方式介入到意识形态话语权的斗争中，另一方面在国内语境中有效地引领、整合了日渐多样化的社会思潮和价值观念。党的十九大报告进一步提出“社会主义核心价值观是当代中国精神的集中体现”，更为清晰地揭示了“中国精神”与“社会主义”一体两面、互为表里的关系。而就现实工作层面而言，以中国精神来理解社会主义核心价值观，廓开了推进社会主义核心价值体系在群众中宣传教育、学习践行的路径。以影视文化产业为例，“主旋律”电影多侧重革命历史、红色文化、重要人物传记等题材，特别是随着精准扶贫事业不断推进，反映脱贫攻坚、人民生活等现实题材的作品显著增多。社会主义核心价值观不是高高在上的理论表述，它的关键问题在“落地”，在于人民生活的方方面面都激发起对于实现中华民族伟大复兴的向往与热忱。因此，强调“中国精神”是社会主义文艺的灵魂实际上为文学和艺术工作打开了全新的想象力和发展空间，也对新时代的文艺工作者提出了熔古铸今、会通中西、创造新的文艺形态和文艺生态的更高期待。

In the early period of reform and opening up, the Party put forward the policy that literature and art should “serve the people and serve socialism.” [29] Compared with the “two serves” policy, the formulation “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” places greater emphasis on the subjective consciousness of literary and artistic creation; it does not demand from an external perspective that literature and art serve the socialist cause, but rather stipulates from an internal perspective the socialist nature of New Era literature and art in its fundamental character. “To realize the Chinese Dream, we must promote Chinese spirit. This is the national spirit with patriotism at its core and the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core. This spirit is the soul that unites and gathers strength to rejuvenate the nation and make it strong.” [30] The “soul” in “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” must be understood in the sense and at the height of “the soul that rejuvenates the nation and makes it strong.” In this sense, the theoretical connotation of “Chinese spirit is the soul of socialist literature and art” goes far beyond merely emphasizing contemporaneity and reality at the level of the content of literary and artistic creation. The Party Central Committee has set the goal of building China into a socialist cultural powerhouse by 2035 as a preliminary strategic target for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; cultural confidence must take the lead. It is not only about summarizing existing experience and achievements, but also about sounding the clarion call of the times amid the turbulent domestic and international situation. This is not only the historical mission of literary and artistic creators in the New Era, but also an unprecedented opportunity and challenge facing literary theory workers. Only by studying the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Xi Jinping’s cultural thought [31] more deeply can we open up a new phase of literary theory research that is rooted in tradition, based in the contemporary era, and simultaneously possesses a global vision.

改革开放初期，党对于文艺工作曾提出“文艺为人民服务、为社会主义服务”的方针。对比“二为”方针，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的提法更侧重于文艺创作的主体自觉，它不是从外在视角要求文艺服务于社会主义事业，而是以内在的视野规定了新时代文艺在根本性质上的社会主义属性。“实现中国梦必须弘扬中国精神。这就是以爱国主义为核心的民族精神、以改革创新为核心的时代精神。这种精神是凝心聚力的兴国之魂、强国之魂。”“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”中的“灵魂”要在“兴国之魂、强国之魂”的意义和高度上来理解。在这个意义上来说，“中国精神是社会主义文艺的灵魂”的理论内涵，远不只在文艺创作的内容层面强调时代性与现实性。党中央提出将2035年建成社会主义文化强国作为实现中华民族伟大复兴的先期战略目标，文化自信是要走在前列的，它不仅是要对现有经验成绩作出总结，更是要在风云激荡的国内外局势中发时代之先声。这不仅是新时代文艺创作者的历史使命，更是文艺理论工作者面临的前所未有的机遇与挑战。只有更为深入地学习中国特色社会主义理论、习近平文化思想，才能够开出扎根传统、立足当代，同时具有世界视野的文学理论研究的新局面。

(The author is an associate research fellow at the Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.)

（作者系中国社会科学院文学研究所副研究员）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧