The Chinese Narrative Logic and World-Historical Significance of the Question of Modernization

Solving the question of modernization is the key to solving the question of the world. Modernization is an important driving force for the transformation of social forms and embodies the common sentiments and value aspirations of humanity. Chinese-path modernization not only manifests the commonality of modernizations in various countries but also has its own particularity based on its own historical culture and actual national conditions. From the perspective of the cause of human civilizational progress, Chinese-path modernization is not a “special state” detached from the global wave and trend of modernization, but rather a plan of civilizational modernization that actively guides human civilizational relations toward a bright future, heralding the advent of a completely new form of human civilization and providing a Chinese perspective for expanding the spectrum of human modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that modernization must adhere to the principle of putting the people first, uphold the principle of independence, establish an awareness of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, promote the spirit of helping others to succeed while seeking one’s own success, and maintain a vigorous and enterprising posture. This profoundly reveals the law-based understanding contained in Chinese-path modernization and provides Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach for solving the question of modernization in human society. It can be said that “Chinese-path modernization is constantly advanced through reform and opening up, and it will surely open up broad prospects through reform and opening up.” In the field of the global development of modernization, Chinese-path modernization, with its original theoretical achievements and pioneering practical achievements, continuously demonstrates its world-historical significance in the historical process of promoting and expanding the new path of modernization.

破解现代化之问是破解世界之问的关键性课题。现代化是推动社会形态变迁的重要动力，寄托着人类的共同情怀和价值诉求。中国式现代化既彰显出各国现代化的共同性，更有基于自己历史文化和国情实际的特殊性。从人类文明进步事业视角出发，中国式现代化并不是游离于世界现代化浪潮和趋势之外的“特殊状态”，而是积极引导人类文明关系走向光明未来的一种文明现代化方案，昭示着全新的人类文明形态的问世，为拓展人类现代化谱系提供了中国视野。习近平总书记指出，现代化建设要坚守人民至上理念、秉持独立自主原则、树立守正创新意识、弘扬立己达人精神、保持奋发有为姿态。这深刻揭示了中国式现代化蕴含的规律性认识，为破解人类社会现代化之问提供了中国智慧和中国方案。可以说，“中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的，也必将在改革开放中开辟广阔前景”。在现代化全球发展的场域中，中国式现代化以其原创性的理论成果和开创性的实践成就，在推动和拓展现代化新道路的历史进程中不断彰显其世界历史意义。

I. Chinese-Path Modernization Contains New Concepts of Modernization

一、中国式现代化蕴含现代化新理念

Chinese-path modernization highlights the people-centered nature of the orientation of modernization, adheres to the principle of putting the people first, and opens up a new path of modernization that uses the logic of the people to steer the logic of capital.

中国式现代化，突出现代化取向的人民性，坚守人民至上理念，开创了以人的逻辑驾驭资本逻辑的现代化新路。

The people are the starting point and fundamental driving force for initiating and advancing modernization, and they are also the goal orientation and value destination of modernization. Under the domination of the logic of capital, Western modernization is dominated by the logic of unlimited expansion, forming a deformed society that “sees things but not people.” In stark contrast to capitalist modernization, Chinese-path modernization contains a law-based understanding that insists on a people-centered nature in the choice of the direction of modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Whether a modernization path can ultimately work and remain stable depends on whether it adheres to a people-centered approach.” Chinese-path modernization truly makes the people the subject of creation, the subject of enjoyment, and the subject of practice of modernization, demonstrating a narrative model and significant advantages that distinguish it from Western modernization, and contributing a value logic of modernization that transcends “capital” to the world.

人民是启动和推进现代化的立足点和基础动力，也是现代化的目标指向和价值归宿。西方现代化在资本逻辑统摄下，以无限增殖逻辑为主导，形成“只见物不见人”的畸形社会。与资本主义现代化形成鲜明对比的是，中国式现代化蕴含着在现代化方向选择上坚持人民性的规律性认识。习近平总书记指出：“现代化道路最终能否走得通、行得稳，关键要看是否坚持以人民为中心。”中国式现代化真正让人民成为现代化的创造主体、享有主体和实践主体，彰显出区别于西方现代化的叙事模式和显著优势，为世界贡献出超越“资本”的现代化价值逻辑。

From the perspective of its context of emergence, Chinese-path modernization is formed in the active process of the people’s choice and creation of history. The Western modernization model originated from the primitive accumulation of capital. Through external colonial plunder and internal brutal exploitation of the people, it transformed “the scattered means of production of individuals into the concentrated means of production of society,” [1]1 Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, Chapter 32: “The expropriation of the immediate producers is accomplished with merciless vandalism, and under the stimulus of passions the most infamous, the most sordid, the pettiest, the most meanly odious.” The quoted phrase describes the process of primitive accumulation. and has never been able to escape the operational logic of capital’s barbaric expansion, disorderly proliferation, and extraction of surplus value, leading to the unconscious alienation of people into appendages of capital and the loss of their subjectivity. Chinese-path modernization shifts the driving force of national and ethnic development to the people as the main body; Chinese-path modernization is a great cause jointly built and actively created by all the people. On the one hand, Chinese-path modernization is the historical result of the active choice of the people. In its original historical context, Chinese-path modernization manifested as the Chinese nation’s “struggle for national survival from subjugation.” [2]2 “救亡图存” (jiu wang tu cun) is a classical four-character idiom meaning “to save the nation from subjugation and ensure its survival,” widely used in modern Chinese history to describe the struggle against imperialist aggression. The crucial reason why the Chinese nation was able to shake off the humiliating history since modern times and stand proudly among the nations of the world lies precisely in the struggle, dedication, and immense strength of the people. The people and history actively chose “Marxism” and “the Communist Party of China.” On the basis of exploration and practice since the founding of New China, especially reform and opening up, and through continuous efforts since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party has led the people to actively participate in the process of modernization, successfully advancing and expanding Chinese-path modernization. On the other hand, the creative power of the people advances and expands Chinese-path modernization. The people are the true subject of historical creation and the most reliable, deepest, and most enduring source of strength for Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must firmly rely on the people, gather the infinite wisdom and strength hidden among the people, in order to continuously create new historical achievements.” Chinese-path modernization abandons the single economic driving force theory of Western modernization, adheres to a comprehensive driving force theory centered on endogenous driving forces, plans reforms by solving major institutional and mechanism problems, fully stimulates the endogenous driving force of the people, condenses the spiritual energy of the people, unleashes the practical power of the people, and gathers the combined force of the masses for social and historical progress to create new historical achievements.

从出场语境看，中国式现代化形成于人民选择和创造历史的能动过程。西方现代化模式起源于资本的原始积累，通过对外殖民血腥掠夺、对内残酷剥削人民，将“个人的分散的生产资料转化为社会的积聚的生产资料”，始终无法摆脱资本野蛮增殖、无序扩张以及榨取剩余价值的资本运演逻辑，导致人不自觉异化为资本附庸，丧失主体性。中国式现代化将国家和民族的发展动力转到人民主体上，中国式现代化是全体人民共同建设和主动创造的伟大事业。一方面，中国式现代化是人民群众主动选择的历史结果。中国式现代化在原初的历史语境中表现为中华民族的“救亡图存”，中华民族之所以能摆脱近代以来的屈辱历史，屹立于世界民族之林，其中极为关键的一点就在于人民群众的奋斗付出和磅礴力量。人民和历史主动选择了“马克思主义”和“中国共产党”，在新中国成立特别是改革开放以来探索和实践基础上，经过党的十八大以来的接续奋进，党领导人民主动参与现代化建设进程，成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。另一方面，人民的创造伟力推进和拓展了中国式现代化。人民群众是历史创造的真正主体，是中国式现代化最可靠、最深厚、最持久的力量源泉。习近平总书记指出：“必须紧紧依靠人民，汇聚蕴藏在人民中的无穷智慧和力量，才能不断创造新的历史伟业。”中国式现代化摒弃西方现代化单一的经济动力论，坚持以内生动力为主的综合动力论，通过破解重大体制机制问题谋划改革，充分激发人民内生动力，凝聚人民精神动能，发挥人民实践力量，凝聚社会历史进步的群众合力以创造新的历史伟业。

From the perspective of value goals, Chinese-path modernization continuously meets the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. Capitalist modernization takes the endless pursuit of capital expansion as its fundamental purpose, with the prevalence of commodity fetishism, money fetishism, and capital fetishism, leading to the neglect and contempt of people. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “We must adhere to taking the realization of the people’s aspiration for a better life as the starting point and落脚点 [3]3 “落脚点” (luo jiao dian) literally means “foothold” or “landing point”; in this context, it is translated as “goal” or “ultimate objective,” referring to the fundamental aim of modernization. of modernization.” Chinese-path modernization follows a people-centered development logic, insists on taking serving the people as the purpose of development, focuses on responding to the changes and development of the people’s needs, and formulates lines, principles, and policies, demonstrating the value attributes of socialism with Chinese characteristics. On the one hand, Chinese-path modernization takes the people’s interests as its value orientation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Modernization depends not only on indicators and data on paper, but more importantly on the people’s well-being and happiness.” Chinese-path modernization is committed to achieving fairness, justice, and common prosperity, strives to improve the people’s quality of life, takes a better life as the goal of modernization, and establishes a modernization paradigm with the people’s interests as the fundamental value orientation. Since entering the New Era, Chinese Communists have scientifically judged the transformation of the principal contradiction in Chinese society, focused more on meeting the people’s aspiration for a better life, and actively created a new realm where material abundance and human development are coordinated. On the other hand, Chinese-path modernization takes shared benefits for the people as its effectiveness goal. “Shared benefits for the people” contains the proposition of “common prosperity,” revealing the essential requirement of socialism and the unchanging original aspiration and founding mission of Chinese Communists. Chinese-path modernization resolutely avoids falling into the dilemma of polarization and the trap of welfarism brought about by Western capitalist modernization. While making the “cake” bigger, it also takes into account distributing the “cake” well, historically solves the problem of absolute poverty, qualitatively improves the people’s living standards, comprehensively popularizes and benefits basic public services, and innovatively answers the world-historical question of whether modernization development and the narrowing of the gap between rich and poor can coexist.

从价值目标看，中国式现代化不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。资本主义现代化以无止境地追求资本增殖为根本目的，商品拜物教、货币拜物教和资本拜物教盛行，导致对人的忽视和蔑视。习近平总书记指出，“坚持把实现人民对美好生活的向往作为现代化建设的出发点和落脚点”。中国式现代化遵循人民本位发展逻辑，坚持把为了人民作为发展目的，注重回应人民需要的变化发展，制定路线、方针和政策，彰显出中国特色社会主义的价值属性。一方面，中国式现代化以人民利益为价值取向。习近平总书记指出，“现代化不仅要看纸面上的指标数据，更要看人民的幸福安康”。中国式现代化致力于实现公平正义和共同富裕，着力提升人民生活质量，把美好生活作为现代化建设的目标，建立了以人民利益为根本价值取向的现代化范式。进入新时代以来，中国共产党人科学研判我国社会主要矛盾的转化，更加聚焦满足人民对美好生活的向往，积极创造物的丰裕和人的发展相协调的新境界。另一方面，中国式现代化以人民共享为效能目标。“人民共享”蕴含着“共同富裕”的命题，昭示着社会主义的本质要求和中国共产党人始终不变的初心使命。中国式现代化坚决避免陷入西方资本主义现代化所带来的两极分化困境和福利主义陷阱，在做大“蛋糕”的同时兼顾分好“蛋糕”，历史性解决绝对贫困问题，高质量提升人民生活水平，全方位普及普惠基本公共服务，创新性解答了现代化发展和贫富差距缩小能否共存的世界历史性问题。

From a practical standpoint, Chinese-path modernization properly handles the relationship between the development of things and the development of people. The Western model of modernization, with its approach of “seeing things but not people,” has generated irreconcilable contradictions within its own society and increasingly exhibits symptoms of unsustainability. Marxism profoundly critiques the inherent maladies of capital and capitalism, providing an explanatory framework for socialism to transcend capitalist modernization. Chinese-path modernization is a socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. It has successfully broken the traditional conceptual schema of a binary opposition between capital and socialism, plans and advances reform from the fundamental interests of the people, and activates the positive role of the logic of capital in promoting social production. First, it transcends the supremacy of capital and establishes the logic of capital serving the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Capital has a profit-seeking nature; if it is not regulated and constrained, it will bring incalculable harm to economic and social development.” [4]4 “A hundred flowers bloom” (百花齐放) is a classical Chinese idiom, originally referring to the flourishing of various schools of thought, later used by Mao Zedong in the 1950s as part of the “Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend” policy for cultural and intellectual expression. Chinese-path modernization emphasizes “people’s control and utilization of things,” treats capital as an important factor of production and a significant means of economic development, promotes the compatibility and integration of the socialist system with the market economy system through further comprehensive deepening of reform and improvement of the governance system, regulates and guides the development of capital through economic, administrative, and legal means while preventing the disorderly growth and rampant expansion of capital, safeguards sustained and healthy economic and social development, and on the basis of continuously advancing the level of modernization of things, advances the level of modernization of people. Second, it transcends the opposition between labor and capital, and is committed to realizing the free and comprehensive development of people. Marx established the free development of people as a distinctive value marker of future society, while also pointing out that the free and comprehensive development of people is closely linked to the ownership of the means of production. Chinese-path modernization replaces the capitalist private ownership that “seeks benefits for a minority” with socialist public ownership, transforming the “logic of capital” into the “logic of labor,” thereby laying the economic foundation for Chinese-path modernization to shape the logic of people’s free development, transcending the illusory freedom under the capitalist system, and promoting the comprehensive development of people in social relations.

从实践立场看，中国式现代化妥善处理了物的发展与人的发展的关系。西方现代化模式“见物不见人”的发展方式使其社会内部形成了不可调和的矛盾，日益呈现出不可持续发展的症候。马克思主义深刻批判了资本和资本主义的自发痼疾，为社会主义提供了超越资本主义现代化的阐释框架。中国式现代化是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化，成功破解了资本与社会主义二元对立的传统思维图式，从人民根本利益出发谋划和推进改革，激活了资本逻辑在促进社会生产中的积极作用。一是超越资本至上，确立资本服务人民的逻辑。习近平总书记指出：“资本具有逐利本性，如不加以规范和约束，就会给经济社会发展带来不可估量的危害。”中国式现代化强调“人对物的支配和利用”，把资本看作重要的生产要素和经济发展的重要方式，通过进一步全面深化改革和完善治理体系，推进社会主义制度与市场经济体制的兼容与结合，通过经济、行政和法律等手段规范和引导资本发展并防止资本无序生长、野蛮扩张，为经济社会持续健康发展保驾护航，并在不断推进物的现代化水平基础上，推进人的现代化水平。二是超越劳资对立，致力于实现人的自由全面发展。马克思确立人的自由发展是未来社会的显著价值标识，同时指出人的自由全面发展与生产资料所有制有着密切联系。中国式现代化以社会主义公有制取代“为少数人谋利益”的资本主义私有制，将“资本逻辑”变为“劳动逻辑”，为中国式现代化形构人的自由发展逻辑奠定了经济基础，超越了资本主义体系下的虚幻式自由，推动人在社会交往关系中全面发展。

II. Chinese-Path Modernization Creates a New Path of Modernization

二、中国式现代化创造现代化新道路

Chinese-path modernization explores the diversity of modernization paths, upholds the principle of independence, and provides a new model for autonomous modernization that can be referenced by the vast number of developing countries.

中国式现代化，探索现代化道路的多样性，秉持独立自主原则，为广大发展中国家提供可以借鉴的进行自主现代化的新范本。

Marx believed that Eastern societies could leap over the “Caudine Forks” of capitalism [5]5 The quotation “the elimination of national oppression is the basic condition for all healthy and free development” is a paraphrase of a Marxist principle, commonly associated with Lenin’s writings on the national question. and thereby open up another path of development, providing theoretical support for marking the diversity and multiple choices of modernization paths. Based on its unique cultural traditions, unique historical destiny, and unique basic national conditions, the Communist Party of China has independently explored a path of modernization highly coupled with China’s national conditions. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the unique worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology contained in Chinese-path modernization, along with its great practice, constitute a major innovation in world modernization theory and practice. Chinese-path modernization demonstrates the firm stance and strong resolve of the Chinese nation’s independence, providing a narrative mode and a successful model for developing countries to move toward modernization.

马克思认为，东方社会可以跨越资本主义“卡夫丁峡谷”从而开辟另一条发展之路，为标注现代化道路的多样性与多重选择提供理论支撑。中国共产党基于独特的文化传统、独特的历史命运、独特的基本国情，独立自主地探索出一条与中国国情高度耦合的现代化之路。习近平总书记指出，中国式现代化蕴含的独特世界观、价值观、历史观、文明观、民主观、生态观等及其伟大实践，是对世界现代化理论和实践的重大创新。中国式现代化展现出中华民族独立自主的坚定立场和坚强定力，为广大发展中国家走向现代化提供了叙事方式和成功范本。

First, Chinese-path modernization breaks through the narrative logic of Western modernization. Western capitalist countries, relying on the technological advantages of the Industrial Revolution, took the lead in initiating the modernization process. Based on their own national interests and political purposes, they deconstruct differential modernization discourses, deny the plurality of modernization models, and construct a discourse narrative of “modernization = Westernization,” which exhibits obvious rational paranoia and one-sided expressions of cultural value expansion. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “There is no single modernization model that is set in stone, nor is there a one-size-fits-all modernization standard.” [6]6 “Semi-colonial and semi-feudal society” (两半社会) is the standard Chinese Marxist characterization of China’s social formation from the Opium Wars (1840) to the founding of the People’s Republic (1949), denoting a condition of partial colonial subjugation and residual feudal relations. “Persisting in placing the development of the country and the nation on the basis of our own strength, and firmly holding the destiny of China’s development and progress in our own hands,” [7]7 “Ten Clarifications,” “Fourteen Perseverances,” and “Thirteen Areas of Achievement” (十个明确、十四个坚持、十三个方面成就) are the three structural components summarizing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, as codified in the Party’s 2021 “Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century.” Chinese-path modernization effectively dissolves the narrative logic of Western-centrist modernization. From a theoretical dimension, the theory of Chinese-path modernization demonstrates its uniqueness and originality in terms of value concepts, scientific connotations, distinctive features, essential requirements, principles and methods, major relationships, and forms of civilization. It is a presentation of distinctive discourse starting from China’s characteristics and a clear manifestation of “elevating the cultural subjectivity of the Chinese nation.” [8]8 “Six Musts” (六个必须坚持) refers to the six principles of worldview and methodology articulated in Xi Jinping Thought: must uphold the Party’s overall leadership, must adhere to a people-centered approach, must deepen reform and opening up, must uphold and improve the socialist system, must govern the country according to law, and must strengthen Party building. Based on a dialectical narrative logic combining universality and particularity, it achieves a paradigm reconstruction of modernization theory and ends the monopoly position of Western modernization theory. From a practical dimension, Chinese-path modernization neither engages in “wholesale Westernization” nor copies the “Soviet model.” Instead, it integrates the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and combines the basic principles of scientific socialism with the vivid practice of China’s modernization construction, achieving an organic integration of modernization, socialism, and Chinese characteristics, and “creating the Chinese miracle of rapid economic development and long-term social stability.” [9]9 The “Second Integration” (第二个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with the fine traditional Chinese culture, as distinct from the first integration with China’s concrete realities. It was formally proposed by Xi Jinping in 2023. This effectively dissolves the narrative logic of Western-centrist modernization, reducing the Western modernization discourse to a regional discourse, and empirically proving that human modernization does not have to proceed only within the narrative framework of Western modernization; any nation or country has the qualification and right to independently explore its own path of modernization development.

一是中国式现代化突破了西方现代化的叙事逻辑。西方资本主义国家凭借工业革命的技术优势率先开启了现代化进程，并基于自身的国家利益和政治目的的需要对差异性现代化话语进行解构，否认现代化模式的多元性，构筑起“现代化=西方化”的话语叙事，具有明显的理性偏执和文化价值观扩张的片面表达。习近平总书记指出：“世界上既不存在定于一尊的现代化模式，也不存在放之四海而皆准的现代化标准。”“坚持把国家和民族发展放在自己力量的基点上，坚持把中国发展进步的命运牢牢掌握在自己手中”，以中国式现代化有力消解了西方中心主义的现代化叙事逻辑。从理论维度看，中国式现代化理论在价值理念、科学内涵、鲜明特色、本质要求、原则方法、重大关系、文明形态等方面彰显出其独特性与原创性，是从中国的特点出发的独特性话语呈现和“高扬中华民族的文化主体性”的鲜明体现。其基于普遍性与特殊性相结合的辩证叙事逻辑，实现了对现代化理论的范式重构，终结了西方现代化理论的垄断地位。从实践维度看，中国式现代化既不搞“全盘西化”也不照搬“苏联模式”，而是将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际和中华优秀传统文化相结合，将科学社会主义基本原则同中国现代化建设的生动实践相结合，实现了现代化、社会主义和中国特色的有机融合，“创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定”的中国奇迹。这有力消解了西方中心主义的现代化叙事逻辑，使西方现代化话语还原为区域性话语，从经验层面有力证明人类现代化并不是只能在西方现代化的叙事框架下进行，任何民族、任何国家都有资格与权利去独立自主探索现代化发展道路。

Second, Chinese-path modernization successfully overcomes the dependency trap by relying on its own

二是中国式现代化依靠自身力量成功跨越依附性陷阱。习近平总书记指出，任何国家和民族依赖外部力量、跟在他人后面亦步亦趋“不是必然遭遇失败，就是必然成为他人的附庸”。中国式现代化辩证处理自主与依附的关系，成功打破了“中心-外围”依附体系。一方面，中国式现代化在跨越赶超的现代化进程中避免了“附庸”命运。中国共产党在领导现代化建设中高度重视独立自主，彻底打破了“路径依赖”，实现了从“走俄国人的路”到“走自己的路”再到“建设有中国特色社会主义”的历史性转变，从而“仅用几十年时间就走完发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程”，创造性探索出了具有鲜明内生特性的现代化道路。另一方面，中国式现代化破解了发展中国家“依附”发展或“脱钩”发展的二元难题。中国式现代化确立了独立自主与对外开放相结合的现代化策略，将现代化事业建立在资本主义开创的现代性社会“肯定性成果”基础之上，使中国的现代化事业不会因被动依附而轻易中断，也不会因孤立封闭而丧失新的发展机遇，矫正了后发国家依附性发展的策略问题，走出了一条既顺应世界潮流又掌握发展主动权的新路。

Third, Chinese-path modernization endows modernization with new connotations of universal significance. A modernization path led by endogenous forces and based on independence and self-reliance is the scientific choice for developing countries to enter the ranks of modernization. Chinese-path modernization has achieved great success under the conditions of the socialist system and in a developing country with a huge population. It has not only dispelled the ideological spell of Western modernization but also endowed the exploration of modernization paths with the new connotation of adhering to independence and self-reliance on a universal level. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “There is no fixed model for the path of modernization; the one that suits you best is the best.” Chinese-path modernization embodies a distinct spirit of historical initiative. It is a practical creation that, on the basis of following the common laws of human modernization, adheres to independent exploration and self-reliance. It presents a narrative mode that includes the “general characteristics” of modernization in various countries, while also containing localized individual features. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on Chinese-path modernization have preliminarily constructed the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization, successfully expanded the theory of human social modernization, and not only solved relatively special problems arising from China’s complex national conditions but also proved, on a universal level, that world development is equally multi-linear and multi-modal. The narrative of Chinese-path modernization is a major revision of the Western modernization narrative, and even more so a new understanding of the general laws of modernization. It provides a major methodological guide of “independence and self-reliance” for future human development, encouraging other developing countries to focus on handling their own affairs well and to combine their own realities with the successful experiences of other countries. At the same time, Chinese-path modernization fundamentally rejects value imposition and the export of paths. It will never demand that other countries replicate China’s path or form of civilization. Instead, it clearly highlights “independence and self-reliance,” especially “respecting and supporting the independent choice of development paths by the people of all countries, jointly painting a new picture of human social modernization where a hundred flowers bloom,”[n] thereby negating and transcending the Western hegemonic path and thus providing important value guidance for countries around the world to move toward modernization.

三是中国式现代化赋予现代化具有普遍意义的新内涵。内生性力量主导的独立自主的现代化路径才是发展中国家走向现代化行列的科学抉择。中国式现代化在社会主义制度条件下、在人口规模巨大的发展中国家获得巨大成功，既祛除了西方现代化意识形态之魅，也在普遍性意义上赋予了现代化道路探索坚持独立自主的新内涵。习近平总书记指出：“现代化道路并没有固定模式，适合自己的才是最好的。”中国式现代化内蕴着鲜明的历史主动精神，是在遵循人类现代化共同规律的基础上，坚持自主探索和自力更生的实践创造，既呈现各国现代化“一般特征”的叙事方式，也内蕴本土化的个性特色。习近平总书记关于中国式现代化的重要论述，初步构建了中国式现代化理论体系，成功拓展了人类社会现代化理论，不仅解决了基于我国复杂的国情而产生的相对特殊的问题，而且在普遍性意义上证明世界的发展同样是多线的、多模式的。中国式现代化叙事是对西方现代化叙事的重大修正，更是对现代化一般规律的新认知，为未来人类发展提供“独立自主”的重大方法论指引，鼓励其他发展中国家以办好自己的事为主将本国实际和他国成功经验相结合。同时，中国式现代化从根本上杜绝价值灌输和道路输出，决不会要求他国复制中国的道路和文明形态，而是旗帜鲜明地突出“独立自主”，特别是“尊重和支持各国人民对发展道路的自主选择，共同绘就百花齐放的人类社会现代化新图景”，实现了对西方霸权道路的否定与超越，从而为世界各国走向现代化提供重要价值指引。

III. Chinese-Path Modernization Writes a New Chapter of Modernization

三、中国式现代化书写现代化新篇章

Chinese-path modernization maintains the continuity of modernization development, adheres to the consciousness of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, and manifests a new prospect for a more dynamic and sustainable narrative logic of modernization.

中国式现代化，保持现代化发展的持续性，坚持守正创新意识，彰显了更有活力、更可持续现代化逻辑叙事的新前景。

Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground is the dialectical unity of not forgetting the original and opening up the future. It is an important worldview and methodology for our Party to advance and expand Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly raised the epochal issue of “upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground,” emphasizing “continuously achieving innovative breakthroughs in theory and practice, injecting a steady stream of powerful vitality into the modernization process.” Chinese-path modernization contains a regular understanding of promoting the sustainable development of modernization by upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. In terms of theoretical guidance, it promotes the development and innovation of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. In terms of cultural roots, it promotes the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, continuously consolidating cultural subjectivity. In terms of practical development, it presents a great narrative of the close integration of scientific socialism and modernization, promoting modernization to continuously develop and advance to a higher stage with an innovative posture and effective practice.

守正创新是不忘本来与开辟未来的辩证统一，是我们党推进和拓展中国式现代化的重要世界观和方法论。习近平总书记多次提到“守正创新”的时代课题，强调“不断实现理论和实践上的创新突破，为现代化进程注入源源不断的强大活力”。中国式现代化蕴含着以守正创新推进现代化持续性发展的规律性认识，从理论引领上推动马克思主义中国化时代化的发展和创新，从文化根脉上推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化和创新性发展，不断巩固文化主体性，从实践发展上呈现出科学社会主义和现代化紧密结合的伟大叙事，以创新姿态和有效实践推动现代化持续向更高阶段发展和迈进。

From the perspective of the continuity of theoretical guidance, it upholds the fundamental principles of Marxism and breaks new ground in contemporary Marxism. Marxism profoundly reveals the inevitable laws of social and historical development and is the correct path and truth that must always be adhered to. The theoretical and practical innovations of Chinese-path modernization have always revolved around the main theme and main line of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, continuously enriching and developing the theoretical form of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. On the one hand, taking upholding fundamental principles as the foundation ensures the correct direction for the continuous development of Chinese-path modernization. Marxist modernization theory affirms the historical progressiveness of capitalist modernization while also revealing its historical limitations and transitional nature, directly guiding the generation and development of Chinese-path modernization. The Communist Party of China adheres to the Marxist view that “the elimination of national oppression is the basic condition for all healthy and free development,”[n] clearing the obstacles of a “semi-colonial and semi-feudal society”[n] and the contradictions of “class antagonism” for the modernization cause through the New Democratic Revolution and the socialist revolution, thereby laying the basic premise and institutional foundation for the development of Chinese-path modernization. Based on the Marxist perspective and diagnosis of capital, it regards the realization of human modernization and the free and comprehensive development of the individual as the forward direction and mission purpose of modernization, representing a new direction for the development of human civilization. On the other hand, taking innovation as the driving force continuously opens up new realms for adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The Communist Party of China, based on its specific national conditions, has promoted the integration of Marxism with China’s concrete realities at different stages, forming theoretical achievements such as Mao Zedong Thought and the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Chinese Communists have deepened their understanding of the laws of socialist modernization construction. The main content of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has been summarized as the “Ten Clarifications,” “Fourteen Perseverances,” and “Thirteen Areas of Achievement,”[n] prominently emphasizing that “Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times works,” refining and summarizing innovative ideological achievements such as the worldview and methodology of the “Six Musts,”[n] profoundly elucidating the path of China, the governance of China, and the rationale of China, endowing Marxism with contemporary value and practical charm, and providing a continuous source of ideological vitality and developmental momentum for the sustained development and innovation of Chinese-path modernization through its unique narrative and rich practice.

从理论引领的持续性看，守马克思主义之正，创当代马克思主义之新。马克思主义深刻揭示了社会历史发展的必然规律，是必须始终坚守的正道和真理。中国式现代化理论和实践创新始终围绕马克思主义中国化时代化的主题主线，不断丰富发展马克思主义中国化时代化的理论形态。一方面是以守正为根基，确保中国式现代化接续发展的正确方向。马克思主义现代化理论既肯定了资本主义现代化的历史进步性，也揭示了其历史局限性与过渡性，直接指导中国式现代化的生成和发展。中国共产党坚持马克思主义“排除民族压迫是一切健康而自由的发展的基本条件”的观点，通过新民主主义革命和社会主义革命扫清现代化事业“两半社会”的障碍和“阶级对立”的矛盾，为中国式现代化的发展奠定了基本前提和制度基础，并基于马克思主义对资本的透视和诊断，把实现人的现代化和人的自由全面发展看作现代化的前进方向和使命目的，代表着人类文明发展的新方向。另一方面是以创新为动力，不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界。中国共产党立足于特殊国情，在不同阶段推动马克思主义与中国具体实际相结合，形成了毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系等理论成果。党的十八大以来，中国共产党人深化了对社会主义现代化建设规律的认识，将习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的主要内容概括为“十个明确”“十四个坚持”“十三个方面成就”，突出强调“中国化时代化的马克思主义行”，提炼概括“六个必须坚持”的世界观和方法论等创新性思想成果，深刻阐发中国之路、中国之治、中国之理，赋予马克思主义当代价值和实践魅力，以独特的叙事和丰富的实践为中国式现代化的持续发展创新提供了源源不断的思想活力和发展动力。

From the perspective of the continuity of cultural roots, it upholds the fundamental principles of fine traditional culture and breaks new ground in the cultural subjectivity of the Chinese nation. Western modernization theory opposes tradition and modernity, regarding the farewell to tradition as the “natural mission” of human modernization. Chinese-path modernization completely abandons the Western thinking that separates tradition from modernity, applies Marxist dialectical thinking, and fully utilizes fine traditional Chinese culture as a continuous driving force for innovation, providing ideological nourishment for “carrying forward the Chinese cultural lineage” and “elevating the cultural subjectivity of the Chinese nation.” First, adhering to cultural roots expands the cultural foundation of Chinese-path modernization. The continuity of Chinese civilization endows Chinese-path modernization with excellent cultural genes passed down in one continuous line. The Communist Party of China promotes the deep integration of the ideological essence of Marxism with the essence of fine traditional Chinese culture, creatively transforms and innovatively develops fine traditional Chinese culture, bridges the gap between traditional civilization and modern civilization, and endows the path of Chinese-path modernization with a broader historical depth and profound civilizational foundation. Second, adhering to cultural roots constructs the cultural form of Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization adheres to the stance of Chinese culture, strengthens cultural confidence, promotes cultural self-reliance, and promotes the profound chemical reaction of the modernity genes contained in fine traditional Chinese culture in the “Second Integration.”[n] In the integration of content and spirit, it promotes the interaction between traditional cultural elements compatible with the spirit of the times and modern cultural components, cultivates and consolidates cultural subjectivity, and shapes the cultural form of Chinese-path modernization. This cultural form is essentially still the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics, reflecting certain commonalities of modernization in various countries around the world and the outstanding characteristics of Chinese civilization, endowing Chinese-path modernization with a deeper connotation and a unique narrative mode. Third, cultural roots nourish Chinese-path modernization and break new ground in the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era. Fine traditional Chinese culture, with its unique ways of thinking, aesthetic tastes, ethical norms, and value concepts, nourishes Chinese-path modernization. As a new form of civilization maintaining continuity, it achieves a civilizational leap based on a traditional foundation, “continuously developing the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era with strong ideological leadership, spiritual cohesion, value appeal, and international influence.” In particular, through the “Two Integrations,”[n] it truly resolves the “ancient-modern, Chinese-Western debate”[n] and leads the direction of the leap in human civilization.

从文化根脉的持续性看，守优秀传统文化之正，创中华民族的文化主体性之新。西方现代化理论把传统与现代彼此对立，把告别传统看作人类现代化的“当然使命”。中国式现代化彻底摒弃了西方现代化的传统与现代割裂的思维，运用马克思主义的辩证思维，充分利用中华优秀传统文化作为革新的持续动力，为“赓续中华文脉”“高扬中华民族的文化主体性”提供思想养料。一是坚守文化根脉拓展中国式现代化的文化根基。中华文明的连续性赋予中国式现代化一脉相承的优秀文化基因，中国共产党推动马克思主义思想精髓同中华优秀传统文化精华的深度融合，创造性转化、创新性发展中华优秀传统文化，弥合传统文明与现代文明之间的鸿沟，让中国式现代化道路有了更加宏阔的历史纵深和深厚的文明底蕴。二是坚守文化根脉建构中国式现代化的文化形态。中国式现代化坚守中华文化立场，坚定文化自信，推进文化自强，推动中华优秀传统文化蕴含的现代性基因在“第二个结合”中发生深刻化学反应，在内容精神的结合中推动与时代精神共容的传统文化因素同现代化文化成分发生互动，培育和巩固文化主体性，塑造出中国式现代化的文化形态。这种文化形态本质上仍然是中国特色社会主义文化，反映世界各国现代化在文化上的某些共性和中华文明的突出特性，赋予中国式现代化更加深沉的内涵要义和独特的叙事方式。三是文化根脉在滋养中国式现代化中创新时代中国特色社会主义文化之新。中华优秀传统文化以其蕴含的独特思维方式、审美情趣、伦理规范、价值理念等滋养中国式现代化，并作为一种保持连续性的新的文明形态，实现了一种基于传统基础的文明跃升，“不断发展具有强大思想引领力、精神凝聚力、价值感召力、国际影响力的新时代中国特色社会主义文化”，特别是通过“两个结合”，真正破解了“古今中西之争”，引领着人类文明的跃升方向。

From the perspective of the continuity of practical development, it is a matter of upholding the correctness of scientific socialism and creating new models of modernization. Chinese-path modernization upholds the correctness of the scientific socialist path, ensuring that modernization does not deviate from its track or lose its direction, overcomes the defects of traditional socialist modernization paths, and at a higher level transforms scientific socialism into a great creative practice of modernization. First, it creatively resolves the question of the political leading force of China’s modernization, ensuring the sustainability of the leading force of modernization. The nature and purpose, original aspiration and founding mission, ideals and convictions, etc., of the Communist Party of China determine the essence and direction of modernization, avoiding the mutual checks and inefficiencies caused by multiple forces under the Western multi-party system. Since entering the New Era, our Party has found the “second answer” [n12] to the historical cycle of rise and fall, order and chaos, persistently advancing the close integration of self-revolution, consolidating its ruling position, and improving its governing capacity, enhancing its political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal, thereby providing a sustained and powerful political guarantee for modernization. Second, it innovatively resolves difficulties such as unbalanced and inadequate development, maintaining the sustainability of the path of modernization development. Chinese-path modernization has cast off the shackles of the single dimension of material-centered modernization; it is a highly coupled systemic project that “places greater emphasis on systemic integration, greater emphasis on highlighting key points, and greater emphasis on the actual effectiveness of reform,” [n13] comprehensively advancing the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and coordinating the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, effectively opening up a new situation of modernization characterized by comprehensive social progress. Third, it creatively resolves the problem of ecological constraints, ensuring the sustainability of the modernization development environment. The exploitative orientation inherent in Western modernization transplants the exploitation of people onto the plunder of nature, leading to environmental degradation, imbalance in the relationship between humans and nature, and other ills, revealing its unsustainability. Chinese-path modernization conforms to the scientific socialist conception of the relationship between humans and nature in a future society, advocates an ecological civilization concept of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, thoroughly discards the deep-seated ills of the capitalist mode of development, and, through sustainable development characterized by production growth, affluent living, and a sound ecology, makes new contributions to achieving sustainable development for the world.

从实践发展的持续性看，守科学社会主义之正，创现代化发展模式之新。中国式现代化守科学社会主义道路之正，确保现代化建设不转轨、不迷向，克服了传统社会主义现代化道路的弊端，在更高层次上把科学社会主义转化为富有创造性的现代化建设伟大实践。一是开创性解决中国现代化的政治领导力量问题，确保现代化领导力量的可持续。中国共产党的性质宗旨、初心使命、理想信念等规定着现代化的本质和方向，规避了西方多党制导致的多方力量相互掣肘和效率低下。进入新时代以来，我们党找到了跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的“第二个答案”，坚持推进自我革命、巩固执政地位、提高执政能力的紧密结合，提升政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力和社会号召力，为现代化建设提供持续有力的政治保证。二是创新性解决发展不平衡不充分等难题，保持现代化发展道路的可持续。中国式现代化摆脱了物质中心主义单维度现代化的桎梏，是一个高度耦合的系统工程，“更加注重系统集成，更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效”，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，卓有成效地开辟出社会全面进步的现代化新局面。三是创造性解决生态制约难题，保证现代化发展环境的可持续。西方现代化内含的剥削取向把对人的剥夺等移植到对自然的掠夺，导致环境恶化、人与自然关系失衡等弊病，昭示其发展的不可持续性。中国式现代化契合科学社会主义关于未来社会人与自然关系的构想，倡导人与自然和谐共生的生态文明观，彻底扬弃资本主义发展方式的痼疾，以生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的可持续发展，为实现世界的可持续发展作出新贡献。

IV. Chinese-Path Modernization Presents a New Picture of Modernization

四、中国式现代化展现现代化新图景

Chinese-path modernization enhances the inclusiveness of the fruits of modernization, promotes the spirit of establishing oneself and helping others, and creates a new form of human civilization with unique advantages and the pattern of a major country.

中国式现代化，增强现代化成果的普惠性，弘扬立己达人精神，创造出独具优势和大国格局的人类文明新形态。

Creating a higher stage of human civilization is a clear marker of the achievements of a country’s modernization. The crisis in the living conditions of human society caused by capitalist modernization compels human society to reflect on this civilization. Chinese-path modernization “firmly stands on the right side of history and on the side of human civilization and progress,” [n14] truly practicing the principle that “what any nation does as a nation, it does for human society,” [n15] embodying a unique narrative of enhancing the inclusiveness of modernization achievements. In breaking through the a priori narrative logic that “modern civilization is Western civilization,” it achieves the disenchantment of civilization, not only successfully demonstrating the superiority of the Chinese-path modernization narrative but also, at a deeper level, representing the emergence of a new form of civilization. Rooted in the fertile soil of fine traditional Chinese culture, based on the historical process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and drawing on and absorbing all outstanding achievements of human civilization, Chinese-path modernization is a completely new form of human civilization. It truly answers the questions of the era that Western capitalist civilization, due to its class standpoint, could not resolve, and from the dimensions of philosophical paradigm, value orientation, and practical innovation, it presents a new form of civilization marked by “inclusiveness.”

创造更高阶段的人类文明是国家现代化发展成就的显著标识。资本主义现代化造成的人类社会生存境遇的危机，使人类社会不得不反思这种文明。中国式现代化“坚定站在历史正确的一边、站在人类文明进步的一边”，是对“凡是民族作为民族所做的事情，都是他们为人类社会而做的事情”的真正践行，蕴含着增强现代化成果普惠性的独特叙事，在破除“现代文明就是西方文明”的先验叙事逻辑中实现文明祛魅，不仅成功彰显了中国式现代化叙事的优越性，而且从更深层次上代表着一种新的文明形态的产生。中国式现代化植根于中华优秀传统文化土壤，立足于中国特色社会主义建设的历史进程，借鉴吸收一切人类优秀文明成果，是一种全新的人类文明形态，真正解答了西方资本主义文明因阶级立场无法解决的时代之问，从哲学范式、价值取向与实践创新等维度展现了以“普惠性”为显著标识的新的文明形态。

From the perspective of philosophical paradigm, Chinese-path modernization is the result of thinking that transcends “subject governing object” through “subject-object unity.” Western modernized countries regard capitalist modern civilization as the highest form of human civilization development and, taking the dichotomy of “subject” and “object” as a precondition, propagate fallacies such as the subject’s domination, control, conquest, and transformation of the object (the object), which become the deep ideological roots of conflicts and clashes between different civilizations. The philosophical foundation of Chinese-path modernization, on the other hand, is “subject-object unity,” emphasizing “equality between subjects, sharing and inclusiveness,” continuously breaking through the limitations of the Western modern civilization perspective with equality, inclusiveness, and openness, historically creating a completely new form of human civilization. First, Chinese-path modernization transcends power politics through peaceful development, representing a new form of civilization that highlights equality. From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the process of Western modernization has been accompanied by military aggression, economic plunder, political control, cultural infiltration, and other practices, gradually constructing a world economic and political system characterized by hegemonism. Chinese-path modernization emphasizes the equal relationship between subjects, unequivocally opposes all hegemonism and power politics, advocates genuine multilateralism, promotes the building of a new type of international relations, and demonstrates the responsibility of a major country, fully reflecting the peaceful development dimension of this new form of human civilization. Second, Chinese-path modernization transcends vicious competition through shared development, representing a new form of civilization that highlights inclusiveness. Western modernized countries cling to zero-sum game thinking, using political suppression, technological blockades, economic decoupling, trade wars, public opinion wars, military encirclement, and other means in an attempt to hinder the modernization development of other countries. “Openness is a distinct hallmark of Chinese modernization.” [n16] Adhering to the principle of openness and sharing, Chinese-path modernization, while achieving great success itself, promotes the sharing of development opportunities and achievements with other countries around the world, fully reflecting the shared development dimension of this new form of human civilization. Third, Chinese-path modernization transcends narrow confrontation through inclusiveness and harmony, representing a new form of civilization that embodies inclusiveness. As a type of late-developing modernization, Chinese-path modernization eliminates the inherent antagonism of Western modernization, discards the zero-sum game thinking of “you die, I live” or “you lose, I win,” advocates “harmony in diversity” and “embracing all that is valuable,” [n17] promotes harmonious coexistence through seeking common ground while reserving differences, uses openness to promote exchange, and uses inclusiveness to promote mutual learning, fully reflecting the inclusive development dimension of this new form of human civilization.

从哲学范式看，中国式现代化是“主客统一”超越“主统治客”的思维结果。西方现代化国家把资本主义现代文明看作人类文明发展的最高形态，并以“主”“客”二分为前置条件，鼓噪主体对客体（对象）的统治、支配、征服、改造等谬论，成为不同文明间生发矛盾和冲突的深层理念根源。中国式现代化的哲学根基则是“主客统一”，强调“主主平等、共享普惠”，以平等性、普惠性和包容性等不断突破西方现代文明的视野局限，历史性开创了全新的人类文明形态。一是中国式现代化以和平发展超越强权政治，是突出平等性的文明新形态。从工业革命开始，西方现代化发展过程就伴随着军事侵略、经济掠夺、政治控制、文化渗透等行径，逐步构建起以霸权主义为特征的世界经济政治体系。中国式现代化强调主体的平等关系，旗帜鲜明反对一切霸权主义和强权政治，倡导真正的多边主义，推动构建新型国际关系，展现负责任大国担当，充分体现了人类文明新形态的和平发展向度。二是中国式现代化以共享发展超越恶性竞争，是彰显普惠性的文明新形态。西方现代化国家固守零和博弈思维，运用政治打压、科技封锁、经济脱钩、贸易战、舆论战、军事包围等手段妄图阻碍别国现代化发展。“开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识。”中国式现代化本着开放共享原则，在自身取得巨大成就的同时，推动世界其他国家共享发展机遇和成果，充分体现了人类文明新形态的共享发展向度。三是中国式现代化以包容和合超越狭隘对抗，是内蕴包容性的文明新形态。作为一种后发现代化类型，中国式现代化消除了西方现代化的内在对抗性，摒弃“你死我活”“你输我赢”的零和博弈思维，提倡“和而不同”“兼收并蓄”，主张在求同存异中和合共生，以开放促进交流，以包容促进互鉴，充分体现了人类文明新形态的包容发展向度。

From the perspective of value orientation, the “common values of all mankind” [n18] inherent in Chinese-path modernization transcend “universal values.” On the question of values, Chinese-path modernization, as a completely new form of human civilization, embodies the common values of all mankind that reflect universal human principles and ideal pursuits, effectively highlighting its common narrative logic and discursive advantages at the value level, achieving a transcendence of Western “universal values.” From a theoretical logic perspective, the common values of all mankind break through the abstract assumption of human nature in “universal values.” “Universal values” rely on an abstract theory of human nature, positing the a priori nature of humans detached from concrete social life and historical practice as the essential determination of humanity; in essence, they are the conceptual expression of bourgeois material relations and cannot reflect the “universal” interests of the progress of human civilization. The common values of all mankind, on the other hand, uphold the Marxist worldview, take “real individuals” as their starting point, directly confront universal human problems, cleanse various value limitations and ideological biases, respect the exploration of paths for value realization by peoples of different countries, and provide correct conceptual guidance for building a better world. From a practical logic perspective, the common values of all mankind, through an “endogenous” practical path, transcend the “exogenous” practical path of “universal values.” Western capitalist countries, relying on their advantages in the economic, military, technological, and communication fields, forcibly peddle “universal values” to other countries, exacerbating instability in the international community. The common values of all mankind, on the other hand, adhere to an “endogenous” practical path, creating value through cooperation, exchange, sharing, and win-win outcomes, handling international relations and conflicts of interest among different nations through mutual respect, mutual tolerance, and win-win cooperation, promoting the enjoyment of comprehensive and multi-faceted equality by participants in global governance, enabling it to benefit more people, effectively avoiding the rejection characteristic of the “exogenous” path, and guiding forces in the world that desire peace toward a direction of shared prosperity and coexistence.

从价值取向看，中国式现代化蕴含的“全人类共同价值”超越“普世价值”。在价值问题上，中国式现代化作为全新的人类文明形态，内蕴着体现人类普遍原则和理想追求的全人类共同价值，切实凸显出其在价值层面的共性叙事逻辑和话语优势，实现了对西方“普世价值”的超越。从理论逻辑看，全人类共同价值突破了“普世价值”抽象的人性假设。“普世价值”依托抽象的人性论预设，将脱离具体社会生活和历史实践的人之先验本性视为人的本质规定，其实质是资产阶级物质关系在观念上的表现，无法体现人类文明的进步的“普遍性”利益。全人类共同价值则秉持马克思主义的世界观，以“现实的人”为出发点，直面人类普遍性问题，涤荡各种价值局限和意识形态偏见，尊重不同国家人民对价值实现路径的探索，为建设更加美好的世界提供正确理念指引。从实践逻辑看，全人类共同价值以“内生式”实践路径超越了“普世价值”“外推式”的实践路径。西方资本主义国家凭借自身在经济、军事、科技、传播等领域的优势，将“普世价值”强制兜售给其他国家，加剧了国际社会的不稳定。全人类共同价值则坚持“内生式”的实践路径，通过合作、交流、共享、共赢的方式创造价值，以相互尊重、彼此包容、合作共赢的方式处理国际关系和不同民族的利益矛盾，促进全球治理的参与者享有全方位和多领域的平等，使其惠及更多人民，有效规避了“外推式”路径的排异性，引领世界上希望和平的力量朝着共荣共生的方向发展。

From the perspective of practical innovation, Chinese-path modernization promotes the construction of a new picture of modern civilization through a new form of human civilization. Marx’s thorough critique of capitalist modern civilization shows that the future development of human civilization must sublate the old form of civilization and reach a higher realm of civilization. Chinese-path modernization, from top-level design to concrete implementation plans, manifests the Chinese form of socialist civilization, represents a brand-new pattern of the new form of human civilization, and constructs a new picture of modern civilization as a whole. First, Chinese-path modernization is a new form of civilization that establishes a new mechanism for the exchange and mutual learning of human civilizations. The new form of human civilization is the contemporary form of Chinese civilization, effectively activating the modern civilizational elements pursued and transmitted by the Chinese nation for thousands of years. It consistently upholds the thinking of integration, practical rationality, and the logic of symbiosis. While respecting diversity and tolerating difference, it adheres to the new concept of civilizational development based on exchange, mutual learning, and inclusiveness, thereby opening up broader space for promoting the exchange and mutual learning of human civilizations. Second, Chinese-path modernization is a new form of civilization that contributes new solutions to the governance of human society. The world pattern dominated by Western civilization cannot accommodate the interests and demands of all countries, and turbulence and transformation have become the norm. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Building a community with a shared future for mankind is where the future of the people of all countries lies.” [n] The community with a shared future for mankind reflects on and criticizes the Western civilizational community model. It does not aim to establish a new civilizational center, but rather fully emphasizes global fairness, justice, and sharing. Among these, the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative [n] present the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind in a three-dimensional manner, embodying the development vision and narrative logic of positive interaction between Chinese governance and global governance, and injecting more certainty and stability into the international society in an era of turbulence and transformation. Third, Chinese-path modernization is a new form of civilization that injects new impetus into the progress of human civilization. Chinese-path modernization cultivates new momentum on a global scale. With the continued advancement of comprehensively deepening reform internally and expanding opening up externally, China will provide the world with a larger Chinese market and Chinese demand, as well as higher-quality Chinese manufacturing and Chinese creation. The Belt and Road Initiative helps countries around the world board China’s express train, convenience train, and free-riding train of development, [n] manifesting the spiritual pursuit of Chinese-path modernization to “establish oneself and help others to establish,” [n] and promoting the building of a more prosperous and beautiful world.

从实践创新看，中国式现代化以人类文明新形态推动构建现代文明新图景。马克思对资本主义现代文明的彻底性批判表明，人类文明的未来发展必须扬弃旧文明形态而达至更高的文明境界。中国式现代化从顶层设计到具体推进方案都展现了社会主义文明的中国样态，表征了全新人类文明形态的崭新样式，整体性构建了现代文明的新图景。一是中国式现代化是为人类文明交流互鉴搭建新机制的文明新形态。人类文明新形态是中华文明的当代形态，有效激活了中华民族数千年来追求和传承的现代文明元素，始终秉持融合思维、实践理性和共生逻辑，在尊重多样性和包容差异性中，坚持交流互鉴、兼收并蓄的文明发展新理念，为促进人类文明交流互鉴开辟了更加广阔的空间。二是中国式现代化是为人类社会治理贡献新方案的文明新形态。西方文明主导下的世界格局无法兼顾各国家的利益和诉求，动荡变革已然成为常态。习近平总书记指出：“构建人类命运共同体是世界各国人民前途所在。”人类命运共同体反思与批判了西方文明共同体方案，其不在于确立新的文明中心，而是充分强调全球的公平、公正和共享，其中全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议立体呈现的人类命运共同体理念，体现出中国治理与全球治理良性互动的发展愿景和叙事逻辑，为处于动荡变革期的国际社会注入更多确定性和稳定性。三是中国式现代化是为人类文明进步注入新动力的文明新形态。中国式现代化在全球范围内培育新动能，随着对内进一步全面深化改革和对外扩大开放的持续推进，中国将为世界提供规模更大的中国市场和中国需求，为世界提供更优质的中国制造和中国创造。“一带一路”倡议助力世界各国搭乘中国发展的快车、便车和顺风车，彰显中国式现代化“立己达人”的精神追求，推动建设更加繁荣美好的世界。

V. Chinese-Path Modernization Opens Up a New Realm of Modernization

五、中国式现代化开辟现代化新境界

Chinese-path modernization ensures the steadfastness of the leadership of modernization, maintains a striving and enterprising posture, and strives to make new contributions to promoting world history in the correct direction.

中国式现代化，确保现代化领导的坚定性，保持奋发有为姿态，努力为促进世界历史向着正确方向发展作出新贡献。

Political parties are a key force driving human modernization and global civilization. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “As the leading and driving force of the modernization cause, the value concepts, leadership level, governance capacity, spiritual outlook, and willpower of political parties directly affect the future and destiny of national modernization.” [n] This assertion scientifically summarizes the status and role of political parties in modernization, and contains a regular understanding and significant advantage in maintaining steadfastness in the leading force of modernization. The Communist Party of China, always with firm subjective self-awareness and historical initiative, undertakes the historical mission of leading and promoting the country’s modernization. With a high degree of strategic sobriety and strong political resolve, it forges the foundation of faith, the connotation of development, and the mechanism of self-renewal for Chinese-path modernization. This not only ensures the forward development of the modernization cause but also adds new elements and successful templates for reference to the genealogy of world modernization.

政党是推动人类现代化和全球文明的关键力量。习近平总书记指出：“作为现代化事业的引领和推动力量，政党的价值理念、领导水平、治理能力、精神风貌、意志品质直接关系国家现代化的前途命运。”这一论断科学总结了政党在现代化建设中的地位和作用，蕴含着在现代化领导力量上保持坚定性的规律性认识和显著优势。中国共产党始终以坚定的主体自觉和历史主动，承担着引领和推动本国现代化的历史使命，以高度的战略清醒和坚强的政治定力锻造出中国式现代化的信仰基础、发展内涵和自我革新机制，不仅保障现代化事业向前发展，也为世界现代化谱系增添了新的元素和可供借鉴的成功模板。

Chinese-path modernization fully embodies the advanced nature of a Marxist political party as required by scientific socialism. The Communist Party of China possesses a strong sense of historical subject consciousness and a sense of responsibility. “Apart from the interests of the working class and the broadest masses of the people, it has no special interests of its own.” [n] Since its founding, it has become the steadfast force driving and leading China’s exploration of modernization. First, it ensures the correct direction of modernization and prevents modernization construction from making subversive mistakes. That scientific socialism can bear the fruits of civilization in the great cause of Chinese-path modernization is inseparable from the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The entire modernization construction system is built with the political party as the axis. “The Party’s leadership directly concerns the fundamental direction, future and destiny, and ultimate success or failure of Chinese-path modernization.” [n] Only by adhering to the Party’s leadership can it be ensured that Chinese-path modernization does not take the old road or the evil road, and remains a modernization of a socialist nature. Second, it provides a stable social environment, ensuring that Chinese-path modernization anchors its goals and proceeds steadily and far. Western modernization, with its coercive and brutal nature, suppresses social forces to maintain social stability, and cannot truly achieve the unity of stability and development. The Communist Party of China integrates different social strata, political forces, and governance subjects, and through developing whole-process people’s democracy, promptly resolves various contradictions in the modernization process, better avoids conflicts between different groups, achieves the organic unity of maintaining social stability and stimulating social vitality, and ensures the stable operation and orderly advancement of Chinese-path modernization. Third, it constructs a self-renewal mechanism, ensuring the scientific nature and sustainability of the development of Chinese-path modernization. The character of a Marxist political party endows the Communist Party of China with the bright quality of daring to engage in self-revolution. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has taken upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, as well as transcending the self, as the worldview and methodology for adhering to the consciousness of its mission. It leads social revolution through self-revolution, continuously enhances its capacity for self-purification, self-improvement, self-renewal, and self-enhancement, and drives the development of modernization from victory to new victory.

中国式现代化全面体现科学社会主义要求的马克思主义政党先进性。中国共产党具备强烈的历史主体意识与责任担当情怀，“除了工人阶级和最广大人民群众的利益，没有自己特殊的利益”，自诞生之日起就成为推动和引领中国的现代化探索的坚定力量。一是确保了现代化的正确方向，防止现代化建设犯颠覆性错误。科学社会主义得以在中国式现代化伟业中结出文明硕果，须臾离不开中国共产党的领导。整个现代化建设体系以政党为中轴而构建，“党的领导直接关系中国式现代化的根本方向、前途命运、最终成败”。只有坚持党的领导，才能确保中国式现代化不走老路和邪路，始终是社会主义性质的现代化。二是提供了稳定的社会环境，确保中国式现代化锚定奋斗目标行稳致远。西方现代化以其强制性、残酷性压制着社会力量来维持社会稳定，无法真正做到稳定与发展的统一。中国共产党将不同社会阶层、政治力量、治理主体整合起来，并通过发展全过程人民民主，及时解决现代化进程中的各种矛盾，较好地避免了不同群体之间的冲突，实现保持社会稳定和激发社会活力的有机统一，保证中国式现代化稳定运行、有序推进。三是建构自我革新机制，保证了中国式现代化发展的科学性和持续性。马克思主义政党的品格赋予中国共产党勇于自我革命的鲜亮本色。党的十八大以来，中国共产党将守正创新、超越自我作为坚守使命自觉的世界观和方法论，以自我革命引领社会革命，不断提升党自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的能力，推动现代化发展不断从胜利走向新的胜利。

Chinese-path modernization endows the theory of scientific socialism with new contemporary connotations in keeping with the times. Scientific socialism is the scientific presupposition and profound elaboration by the classical writers of the basic features of a future communist society, and it must necessarily deepen and expand in the course of solving the epochal questions facing human society. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that summarizing and putting forward the theory of Chinese-path modernization and elaborating it in depth is the latest major achievement of scientific socialism. Chinese-path modernization puts the value pursuit and theoretical propositions of scientific socialism into the practice of modernization, and in the course of profound practical changes it continuously endows scientific socialism with new theoretical connotations, manifesting the unique socialist narrative logic of Chinese-style modernization. First, Chinese-path modernization concretizes the goal pursuit of scientific socialism regarding future society. Marx and Engels believed that a social form higher than capitalism must realize “the free development of each individual.” The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that “from 2035 to the middle of this century, we will build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.” Chinese-path modernization is in essence the modernization of people; the goals it pursues in the middle of the 21st century implement the people-centered development philosophy, embody communist ideals and socialist convictions, and from the perspective of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan, formulate the goals of modernization in a phased and perceptible way, concretizing the conception of future society in scientific socialism. Second, Chinese-path modernization develops the basic principles of scientific socialism. The major principles that Chinese-path modernization must firmly grasp are a contemporary interpretation of the basic principles of scientific socialism in the contemporary context and the Chinese context; the “five major principles” provide the fundamental guidance for advancing Chinese-path modernization from the aspects of the leading core, the development path, the fundamental stance, the basic driving force, and the state of mind, highlighting both the socialist direction and goals and encompassing the basic content and practical path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, reflecting a new height in the Party’s profound grasp of the laws of socialist development. Third, Chinese-path modernization systematically integrates the practical plan for socialist modernization. Engels pointed out that “our views on the features of the future non-capitalist society that distinguish it from modern society are exact conclusions drawn from historical facts and developmental processes,” emphasizing the deepening of the features of scientific socialism in the course of development. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Chinese-path modernization pursues common prosperity for all the people, implements the strategy of comprehensive deepening of reform and high-quality opening up, creatively builds new relations of production through the socialist market economy, whole-process people’s democracy, and scientific and technological independent innovation, develops new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, and strives to “better adapt the relations of production to the productive forces, the superstructure to the economic base, and national governance to social development,” thereby solving the historic difficulty of backward countries achieving modernization and contributing a concrete plan for socialist modernization.

中国式现代化与时俱进地赋予科学社会主义理论新的时代内涵。科学社会主义是经典作家对未来共产主义社会基本特征等所作的科学预设和深刻阐述，必然在解决人类社会面临的时代之问中深化拓展。习近平总书记指出，概括提出并深入阐述中国式现代化理论是科学社会主义的最新重大成果。中国式现代化将科学社会主义的价值追求和理论主张付诸现代化实践，并在深刻的实践变革中不断赋予科学社会主义新的理论内涵，彰显了现代化中国独特的社会主义叙事逻辑。一是中国式现代化具象化了科学社会主义关于未来社会的目标追求。马克思恩格斯认为，比资本主义更高级的社会形式要实现“每个人的自由发展”。党的二十大报告指出，“从二〇三五年到本世纪中叶把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国”。中国式现代化本质上是人的现代化，其在21世纪中叶追求的目标贯彻以人民为中心的发展理念，体现着共产主义理想和社会主义信念，从“五位一体”总体布局的角度，以阶段性、可感知的方式制定现代化的目标，具象化科学社会主义对未来社会的构想。二是中国式现代化发展了科学社会主义的基本原则。中国式现代化必须牢牢把握的重大原则，是对科学社会主义基本原则在当代语境、中国语境的时代诠释，“五大原则”从领导核心、发展道路、根本立场、基本动力和精神状态等为推进中国式现代化提供的根本遵循，既突出了社会主义的方向目标，也涵盖了中国特色社会主义基本内容和实践路径，体现了党对社会主义发展规律深刻把握的新高度。三是中国式现代化系统集成社会主义现代化建设的实践方案。恩格斯指出，“我们对未来非资本主义社会区别于现代社会的特征的看法，是从历史事实和发展过程中得出的确切结论”，强调在发展中深化科学社会主义的特征。中国式现代化在中国共产党的领导下，追求全体人民共同富裕，实行全面深化改革和高质量开放方略，创造性地以社会主义市场经济、全过程人民民主、科技自主创新构建起新型生产关系，因地制宜发展新质生产力，着力“推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好相适应”，破解了落后国家实现现代化的历史性难题，为社会主义现代化建设贡献翔实方案。

Chinese-path modernization historically demonstrates the bright prospects of the world socialist movement. Chinese-path modernization has achieved the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, interpreting that scientific socialism is full of vitality in 21st-century China, and promoting the modernization wave to continuously show a tendency toward progressive development toward socialism. First, Chinese-path modernization, through its “own achievements,” has reversed the situation of the international communist movement being at a low point after the Cold War. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe caused setbacks in the development of world socialism, and some politicians and scholars in capitalist countries vigorously denounced scientific socialism, attempting to obscure the diversity of modernization and human civilization. Since entering the New Era, Chinese-path modernization, with its remarkable achievements, has changed the situation of the contrast between the two systems in the world, declaring to the world the bankruptcy of the “theory of the failure of socialism” and the “end of history,” and greatly demonstrating the historical progressiveness and immense superiority of socialism. Second, Chinese-path modernization provides a new model for solving the problem of building socialism in “Eastern societies.” The “Eastern society” question is one of the major theoretical and practical issues in the history of scientific socialism. Marx and Engels believed that Eastern societies could avoid taking the development path of Western societies, and Lenin proposed a special path for Soviet Russia’s transition to socialism. The Communist Party of China has consistently carried forward the thinking of the classical Marxist writers on the particularity of the development path of Eastern societies, deeply absorbed the lessons of the setbacks of the socialist movement, initiated and perfected the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, preliminarily constructed the theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization, and displayed the narrative logic of Chinese-path modernization, providing a successful example for solving the problem of building socialist modernization in “Eastern societies.” Third, Chinese-path modernization adheres to the socialist direction of “changing the world” and displays a new picture of the development of scientific socialism. The movement and cause of the proletariat is an active exploration and great endeavor regarding the direction of human history, possessing the attribute of “world history.” As a non-capitalist model of modernization, Chinese-path modernization has always examined the development trend of socialism and the currents of historical development from the height of “changing the world,” insisting on promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and carrying forward the common values of all humanity, promoting deep-level changes in the connotation of human civilization, and setting up a brand-new value benchmark of socialist civilization for world history.

中国式现代化历史性地展示出世界社会主义运动的光明前景。中国式现代化实现了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定的两大奇迹，诠释科学社会主义在21世纪的中国焕发出强大生机活力，推动现代化浪潮不断展现出向社会主义递进发展的趋向。一是中国式现代化以“自身成就”扭转了冷战后国际共产主义运动处于低谷的境况。苏联解体、东欧剧变使世界社会主义发展遭受曲折，一些资本主义国家的政客和学者大肆鞭笞科学社会主义，试图遮蔽现代化以及人类文明的多样性。进入新时代以来，中国式现代化以举世瞩目的成就改变了世界两种制度对比的态势，向世界宣告了“社会主义失败论”“历史终结论”的破产，极大彰显了社会主义的历史进步性和巨大优越性。二是中国式现代化为解决“东方社会”建设社会主义的问题提供了新典范。“东方社会”问题是科学社会主义发展史上的重大理论和现实问题之一，马克思恩格斯认为东方社会可以不走西方社会的发展道路，列宁提出苏俄向社会主义过渡的特殊路径。中国共产党一脉相承马克思主义经典作家关于东方社会发展途径特殊性的思想，深刻吸取社会主义运动挫折的教训，开创和完善中国特色社会主义制度，初步构建了中国式现代化理论体系，展现出中国式现代化的叙事逻辑，为解决“东方社会”建设社会主义现代化提供了成功范例。三是中国式现代化坚持“改变世界”的社会主义方向，展现了科学社会主义发展新图景。无产阶级的运动和事业是对人类历史走向的积极探寻和伟大探索，具有“世界历史”属性。中国式现代化作为非资本主义的现代化模式，始终站在“改变世界”的高度来审视社会主义发展态势和历史发展潮流，坚持推动构建人类命运共同体、弘扬全人类共同价值，促进人类文明内涵深层次变革，为世界历史树立起社会主义文明的崭新价值标杆。

(Author’s brief introduction: Wang Yonggui, Dean of the Marxist Disciplinary Cluster (Faculty) of Nanjing Normal University, Chief Expert of the Research Institute for the Community of the Chinese Nation, and Distinguished Special Researcher of the Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era (Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023))

（作者简介：王永贵，南京师范大学马克思主义学科集群（学部）部长，中华民族共同体研究院首席专家，江苏省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员(江苏南京210023)）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心